diff --git a/schema_utils.py b/schema_utils.py
index 6c4f900..2e56644 100644
--- a/schema_utils.py
+++ b/schema_utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from datetime import datetime
 import os
+import json
 import logging
 #17June2025 - doesnt work for 3.9 and lesser Python versions
 #from types import NoneType
@@ -54,10 +55,10 @@ def _converter_template(obj, type_name, raw_convert_func, default_value=None):
 
 
 def to_string(obj) -> str:
+    if isinstance(obj, list) or isinstance(obj, dict):
+        return to_json_string(obj)
     return _converter_template(
-#        obj, "string", lambda o: str(o) if o is not None and not pd.isna(o) else None
-# Force convert to string as otherwise it will be Binary if values are NULL
-        obj, "string", lambda o: str(o)
+        obj, "string", lambda o: str(o) if o is not None and not pd.isna(o) else ''
     )
 
 
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ def raw_to_numpy_int64(obj) -> np.int64:
         if isinstance(obj, bson.Decimal128): 
             return np.int64(obj.to_decimal())
         if isinstance(obj, list) or isinstance(obj, dict):
-            raise ValueError
+            return to_json_string(obj)
         if obj is not None and not pd.isna(obj):
            return np.int64(obj)
         else:
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ def to_numpy_float64(obj) -> np.float64:
 
 def to_pandas_timestamp(obj) -> pd.Timestamp:
     # return _converter_template(obj, "pandas.Timestamp", lambda o: pd.Timestamp(o))
-    return _converter_template(obj, "pandas.Timestamp", lambda o: pd.to_datetime(o, utc=True) if o is not None and not pd.isna(o) else None)
+    return _converter_template(obj, "pandas.Timestamp", lambda o: pd.to_datetime(o, utc=True).isoformat() if o is not None and not pd.isna(o) else '')
 
 
 def do_nothing(obj):
@@ -106,16 +107,31 @@ def do_nothing(obj):
     logger.info(f'Did not convert "{obj}" of type {original_type}.')
     return obj
 
-# for column in expected_columns:
-#     if column not in df.columns:
-#         df[column] = None  # or another appropriate default value
+def to_datetime_iso(obj) -> str:
+    if not isinstance(obj, datetime):
+        return obj
+    return _converter_template(obj, "string", lambda o: o.isoformat() if o is not None and not pd.isna(o) else '')
+
+
+def to_json_string(obj) -> str:
+    if isinstance(obj, list):
+        return _converter_template(obj, "string", lambda o: json.dumps([ob for ob in o]))
+    return _converter_template(obj, "string", lambda o: json.dumps(o, default=str, cls=CustomJSONEncoder) if o is not None and not pd.isna(o) else '')
+
+
+class CustomJSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+    def default(self, obj):
+        conversion_fcn = TYPE_TO_CONVERT_FUNCTION_MAP.get(type(obj))
+        if conversion_fcn:
+            return conversion_fcn(obj)
+        return super(CustomJSONEncoder, self).default(obj)
 
 TYPE_TO_CONVERT_FUNCTION_MAP = {
     str: to_string,
     int: to_numpy_int64,
     float: to_numpy_float64,
     bool: to_numpy_bool,
-    datetime: to_pandas_timestamp,
+    datetime: to_datetime_iso,
     bson.ObjectId: to_string,
     bson.Decimal128: to_numpy_float64,
     np.int32: to_numpy_int64,
@@ -123,7 +139,9 @@ def do_nothing(obj):
     bson.int64.Int64: to_numpy_int64,
     np.bool_: to_numpy_bool,
     np.float64: to_numpy_float64,
-    pd.Timestamp: to_pandas_timestamp   
+    dict: to_json_string,
+    list: to_json_string,
+    pd.Timestamp: to_pandas_timestamp
 }
 
 COLUMN_DTYPE_CONVERSION_MAP = {