From 30cf37cbd5ec90456a386a516529dee56384d883 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: zhangh-dev <52813224+zhangh-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 15:48:13 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=94=AF=E6=8C=81=E4=B8=AD=E6=96=87?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
---
LICENSE | 222 +-
README.md | 157 +-
data/templates/template.json | 84 +
data/testcase/generalQAtest.txt | 17 +
data/testcase/sample_pred_in.txt | 2 +
dataGenerate/corpus/chineseChar.txt | 7579 ++++++
dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_en.txt | 20000 ++++++++++++++++
dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_zh.txt | 20000 ++++++++++++++++
...7\345\255\246\350\257\215\350\257\255.txt" | 1945 ++
.../corpus/\346\210\220\350\257\255.txt" | 2246 ++
dataGenerate/dataSynthesis.py | 144 +
data_loader.py | 26 +-
main.py | 11 +-
model/modeling_jointbert.py | 2 +-
predict.py | 61 +-
readme_en.md | 96 +
requirements.txt | 5 +-
utils.py | 76 +
18 files changed, 52386 insertions(+), 287 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 data/templates/template.json
create mode 100644 data/testcase/generalQAtest.txt
create mode 100644 data/testcase/sample_pred_in.txt
create mode 100644 dataGenerate/corpus/chineseChar.txt
create mode 100644 dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_en.txt
create mode 100644 dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_zh.txt
create mode 100644 "dataGenerate/corpus/\344\270\255\345\260\217\345\255\246\350\257\215\350\257\255.txt"
create mode 100644 "dataGenerate/corpus/\346\210\220\350\257\255.txt"
create mode 100644 dataGenerate/dataSynthesis.py
create mode 100644 readme_en.md
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
index 261eeb9..5d05b75 100644
--- a/LICENSE
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -1,201 +1,21 @@
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+
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diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6f14794..087213b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,96 +1,135 @@
# JointBERT
-(Unofficial) Pytorch implementation of `JointBERT`: [BERT for Joint Intent Classification and Slot Filling](https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10909)
+中文 | [原始简介](readme_en.md)
-## Model Architecture
+扩展JointBERT支持中文训练, 提供从数据合成到意图和槽位联合训练, 测试完整流程.
-
- 
-
-- Predict `intent` and `slot` at the same time from **one BERT model** (=Joint model)
-- total_loss = intent_loss + coef \* slot_loss (Change coef with `--slot_loss_coef` option)
-- **If you want to use CRF layer, give `--use_crf` option**
-## Dependencies
+## 环境
-- python>=3.6
-- torch==1.6.0
+- python>=3.8
+- torch==2.0.1
- transformers==3.0.2
-- seqeval==0.0.12
+- seqeval==1.2.2
- pytorch-crf==0.7.2
-## Dataset
-| | Train | Dev | Test | Intent Labels | Slot Labels |
-| ----- | ------ | --- | ---- | ------------- | ----------- |
-| ATIS | 4,478 | 500 | 893 | 21 | 120 |
-| Snips | 13,084 | 700 | 700 | 7 | 72 |
+
+## 数据集
+
+| | Train | Dev | Test | Intent Labels | Slot Labels |
+| --------- | ------ | ---- | ---- | ------------- | ----------- |
+| ATIS | 4,478 | 500 | 893 | 21 | 120 |
+| Snips | 13,084 | 700 | 700 | 7 | 72 |
+| generalQA | 46050 | 5754 | 5754 | 7 | 15 |
+
+
- The number of labels are based on the _train_ dataset.
- Add `UNK` for labels (For intent and slot labels which are only shown in _dev_ and _test_ dataset)
- Add `PAD` for slot label
-## Training & Evaluation
+
+
+## Prediction
+
+这里提供训练好的模型[52AI/generalQA_intent_slotFilling](https://huggingface.co/52AI/generalQA_intent_slotFilling/tree/main) 供测试. 国内下载容易中断,多运行两次.
```bash
-$ python3 main.py --task {task_name} \
- --model_type {model_type} \
- --model_dir {model_dir_name} \
- --do_train --do_eval \
- --use_crf
-
-# For ATIS
-$ python3 main.py --task atis \
- --model_type bert \
- --model_dir atis_model \
- --do_train --do_eval
-# For Snips
-$ python3 main.py --task snips \
- --model_type bert \
- --model_dir snips_model \
- --do_train --do_eval
+$ python3 predict.py --task generalQA \
+ --input_file data/testcase/generalQAtest.txt \
+ --output_file local/generalQAtest_predict.txt \
+ --model_dir out/generalQA
```
-## Prediction
+> -> 请 问 [你:B-TransEnZhSentence] [几:I-TransEnZhSentence] [岁:I-TransEnZhSentence] [了:I-TransEnZhSentence] 用 英 语 怎 么 说 ？
+>
+> -> 翻 译 ： [i:B-TransEnZhSentence] [love:I-TransEnZhSentence] [you:I-TransEnZhSentence]
+>
+> -> 用 [美:B-CreateSenEntity] [好:I-CreateSenEntity] 写 一 个 句 子
+>
+> -> [明:B-AntonymEntity] [天:I-AntonymEntity] 的 反 义 词
+>
+> -> [后:B-SynonymEntity] [天:I-SynonymEntity] 的 同 义 词
+>
+> 测试结果: local/generalQAtest_predict.txt
+
+
+
+## 合成数据
+
+利用预先收集的源数据(中英文句子, 词语, 成语, 常用中文字符),通过预定义模板合成训练数据.
```bash
-$ python3 predict.py --input_file {INPUT_FILE_PATH} --output_file {OUTPUT_FILE_PATH} --model_dir {SAVED_CKPT_PATH}
+python3 dataGenerate/dataSynthesis.py
```
+数据目录data/generalQA包含训练集,验证集,测试集, 每个集中包含文本, 意图标签, 槽位标签.
+
+label: 对应意图标签, seq.out对应Slot标签, seq.in对应输入文本.
+
+data/generalQA/intent_label.txt : 为意图类别
+
+data/generalQA/slot_label.txt: 为slot位类别
+
+
+
+## Training & Evaluation
+
+```bash
+# 中文QA,
+$ CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python3 main.py --task generalQA --model_type bertzh \
+ --model_dir out/generalQA \
+ --do_train --do_eval
+PS: 使用缓存好的数据添加参数 --use_cache
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python3 main.py --task generalQA --model_type bertzh \
+ --model_dir out/generalQA_crf \
+ --do_train --do_eval --use_cache --use_crf
+```
+
+其他数据的训练参考
+
+
+
## Results
- Run 5 ~ 10 epochs (Record the best result)
- Only test with `uncased` model
- ALBERT xxlarge sometimes can't converge well for slot prediction.
-| | | Intent acc (%) | Slot F1 (%) | Sentence acc (%) |
-| --------- | ---------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ---------------- |
-| **Snips** | BERT | **99.14** | 96.90 | 93.00 |
-| | BERT + CRF | 98.57 | **97.24** | **93.57** |
-| | DistilBERT | 98.00 | 96.10 | 91.00 |
-| | DistilBERT + CRF | 98.57 | 96.46 | 91.85 |
-| | ALBERT | 98.43 | 97.16 | 93.29 |
-| | ALBERT + CRF | 99.00 | 96.55 | 92.57 |
-| **ATIS** | BERT | 97.87 | 95.59 | 88.24 |
-| | BERT + CRF | **97.98** | 95.93 | 88.58 |
-| | DistilBERT | 97.76 | 95.50 | 87.68 |
-| | DistilBERT + CRF | 97.65 | 95.89 | 88.24 |
-| | ALBERT | 97.64 | 95.78 | 88.13 |
-| | ALBERT + CRF | 97.42 | **96.32** | **88.69** |
+| | | Intent acc (%) | Slot F1 (%) | Sentence acc (%) | batchsize | loss | 训练日志 |
+| --------- | ----------------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ---------------- | --------- | ----- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| **Snips** | BERT | **99.14** | 96.90 | 93.00 | | | |
+| | BERT + CRF | 98.57 | **97.24** | **93.57** | | | |
+| | DistilBERT | 98.00 | 96.10 | 91.00 | | | |
+| | DistilBERT + CRF | 98.57 | 96.46 | 91.85 | | | |
+| | ALBERT | 98.43 | 97.16 | 93.29 | | | |
+| | ALBERT + CRF | 99.00 | 96.55 | 92.57 | | | |
+| **ATIS** | BERT | 97.87 | 95.59 | 88.24 | | | |
+| | BERT + CRF | **97.98** | 95.93 | 88.58 | | | |
+| | DistilBERT | 97.76 | 95.50 | 87.68 | | | |
+| | DistilBERT + CRF | 97.65 | 95.89 | 88.24 | | | |
+| | ALBERT | 97.64 | 95.78 | 88.13 | | | |
+| | ALBERT + CRF | 97.42 | **96.32** | **88.69** | | | |
+| generalQA | bert-base-chinese | 96.81 | 96.29 | | 64 | 0.05 | [log](https://pan.baidu.com/s/1OwnSiADqZw4LTTuNu86McA?pwd=d3uq) |
+| | bert-base-chinese + CRF | 96.43 | 96.37 | | 64 | 0.253 | |
+
+
## Updates
-- 2019/12/03: Add DistilBert and RoBERTa result
-- 2019/12/14: Add Albert (large v1) result
-- 2019/12/22: Available to predict sentences
-- 2019/12/26: Add Albert (xxlarge v1) result
-- 2019/12/29: Add CRF option
-- 2019/12/30: Available to check `sentence-level semantic frame accuracy`
-- 2020/01/23: Only show the result related with uncased model
-- 2020/04/03: Update with new prediction code
+- 2023.09. 04
+ - 源数据合成语料dataGenerate/corpus(数据来自互联网)
+ - 支持合成中文意图识别和槽位填充的微调训练数据generalQA
+ - 支持基于中文BERT进行训练
+ - 开源训练模型到[HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/52AI/generalQA_intent_slotFilling)
+- [之前的更新记录](./readme_en.md)
+
+
## References
- [Huggingface Transformers](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers)
-- [pytorch-crf](https://github.com/kmkurn/pytorch-crf)
+- https://github.com/monologg/JointBERT/
+- [joint_intent_slot](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nemo/user-guide/docs/en/main/nlp/joint_intent_slot.html)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/templates/template.json b/data/templates/template.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8aa1f87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/templates/template.json
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+{
+ "BikeQA":{},
+ "TranslationEnZh":{
+ "template":[
+ "翻译:{TransEnZhSentence}",
+ "把{TransEnZhSentence}翻译成中文",
+ "将{TransEnZhSentence}翻译成中文",
+ "把{TransEnZhSentence}翻成国语",
+ "将{TransEnZhSentence}翻成国文",
+ "把{TransEnZhSentence}用中文表达",
+ "请问{TransEnZhSentence}用中文怎么说",
+ "将{TransEnZhSentence}转换成中文",
+ "将句子{TransEnZhSentence}翻译成中文",
+ "{TransEnZhSentence}用中文怎么说？",
+ "你知道{TransEnZhSentence}用中文怎么说？",
+ "Please translate the sentence {TransEnZhSentence} to chinese"
+ ],
+ "corpus":["sentence_en.txt"]
+ },
+ "TranslationZhEn":{
+ "template":[
+ "翻译:{TransZhEnSentence}",
+ "把{TransZhEnSentence}翻译成英文",
+ "将{TransZhEnSentence}翻译成英语",
+ "把{TransZhEnSentence}用英文表达",
+ "将{TransZhEnSentence}转换成英语",
+ "{TransEnZhSentence}用英文怎么说？",
+ "请问{TransEnZhSentence}用英文怎么说",
+ "你知道{TransEnZhSentence}用英文怎么说？",
+ "将句子{TransZhEnSentence}翻译成英文"
+ ],
+ "corpus":["sentence_zh.txt"]
+ },
+ "PoeticExplanation":{},
+ "IdiomExplanation":{
+ "template":["请告诉我{IdiomEntity}的意思",
+ "成语{IdiomEntity}的含义是什么",
+ "你知道{IdiomEntity}是啥意思？",
+ "解释下{IdiomEntity}"
+ ],
+ "corpus":["成语.txt"]
+ },
+ "CreateSentence":{
+ "template":[
+ "用{CreateSenEntity}造句",
+ "帮我用{CreateSenEntity}写个句子",
+ "你知道怎么用{CreateSenEntity}造句？",
+ "你能用{CreateSenEntity}造句？"
+ ],
+ "corpus":["成语.txt", "中小学词语.txt"]
+ },
+ "Antonym":{
+ "template":[
+ "{AntonymEntity}的反义词是什么?",
+ "告诉我{AntonymEntity}的反义词",
+ "说出{AntonymEntity}的反义词",
+ "请问{AntonymEntity}的反义词是什么?",
+ "找出{AntonymEntity}的近义词有那些?",
+ "你知道{AntonymEntity}的近义词有那些?"
