diff --git a/mlir/include/mlir/Bindings/Python/Diagnostics.h b/mlir/include/mlir/Bindings/Python/Diagnostics.h
index ea80e14dde0f3..167002d561931 100644
--- a/mlir/include/mlir/Bindings/Python/Diagnostics.h
+++ b/mlir/include/mlir/Bindings/Python/Diagnostics.h
@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@
 #ifndef MLIR_BINDINGS_PYTHON_DIAGNOSTICS_H
 #define MLIR_BINDINGS_PYTHON_DIAGNOSTICS_H
 
-#include <cassert>
-#include <string>
-
 #include "mlir-c/Diagnostics.h"
 #include "mlir-c/IR.h"
-#include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
 
 namespace mlir {
 namespace python {
@@ -24,33 +25,45 @@ namespace python {
 class CollectDiagnosticsToStringScope {
 public:
   explicit CollectDiagnosticsToStringScope(MlirContext ctx) : context(ctx) {
-    handlerID = mlirContextAttachDiagnosticHandler(ctx, &handler, &errorMessage,
-                                                   /*deleteUserData=*/nullptr);
+    handlerID =
+        mlirContextAttachDiagnosticHandler(ctx, &handler, &messageStream,
+                                           /*deleteUserData=*/nullptr);
   }
   ~CollectDiagnosticsToStringScope() {
-    assert(errorMessage.empty() && "unchecked error message");
+    assert(message.empty() && "unchecked error message");
     mlirContextDetachDiagnosticHandler(context, handlerID);
   }
 
-  [[nodiscard]] std::string takeMessage() { return std::move(errorMessage); }
+  [[nodiscard]] std::string takeMessage() {
+    std::string newMessage;
+    std::swap(message, newMessage);
+    return newMessage;
+  }
 
 private:
   static MlirLogicalResult handler(MlirDiagnostic diag, void *data) {
     auto printer = +[](MlirStringRef message, void *data) {
-      *static_cast<std::string *>(data) +=
-          llvm::StringRef(message.data, message.length);
+      *static_cast<llvm::raw_string_ostream *>(data)
+          << std::string_view(message.data, message.length);
     };
     MlirLocation loc = mlirDiagnosticGetLocation(diag);
-    *static_cast<std::string *>(data) += "at ";
+    *static_cast<llvm::raw_string_ostream *>(data) << "at ";
     mlirLocationPrint(loc, printer, data);
-    *static_cast<std::string *>(data) += ": ";
+    *static_cast<llvm::raw_string_ostream *>(data) << ": ";
     mlirDiagnosticPrint(diag, printer, data);
+    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < mlirDiagnosticGetNumNotes(diag); i++) {
+      *static_cast<llvm::raw_string_ostream *>(data) << "\n";
+      MlirDiagnostic note = mlirDiagnosticGetNote(diag, i);
+      handler(note, data);
+    }
     return mlirLogicalResultSuccess();
   }
 
   MlirContext context;
   MlirDiagnosticHandlerID handlerID;
-  std::string errorMessage = "";
+
+  std::string message;
+  llvm::raw_string_ostream messageStream{message};
 };
 
 } // namespace python
diff --git a/mlir/test/python/ir/diagnostic_handler.py b/mlir/test/python/ir/diagnostic_handler.py
index d516cda819897..6d273e5092e42 100644
--- a/mlir/test/python/ir/diagnostic_handler.py
+++ b/mlir/test/python/ir/diagnostic_handler.py
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 import gc
 from mlir.ir import *
+from mlir._mlir_libs._mlirPythonTestNanobind import (
+    test_diagnostics_with_errors_and_notes,
+)
 
 
 def run(f):
@@ -222,3 +225,16 @@ def callback2(d):
     # CHECK: CALLBACK2: foobar
     # CHECK: CALLBACK1: foobar
     loc.emit_error("foobar")
+
+
+# CHECK-LABEL: TEST: testBuiltInDiagnosticsHandler
+@run
+def testBuiltInDiagnosticsHandler():
+    ctx = Context()
+
+    try:
+        test_diagnostics_with_errors_and_notes(ctx)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        # CHECK: created error
+        # CHECK: attached note
+        print(e)
diff --git a/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestCAPI.cpp b/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestCAPI.cpp
index cb7d7677714fe..ee6a5ae2d9c3d 100644
--- a/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestCAPI.cpp
+++ b/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestCAPI.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 #include "mlir-c/BuiltinTypes.h"
 #include "mlir/CAPI/Registration.h"
 #include "mlir/CAPI/Wrap.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Diagnostics.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Location.h"
 
 MLIR_DEFINE_CAPI_DIALECT_REGISTRATION(PythonTest, python_test,
                                       python_test::PythonTestDialect)
@@ -42,3 +44,9 @@ MlirTypeID mlirPythonTestTestTypeGetTypeID(void) {
 bool mlirTypeIsAPythonTestTestTensorValue(MlirValue value) {
   return mlirTypeIsATensor(wrap(unwrap(value).getType()));
 }
+
+void mlirPythonTestEmitDiagnosticWithNote(MlirContext ctx) {
+  auto diag =
+      mlir::emitError(unwrap(mlirLocationUnknownGet(ctx)), "created error");
+  diag.attachNote() << "attached note";
+}
diff --git a/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestCAPI.h b/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestCAPI.h
index 43f8fdcbfae12..5ffd0cbf6201e 100644
--- a/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestCAPI.h
+++ b/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestCAPI.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #define MLIR_TEST_PYTHON_LIB_PYTHONTESTCAPI_H
 
 #include "mlir-c/IR.h"
+#include "mlir-c/Support.h"
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@ MLIR_CAPI_EXPORTED MlirTypeID mlirPythonTestTestTypeGetTypeID(void);
 
 MLIR_CAPI_EXPORTED bool mlirTypeIsAPythonTestTestTensorValue(MlirValue value);
 
+MLIR_CAPI_EXPORTED void mlirPythonTestEmitDiagnosticWithNote(MlirContext ctx);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestModuleNanobind.cpp b/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestModuleNanobind.cpp
index 99c81eae97a0c..dd0a9f2b66ea6 100644
--- a/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestModuleNanobind.cpp
+++ b/mlir/test/python/lib/PythonTestModuleNanobind.cpp
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@
 #include "PythonTestCAPI.h"
 #include "mlir-c/BuiltinAttributes.h"
 #include "mlir-c/BuiltinTypes.h"
+#include "mlir-c/Diagnostics.h"
 #include "mlir-c/IR.h"
+#include "mlir/Bindings/Python/Diagnostics.h"
 #include "mlir/Bindings/Python/Nanobind.h"
 #include "mlir/Bindings/Python/NanobindAdaptors.h"
+#include "nanobind/nanobind.h"
 
 namespace nb = nanobind;
 using namespace mlir::python::nanobind_adaptors;
@@ -45,6 +48,13 @@ NB_MODULE(_mlirPythonTestNanobind, m) {
       },
       nb::arg("registry"));
 
+  m.def("test_diagnostics_with_errors_and_notes", [](MlirContext ctx) {
+    mlir::python::CollectDiagnosticsToStringScope handler(ctx);
+
+    mlirPythonTestEmitDiagnosticWithNote(ctx);
+    throw nb::value_error(handler.takeMessage().c_str());
+  });
+
   mlir_attribute_subclass(m, "TestAttr",
                           mlirAttributeIsAPythonTestTestAttribute,
                           mlirPythonTestTestAttributeGetTypeID)