diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index c390d5982..4850e8961 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -47,3 +47,5 @@ slurm*.out
 
 #lightning_logs directory
 lightning_logs/
+
+applications/dynacell/test
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/applications/benchmarking/DynaCell/fid_ts.py b/applications/benchmarking/DynaCell/fid_ts.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d8cbbee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/applications/benchmarking/DynaCell/fid_ts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+import warnings
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import click
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import xarray as xr
+from iohub.ngff import Position, open_ome_zarr
+from torch import Tensor
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+def normalise(volume: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+    """Normalize volume to [-1, 1] range using min-max normalization.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    volume : torch.Tensor
+        Input volume with shape (D, H, W) or (B, D, H, W)
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    torch.Tensor
+        Normalized volume in [-1, 1] range with same shape as input
+    """
+    v_min = volume.amin(dim=(-3, -2, -1), keepdim=True)
+    v_max = volume.amax(dim=(-3, -2, -1), keepdim=True)
+    volume = (volume - v_min) / (v_max - v_min + 1e-6)        # → [0,1]
+    return volume * 2.0 - 1.0                                 # → [-1,1]
+
+@torch.jit.script_if_tracing
+def sqrtm(sigma: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+    r"""Compute the square root of a positive semi-definite matrix.
+
+    Uses eigendecomposition: :math:`\sqrt{\Sigma} = Q \sqrt{\Lambda} Q^T`
+    where :math:`Q \Lambda Q^T` is the eigendecomposition of :math:`\Sigma`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sigma : Tensor
+        A positive semi-definite matrix with shape (*, D, D)
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Tensor
+        Square root of the input matrix with same shape
+        
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> V = torch.randn(4, 4, dtype=torch.double)
+    >>> A = V @ V.T
+    >>> B = sqrtm(A @ A)
+    >>> torch.allclose(A, B)
+    True
+    """
+
+    L, Q = torch.linalg.eigh(sigma)
+    L = L.relu().sqrt()
+
+    return Q @ (L[..., None] * Q.mT)
+
+@torch.jit.script_if_tracing
+def frechet_distance(
+    mu_x: Tensor,
+    sigma_x: Tensor,
+    mu_y: Tensor,
+    sigma_y: Tensor,
+) -> Tensor:
+    r"""Compute the Fréchet distance between two multivariate Gaussian distributions.
+
+    The Fréchet distance is given by:
+    .. math:: d^2 = \left\| \mu_x - \mu_y \right\|_2^2 +
+        \operatorname{tr} \left( \Sigma_x + \Sigma_y - 2 \sqrt{\Sigma_y^{\frac{1}{2}} \Sigma_x \Sigma_y^{\frac{1}{2}}} \right)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    mu_x : Tensor
+        Mean of the first distribution with shape (*, D)
+    sigma_x : Tensor
+        Covariance of the first distribution with shape (*, D, D)
+    mu_y : Tensor
+        Mean of the second distribution with shape (*, D)
+    sigma_y : Tensor
+        Covariance of the second distribution with shape (*, D, D)
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Tensor
+        Fréchet distance between the two distributions
+        
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Frechet_distance
+        
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> mu_x = torch.arange(3).float()
+    >>> sigma_x = torch.eye(3)
+    >>> mu_y = 2 * mu_x + 1
+    >>> sigma_y = 2 * sigma_x + 1
+    >>> frechet_distance(mu_x, sigma_x, mu_y, sigma_y)
+    tensor(15.8710)
+    """
+
+    sigma_y_12 = sqrtm(sigma_y)
+
+    a = (mu_x - mu_y).square().sum(dim=-1)
+    b = sigma_x.trace() + sigma_y.trace()
+    c = sqrtm(sigma_y_12 @ sigma_x @ sigma_y_12).trace()
+
+    return a + b - 2 * c
+
+@torch.no_grad()
+def fid_from_features(f1, f2, eps=1e-6):
+    """Compute Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) from feature embeddings.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    f1 : torch.Tensor
+        Features from first dataset with shape (N1, D)
+    f2 : torch.Tensor
+        Features from second dataset with shape (N2, D)
+    eps : float, default=1e-6
+        Small value added to diagonal for numerical stability
