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# What is LODESMap?
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[LODESMap](https://lodesmap.com/) is an interactive map for exploring the United States Census Bureau's [Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics](https://lehd.ces.census.gov/data/) (LEHD) data. The LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) dataset shows where people live and work on the very granular Census block level. The map allows viewing both directions of travel for a given Census block group, tract, or county:
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[LODESMap](https://lodesmap.com/) is an interactive map for exploring the United States Census Bureau's [Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics](https://lehd.ces.census.gov/data/) (LEHD) data. The LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) dataset shows where people live and work on the very granular Census block level. The map allows viewing both directions of travel for a given Census block group, tract, county subdivision, or county:
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- Clicking on a geography with "Home" as the origin will show where people that live there go to work
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- Clicking on a geography with "Work" as the origin will show where people that work there live
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Everything is open-source and available on [GitHub](https://github.com/mitchellhenke/lodesmap).
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See the [README](https://github.com/mitchellhenke/lodesmap?tab=readme-ov-file) for more.
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The Job Segment filter can be used to filter workers by age, wage, or industry type, and the Year filter can be used to see changes over time.
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A significant portion of this work is based on [OpenTimes](https://github.com/dfsnow/opentimes) by Dan Snow.
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We have intentionally made it easy to share maps. Copying the URL to bookmark it or send it to someone should preserve everything you've selected and present the exact same map when it is opened again.
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Everything is open-source and available on [GitHub](https://github.com/mitchellhenke/lodes). See the [README](https://github.com/mitchellhenke/lodes?tab=readme-ov-file) for more.
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### Goals
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A significant portion of this work is based on [OpenTimes](https://github.com/dfsnow/opentimes) by Dan Snow.
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---
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## FAQs
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<details>
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<summary>Data and Mapping</summary>
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#### Why does it seem like some data is missing?
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Not all states have data available each year. For example, in 2022 data is missing for people living in Michigan, Mississippi, and Alaska.
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#### What's up with county subdivisions?
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In the [Standard Hierarchy of Census Geographic Entities](https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2014/07/understanding-geographic-relationships-counties-places-tracts-and-more.html), county subdivisions are beneath counties, which means that each county subdivision must fit within a county. Sometimes, this can be an entire municipality. The City of Milwaukee is a good example. It sits entirely within Milwaukee County, so all of the City of Milwaukee can be represented in one county subdivision.
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On the other hand, some municipal boundaries cross multiple counties. Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin is one such case. It is a city in four different counties: Adams, Columbia, Juneau and Sauk. The result of this looks kind of odd in that there are four county subdivisions that represent Wisconsin Dells.
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In less populated areas, a county subdivision can include multiple municipalities.
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary>Technology</summary>
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LODESMap currently uses two major data inputs:
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1. United States Census Bureau's [TIGER/Line](https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html)
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shapefiles, which are used to construct origin and destination points.
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1. United States Census Bureau's [Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics](https://lehd.ces.census.gov/data/) (LEHD) data. The LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) dataset shows where people live and work on the very granular Census block level.
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shapefiles, which are used to construct origin and destination geometries.
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1. United States Census Bureau's [Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics](https://lehd.ces.census.gov/data/) (LEHD) Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) data.
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Input and intermediate data are built and cached by [DVC](https://dvc.org).
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The total size of all input and intermediate data is around 300 GB.
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The LODES data program collects information on employee addresses and workplaces from state unemployment insurance programs. It includes all workers who are on a normal payroll, but it does not include self-employed people. Every job is paired with a worksite, even if the employee works remotely. In this way, the LODES data can reveal remote workers in distant city-pairs. See the official LODES documentation for further details.
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#### How is the data served?
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Data is served via Parquet files sitting in a public Cloudflare R2 bucket. The public site is hosted on GitHub Pages.
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Input data is built and cached by [DVC](https://dvc.org). The total size of all input and output data is around 50 GB.
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#### How much does this all cost to host?
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#### How is the data served?
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It's surprisingly cheap. Basically the only cost is
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[R2 storage](https://www.cloudflare.com/developer-platform/r2/) from
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Cloudflare. Right now, total costs are under $15 per month.
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Data is served via Parquet files in a public Cloudflare R2 bucket. The public site is hosted on GitHub Pages.
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#### What map stack do you use for the homepage?
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The homepage uses [Maplibre GL JS](https://github.com/maplibre/maplibre-gl-js)
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to show maps. The basemap is [OpenFreeMap's](https://openfreemap.org) Positron.
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The tract-level boundaries are [TIGER/Line](https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html) cartographic boundaries converted to [PMTiles](https://github.com/protomaps/PMTiles) using [Tippecanoe](https://github.com/felt/tippecanoe) and hosted on R2.
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When you click the map, your browser queries the Parquet files on the public
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bucket using [hyparquet](https://github.com/hyparam/hyparquet). It then updates
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the map fill using the returned destination IDs and population count.
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The map uses [Maplibre GL JS](https://github.com/maplibre/maplibre-gl-js) to show maps. The basemap is [OpenFreeMap's](https://openfreemap.org) Positron. The boundaries are [TIGER/Line](https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html) geometries converted to [PMTiles](https://github.com/protomaps/PMTiles) using [Tippecanoe](https://github.com/felt/tippecanoe).
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When you click the map, your browser queries the Parquet files on the public bucket using [hyparquet](https://github.com/hyparam/hyparquet).
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</details>
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---
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## Colophon
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---
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### Who is behind this project?
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[John Johnson](https://johndjohnson.info) and [Mitchell Henke](https://www.mitchellhenke.com)
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### Why did you build this?
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LODES data is an incredible dataset that lacks an accessible interface and it is relatively unique in that past data is available in current Census geometries. We hope LODESMap makes it easier to understand where people live and work and how that has changed over time.
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