MOTOR-1165 Add documentation for CSOT (#302)

Author: blink1073

doc/examples/index.rst

@@ -12,5 +12,6 @@ Motor Examples
    authentication
    aiohttp_gridfs_example
    encryption
+   timeouts
 
 See also :ref:`example-web-application-aiohttp`.

doc/examples/timeouts.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+
+.. _timeout-example:
+
+Client Side Operation Timeout
+=============================
+
+PyMongo 4.2 introduced :meth:`~pymongo.timeout` and the ``timeoutMS``
+URI and keyword argument to :class:`~pymongo.mongo_client.MongoClient`.
+These features allow applications to more easily limit the amount of time that
+one or more operations can execute before control is returned to the app. This
+timeout applies to all of the work done to execute the operation, including
+but not limited to server selection, connection checkout, serialization, and
+server-side execution.
+
+:meth:`~pymongo.timeout` is asyncio safe; the timeout only applies to current
+Task and multiple Tasks can configure different timeouts concurrently.
+:meth:`~pymongo.timeout` can be used identically in Motor 3.1+.
+
+For more information and troubleshooting, see the PyMongo docs on
+`Client Side Operation Timeout`_.
+
+.. _Client Side Operation Timeout: https://pymongo.readthedocs.io/en/stable/examples/timeouts.html
+
+
+Basic Usage
+-----------
+
+The following example uses :meth:`~pymongo.timeout` to configure a 10-second
+timeout for an :meth:`~pymongo.collection.Collection.insert_one` operation::
+
+  import pymongo
+  import motor.motor_asyncio
+  client = motor.motor_asyncio.AsyncIOMotorClient()
+  coll = client.test.test
+  with pymongo.timeout(10):
+      await coll.insert_one({"name": "Nunu"})
+
+The :meth:`~pymongo.timeout` applies to all pymongo operations within the block.
+The following example ensures that both the ``insert`` and the ``find`` complete
+within 10 seconds total, or raise a timeout error::
+
+  with pymongo.timeout(10):
+      await coll.insert_one({"name": "Nunu"})
+      await coll.find_one({"name": "Nunu"})
+
+When nesting :func:`~pymongo.timeout`, the nested deadline is capped by the outer
+deadline. The deadline can only be shortened, not extended.
+When exiting the block, the previous deadline is restored::
+
+  with pymongo.timeout(5):
+      await coll.find_one()  # Uses the 5 second deadline.
+      with pymongo.timeout(3):
+          await coll.find_one() # Uses the 3 second deadline.
+      await coll.find_one()  # Uses the original 5 second deadline.
+      with pymongo.timeout(10):
+          await coll.find_one()  # Still uses the original 5 second deadline.
+      await coll.find_one()  # Uses the original 5 second deadline.
+
+Timeout errors
+--------------
+
+When the :meth:`~pymongo.timeout` with-statement is entered, a deadline is set
+for the entire block. When that deadline is exceeded, any blocking pymongo operation
+will raise a timeout exception. For example::
+
+  try:
+      with pymongo.timeout(10):
+          await coll.insert_one({"name": "Nunu"})
+          await asyncio.sleep(10)
+          # The deadline has now expired, the next operation will raise
+          # a timeout exception.
+          await coll.find_one({"name": "Nunu"})
+  except PyMongoError as exc:
+      if exc.timeout:
+          print(f"block timed out: {exc!r}")
+      else:
+          print(f"failed with non-timeout error: {exc!r}")
+
+The :attr:`pymongo.errors.PyMongoError.timeout` property (added in PyMongo 4.2)
+will be ``True`` when the error was caused by a timeout and ``False`` otherwise.