Skip overloads with too-short function parameters

If the parameter of an overload is a function and the argument is also a
function, skip the overload if the parameter has fewer arguments than
the argument does. That overload cannot possibly apply, and should not
participate in, for example, contextual typing.

Example:

```ts
interface I {
  (a: number): void;
  (b: string, c): void;
}
declare function f(i: I): void;
f((x, y) => {});
```

This code now skips the first overload instead of considering.

This was a longstanding bug but was only uncovered now that more
functions expressions are context sensitive.

Author: sandersn

src/compiler/checker.ts

@@ -11890,6 +11890,11 @@ namespace ts {
                     // If the effective argument type is 'undefined', there is no synthetic type
                     // for the argument. In that case, we should check the argument.
                     if (argType === undefined) {
+                        // If the parameter and argument are both functions and the parameter has fewer arguments than the argument,
+                        // then this signature is not applicable. Exit early.
+                        if (!reportErrors && isAritySmaller(paramType, arg)) {
+                            return false;
+                        }
                         argType = checkExpressionWithContextualType(arg, paramType, excludeArgument && excludeArgument[i] ? identityMapper : undefined);
                     }
 
@@ -11904,6 +11909,21 @@ namespace ts {
             return true;
         }
 
+        function isAritySmaller(sourceType: Type, target: Expression) {
+            if (isFunctionExpressionOrArrowFunction(target) && isFunctionType(sourceType)) {
+                let targetParameterCount = 0;
+                for (; targetParameterCount < target.parameters.length; targetParameterCount++) {
+                    const param = target.parameters[targetParameterCount];
+                    if (param.initializer || param.questionToken || param.dotDotDotToken || isJSDocOptionalParameter(param)) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                const sourceSignatures = getSignaturesOfType(sourceType, SignatureKind.Call);
+                const sourceLengths = sourceSignatures.map(sig => !sig.hasRestParameter ? sig.parameters.length : Number.MAX_VALUE);
+                return forEach(sourceLengths, len => len < targetParameterCount);
+            }
+        }
+
         /**
          * Returns the this argument in calls like x.f(...) and x[f](...). Undefined otherwise.
          */