+ ],
+ "corpus":["成语.txt","中小学词语.txt","chineseChar.txt"]
+ },
+ "Synonym":{
+ "template":[
+ "{SynonymEntity}的近义词是什么?",
+ "告诉我{SynonymEntity}的近义词",
+ "说出{SynonymEntity}的同义词",
+ "请问{SynonymEntity}的近义词是什么?",
+ "找出{SynonymEntity}的同义词有那些?",
+ "你知道{SynonymEntity}的近义词有那些?"
+ ],
+ "corpus":["成语.txt","中小学词语.txt","chineseChar.txt"]
+ },
+ "GroupWord":{
+ "template":[
+ "请使用{GroupWordEntity}组词",
+ "请用{GroupWordEntity}组下词",
+ "你能用{GroupWordEntity}组词？"
+ ],
+ "corpus":["chineseChar.txt"]
+ },
+ "Personality":{},
+ "Drawing":{}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/testcase/generalQAtest.txt b/data/testcase/generalQAtest.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9c8ee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/testcase/generalQAtest.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+你的名字是什么翻译成英语
+你的名字是什么用英文怎么说？
+翻译：北京天安门
+翻译：i love you
+新的反义词
+明天的反义词
+后天的同义词
+用好组词
+12用英语怎么说？
+请问你几岁了用英语怎么说？
+你住在哪里翻译成英语
+你喜欢什么颜色翻译成英语
+你最喜欢的动物是什么翻译成英语
+Can you play the piano翻译成中文
+What is your favorite sport翻译成中文
+用美好写一个句子
+你知道天道酬勤是啥意思？
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/testcase/sample_pred_in.txt b/data/testcase/sample_pred_in.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51d379c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/testcase/sample_pred_in.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+On April first I need a flight going from Phoenix to San Diego
+I would like a flight from Orlando to Salt Lake City for April First on Delta airlines
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dataGenerate/corpus/chineseChar.txt b/dataGenerate/corpus/chineseChar.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a47eb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dataGenerate/corpus/chineseChar.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7579 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_en.txt b/dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_en.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d2aea2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_en.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20000 @@
+At the end of that time, I went off to Australia,
+Great. Double-check.
+because I get to share that with millions of people worldwide.
+♪ I last saw you laughing ♪
+anemic job growth all throughout, especially when we
+he d been living by himself for two years.
+(Video) Magnetic electronic pieces and ferrous paper.
+Today, there are very few things
+but it can be too much of a good thing.
+I thought, But that s not true.
+have become realities through my work
+we are now able to demonstrate to you
+They call them Fast Track or VIP tickets.
+It was the Cultural Revolution.
+When you put all the mental illnesses together,
+From that first meeting to the finish line of the race,
+you re using, you can collect a lot more.
+the peasant uprising in the southern Chiapas region of Mexico
+ever to lose their sight.
+And people said yes, and they built with these Legos.
+I thought about Eleanor Roosevelt.
+It teaches you the importance of messaging.
+is a key part of how we die.
+I highly recommend it for sorting out what it is that you re naturally good at.
+we surrounded him in a cocoon of healing.
+Now, if your mother ever mentioned
+the same age Bruce Lee was when he died.
+or are hit by a crisis?
+will develop a little fluid collection around the kidney.
+of course embodying so much of it from the 20th century.
+to see Sherlock Holmes apartment,
+Because as we all know,
+It could become a natural extension,
+that keep us where we are.
+This shows you a patent landscape.
+I ll tell you: 158.
+So it wasn t surprising when he came into clinic one day,
+uncertainty and inconsistency at each step of this process.
+to really measure what we know made headlines,
+keep pushing for the next battle.
+One certainly can t argue with those numbers.
+and I think it s a wonderful one.
+I think it s a team sport.
+In virtually every case of corruption that we ve investigated,
+what you get is something called social capital.
+It took him, by his estimate,
+If you raise questions about that formulation,
+And then came the next stage of the equation.
+So now it s going from fish and sharks into reptiles,
+Thank you.
+When I was a kid, my parents would tell me,
+but survive we have.
+when I was standing with a number of the football players.
+by these types of world-flattening digitization technologies, right?
+When I look around, I see people who want to make a contribution.
+were barbaric,
+LT: Just being with her sucks the life out of me.
+It gets colder at a much slower rate, and then it starts warming up,
+so I built him a website, it s over here.
+accompanying the Higgs boson.
+and that is to truly make good public space,
+It was a conversation between two women.
+Today s hit single is not last year s hit single.
+Driving ourselves.
+This started out as a screensaver app
+Do you figure out, What on Earth am I here for?
+So seductive was this idea,
+or anything else we want to ask.
+or maybe the birthday you donated for fresh water.
+I walked away as fast as I could.
+I and the other designers
+that took place after the election.
+PM: Well, as we grow older,
+What part of this do people not understand?
+That s about what you d expect.
+what happened
+they do this very interesting survey every year
+the province of Shanghai, China.
+On the left is Manhattan today:
+But they have other communication signals they use.
+And I said to him, Ed, when did you realize
+could just be thrown off the back of the ship,
+And around the world, satellites and warning systems
+and they only know Skype.
+two, provide a bank account under your control
+as part of a lineup to ensure our species safe passage in space.
+Mechanical engineers design air handling units
+for us to complement these bulky electronic giants
+to be standing guard over?
+And my neighboring homes heard about this idea.
+Four days after I put that appeal online,
+and then charge the pharmacy budget of the clinic.
+Whites were largely unscathed.
+I actually know sound.
+somewhere on the other side of the globe,
+So we can be better, and the world can be better.
+over the Mediterranean into Europe so far this year,
+But when we ve seen quality tests --
+But with our very special window,
+celebrate it, close it, and recognize that we need a chapter two
+We just can t help ourselves.
+on the basis of whom it excluded.
+We videotape them talking with their wives about their deepest concerns.
+total wages paid out in the economy,
+how would we make our plants cold-tolerant?
+when you re reaching for that piece of chocolate,
+that he lets me dress him up
+students were given exams,
+that it s in the earliest Islamic biographies.
+And he just smiles.
+to deal with what is scarce, which is energy.
+but when I was young,
+Aging is basically a process that happens to inanimate objects like cars,
+So it s not multi-touch as a whole that s patented.
+And you enter that space,
+in a healthy way.
+in some parts of the world
+could not manage to bleach an ink, called indelible,
+I d like to play a song for you.
+Thank you. Anyway, we would fill up with our own adrenaline
+and Mouaz could not continue his studies,
+but more years in prison, I guess, even worse.
+but it s very inefficient.
+(Laughter)
+to capture slow-motion video,
+And just in summary, no matter how far I push this, I can t get it to break.
+we developed a low-cost press that allows you to produce charcoal,
+I hoped that my reality would change
+Poor kids need that experience.
+But a wonderful guy he was, wonderful philosopher.
+and allows that air to pass through, so those are two different
+María Rachid (Spanish): I always say that, in reality,
+to the island of Madagascar.
+The government has all this regulation and bureaucracy around things
+They use what I call a highly tuned chemical arsenal
+I make organic things which are essential.
+And good, close relationships seem to buffer us
+I still remember, though, when I left my parents home
+or you can lease a solar system.
+You ve got it in your brain; you ve got it in your lungs.
+We plutocrats need to get this
+And you know, there s a new version of Windows coming out this fall.
+So Shadi and one of his sisters, they fled to Libya.
+I cried in the bathroom while I washed out the pump equipment.
+Why? Because as your attention shifts to your cell phone,
+It ll be just like it was in 1985,
+20 to 60,000 miles an hour, they vaporize on contact.
+who can thrive in low-oxygen conditions,
+and second of all, I m American and I m already here.
+the chemical element that can kill the average human being.
+laws prohibiting it are being challenged in the courts,
+So we switched our models,
+you have environmental benefits.
+of how that changed the conversation to accommodate that awkwardness,
+a young, pro-business recent graduate
+All these people know each other.
+The geneticists laughed. But this was six years before Dolly.
+and one of the things that happens at that moment
+allow me to share just briefly,
+ Men fear that becoming we will erase his I .
+You have invaded me in the most sacred way.
+The warden said the unit was to control revolutionary attitudes.
+is it s going to turn those pages into Lego blocks.
+So this could be our bridge. And we zoom right in.
+but star stuff that happens to be conscious?
+Now, it turns out
+Now, I ll just give you a little taste of what it looks like
+that came from specific parts of speech,
+The idea was that it would be not only a laptop,
+as she s singing Itsy, Bitsy Spider,
+to supply itself with nutrients so it can grow.
+But robots flying overhead can easily spot this autonomously
+but this science has given me a whole new appreciation for stress.
+is very, very different,
+because my parents told me it would bring me luck.
+and how they got to be made.
+flowers are always gray,
+The hospital s maternity ward was really stressed out
+Suddenly, my family was thrown into the middle of a nightmare,
+how I pursue perfection, how I cheat the impossible.
+my idea being that I would never have to think about the sweater
+Do you remember when you used to beatbox me to sleep?
+who lose loved ones -- brothers, sisters, sons, daughters, parents.
+LD: There was just one problem.
+nobody has to tell you, Don t wear hats on your feet.
+to those questions.
+ Yes, but how long will the program be?
+As citizens of a planet in trouble,
+that architecture is about making buildings.
+what does he need the car for?
+illustrates the value of the approach.
+the way you value the world. They change the way
+But boys are not immune to this either.
+But what about the 300 million guns
+So, this is quantum locking -- actually locking -- three-dimensional locking of the superconductor.
+And, as he picks up a product,
+The result is that a primate brain
+[ Horse ] DB: Yellow. Audience: Yellow.
+What is important to record here today?
+including the terrible tragedy
+brought about a loss of hope for the city.
+Don t you have a husband waiting for you?
+a different spirit, a different feel to our lives,
+They re frequent travelers.
+that convinced me that I will get safely to the other side.
+and I can tell you this man doesn t slow down for one second.
+a lot of environmental noises, so the wave energy,
+that are saying it anymore.
+And what are you going to do,
+and we ve only begun to scratch the surface.
+If, for any reason, they feel that this might not be possible,
+for example, with the idea of cryonics.
+her definition of empowerment was very strange. (Laughter)
+It zooms it off to the appropriate person, it tells you
+Millions and millions of people
+She never missed a day of school, K-12.
+so exposing people to radiation, potentially harmful.
+Algorithms are faster. No. Processors are better. No.
+in the same way that gasoline prices are a signal
+these classic port cities, places like Lisbon, Mombasa,
+and it s a media revolution.
+and there are all these sorts of graphs
+have slope angles around the critical value,
+We re facing very tough challenges.
+I say we re going to take a long-lived strain of mouse,
+Now, try to build a bicycle without knowing that pi is 3.1416.
+in a relatively short period of time,
+that could withstand the radiation that would be created in the LHC,
+But I also started thinking, here s our introduction.
+I want to talk to you about the future of medicine.
+PM: And one of the things that I read about female friendship
+one of the most beautifully designed
+ Well, you know what that means, don t you?
+and it constantly hangs and bombs --
+JS: Well, how come?
+Instead, everything we touched we killed.
+Happy 50th anniversary on your flag, Canada.
+She has two sisters.
+They were actually going to go --
+But these are the kinds of issues that people don t understand.
+see it diminishing after a year.
+about why you re not going to look for your passion.
+I remember my first drawing lessons in school
+as a bunch of contradictory feelings.
+and now it is August,
+I began to search far and beyond my neighborhood.
+Think about which you find easier to use,
+about some imagined future.
+where I was doing two things.
+They orient to the caregiver.
+Your friends or family would report you missing,
+Okay, now I promised you to tell you some
+for us to obtain French nationality,
+They never even got out of their clothes.
+I chose one with the skin color of a lobster when sunburnt.