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        FID score between the two feature sets
+    """
+    mu1, sigma1 = f1.mean(0), torch.cov(f1.T)
+    mu2, sigma2 = f2.mean(0), torch.cov(f2.T)
+
+    eye = torch.eye(sigma1.size(0), device=sigma1.device, dtype=sigma1.dtype)
+    sigma1 = sigma1 + eps * eye
+    sigma2 = sigma2 + eps * eye
+
+    return frechet_distance(mu1, sigma1, mu2, sigma2).clamp_min_(0).item()
+
+
+@torch.inference_mode()
+def embed_position(
+    position: Position,
+    vae: torch.nn.Module,
+    channel_name: str,
+    device: str = "cuda",
+    batch_size: int = 4,
+    input_spatial_size: tuple = (32, 512, 512), 
+):
+    """Encode position data using a variational autoencoder with metadata.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    position : Position
+        Single position object from zarr plate
+    vae : torch.nn.Module
+        Pre-trained VAE model for encoding
+    channel_name : str
+        Name of the channel to extract from the position
+    device : str, default="cuda"
+        Device to run computations on
+    batch_size : int, default=4
+        Number of frames to process simultaneously
+    input_spatial_size : tuple, default=(32, 512, 512)
+        Target spatial dimensions for VAE input (D, H, W)
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    xr.Dataset
+        Dataset with embeddings and metadata
+    """
+    position_name = position.zgroup.name
+    embeddings_list = []
+    timepoints_list = []
+
+    v = torch.as_tensor(
+        position.data[:, position.get_channel_index(channel_name)],
+        dtype=torch.float32, device=device,
+    )                                                  # (T, D, H, W)
+
+    v = normalise(v)                                 # still (T, D, H, W)
+
+    timepoint = 0
+    for t0 in tqdm(range(0, v.shape[0], batch_size), desc=f"Encoding {position_name}/{channel_name}"):
+        batch_slice = v[t0 : t0 + batch_size].unsqueeze(1)
+        batch_slice = torch.nn.functional.interpolate(
+            batch_slice, size=input_spatial_size, mode="trilinear", align_corners=False,
+        )
+
+        feat = vae.encode(batch_slice)[0]  # mean, 
+        feat = feat.flatten(start_dim=1)  # (b, latent_dim)
+        
+        feat_np = feat.cpu().numpy()
+        for i, embedding in enumerate(feat_np):
+            embeddings_list.append(embedding)
+            timepoints_list.append(timepoint + i)
+        timepoint += feat.shape[0]
+
+    embeddings_array = np.stack(embeddings_list)
+    n_samples, n_features = embeddings_array.shape
+    
+    ds = xr.Dataset({
+        'embeddings': (['sample', 'feature'], embeddings_array)
+    }, coords={
+        'sample': range(n_samples),
+        'feature': range(n_features),
+        't': ('sample', timepoints_list)
+    })
+    
+    ds.attrs['position_name'] = position_name
+    ds.attrs['channel_name'] = channel_name
+    
+    return ds
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--source_position", "-s", type=click.Path(exists=True, path_type=Path), required=True, help="Full path to source position (e.g., '/path/to/plate.zarr/A/1/0')")
+@click.option("--target_position", "-t", type=click.Path(exists=True, path_type=Path), required=True, help="Full path to target position (e.g., '/path/to/plate.zarr/B/2/0')")
+@click.option("--source_channel", "-sc", type=str, required=True, help="Channel name for source position")
+@click.option("--target_channel", "-tc", type=str, required=True, help="Channel name for target position")
+@click.option("-z", type=int, default=32, help="Depth dimension for VAE input")
+@click.option("-y", type=int, default=512, help="Height dimension for VAE input") 
+@click.option("-x", type=int, default=512, help="Width dimension for VAE input")
+@click.option("--ckpt_path", "-c", type=click.Path(exists=True, path_type=Path), required=True,
+              help="Path to the VAE model checkpoint for loading.")
+@click.option("--batch_size", "-b", type=int, default=4)
+@click.option("--device", "-d", type=str, default="cuda")
+@click.option("--output_dir", "-o", type=click.Path(path_type=Path), help="Path to save source embeddings")
+def embed_dataset(source_position, target_position, source_channel, target_channel, z, y, x,
+         ckpt_path, batch_size, device, output_dir) -> None:
+    """Encode positions using a pre-trained VAE and optionally compute FID or save embeddings.
