[libcxx] adds a size-based representation for vector's unstable ABI

**tl;dr** We can significantly improve the runtime performance of
`std::vector` by changing its representation from three pointers to one
pointer and two integers. This document explains the details of this
change, along with the justifications for making it. See the [RFC] for
more information.

This commit changes `std::vector`'s representation in a similar manner
to `__split_buffer` in #139632. We introduce a layout type that tracks
implementation details that differ between the pointer-based vector
and size-based vector representations. `vector` does not parameterise
its layout type, unlike `__split_buffer`. `__split_buffer` is used by
both `vector` and `deque`, and being able to take an ABI break on
`vector` doesn't automatically mean that users can also tolerate a break
on `deque`. The most convenient way to work around this problem is to
parameterise the layout type. Users of `std::vector` should not depend
on its layout, and libc++ has no internal reason to toggle it, so we
keep the representation concrete.

To use this feature, you'll need to configure libc++ so that it's built
with `-DLIBCXX_UNSTABLE_ABI=Yes`.

[RFC]: https://discourse.llvm.org/t/adding-a-size-based-vector-to-libc-s-unstable-abi/86306

Author: cjdb

libcxx/include/__configuration/abi.h

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@
 #  define _LIBCPP_ABI_NO_REVERSE_ITERATOR_SECOND_MEMBER
 #  define _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_FUNCTION
 #  define _LIBCPP_ABI_REGEX_CONSTANTS_NONZERO
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_SIZE_BASED_VECTOR
 #  define _LIBCPP_ABI_STRING_OPTIMIZED_EXTERNAL_INSTANTIATION
 #  define _LIBCPP_ABI_USE_WRAP_ITER_IN_STD_ARRAY
 #  define _LIBCPP_ABI_USE_WRAP_ITER_IN_STD_STRING_VIEW

libcxx/include/__split_buffer

@@ -268,7 +268,6 @@ public:
   __set_valid_range(pointer __new_begin, pointer __new_end) _NOEXCEPT {
     // Size-based __split_buffers track their size directly: we need to explicitly update the size
     // when the front is adjusted.
-    __size_ -= __new_begin - __begin_;
     __begin_ = __new_begin;
     __set_sentinel(__new_end);
   }
@@ -277,7 +276,6 @@ public:
   __set_valid_range(pointer __new_begin, size_type __new_size) _NOEXCEPT {
     // Size-based __split_buffers track their size directly: we need to explicitly update the size
     // when the front is adjusted.
-    __size_ -= __new_begin - __begin_;
     __begin_ = __new_begin;
     __set_sentinel(__new_size);
   }
@@ -316,9 +314,9 @@ public:
   }
 
   _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __swap_without_allocator(
-      __split_buffer_pointer_layout<__split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&, __split_buffer_pointer_layout>,
-                                    value_type,
-                                    __alloc_rr&>& __other) _NOEXCEPT {
+      __split_buffer_size_layout<__split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&, __split_buffer_size_layout>,
+                                 value_type,
+                                 __alloc_rr&>& __other) _NOEXCEPT {
     std::swap(__front_cap_, __other.__front_cap_);
     std::swap(__begin_, __other.__begin_);
     std::swap(__cap_, __other.__cap_);