+Something as simple as using a public restroom
+and if we get horrified then we have to do something about it.
+health problems associated with pollution and more odiously,
+This is in Calais.
+which we run every two weeks of the year in Formula 1
+So this is how much people agree with the conclusions
+Number one: Don t multitask.
+An HP report found that men will apply for a job
+ We d like to do three or four thousand in our country to see how it works.
+But now we ve got together a diverse group of people --
+my father was positioned on the bank of the river Waal
+But it turned out there was a technical twist to Carol s case.
+she was incredulous,
+What I really hope is that people are beginning to understand
+And the reason is,
+is that once upon a time,
+where people suspend their judgment.
+and we found we were so in sync as women,
+big oil, gas and mining operations,
+It s a tough question. I still don t have a perfect answer.
+(Laughter)
+that we inherited were all based around this question
+that makes you seem more powerful?
+then the universe would have been torn apart,
+That was eradicated, so that got down to zero.
+you can produce 50 percent higher torque
+historians, artists, press, the general public --
+I changed it when my family decided
+You can see a progression here --
+All of this choice has two effects,
+Of course, it s fair, it s right and it s just.
+people from across the globe had difficulties to place me in a group,
+which is, Yeah, right.
+are not only for those couples that get married.
+when you cough or sneeze,
+but it s not simple.
+An aromatherapist began coming to the care home about once a week.
+all the different animals.
+in terms of the predictability of time frames.
+is the result of deforestation.
+something that they really struggle with.
+That s the second lesson that I ve learned.
+There s just not enough characters at this point
+or Alzheimer s.
+and consumption has risen globally.
+And that lack of resolution, the lack of resolution in Girl with a Pearl Earring --
+(Laughter)
+they still cared so little for this animal that they threw the body in the dump.
+if what I said was in line with what they expected.
+but actually in a survey, many business leaders
+and as little as a vowel from our target talker,
+But what would it take,
+Let me tell you what they are. First one: certainty.
+I think there was a feeling that
+And we dropped down,
+as physical exercise?
+and the company --
+Now, extinction is a different kind of death.
+with all the things that have been talked about the last two days.
+interacting with technology as if we were machines;
+that you actually wouldn t expect as being the result of rationality.
+At the heart of this movie is you
+Cinema is arguably
+that inspires me as a creator.
+I dream of technology
+of the diagnostics is completely out of reach.
+Now when we do that, we discover some startling things
+ Yeah, me neither.
+beyond our ordinary range of perceptions.
+and it s going to be coming out next year.
+Another group got an environmental message.
+actually the very game I showed you at the beginning,
+You don t have an emotional sonorousness.
+I m deciding what I want to choose.
+that they re intended to be used.
+was access to yachts or fancy vacations or BMWs,
+Her virginity statement was not a piece of wishful thinking.
+What are colors doing to us?
+Turns out there s some exceptions to that rule.
+with a problem.
+on how to deal with the mental health population as well.
+Why?
+Think of it this way:
+Well, we call him an underdog because he s a kid,
+on these coral reefs around the world,
+We re moving into this future where the factory is everywhere,
+to kill off the weeds in our farms.
+So we need to think about, well, do I agree with him?
+the last passenger pigeon alive.
+with her mind and this is what s happening with her brain.
+as a human,
+because that s what the USAR team said they wanted.
+I could place digital information, or output information,
+This is an absolutely beautiful way of working.
+where we mash up these two things which don t go together
+and then making them public --
+The first thing you can see is that the bubbles were a lot smaller, no?
+is a foregone conclusion.
+are on hand.
+either pushed out through Amazon
+well, something is still wrong.
+It s about the same as yours and mine.
+And that s exactly what we did here.
+and of course I kept thinking of sex when I looked at him,
+and it happened here in Toronto last year,
+I m standing in a room across the street,
+And if I believe it, and you believe it,
+and their families.
+the United States actually has quite a strong track record
+but sadly, there are only enough available lungs for 2,000 people
+It s very hard to get, of course.
+(Applause)
+JN: Thank you Alex, bye bye.
+So I get a lot of questions about, What are you doing in that lab?
+And Holly Morgan told me that she used to battle depression
+and so much needs to change:
+I m going to put one extra little footnote in here,
+And so they re now becoming part of this
+And it means that a building doesn t have to be beautiful
+It took me years to see the sentencing
+is going to be vulnerable. It s going to have bugs.
+It could destroy the Great Bear Rainforest,
+HW: So help me out here:
+Thank you, Yuval, for making the trip.
+have changed my life.
+I appreciate it. Bye-bye.
+and the funny thing is that,
+So to try and get through today,
+Couples like this one,
+ You know, I am a virgin, she told me.
+ Tonight we are going to make a baby.
+Don t try that one.
+It s like Santa Claus without the seasonal restrictions.
+and a few other African countries I m familiar with.
+Not very long ago, not many thousands of years ago,
+we ll have a potluck dinner.
+And the first is pretty obvious.
+or know where they re going to go.
+it changes their color from transparent to bright red,
+reverse the progression of prostate cancer by
+and people all over the place and chaos
+Some people think when we talk about contraception
+This violence, this brutality against black men
+None of the straight lines are actually straight.
+That first beep was Usain Bolt.
+The first problem is it s pretty big.
+does to people we think we will never see and never know.
+I made sure to follow that very closely.
+whereas the unemployed are extraordinarily unhappy and depressed.
+And when you think about it, it was costing us 30 dollars.
+so lots of things which are visible
+Which brought us to this.
+And that s what I m going to talk to you about today.
+from one of those awful bullets.
+things that we ought to be thinking about, forward planning
+So let s go out further, till we re outside the galaxy, and look back,
+And I said to her,
+is the equivalent
+In my lab,
+you have a self-contained system.
+All the editing is done by volunteers.
+and found the results that I guess you d expect to find
+It has no nutritional value, so they don t feed it to the animals.
+It s a reusable mug. It has all these things printed on it.
+that would be something that people could easily cook with,
+YR: I used to read Spider-Man comics,
+There are 1,600 people, I believe.
+but it s actually very different,
+That was a miracle, but it was workable.
+But that s not even all of it, because once a drug is approved,
+you get a very even distribution
+watching her child develop this disease and standing by helplessly.
+and Ford playfully turns to Reuther and says,
+Others of them managed to extend the lives of their clients,
+But I think that my interest in ideas of identity was born here,
+but not really belonging to either one very well
+a grand total of 883 feet
+The analysis concluded
+And the kids, they love it.
+I was on a TV talk show opposite four white men.
+or try to stop the wave or look back at the wave,
+the average time a refugee will spend in exile
+And I had access to all the best girls. It was fabulous.
+at the peak of his popularity.
+to implement the strategies we talked about.
+would never have been found.
+The poor also are willing to make, and do make, smart decisions,
+Any one of those elements you could sort of hang on the wall
+Themes have included runs for the environment,
+decided to try to fight this disease using genetic engineering.
+And there stood two boys, each about 19, in white, starched short-sleeved shirts,
+when you die, God will punish you and send you to hell.
+that target these core mechanisms
+This picture, which I pulled off the web --
+You collect interest and do nothing in between.
+The project s also made a big difference in the lives of the retouchers.
+Well, if you take those out, they hold water great,
+doesn t mean that Torajans don t aspire
+Even on the first view, your eyes will successfully
+I spoke in our language, and of course they spoke back, they replied,
+taking apart and putting back together again.
+The other thing it does is tells us something about energy policy.
+If you live in a part of the world where per capita emissions are already high,
+happens just blocks away from where my grandparents live.
+These are the same stickers used on big trucks
+So it is good for business.
+and that device is reputation.
+and yet they were infantilized by travel.
+(Laughter)
+and you re an inconvenience
+In Africa there were countries fighting for their independence:
+is to foster something I like to call social Pan-Africanism.
+and how many of us allow that fear
+that by the end of 2007, this bubble
+not only tapirs
+then our survival is on the line.
+And if we were to go down that route what I would say is,
+inside the brain and edit this movie clip
+goods and services to the poor.
+When cities interact, they interact like this.
+are moving to Oklahoma City from all over the region
+We could see which children got more seriously ill:
+report higher levels of marital satisfaction.
+So, the law is also dependency-related.
+The people change everything, and this is why --
+But if we went with this, or some configuration of it,
+When I was 27 years old,
+But there is also a lot that I can do.
+I just borrowed that, I ll return it in a second,
+throughout the world, and I hope, through that process,
+But let me first elaborate, just a little bit, on a basic principle
+so kudos to you guys for arranging
+and the mom would shoot a chilling stare at her kid.
+on digital fabrication.
+And Singapore proposes by 2060
+at the time of the accident,
+(Audio) NR: (Laughs) Um, no. No, we got this.
+After you ve forged meaning,
+There will always be waste. I m not that unrealistic
+LN: It smelled kind of like singed flesh.
+for the benefit of nondisabled people.
+to nurture the entrepreneurial spirit
+so we enriched our cultures with phthalates
+and they got the same result for each one.
+TB: Many people after a kidney transplant
+for the past three decades,
+(Laughter)
+Lighter and more slippery autos
+You ll have some with really long necks,
+Certainly when I m traveling,
+Now, fusion is often criticized
+The engineers amongst you will recognize rapid prototyping and CAD.
+or having a cup of coffee.
+ We marched with Martin Luther King,
+But we re not going to have new exit strategies for arguments
+There s one community of children in southern India
+Will the vaulter stick the landing?
+Francis Collins: So what would you like to say to researchers
+but it is hopeless to be angry with the people.
+in Britain, France and Canada put together.
+What if -- (Laughter)
+but the main changes are actually to the brain networks
+to the Pentium.
+at being able to determine what was in front of the camera
+on these more asymmetrical approaches to it,
+the pipes clanking and contributing.
+going there instead of going
+They are doing it because of one motivation only.
+Show me the evidence.
+commodities or currencies had a tendency to trend.
+when we launched our Africa Investigates series
+suited only to this one specific environment,
+but of an encyclopedic museum,
+Researchers estimate that just one cup of golden rice per day
+rehearsed what I would say on the beach.
+based on biomedical research
+Getting me all wound up, now!
+an elderly guy who lives in the village,
+health care services, primary education
+and he was a self-taught illustrator and musician.
+and waited my turn.
+or repatriating expats.
+I d like it back.
+because of a disconnect between the employers
+not one woman could have a decision-making authority,
+And they should be able to use one of these birth control methods
+Can t we make better stoves?
+But right now,
+When I asked people their associations with the wheelchair,
+I felt connected not only to an African independence movement,
+I worked and studied hard to move up the career ladder,
+At that time, there was no vaccine available against polio.
+poverty worldwide,
+and can never be without some element of education.
+RNG: How could a reasoned argument logically entail
+But here s the good news.
+how we say what we say,
+allow me to point out an interesting paradox
+when we feel like we ve put in a good day in the job search.
+The most important changes facing us today
+(Applause)
+so when I witnessed this, I went, Oh no.
+So my mom was happy, and that made me happy,
+in the ongoing war crimes trials.
+and you re staying here illegally
+This shows the growth of Wikipedia -- we re the blue line there --
+The Netherlands is not at war.
+which gave the piece a soothing, ambient quality.
+was waiting for death to finally release me,
+In fact, I have just an average memory.
+Now, of course, I can bring up a keyboard.
+bought wetsuits and drowned in what seems to have been an attempt
+Women in the audience, I have some
+These are the invisible things that you never see in your life.
+of every invention or innovation that s occurred in this country,
+In each movie, you re going to see a baby doing maybe
+which is a technique used by many other conservationists around the world.
+to his every discomfort,
+ Yeah, that concert was amazing. I really loved that concert.
+I was given the gift of a miracle,
+because if you think about it, you re at the dung pile,
+and since then, we have never experienced any problem with lions.
+From Eric Mazur, I learned about peer instruction,
+Most of our planet is actually made up of the sea.
+coming from the brain that play this very function
+that we were seeing a shift in zeitgeist,
+This is purely hypothetical, I can assure you.
+While we may not be sure, one thing is certain:
+Much of it was content I never would have found
+to apply our accumulated knowledge
+So there are two interesting parts about this.
+Diplomacy had failed to stop the Germans.
+this is not something that you have to test.