+    
+    This function loads two zarr positions, encodes them using a variational autoencoder,
+    and can either compute FID scores or save embeddings with metadata to a parquet file.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    source_position : Path
+        Full path to the source position (e.g., '/path/to/plate.zarr/A/1/0')
+    target_position : Path  
+        Full path to the target position (e.g., '/path/to/plate.zarr/B/2/0')
+    source_channel : str
+        Channel name for source position
+    target_channel : str
+        Channel name for target position
+    z : int
+        Depth dimension for VAE input
+    y : int
+        Height dimension for VAE input
+    x : int
+        Width dimension for VAE input
+    ckpt_path : Path
+        Path to the pre-trained VAE model checkpoint (.pt file)
+    batch_size : int
+        Number of timepoints to process simultaneously through the VAE
+    device : str
+        Device to run computations on ("cuda" or "cpu")
+    output_dir : Path
+        Path to save embeddings
+    """
+
+    # ----------------- VAE ----------------- #
+    if device == "cuda" and not torch.cuda.is_available():
+        warnings.warn("CUDA is not available, using CPU instead")
+        device = "cpu"
+
+    vae = torch.jit.load(ckpt_path).to(device)
+    vae.eval()
+
+    source_position = open_ome_zarr(source_position)
+    source_channel_names = source_position.channel_names
+    assert source_channel in source_channel_names, f"Channel {source_channel} not found in source position"
+
+    target_position = open_ome_zarr(target_position)
+    target_channel_names = target_position.channel_names
+    assert target_channel in target_channel_names, f"Channel {target_channel} not found in target position"
+
+    input_spatial_size = (z, y, x)
+
+    if output_dir:
+        output_dir = Path(output_dir)
+        source_name = source_position.zgroup.name.split('/')[-1] if source_position.zgroup.name else "source"
+        target_name = target_position.zgroup.name.split('/')[-1] if target_position.zgroup.name else "target"
+        source_output = output_dir / f"{source_name}_{source_channel}.zarr"
+        target_output = output_dir / f"{target_name}_{target_channel}.zarr"
+
+        source_ds = embed_position(
+            position=source_position, vae=vae,
+            channel_name=source_channel,
+            device=device, batch_size=batch_size,
+            input_spatial_size=input_spatial_size,
+        )
+        source_ds.to_zarr(source_output, mode='w')
+        print(f"Source embeddings saved to: {source_output}")
+        
+        target_ds = embed_position(
+            position=target_position, vae=vae,
+            channel_name=target_channel,
+            device=device, batch_size=batch_size,
+            input_spatial_size=input_spatial_size,
+        )
+        target_ds.to_zarr(target_output, mode='w')
+        print(f"Target embeddings saved to: {target_output}")
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--source_path", "-s", type=click.Path(exists=True, path_type=Path), required=True, help="Path to the source embeddings zarr file")
+@click.option("--target_path", "-t", type=click.Path(exists=True, path_type=Path), required=True, help="Path to the target embeddings zarr file")
+def compute_fid_cli(source_path: Path, target_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Compute FID score between two embedding datasets.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    source_path : Path
+        Path to the source embeddings zarr file
+    target_path : Path
+        Path to the target embeddings zarr file
+        
+    Examples
+    --------
+    $ python fid_ts.py compute-fid \\
+        -s source_embeddings.zarr \\
+        -t target_embeddings.zarr
+    """
+    # Load the datasets
+    source_ds = xr.open_zarr(source_path)
+    target_ds = xr.open_zarr(target_path)
+    
+    # Get embeddings arrays
+    source_embeddings = torch.tensor(source_ds.embeddings.values, dtype=torch.float32)
+    target_embeddings = torch.tensor(target_ds.embeddings.values, dtype=torch.float32)
+    
+    fid_score = fid_from_features(source_embeddings, target_embeddings)
+    
+    # Get metadata from attributes
+    source_channel = source_ds.attrs.get('channel_name', 'unknown')
+    target_channel = target_ds.attrs.get('channel_name', 'unknown')
+    source_position = source_ds.attrs.get('position_name', 'unknown')
+    target_position = target_ds.attrs.get('position_name', 'unknown')
+    
+    print(f"Source: {source_position}/{source_channel} ({len(source_embeddings)} samples)")
+    print(f"Target: {target_position}/{target_channel} ({len(target_embeddings)} samples)")
+    print(f"FID score: {fid_score:.6f}")
+
+    return fid_score
+
+@click.group()
+def cli():
+    """VAE embedding and FID computation tools."""
+    pass
+
+cli.add_command(embed_dataset, name="embed")
+cli.add_command(compute_fid_cli, name="compute-fid")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    cli()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/applications/benchmarking/DynaCell/run_fid_ts.sh b/applications/benchmarking/DynaCell/run_fid_ts.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65c581715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/applications/benchmarking/DynaCell/run_fid_ts.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Generate nucleus embeddings separately
+python fid_ts.py embed \
+    -s /hpc/projects/virtual_staining/datasets/huang-lab/crops/mantis_figure_4.zarr/0/HIST2H2BE/0000010 \
+    -t /hpc/projects/virtual_staining/datasets/huang-lab/crops/mantis_figure_4.zarr/0/HIST2H2BE/0000010 \
+    -sc Nuclei-prediction \
+    -tc Organelle \
+    -c /hpc/projects/virtual_staining/models/huang-lab/fid/nucleus_vae_ts.pt \
+    -o . \
+    -b 4 \
+    -d cuda
+
+# Generate membrane embeddings separately  
+python fid_ts.py embed \
+    -s /hpc/projects/virtual_staining/datasets/huang-lab/crops/mantis_figure_4.zarr/0/HIST2H2BE/0000010 \
+    -t /hpc/projects/virtual_staining/datasets/huang-lab/crops/mantis_figure_4.zarr/0/HIST2H2BE/0000010 \
+    -sc Membrane-prediction \
+    -tc Membrane \
+    -c /hpc/projects/virtual_staining/models/huang-lab/fid/membrane_vae_ts.pt \
+    -o . \
+    -b 4 \
+    -d cuda
+
+# Compute FID from separate embedding files
+python fid_ts.py compute-fid \
+    -s _Nuclei-prediction.zarr \
+    -t _Organelle.zarr
+
+python fid_ts.py compute-fid \
+    -s _Membrane-prediction.zarr \
+    -t _Membrane.zarr
\ No newline at end of file