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Grotsky Syntax

Expressions

Literals

Booleans

true
false

Numbers

1
1.3
5.66928

Strings

"I am a string"

Lists

[1, 2, 3, 1.2, "strings", ["lists"]]

Dictionaries

{
    "a": "b",
    "c": 1,
    "d": 1.4
    4: [1,2,3],
    a: b # Variables a,b
}

Arithmethic operations

Negation

-1

Addition

1+2

Subtraction

3-1

Multiplication

1.1*98347

Division

42/24

Power

4.4^5

Concatenation

Only valid for strings

"a" + "baaa" # Equals "abaaa"

Logical operations

Negation

not true

And

true and true

Or

false or false

Comparisons

Less than

1 < 2

Less than or equal

1 <= 2

Greater than

2 > 1

Greater than or equal

2 >= 1

Equal

1 == 1

Not equal

1 != 2

Grouping

(2+3)*4

(1 > 2) != ((1 >= (3+4)^2) and (1 < 6))

Calling functions

foo("bar", bazz)

Accessing

list[0]
dict["ab"]
obj.prop

Slicing

Only valid for lists

list[1:]
list[1:7]
list[1::2]
list[::2]
list[1:7:2]
list[:7]
list[:7:2]

Assignment

a = 1
list[0] = 3
dict["b"] = "a"
obj.asd = 3
foo().bar.bazz[3]["b"] = 7

Anonymous functions

let square = fn (a) return a^2

let cube = fn (a) begin
    return a*a*a
end

let excellent = fn () "excellent"

Statements

They are terminated by NEWLINE

Declarations

Variables

let a # Initialized as nil
let b = 1

Classes

class Buyable begin
    buy() begin
        println("buying " + this.description + ", for $" + this.price)
    end
end

class Item < Buyable begin
    # constructor
    init(price, description) begin
        this.price = price
        this.description = description
    end

    # instance method
    tellPrice() begin
        println(this.price)
    end

    # class method
    class sayHi() begin
        println("hi")
    end
end

# Usage

let item = Item("Coke", "1")

item.tellPrice() # prints: 1

item.buy() # prints: buying Coke for $1

Item.sayHi() # prints: hi

Functions

fn sum(a, b) begin
    return a+b
end

fn sum(a, b)
begin
    return a+b
end

fn sum(a, b) return a+b

fn sum(a, b) a+b

Expression

Expressions followed by NEWLINE

Block

let a = 2
begin
    let a = 1
    println(a * 2) # Prints 2
end

If-elif-else

if a > 2 begin
    println("a > 2")
end

if a > 2 begin
    println("a > 2")
elif a < 10
    println("2 < a < 10")
end

if a > 2 begin
    println("a > 2")
else
    println("a >= 10")
end

if a > 2 begin
    println("a > 2")
elif a < 10
    println("2 < a < 10")
else
    println("a >= 10")
end

While

while a > 2 begin
    a = a - 2
end

while a > 2 a = a - 2

Classic For

for let i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1 println(i)

for let i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1 begin
    println(i)
end

Enhanced For

let list = [1, 2, 3]

for i in list begin
    println(i)
end

for i in list println(i)

Return

Only valid inside functions

return expr

return