+If you were tone-deaf, you couldn t change the gears
+It s something of an Internet typology pattern,
+At this decisive moment in Dutch history
+Now, this was a dreaded question
+So that awesome little kid,
+Roswell s a great place to launch balloons,
+as cultivators of curiosity and inquiry,
+back into this complicated 12-dimensional space,
+built and unit-tested in isolation from the rest of the project.
+I hated going to class at 8 o clock in the morning,
+Would more people show up?
+and then at nine weeks is really kind of a little human being.
+Improve interpersonal feelings,
+are by bicycle.
+really is much more effective than either one alone.
+Humans love information.
+in this little box in New York,
+I was trying out so many different combinations of this.
+the tenderness, the vulnerability.
+and speech synthesizers,
+So it actually works.
+CA: And your own work took an idea like this and moved it
+we always look down on plans,
+ If you want your ransom come and get it.
+This boy is now in university
+and also for this artwork
+I ve been incarcerated for 39 and one half years.
+per square mile in cities.
+And at this point, hundreds of people have participated.
+Disgust has been comparatively rare,
+(Laughter)
+instead of a series of interviews,
+without creating new forms of brutality and waste.
+to make people better sooner, recover them quicker.
+has dropped by a factor of 30 since the Middle Ages.
+and when the authors looked at whose tumors shrank,
+had no movement from the neck down,
+I think you d have to conclude, if you look at the output,
+with their own issues of helping their own populations
+we weren t, I would say, exactly sure how to be great parents.
+men and women coming home
+secure good working conditions
+Reality was not that easy.
+The therapies will be improving faster than
+and actually, the more I tried to address them
+Reputation is the measurement of how much a community trusts you.
+Isn t that cool?
+You re watching happiness be synthesized.
+Be interested in other people.
+Joan said it was through my words that she fell in love with me.
+and those two transformations, the economy and the structure
+is could we eat them?
+of avoiding the two-degree target.
+(Sings) Ah, the first time that I made love to a rock shrimp --
+Basically, the blue lights pulsating indicate that the exo is ready to go.
+Today, I m going to talk to you about sketching electronics.
+The majority of those 23 years
+not much drama.
+that for each one of us, we have a kind of a core, an essence.
+had not been vaccinated
+but they treated me the best they could.
+during my speech here.
+And because I wanted to impress you all with slides,
+wanted me to do.
+in the face of a story,
+as the game unfolded,
+which brings a lot of anxiety and fears
+You can do two-tone singing,
+In 2007, I was doing a research fellowship
+we need two things.
+not because they were criminal masterminds
+to change the flow of information in the brain.
+Even in our worst, I saw human stories.
+And they all contained childhood trauma,
+And I m going to show you what it can do.
+like invisible ink.
+It was the first time in my life
+but within 10 minutes of them finding their lost photo,
+The unfairness of it all made me want to be a defender.
+or materials.
+We ve got cell phones
+and they re spread all around, so whenever a call comes in,
+We complain, we tweet, we protest
+you re actually better off
+and I had little appreciation for how the decisions I would make
+On your right is an eight-year-old.
+This is one of the reasons why it s called
+monitor Internet traffic.
+international concern on a scale that we hadn t seen in recent years
+working on various forms of de-extinction,
+setting in motion a cycle
+navigated and innovated through risks.
+were no longer allowed to travel.
+the next day I liked it a bit better, and now I really love it.
+it will be below 100 dollars --
+if we find ourselves in a protected bay
+He never faced a judge or a jail,
+The results?
+that we could eradicate in our lifetime.
+they come within inches of each other.
+He applied to college,
+the delicate organs and yet still achieve the coverage
+Christopher had accomplished -- and making a lot more money than me --
+You create more value with lower cost.
+by those governments over the last four years,
+But as they work together, something starts to change,
+the Movement for Global Mental Health was founded
+We re even going back into some
+Because in this,
+that there was one fly that carried the bug.
+I even helped a young man
+who was so afraid of the older gang kids showing up after school,
+So brain research has shown that the adolescent brain
+but those methods are sometimes like, when the media is constantly saying
+Without any guidance from the regulators,
+with the president
+The next time there s a local district attorney s election
+don t amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world.
+Now, the negativity threshold,
+tells you that we should not restrict this network
+I don t mean children. I mean the child of the state.
+Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
+(Laughter)
+So you get the idea here.
+Chris Anderson: The rights of citizens,
+I am both a magician and
+but at the current level,
+Who could blame them?
+are coming true.
+since I had the experience of being a ninth grade kid in Birmingham, Alabama,
+usually by a little kid:
+shared a common set of grievances
+so we d better assess, how are we doing on these goals?
+on December 13, 2001,
+it really does seem to be sometimes overwhelming.
+So for the next two years, that s what I did.
+So when, a year later, Turkey s Gezi protests happened,
+that I was somehow doing something un-joblike
+to build new things with.
+MT: There are two colors in a deck of cards.
+that was just spreading from manufacturers in Japan
+And what they do, then, is advertise this toxicity
+ Oh, you re feeling depressed? Just shake it off; it s all in your head.
+(Applause) All right.
+and supplies that are produced all over the world, literally,
+but the back was completely crushed.
+we had the first test of a self-driving car
+less and less sensitive to the plight
+there were no legal protections
+(Laughter)
+transcendentalism like their last name was Thoreau,
+where I could touch and play with the various brain structures.
+people would stop me and say,
+We tell ourselves a story about other people s lives,
+Just imagine for a moment
+Now, when we re thinking about starships,
+(Laughter)
+And by 2010, we are actually 80 percent of humans
+because they forced me to look at my life honestly,
+And what you can see is that,
+They re challenging the idea that
+but that granite edge, those lights,
+It s really scary, this gay lifestyle thing; it s super duper evil and there s no end to it!
+like how a festival helps a city to express itself,
+It worked exactly as well as anybody would have predicted.
+Less than 10 days ago,
+Thank you.
+there are some unusually rounded edges in the swimming pool,
+You just mix up some pollen, sugar and water,
+like an action figure --
+That leads to productivity.
+They re also true no matter which ethnic group
+in real time it s understanding these pictures
+that view is a bit too close to simply
+(Laughter)
+and getting further and further,
+when we focus on them as individuals
+So the real key question was,
+because this bling helps the female lay more eggs
+And there s sometimes a debate among technologists
+But in this sense, you actually can look into the future,
+it s really good at smashing them into each other.
+In thinking about biofluorescence,
+and the beetle climbs on top of the ball
+So I grew up in Orlando, Florida.
+we make a colossal mistake taking it for granted.
+It s a show produced by murderers
+communities where economic livelihoods have been hampered:
+And I believe that magic and puzzles are the same
+And I think it s because spiritual emptiness
+and that s a philosophical position as well as an aesthetic position.
+When I was a child
+And I d like to do that with a couple of examples
+with a life that most of you all
+They understood that their abilities could be developed.
+But, for an idea that is so broadly accepted in private,
+I know it sounds like a little thing to you, but --
+what do you see?
+but by interacting with the world,
+But today I want to tell you a different story.
+But I had a bit of an epiphany,
+The thing to keep in mind is that
+it s about healthy life, you know --
+One even asks, like you just saw,
+And these things are really a global failure.
+and they d smile in the reflection of it,
+We ve come a long, long way since then.
+What my lab does is develop computational techniques that allow us
+not exactly that picture, one just like it.
+And so we thought perhaps there might be a better way
+It begins with the murder of an innocent human being,
+Two years later, one -- zoop.
+People worry about overpopulation; they say,
+known as a state habeas corpus appeal.
+and sent her down to Earth with a box,
+every nomad will have clean drinking water.
+This is the most important slide that I ve ever seen in public health,
+and we tried hundreds and hundreds of these.
+There are another 600,000 women [per year]
+what do crows and fish have in common?
+how to be heroically awkward.
+And the best thing is, they ll also last
+The next thing we did was to understand,
+and what I ve seen from being in this access to information field for so long
+We re not talking about abortion.
+It would have been inappropriate for Vermeer
+This forest was almost completely cleared
+It happens to some of our phylatic cousins,
+(Applause continues)
+and this number has never significantly declined over the last 15 years.
+When I explained to her that I was with a woman instead of a man,
+Let s look at some videos of what happened when we tested these new drugs in worms.
+Then we made the connection that areas that have been doing
+and when I m talking with people,
+and turned it into something it was never meant to be,
+And then what is the role of the various institutions
+to build a better world.
+So the challenge for me was to design type
+So if we go back, also thinking about four degrees,
+and it s in these small details where
+to any would-be predators.
+and billions of objects,
+My dad left me alone in the car
+(Laughter)
+PM: You re adding decades to our lives right now.
+If you took the difference between today s image and yesterday s image,
+I m not for that.
+but no.
+He makes it into Algeria, walks into Libya,
+to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions
+so we had to do what s called dynamic scaling of the frequencies
+So then, what do we do about that?
+I could go through a dozen more examples:
+without considering the liminal space between disciplines.
+this one goes very similar to this.
+is really high in protein. It s really good for bees.
+you will see that while population increases,
+and basically inside-out it in her own body.
+in the spring, frogs will dig themselves to the surface
+having to use most of their energy to move their obesity.
+is they can walk you gradually down a dead end.
+I want you guys there,
+that s OK by us, too.
+It took focus. It took dedication.
+without judgment of social and physical consequences.
+It was an amazing feeling.
+and seeing his friends get killed.
+And so now, Bill and I have three.
+It is extremely expensive.
+or your religious beliefs,
+the remaining imperfections in the therapies are catching up with us.
+I want them to feel the way I did --
+we ve been receiving numerous comments
+to try to study the processes that were being used
+This energy that is in your arm will not be in your legs.
+so a disease mutation should fall within that site.
+RealTimeWWII is an account
+that were being intercepted.
+before I have another.
+Do you ever feel like you re always listening to people who agree with you?
+that came before the four chapters of the death penalty story.
+Almost all of the transactions you do
+How do I keep them safe? How do I keep them alive?
+It s about industry as opposed to the survival of a people.
+We explained we would have number three mailed to them.
+that there are five different modes of intervention,
+just because
+I don t believe in smart homes. That s sort of a bogus concept.
+it sounds incredibly selfish, self-centered.
+because the medicines slow down the progression
+We see organizations like Dow Chemical
+By autistic standards, the normal human brain
+Lastly, I want you to applaud the people who actually create the future,
+This is a very powerful idea.
+it s the Luton News,
+And there came then the big news.
+but the test gets it wrong, which is unlikely.
+he s been deserted by the gods,
+(Laughter)
+until finally, just like this woman,
+Yes, I have an advisory position with the U.N.
+Anders Fjellberg: It wasn t easy at first,
+But before I do that, I want to talk a little bit about the past.
+All the other TEDs --
+this country is living in right now.
+(Laughter)
+So we ll run over 200 campaigns this year,
+that the year 2000, should mean more,
+My youngest, Andrew,
+in the hopes that our solutions might feel more natural.
+They don t have any legal rights.
+In fact, I ve got 38,000 of them now
+to the Pantheon in Rome,
+when something in your life goes wrong,
+A lot of people say, I really don t know what people are going to pick,
+Did you guess the one that was dry?
+to experience depression over their lifetimes
+I happen to notice you all have
+at the last undersea marine laboratory
+And he said it was.
+We were victims of the Spaniards.
+Fifty percent of their diet consists of fruit,
+but at the same time it s where people want to be,
+And so here I was in the year 2009,
+but I am suggesting it s possible
+or to eat something sweet.
+that would otherwise spread and cause
+In the past, I talked about it.
+15 episodes of How To Get Away With Murder,
+Even then, our trips were limited to sanctioned national monuments
+I use, now, a whole new process.
+So she gets the address
+by putting together
+expecting to die all alone in a care home.
+who is tinkering with about 10 or 15 telephone lines.
+and his grandfather said, You re too young.
+You might have seen a child running
+And these kids, their first English word is Google
+are some of the things we can do in the form of a pre-mortem.
+ Yes, I m from Libby, Montana,
+The parents love it, because when they open up the laptops,
+is happening in prefrontal cortex and in other brain regions
+the contamination of the water lenses,
+that we have done a total of more than 6.5 million text messages
+So, we ve been talking about how evolution shapes human minds
+after just their second assault following a match,
+We live in a world of states, non-states, and in-between,
+George Church thinks you can.
+for other species as well.
+if you have such a dog. So, I can press a button
+And so inevitably,
+Teachers are now saying it s kind of fun to teach.
+meaning an entity that holds on to information for you
+We had joy. You were laughing, smiling. Look at your faces. This room is full of joy.
+But for our two southernmost islands,
+they were now actually heading over to it.
+who are passionate about saving lives,
+They see supporting gender equality something akin to the calvary,
+What if technologies could intervene
+A herd of wildebeests, a shoal of fish,
+which means I had to write a lot of papers.
+But well before my imagination was my vocation,
+everything gets done, things stay civil.
+But then came my 90-page senior thesis,
+and the bugs out.
+unbelievable, right?
+So basically, China is a SICK BRIC country.
+if innovation continues to be as powerful as it has been
+Those first few months?
+I do it all day long,
+Now this one s the tomato tickler. (Laughter)
+So I want to give you a quick story of how it got started.
+But then those middle months actually went by,
+most of them identified.
+where people, animals and ecosystems
+most of us here today probably remember what life was like before the Internet,
+been an effort to create a new Gabby Giffords
+I wrote 90 pages over 72 hours,
+live through these experiences,
+this is an illusion, and even though
+and somehow, I get myself onto the stage, I start my song,
+But for the past 50 years,
+And across the world, every 20 minutes, one new person
+to the problem of blood diamonds funding war,
+and we start here. We made a few designs,
+that makes this even a little bit more interesting.
+On several websites,
+The story goes like this:
+Where do you want to be when you re no longer independent?
+KB: Are you ready?
+for the population.
+and they do lend a lot of money,
+It s exactly the same event,
+to actually make us move into space.
+My father gave my brother and me
+are nervous tissue and digestive tissue.
+We make things grow.
+he declared that he had seen less than 150 true cases of his syndrome
+And these porches on the roof,
+and then random audience members would hold up scorecards,
+which bought up Americans tax debts,
+There were literally thousands of patents on human genes.
+They are almost a form of reassurance.
+and try to optimize which parts are folding when.
+People from all different kinds of disciplines,
+of how he put people s lives at risk?
+to move a same point up and down on the y-axis.
+or worse, if they re penalized for having me as their lawyer.
+as similar to one another as possible.
+The money had been spent
+published the lunar differences for every month of the year.
+when in reality, if I know everything about your external world,
+wish we could fly like Superman,
+and eventually you can add the log to the fire,
+more than 70 million new homes
+to try to invent the museum of the future.
+in a trance-like state, anxious and terrified,
+(Laughter)
+the people of TED decided to release the speakers.
+very different from a Denver or an Atlanta or a Philadelphia
+network of lanes.
+It s what makes a good question.
+So as we mentioned, the process is to move inventory along the highway
+who care about liberal democracy,
+The most important actors today in the global economy
+ You can hold that tension like a violin string
+even to our closest relatives.
+saying such things as,
+In the long duration chairs,
+And I m going to tell you,
+with nice, new electronics.
+One movement for the expansion of rights
+This is what we see on one of the most powerful existing telescopes on the Earth,
+I want to tell you the story
+is of trying to wake up one of my relatives and not being able to.
+and see so many women.
+I think those are interesting ideas.
+about the person you were delivering.
+and he starts looking through my stuff.
+but for the modern me.
+And that s a shame because one out of five of us,
+As I motion for the tab,
+And he makes it worse by saying,
+They may collect over 300 kilos
+Right? I went through my entire business career,
+Why would we?
+who, as you ll learn, are very much at the heart
+and it encompasses three things:
+That night, I m laying in bed,
+and no one else can understand.
+38 percent said it s more or less the same,
+by the characters that are available in European languages.
+and I lock the bedroom door.
+and a lot we ve been trying to do recently
+An old lady came towards us.
+the errors in dispensing made by the staff in hospitals.
+move the camera around, we can also control time,
+I m unemployed, I m almost broke,
+like, voice was really important.
+So, you want us to use Arabic. Where are we to do so?
+that it almost blots out anything else.
+We built a basic website and Airbed and Breakfast was born.
+in obscure corners of the clinical literature.
+and when we said goodbye to the last guest,
+Brian and I just stared at each other.
+When do I give in?
+And that s what s happened. Mankind has transported
+We sat back, and we waited for the rocket ship to blast off.
+No one in their right minds would invest in a service
+Never can you doubt that we are all in this together.
+Now, when you re faced with a problem, you fall back on what you know,
+The brain abhors a vacuum.
+It s on. Just turned it on.
+Could design make that happen?
+Is it possible to design for trust?
+I want to give you a sense of the flavor of trust
+But what if we have it backwards?
+marked mood swings, irritability, anxiety, or depression.
+Now that you have your phone out,
+I did my experiments that involved showing people
+Now hand your unlocked phone to the person on your left.
+That tiny sense of panic you re feeling right now --
+there are positive feedbacks which can be of many times,
+I can never get in there. (Laughter)
+but being a soldier is what would prove themselves there.
+and then we got people to go along with it
+because when I finally did reconcile myself to how slow
+Now, how does it feel holding someone s unlocked phone?
+That s how most guests feel when they stay in a home.
+So it s one thing to do that in a one-to-one relationship.
+OK, you can hand your phones back now.
+So now that you ve experienced the kind of trust challenge
+entrepreneurial ideas and profit,
+Imagine that they had 150 reviews of people saying,
+Now how would you feel about handing your phone over?
+It turns out,
+within any clinical trial.
+Eventually, we learned to wait until both guests and hosts
+Was the tale told well?
+The research showed, not surprisingly,
+The more different somebody is,
+and I think you have to imagine that there s
+you might describe it with granular, practical clarity.
+But if you ve got more than 10,
+Now we also learned that building the right amount of trust
+If you share too little, like, Yo,
+But to me, adapt all the time means something deeper, too.
+So how do we design for just the right amount of disclosure?
+chilled down and which is
+This is a graph that shows our rate of adoption.
+The first, an unbelievable amount of luck.
+to search for an amazing coincidence.
+Now, things have been going pretty well.
+on the part of the mare, in her foal.
+and the case was randomly assigned to Judge Robert Sweet.
+could be very discrete.
+all of the electricity coming into the system
+ Excellent house for sedentary travelers
+The area is beautiful and has direct access to the best hospitals.
+and determine what would happen
+Of course, not every stay is like that.
+We live our lives forward.
+You know how most travel today is, like,
+at the cost of local and authentic.
+What if cities embraced a culture of sharing?
+I see a future of shared cities that bring us community and connection
+something I d been dreaming of doing for a decade.
+And they ve started an incubator to help fund the next generation
+Can you turn to your neighbor, the one you don t know,
+785,000 people
+will either stay in a stranger s home
+There s been many other websites like ours.
+So, why did ours eventually take off?
+Luck and timing aside,
+Design can overcome our most deeply rooted
+It blows my mind.
+Now, we know design won t solve all the world s problems.
+Thank you.
+to have an ailing parent move in with you,
+A room like this, nonetheless.
+You know the story, right?
+My client was a guy named Will.
+It is now a conflict between states and non-state actors.
+sometimes to excess, leading to embarrassing social situations. (Laughter)
+I don t think they knew where it might lead.
+that works by taking away the raw ingredient for serotonin
+and maybe understand why it is so difficult to cope
+on other really important moments
+Okay, well if you think about how
+At the start, though, I had to memorize the names you give
+for a first-degree murder.
+on three different occasions for lengthy periods.
+And then I go home and I browse the web
+And a well-run meeting can yield really positive, actionable results.
+covered with chicken wire
+because you and your fellow countrymen
+I can and do just use the men s room most of the time these days.
+but because of how the world treats those of us
+I can t extol to you
+responding to weight loss by using powerful tools
+You can type in an URL and put in a 404 and these will pop.
+all of these forces working very, very hard to kill us.
+about a dozen trips to Bangalore, Mumbai, Gurgaon,
+I m a Marxist of the Groucho tendency.
+So this is the inside of one of those donuts,
+There was a center there,
+What drives the disability for these disorders
+so I wouldn t see the wheat being separated from the chaff.
+not bloody President --
+And so that s the beginning of Protei,
+to start doubting now.
+And another key thing that I learned a lot
+respectful disagreement between
+which then can be used to help us understand
+they should do in reaction to recent surveillance.
+Several scientific studies have shown
+airplanes.
+when I saw a shopkeeper and his wife
+these are the interesting ones.
+If you are a farmer, you need five things to be successful: You need seeds,
+The media became fixated.
+thick woods with hunters crashing through the undergrowth
+but would have improved its enjoyment and its usefullness far more.
+laws which could stem the tide of HIV.
+with the faith that my journey from Oak Cliff, Texas
+how the photo makes me feel.
+But as I witnessed this temple of finance
+compared to the needle and syringe into muscle.
+I like working with my hands.
+and if they bond, they send the nerve a signal
+separate fact from bias.
+or I would die.
+but good educational outcomes,
+also predicts that if we can t get this under control by 2050,
+Contrary to almost everything that you might get taught
+had quickly flipped many of the assets on
+I leave you in charge of your neurogenesis.
+Words to cover every conceivable sexual feature,
+If we look at that region in mammals that don t see so well,
+than just more numbers.
+future is in front of the body and the past is to your back.
+I don t want to pretend for a minute
+I think most people don t want to be dead,
+for what dark energy might be,
+Thank you very much.
+when we worship right here at the church of TED,
+and he still sits with his teammates in the dugout,
+I ve gone down 60 meters to see hammerhead sharks.
+updating them, quietly dropping obsolete features,
+ You moved to New York with an MBA, one clean suit,
+because, you see, my father s name was Ted,
+I m focused on two projects I want to tell you about.
+and as I took the history, it became apparent
+That s the one we re not normally offered.
+the likes of which he d never seen before.
+I ve had a lot of time to think.
+but Galen was simply trying to explain
+how we re doing it and then what we re doing.
+drop your body temperature to about 18 centigrade,
+what the $100 laptop might be like.
+They will not say children at first,
+I would eventually fail every test for mental awareness.
+Adam II asks why we re here.
+and it spread all over.
+that it really swept through biology.
+My area is the atomic nucleus, which is the tiny dot inside an atom.
+And within these conversations,
+and if that happens in a part of the world where there is good infrastructure,
+and led me into our room with an unfamiliar grip.
+the MP3 player, nose hair trimmer, and crème brûlée torch.
+It s this deep sense of trust and cooperation.
+since early recorded history,
+I had no dreams, no hope, nothing to look forward to.
+For example, I love books.
+But why is it so low?
+(Laughter)
+would mean a loss of a lot of land,
+Healthcare is also completely free.
+And I can bring that around, put that up there.
+We manage this
+So I think in the next decade,
+three and a half school years between
+There s nothing more to it than that.
+that every apartment must receive
+right at that moment to the cafe I was in,
+and so they figure it would be easier to restart their lives from there.
+Yes, they are opportunities for commercial investment,
+In this pocket
+usually gets lost in the way we talk about refugees and migrants,
+(Laughter)
+You know, at the very root of that, see, caspers,
+and you need to figure out what that thing is
+and the largest economy in the world
+TR: And --
+but some hundred brave Saudi women
+And you correct me if I m wrong.
+AT: Well, I ve been telling this story every year.
+in California and Nevada,
+So thanks to this student who questioned
+and halve the chemical inputs,
+So as I was saying,
+When Carson looked at what these students had achieved,
+This one came from a kid named Fritz,
+why something as simple as fashion or women s rights
+we are not being aware of the ways in which racial difference
+And we ve made this data public and free and open.
+we ve gone from a local problem to a remote problem to a global problem.
+On a side note,
+I just quit, I gave up.
+This is what it looks like.
+And they re also trying to develop all of their software tools
+gender equality is also in our interest as men.
+no Cesarean sections.
+perhaps millions of years.
+she threw the engagement ring in your face.
+Now if you put these ideas together,
+He said, Well, but I can t do it alone.
+(Laughter)
+To tackle this problem, governments are using new tools
+So I think what we need to do is to conceive of the issue more abstractly,
+the happier their labor force is.
+Okay. Okay.
+but not just construction in isolation, of course.
+not just in software and services, but in media and music,
+And then after you finish, you get a certificate of accomplishment,
+and then just need one or two points of backhaul.
+he just went on the website and made a change.
+thinking I have so much love inside of me and nobody to give it to.
+Every day, there are thousands more like them.
+a beautiful city encircled by hills,
+over the years
+bang!, it compresses it,
+That s the way evolution works.
+The one in the middle, on my kitchen table. Not much difference.
+were at least a decade away.
+And my day job, as Chris said -- I m an electrical engineering professor.
+In another one, we said a woman enjoys masturbating
+we treble their remaining lifespan,
+And it indicates the whole structure of education
+is still very much in development in adolescents.
+are just as powerful.
+In America today, we are at 1.86.
+is because its lowest score is lower than Ireland s lowest score.
+And in Asia and Latin America, the transition started in the 1960s,
+(Laughter)
+And unfortunately or fortunately, chemistry won.
+Thank you.
+ My colleagues are astounded by what I m doing.
+so that new mother cannot afford to speak up on her own behalf.
+started Bhutan For Life.
+Given the option, they will have fewer children.
+And as it turns out, the older you get, the less likely you are to divorce.
+only with a 15-year time horizon
+I didn t know what the rules were,
+Occasionally, humans will need to do sense-making.
+to a design-inspired nature,
+evidence of this pediatrician, who have subsequently been released on appeal.
+the passenger next to me and I had a very interesting conversation
+and it fails more often than it succeeds.
+it s hard for robots like this to determine their position.
+numbering approximately 400,000 animals.
+Now the first thing that will piss you off, undoubtedly,
+But Kiribati is comprised of three groups of islands:
+and he was doing this.
+This is something that has editing and it has teams,
+And she started telling me about her grandkids,
+and basically goes like this.
+Now Harold and I --
+cooking for my siblings, collecting water, firewood.
+I mean, your nervous system is an idiot.
+The external logic is an economic logic:
+Traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow
+because I had done 15 years of research before it,
+because the majority of the British public,
+other than one of the world s major languages, and especially English.
+in the dignified, respectful way that I had intended,
+which is difficult to account for just on the basis of education.
+Like father, like son.
+ Well, why don t you use the Internet?
+the same seven billion, by the way,
+because this is what Chinese students grew up with.
+and learning pretty quickly that these kids,
+They created this shade that you can see here,
+So maybe me starting to take pictures was some kind of way
+These models are around
+So I walk into her class to give a guest lecture,
+And every time one of these politicians brings one of these bills to the table,
+you ve probably all heard of, chutzpah. (Laughter)
+Mr. Repairability.
+She received a grant from a local NGO
+And I think that mathematics will be a very powerful language to do that.
+Putting out my hands and saying, Hello ,
+and this is obviously not easy.
+which in a never-ending cycle,
+of getting men growing mustaches across Australia,
+what all the different ingredients are.
+but most of society thinks biography is destiny.
+So, for example, you can click on this individual lion head,
+Our paid work is a part, a huge part, of the engine of this economy,
+As a journalist, I really care about how we relate to each other through language,
+So we went to the doctors, said, Would you mind us taking them up?
+I design for that condition, biopolymers. It s the future.
+as dangerous as Everest.
+But for every disaster we had,
+So I had to compromise with operational research work,
+Kids and women are especially affected by it,
+And I feel so bad for men because they don t have that.
+particularly those embodied by the United States.
+ We adopted our son.
+And that was a surprise to me.
+I d have to rely on Free the Slaves to work
+ What are you doing here?
+I may never know why, but that simple act,
+and we sprayed water to simulate the rainfall.
+I ve been intrigued by this question
+I look at the chemistry of the ocean today.
+I look at the chemistry of the ocean in the past.
+The way I look back in the past
+is by using the fossilized remains of deepwater corals.
+You can see an image of one of these corals behind me.
+It was collected from close to Antarctica, thousands of meters below the sea,
+which was a little frustrating when Grandma was in the hospital,
+when we had the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution
+So I m hoping that this talk will give you
+Two dimensions, such as this beautiful two-dimensional image
+of the sea surface temperature.
+known as the Stasi.
+The overall features are extremely easy to understand.
+The equatorial regions are warm because there s more sunlight.
+which are actually materials that will work
+And that allows big icecaps to build up on Antarctica
+and up in the Northern Hemisphere.
+If you plunge deep into the sea, or even put your toes in the sea,
+you know it gets colder as you go down,
+and that s mostly because the deep waters that fill the abyss of the ocean
+I threw in a gesture of sadness and longing --
+in all countries in the world,
+And my mother came up and said, What on Earth are you doing?
+And I ve just given you a cartoon version of one of the major differences
+you would have seen if you went back that long.
+The icecaps were much bigger.
+They covered lots of the continent, and they extended out over the ocean.
+Sea level was 120 meters lower.
+Carbon dioxide [levels] were very much lower than they are today.
+So the earth was probably about three to five degrees colder overall,
+and much, much colder in the polar regions.
+AIDS had become a chronic disease.
+and what other colleagues of mine are trying to understand,
+We know from ice core research
+that the transition from these cold conditions to warm conditions
+And we know this from ice cores, because if you drill down into ice,
+you find annual bands of ice, and you can see this in the iceberg.
+You can see those blue-white layers.
+Even four years ago, letting strangers stay in your home
+that s why we know CO2 was lower in the past --
+This eye is turning itself around in a television.
+in the polar regions.
+consists of applying intervention
+you see that temperature increased.
+when I graduated from high school.
+One of the things that surprised me most in my research, though,
+then there was a plateau,
+whether there s a better economic model,
+It was different in the two polar regions,
+and CO2 also increased in jumps.
+So we re pretty sure the ocean has a lot to do with this.
+The ocean stores huge amounts of carbon,
+There are people -- a lady came up to me the other day,
+It also acts to transport heat across the equator,
+and the ocean is full of nutrients and it controls primary productivity.
+So if we want to find out what s going on down in the deep sea,
+we really need to get down there,
+to coordinate locomotion,
+and start to explore.
+This is some spectacular footage coming from a seamount
+about a kilometer deep in international waters
+in the equatorial Atlantic, far from land.
+You re amongst the first people to see this bit of the seafloor,
+along with my research team.
+in all these places, air temperature has
+We don t know.
+You d have to collect the samples and do some very intense taxonomy.
+your brain is sending a signal down to your muscles right here.
+There are brittle stars growing on these corals.
+You know, you want to make 50 million dollars
+and the thing that s so remarkable about the payment system
+growing off the basalt of this massive undersea mountain,
+and the dark sort of stuff, those are fossilized corals,
+and we re going to talk a little more about those
+To do that, we need to charter a research boat.
+This is the James Cook, an ocean-class research vessel
+moored up in Tenerife.
+tucked under my tongue,
+This motivated the students to keep going, and it also
+than think you re going to keep them secret.
+This is us trying to make sure that we don t lose precious samples.
+or as much as possible,
+so it s not always a lot of fun, but overall it is.
+that identifies the most profitable opportunities for you in real time,
+we ll rebuild our modules to be able to reuse them again.
+It is global and it is deep,
+with other Japanese-American families.
+We just saw a global map, and overlaid was our cruise passage
+from last year.
+is that what I do is important.
+and this is us, having made our own maps
+of about 75,000 square kilometers of the seafloor in seven weeks,
+but that s only a tiny fraction of the seafloor.
+We re traveling from west to east,
+over part of the ocean that would look featureless on a big-scale map,
+but actually some of these mountains are as big as Everest.
+So with the maps that we make on board,
+we get about 100-meter resolution,
+enough to pick out areas to deploy our equipment,
+but not enough to see very much.
+To do that, we need to fly remotely-operated vehicles
+about five meters off the seafloor.
+And if we do that, we can get maps that are one-meter resolution
+Here is a remotely-operated vehicle,
+(Laughter)
+You can see an array of big lights on the top.
+There are high-definition cameras, manipulator arms,
+A biological neuron fires, maybe, at 200 hertz, 200 times a second.
+Here we are on our first dive of this particular cruise,
+plunging down into the ocean.
+We go pretty fast to make sure the remotely operated vehicles
+were from people who were requesting
+And we go down,
+and these are the kinds of things you see.
+These are deep sea sponges, meter scale.
+In this school, there was a simple idea:
+you see that the government of, say, Tunisia,
+Most of the footage I m showing you is speeded up,
+because all of this takes a lot of time.
+This is a beautiful holothurian as well.
+And this animal you re going to see coming up was a big surprise.
+and it was a black armband that was called the Improvised Empathetic Device
+ OK, we ll support a feasibility study for a small version
+sprang up all over the country,
+We were looking for corals, deep sea corals.
+He would make many melancholy reflections
+It s small, about five centimeters high.
+Size and scale are no longer the same.
+moving in the ocean currents.
+An organism like this probably lives for about a hundred years.
+And as it grows, it takes in chemicals from the ocean.
+about 50 kilometers from where I live.
+depends on the temperature; it depends on the pH,
+it depends on the nutrients.
+They completely forget.
+we can then go back, collect fossil specimens,
+and reconstruct what the ocean used to look like in the past.
+And here you can see us collecting that coral with a vacuum system,
+and we put it into a sampling container.
+We can do this very carefully, I should add.
+desertifying as badly as anything in Africa.
+This is a black coral called Leiopathes, an image taken by my colleague,
+Four thousand years is a long time.
+If you take a branch from one of these corals and polish it up,
+this is about 100 microns across.
+And Brendan took some analyses across this coral --
+you can see the marks --
+and he s been able to show that these are actual annual bands,
+so even at 500 meters deep in the ocean,
+corals can record seasonal changes,
+which is pretty spectacular.
+But 4,000 years is not enough to get us back to our last glacial maximum.
+So what do we do?
+We go in for these fossil specimens.
+This is what makes me really unpopular with my research team.
+So going along,
+there s giant sharks everywhere,
+there are pyrosomes, there are swimming holothurians,
+there s giant sponges,
+but I make everyone go down to these dead fossil areas
+and spend ages kind of shoveling around on the seafloor.
+And we pick up all these corals, bring them back, we sort them out.
+were going to cure aging and disease,
+and if we can find out how old they are
+90 percent of your long-term happiness is predicted not by the external world,
+that are totally impossible to live with, and of course if you have a village --
+what s been going on in the ocean in the past.
+So on the left-hand image here,
+I ve taken a slice through a coral, polished it very carefully
+will be built over the next four or five decades.
+On the right-hand side,
+we ve taken that same piece of coral, put it in a nuclear reactor,
+induced fission,
+He signed a promise
+you can see that marked out in the coral,
+The off switch is in there somewhere.
+that first appeared on our planet 3.5 billion year ago,
+Uranium is a very poorly regarded element,
+but I love it.
+The decay helps us find out about the rates and dates
+The bionic limbs that I m wearing are called BiOMs.
+and one of its daughter products, thorium, in these corals,
+and that tells us exactly how old the fossils are.
+And this is why things don t get done at work,
+different locations. (Laughter)
+to get at some of the ancient ocean feedbacks.
+You can see the density of the surface water
+The members of the philosophical breakfast club
+It s just one year of data,
+but you can see how dynamic the Southern Ocean is.
+and nowhere else have I found the passion Mexicans have.
+which is shown by the box,
+is really one of the strongest currents in the world
+coming through here, flowing from west to east.
+It s very turbulently mixed,
+because it s moving over those great big undersea mountains,
+and this allows CO2 and heat to exchange with the atmosphere in and out.
+even while I was still in pain, I stopped suffering.
+We ve collected corals from back and forth across this Antarctic passage,
+and we ve found quite a surprising thing from my uranium dating:
+the corals migrated from south to north
+during this transition from the glacial to the interglacial.
+We don t really know why,
+It was the year I left university.
+So here we are.
+it becomes tempting as well
+and there was a low-density layer sitting on top.
+That stops carbon dioxide coming out of the ocean.
+We then found corals that are of an intermediate age,
+They switch really fast, very swiftly. They pay a very small cost.
+That allows carbon to come out of the deep ocean.
+And then if we analyze corals closer to the modern day,
+or indeed if we go down there today anyway
+and measure the chemistry of the corals,
+we see that we move to a position where carbon can exchange in and out.
+So this is the way we can use fossil corals
+to help us learn about the environment.
+in the fourth kind of immortality story,
+It s just a still taken out of that first piece of footage that I showed you.
+This is a spectacular coral garden.
+We didn t even expect to find things this beautiful.
+It s thousands of meters deep.
+There are new species.
+It s just a beautiful place.
+There are fossils in amongst,
+to throw up my hands in resignation
+that are down there.
+So next time you re lucky enough to fly over the ocean
+or sail over the ocean,
+just think -- there are massive sea mountains down there
+that nobody s ever seen before,
+and there are beautiful corals.
+through the entire system,
+(Applause)
+which is sort of an interesting thing, but it goes
+Some places in the world it s too little food,
+going to school to see his son, how he s doing,
+that there is some sort of limit
+So you might wonder, what s the deal here?
+happened to see a rather large mouse run across the kitchen,
+because the atmosphere
+He was a Vietnam veteran. Corrections suited him.
+If we abstract this process, and simplify it as much as possible,
+That computer is a computer that I learned about
+It s laying dead on its belly.
+I completed my education.
+I know platforms -- I know computers,
+with so little grasp
+I think, in mystery, this is called the reveal.
+I didn t think I d make it.
+So, this is a map of climate in the world.
+Books banned in China, of course.
+We had two opaque boxes:
+So I looked back up and she said,
+He lost his entire savings,
+Welcome to your global farm.
+with any other form of truly potent technology or media.
+All these traces --
+in that every time we use a technology
+I d like to talk about land areas, and ask,
+the visions of how we re going to change the world,
+and reconstitute it on the other side?
+and nowhere on the planet at the same time,
+She s somebody who believes strongly in community service,
+In parallel with this, Seymour Papert got the governor of Maine
+And I didn t want to share with him the idea over the phone,
+it s one of the ways
+and you know that over three quarters of all of those cases
+How the parts work together.
+They said, Knock yourself out, kid!
+So that s the common thread that connects these examples,
+and quit calling them public places.
+we produced enough food to feed about 300 people once a month --
+Let me give you an example of this.
+had a soul, and was once unbroken.
+and I think a word that they re watching right now
+in the decision-making concerning matters of state.
+Big problems need big solutions,
+Tamara, are you recording?
+but then the field is flooded for 17 days.
+we can an idea of how much variation and performance is due to the environment
+in the 18th century.
+then the two original jobs
+of the labor.
+from all of the five boroughs, and everybody feels that they re tough.
+We want to see what people can create,
+as she is isolating herself further and further.
+although seven years ago we had no idea that what
+they had to invent super-strong concrete,
+An emerald rooster. Okay.
+to mock your oppressor.
+Now I liked it better when viruses were free.
+and you look at your houseplant
+in a context where we could easily harvest it.
+so I had to hang up my mouse.
+that is less than five and a half feet tall max,
+and the sound of my voice and the weight of my shoes
+For example, now we can begin to explore
+And I called him Luca, which means The bringer of light,
+They said the CEO could have asked them to present to the whole company
+and you were an idiot for letting me get away with it. (Laughter)
+and instead of saying,
+so when you give them that, you get this amazing expression.
+I m not Kofi Annan. He can t stop a war.
+Or this is something that twitters when the
+with a further 0.2 percent.
+What could I possibly reply?
+Problem is it was a sauce tomato and we don t know how to cook,
+And when you have it, place the cards up in the air.
+The third thing that made me stop in my tracks
+This is one of the results from an instrument which measures gas density
+So I went into this school and I said,
+and believe me, there s a lot of people like Justine Sacco.
+(Applause)
+Well, really, just change your perspective.
+I had come for remorse.
+Conservation issues are normally guided
+the cruelty to animals.
+would make me change the way that I perceive
+and they re telling us that they are learning
+I don t want to say in any way that it only has to do with what we do,
+whatever institutions --
+ Do I look like I can write down a song right now?
+Think open genome, but we re going to put little climate recipes,
+What do augmented reality
+Being trapped inside your body,
+can you also grow animal products like meat and leather?
+360 billion calculations.
+(Applause)
+who can recharge your cell phone using bicycles.
+I owe my participation in this now-historic event
+So we have a choice.
+who would rather not take over the world.
+so that they don t make real mistakes in planes.
+or hunger or senior citizens --
+suddenly we see a completely different image.
+to deliver eye care in a new way?
+prostate tumor activity is shown in red -- you can
+So the black woman says to the white woman,
+but, as we know, a lot of people are not entirely persuaded by this logic.
+And eventually, I ended up at a school
+but it s part of a wider network that may cover
+and she stood there in the rain,
+And I m not alone:
+Here, we re imaging blood vessels
+I m sure at the time he did that, I didn t -- it didn t --
+They re herbivores.
+and use them as a safe haven to grow and thrive.
+with the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC,
+it s about collective genius.
+What we do, we re a pay-it-forward kind of group,
+We get things like, I want to die.
+We were worried.
+So we use some clever image processing techniques
+or equipment or coffins,
+to talking a little bit about my own experiences.
+In fact, there are 47 members of Congress
+For most of the past 114 years,
+And from then I wanted to look not at impairment, but at prevention of impairment.
+just so that people could hear my feminine voice.
+(Laughter)
+But the one thing that will always remain with you
+so it s not a question of ability.
+We re afraid of suffering, we re afraid of pain,
+(Laughter)
+There s very little that s within a five-minute walk
+The clubs were escaping me at each throw.
+at me. It s probably 100
+Many of the inner city Boston men ask us,
+And it s getting very close to what they call the winner s cloud.
+which was my target altitude,
+A Japanese person.
+And Stanford University has been doing research for five years now
+which says Ring the bell. So you can imagine this Ting!
+people didn t just want to know if the study worked,
+so I m actually looking at her brain as we look there.
+about how to help creative people
+And I have a question: Well, what do you mean?
+the mandate to release more and more versions.
+This is not my home.
+Every Girls Who Code teacher tells me the same story.
+Mouaz studied to become an electrical engineer
+You can see the top. You can see the balloon up there.
+I know what a computer is:
+This is Dave clearing the airspace with the FAA for 15 miles.
+My great-aunt was a Dominican nun.
+The real struggle is not between the right and the left --
+As I learned how the shadows moved as the hours of the day passed,
+But in one study, we found that mindfulness training
+and teaches intro to Java
+These are some of the vehicles that we ve been working on.
+ That s ridiculous, you know, this is New York,
+So now we re in a situation where we have a product,
+Let s see if they congregate around certain ideas.
+that, had Abed not injured me,
+So remember, when we re thinking about
+lasts a very long time.
+ I m afraid to raise my hand,
+It s pretty clear that something is not right.
+exactly done as it should be, is impossible.
+and they ll sort of nudge it and drop it sometimes
+What are the differences, in your opinion,
+that s using an agricultural waste material to create a cooking fuel.
+(Laughter)
+by your smile,
+(Laughter, applause)
+the better it is for workers,
+because he has cancer.
+The incremental advances have added up to something
+This would not be possible to do that in economic fashion
+We have to socialize our girls to be comfortable with imperfection,
+and into the richer and more robust territory
+Here s the cool thing. Six or seven years ago,
+is about more than merely physically conveying a message.
+before becoming involved in business,
+The things we know are still important.
+they don t go to doctors if they feel bad.
+they had not had a nice time --
+even though we need that --
+But our we is our saving grace,
+It just happens to be that Mother Nature holds the patent,
+they can immediately see highlighted in red
+I asserted my need for independence to the people around me.
+But I ll tell you later, if you want to know.
+ Why? And I say, Mom, Dad --
+who are already the highest-educated and highest-paid among us.
+to interrupt that process and to speak up
+and with those therapies, we get them to live,
+This is one of the most amazing animals on the face of the Earth.
+this would not have happened to their only daughter.
+before the champagne goes flat,
+about the energy that we choose to use
+1,400 people were coming.
+That s the question I ve been struggling with,
+It s a wonderful combination of very remote mountaintop
+on a very few individuals,
+from the fact that I m a citizen
+Fame and money insulates these television star trans people
+And that day, my mom took me to the zoo
+and once you start hiding,
+Ben and Jerry s doesn t have liver-and-onion ice cream,
+Here, I m showing an artist s conception of a blazar.
+So it became a cold case.
+and it s not his fault, I mean,
+Here in Germany, the proportion of people that use contraception
+ Well, because somebody told me I m supposed to.
+ ... trips to satellites of the outer planets.
+But few people discern its twin.
+So I want to talk about education
+sextillions of planets,
+language is created by people,
+for this volunteer to bring it back with him to his village,
+I realized I was actually paralyzed by all of the choices
+If you don t want to be deceived, you have to know,
+small luggages to carry,
+It s nearly impossible
+compared to Sir Roger Bannister,
+to ask a question or something, anything about the servers.
+I feared he d go
+about your continuing recovery --
+one of the most densely populated in the world
+JF: And longer --
+Well, it s because mass transit hasn t yet figured out
+And on the right are the more indeterminate spaces;
+we ve got to find some way to put it out of our minds,
+or Charcoal Institute.
+so post-human evolution,
+jihad equaled extremism,
+It was the execution, the guillotining, of a German serial killer, Eugen Weidmann,
+that returns the first year five percent,
+Where are you traveling? What are you reading?
+And at some point, all of us are going to be in that position,
+while the driving cost, even from the start,
+So our main approach in this region
+provides a highly disruptive profile,
+and we must have --
+(Laughter)
+ No, this is not funny. These people are looking for solutions.
+The reason I ve taken this time is I ve been fascinated to hear
+was washing from the top of the mountain into the river system,
+To understand this system,
+but are effective if well managed.
+And put the pencil down.
+It s the number of people that need to take a drug
+We call this cognitive assistance.
+and you could hear that ominous crunch of bone against bone.
+that they are not giving backdoor access to their data.
+the Great Basin Spadefoot toad
+It took someone new to see me in a different way.
+trying to show a bully
+It s a kid, one kid at a time.
+in augmentative and alternative communication.
+They could have put them all out in view.
+I cannot tell you how many really important people have said
+This is true for so many reasons,
+you could get it in Mandarin or you could get it in Russian --
+In other cases,
+(Laughter)
+are more likely to get their vaccinations and their well checks in their first year,
+before he s a murderer?
+in a wetsuit on a beach in Norway.
+I was in a meeting with the Pacific Island Forum countries
+It s called varroa destructor.
+If a neutrino had a brain,
+It s going to be difficult,
+We call them leaders because they will choose
+Did you notice other people not finding the app that day?
+or just getting money to buy that cool new device
+How do you stay in love when things get difficult,
+My linguistics and economics colleagues at Yale and I are just starting to do this work
+and one day come back and help
+We then gave them the choice between number three and number four.
+And the first thing that makes me think is that
+or reaching out to that family member who you haven t spoken to in years,
+the country doesn t quite work.
+to end with, which is weird for a scientist.
+And one of the ways in which he creates this disruption
+They have actually retained access
+People asked me what the best part of this whole thing was,
+When I joined as finance minister,
+that actually it was his own story my father would tell me to get me to sleep.
+Do you have a preference?
+so now The Jungle is growing,
+But what I have instead is the chance to make the choice to love someone,
+The answer lies in the political choice that we shall be making collectively.
+And so when you go through that growth,
+You know, in every culture,
+Oh my God.
+I knew if there was a day that I didn t
+very many of us to achieve spectacular results.
+KB: I live over there.
+I wish she could meet my dad.
+Is there any advice you can give
+Anybody can contribute anything.
+People who had to move to think. Who had to move to think.
+(Applause)
+Thank you guys.
+but think about what they look like in real life, right?
+to betterment in this situation,
+BG: Despite all this,
+I end now with the world.
+calculation,
+but I think it s also the simplest.
+I m going to talk about why we are so fatalistic
+And I think the reason for that --
+and their family, their country, and miss the war?
+But my brother, who is older than me,
+I ve been solving my whole life.
+And this groove right here,
+The hardest thing for me was losing my independence.
+Then, one night about two years ago,
+on reducing flu, trachoma, SARS,
+(Applause)
+And this got me thinking,
+I don t even know what I would do without my women friends.
+first when I was just a little baby tomboy
+a faded memory of a boy people once knew and loved.
+of the first few Fibonacci numbers.
+It s not just about life, of course --
+or they die, and nobody moves the ball further down the field.
+During the hurricane,
+and strong enough and brave enough,
+didn t even hit the target.
+And I m the fourth director of the study.
+through the description of Beijing.
+the genetic basis of resistance.
+And quite apart from that, we are getting the swells at the moment.
+You have a scuba tank.
+It s a little like your reputation.
+What we did is something called somatic cell nuclear transplantation.
+And number two, obviously,
+give rise to self-regulating, semi-autonomous units called organs,
+Abed said that I should call back in a few weeks,
+10 and 15 --
+Really, they were actually against it.
+and the content.
+and this was long before my work
+often in the desert.
+was that there was never a serious and sustained decline
+We can question: Is it a good thing
+what will happen in June, July,
+the fact that human beings have an immune system, to attack cancer?
+when the Portuguese first arrived in Brazil,
+We have the data to know what makes a great counselor.
+And the expedition started in February last year.
+Mario!
+If we do that, we really can make poverty history.
+And if that s the case, then the question is
+that maybe I could talk about that another time.
+Well, maybe not, right?
+So there s a third alternative,
+And it turns out that a full 75 percent
+to another country,
+we had to be very careful with our early experiments,
+there s the obvious benefit --
+is because on the right hand is the emergency cutaway.
+Then I wonder, what is a permanent and what is a temporary building?
+I understood how long it would be before I was picked up and taken home.
+but the law isn t clear about civilians doing this to one another,
+And I want to suggest four ways
+And I sit everyday, eight hours --
+Yet, Argentina has LGBT laws that are even more progressive
+I m going to call that robust human rejuvenation. OK.
+large sugarcane and soybean plantations,
+they ll often sink vertically in the water,
+I had a plan for my future. I wanted to go to college.
+I d been told that in an Arab town,
+it s a quite amazing development which had happened.
+because their families poach and eat them,
+Our most happily partnered men and women
+to get diagnosed, to pick up their prescription,
+than drama and dance.
+And it s not just our own existence,
+In order to write the book,
+Not the painter, I don t want to think about the painter.
+Other labs have actually looked at this as well
+It s what the industry calls whitefish.
+ Boy, this gender equality thing, that s really going to be expensive, huh?
+it was a big, gnarly problem.
+And then we can digitally remove the forest
+and he s making a successful business out of very little.
+(Laughter)
+but it has independently generated this novel description of this picture.
+Books that might sell 100 copies a year, 1,000 copies a year.
+that hasn t happened anywhere else on the planet.
+There were smaller billy possums on a stick
+as my patient with zero ACEs.
+ Our freshmen can t spell, can t punctuate.
+We need to be in that realm.
+Unfortunately, not every host country in the world
+she summed up that entire two-hour conversation
+Last April, I traveled to Jordan with my colleague,
+Yay.
+When it comes to brutal murderers who post their beheading videos,
+in their opinion, that Bill was one of the finest leaders in Silicon Valley,
+They want to be dual-career, dual-carer couples.
+that those early writing systems didn t come out of a vacuum.
+We can slow down and we can tune in
+So we went back to these specimens and we started digging around,
+the G-20,
+We would hope that we ll be able to get that DNA back into a viable form,
+I was shaken up, and I sat on my table,
+tremendous sources of marine life death.
+So this one ...
+We think visually, we think in sound, we think kinesthetically.
+major consideration.
+You can t keep a good idea down these days.
+and other times simply to whisper a word of love or gratitude.
+just like music is.
+You know, when an architect builds a model,
+called National Firewood Night,
+make that option less viable every day.
+And the inspiration here is taken from open-source software.
+included a provision that made women citizens of equal stature,
+that I would give my left leg to have in my head.
+(Laughter)
+Just lift the entire block,
+because it doesn t involve improving on evolution.
+(Laughter)
+to globalize democracy or democratize globalization,
+MR: This is a robot version of my beloved spouse, Bina.
+One can say, OK, what are we made of?
+for example, on lingerie,
+and I held with my knees to either side
+through political will and through authoritarianism,
+CA: And meanwhile, for your local fishermen,
+Have I gotten the right one? Maybe this isn t the good one?
+The 2011 Arab Spring
+approximately nine miles outside of Pittsburgh.
+and she told me the story of his conception, pregnancy, and delivery.
+and I poured over that thing for hours on end,
+(Laughter)
+So now we re talking about two medications.
+When I was perhaps six years old,
+until I met a patient named Verna in a waiting room,
+And then what happens
+Why do I care about this problem?
+Day five, they ran out of penicillin,
+And we can just ask: What are the names of Santa s reindeer? and be told instantly --
+It was about children who were born with deformities,
+Let s call him Nick, because that s his name.
+even though we know
+So I called George Irwin, and what do you know?
+there s a pause and the student
+being gored by an ox,
+for his software to be used
+although I have a car and an international driver s license.
+and a bunch of drugs that don t change glucose,
+I don t know what cat gut is,
+It s that every physician in the world knows all the drugs that change glucose,
+in which we can apply powerful genetic techniques
+definitely not publishable.
+And if we don t do something about it,
+and how they allocate their tasks and divide their labor,
+Even more problematic reasons include
+and I looked for signals similar, glucose-changing signals,
+They can say, Yesterday it rain, Now it rain, Tomorrow it rain.
+it brings together the three key elements:
+Well, when we built our first prototype drone,
+A family that perceives itself to be normal
+And he handed me a black-and-white printed out thesis
+Now, many things work against system change:
+good for teaching and learning.
+in the previous eight years I lived there.
+with only 50 megawatts to make it.
+Over three plus years, no performance tradeoff.
+But how do you sit in a sane way?
+[ Produced in conjunction with the Academy s Science and Technology Council. ]
+What do I mean by visualize catastrophe?
+through grafting or random mutagenesis.
+that kind of a behavioral punch which we ve called a superpower.
+Shhhhhhhhhh.
+and become successful community activists in their neighborhood,
+eliminating many of the flowering plants
+So hundreds of others, of NGOs,
+when we hear songs that treat women as nothing.
+in the mice.
+Faced with an anomaly like this,
+with natural selection or adaptive biology — combine all three
+and they were pleading to these elderly people
+to have a sustainable life.
+and you get a funny feeling.
+What do you do?
+In the quantum world, you don t have to throw it over the wall,
+Or who has the most flexible boss?
+They want to know, what s going on in this new box?
+(Laughter)
+who would raise really legitimate scientific suspicions
+to things that Congress did to itself in the 1990s
+Driven by the clarity of their vision,
+about the balance between transparency and secrecy.
+of new iPhone apps that will allows us
+He indicated that instant feedback
+That s a very new situation.
+They were trying to answer the question of
+I met one of them, I was in Beijing.
+And in fact that model
+and he said, Are you some porno magazine or something?
+You were a free market capitalist economist
+he told us that when the tide goes out abruptly out to sea
+If we re in a purposeful mood, that makes us anxious.
+to grow food that no one eats.
+We can introduce electrodes within those circuits.
+And so the upside here,
+(Applause)
+I m very honored to say,
+The other one is the Lazarus Project,
+the cutest animal offspring in the animal kingdom.
+why have we focused on these two animals?
+Most of us never think twice about talking, about communicating.
+and saw she had a nasty rag cloth.
+on the distress of spinal cord injured people.
+by doing groundbreaking scientific work,
+But today what I d like to talk to you about is that love of form
+if you had a neurologic or psychiatric disease,
+and that s four Madison Square Gardens
+Before vaccines existed,
+It s gotten smaller, it s got less detail, less resolve.
+and your goal is to try to find the order in the chaos,
+One of the women was white, and one was black.
+and not taking away its identity or its functionality
+and killing something,
+Kitra.
+trying to replicate that model over and over again
+So we ve spent a lot of time and effort
+EDI: Ha ha ha. Now you are the slaves
+So we asked ourselves a question:
+And the next thing we do -- we do what we call rapid prototyping.
+and two of them were leg x-rays, which made sense,
+(Laughter)
+was broken down into seven moves
+A similar poll taken in the United States
+Nepal has made significant strides in the fight for equality.
+But through a combination of luck
+I used to work in my room for the whole day,
+where a team run by a guy called Geoffrey Hinton
+And I think, actually, that s already really happening.
+It was May, 2011,
+It s like all of our pharmaceutical chemistry
+so it s a center of production and learning and shopping and health care
+And we were actually worried
+I m really just talking about
+You have visibility.
+channel the flow of whatever runs through them.
+In two days, my grandmother will be 82 years old,
+politicians, militiamen,
+the cost of imprisoning our young black and Latino men,
+He had these big cheeks, these big apple cheeks
+that I found commonality with people
+I was able to take something that was blocking my progress,
+so that the way they looked
+and they only pay if it works.
+And meanwhile, our trans children suffer.
+It feels like we re just taking a snapshot of this room the way it is,
+And they really preferred that the money would be used
+Because if you are going to embody disembodied Western rationality,
+She started to become disenchanted with her behavior.
+But I did something interesting with knitting
+that had never been done before.
+have invested a lot of time and effort
+And that means that every day, when you wake up in the morning,
+we have to this idea of proximity to bodies,
+I fought for it and I m proud to say that I am a working artist today.
+I felt worthless.
+Thank you.
+Mars needed to be habitable at the time when conditions were right.
+When we think about prejudice and bias,
+It was this wild place full of color and life,
+for the time.
+The technology revolution is opening the world.
+Wetlands globally are one of the most endangered ecosystems.
+so help me God, every single animal in that place
+some explanation
+to dainty ones that fit in the palm of your hand.
+When the government of Egypt fell in 2011,
+because each country makes a lot of pavilions
+to safeguard against it, even if it s unlikely,
+a little bit about emotions in general. So the basic human emotions,
+and he was like, Yeah, do you want an upgrade?
+So let me talk a little bit about why we need to do that,
+I said okay.
+but is it still the case that in reality, there s a red tomato a meter away?
+what we call gravitational waves
+That they are potentially preventable,
+Actually, soap is available.
+Close behind are sharks.
+at a moment when Iran was very vulnerable
+You ve heard of SSRIs,
+PP: Okay, and here s what I think
+then the question becomes,
+You can send them inside buildings like this,
+It s so simple, so evocative.
+and any tasty morsel that escapes the first or second manta in line
+A hundred years after we ve begun building
+this multi-step column of mantas
+or at least that s what he wants to believe.
+When she had recurring symptoms she went back to her doctor.
+and talk with their hands.
+So congratulations, grandmasters.
+And anybody who wants to do science is --
+The red that means fertility
+So with sound as my new art medium,
+and surface tension
+They re very mobile. You cannot tax them.
+I went to the zoo,
+Courage, the original definition of courage,
+that an active Facebook user is three times as likely
+Another objection used sometimes here
+and New Zealand at that stage.
+(Applause)
+Code is the next universal language.
+My publishers cut out the question mark. (Laughter)
+We need clean water to drink.
+it was anything but radical:
+You know. Love is great, too.
+You ll notice a theme in these photos. We ll look at a lot of them.
+lack of skills, insecurity, not enough food,
+Water-borne diseases? Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
+As witness to their passage,
+the Gilbert Group on the west,
+I see people who want to make a better world,
+in all public places.
+while politics remain democracy free.
+there are many in the city --
+just got one word of feedback:
+most of whom are kinda rich
+The world is facing so many different conservation crises.
+but in too many cases,
+that people have the ultimate influence over elected officials,
+What you see here are small changes in the color of Steve s skin,
+as illustrated by Nsibidi,
+(Laughter)
+when it comes to drugs.
+They ve been a problem for me since as far back as I can remember,
+Now, that s not to say
+(Laughter)
+I wanted to find the work that I couldn t not do,
+and search for life-forms beneath the ice.
+I m approaching -- I ll be there sooner than you.
+I wanted to make a point.
+Did you know that 80 percent
+But what I m interested in is the development of the modern mind,
+an objective to look forward to.
+and a large hard candy collection.
+which made a categorical statement that it is real, it s human-induced,
+all the Western-European languages are quite big.
+(Laughter)
+but for us, we re truly global.
+That s the corner I want to explore.
+CA: Now, those predictions are, I think, that by 2100,
+And now we ve got these fearmongering politicians
+But as it turned out, I had no idea.
+Are you an evil chimpanzee?
+Finally, very recently,
+to use the bathroom that they deem most appropriate
+about studying our deep history.
+The one on the right is called a baobab.
+Now, I know some of you in this room find this to be a risky proposition.
+This is a picture I took at a place called Kitengela,
+The system works to stay stopped,
+I can t help but wonder, you know,
+It s all around us right now.
+the president of the country, even housewives.
+Really.
+Which is fantastic if I m trying to find out
+hand-washing program
+are you guys still together?
+and how important these animals are.
+the shocking pace of the disease,
+Now, let s just pause for a moment
+named after the Latin for a lock of hair.
+Trans people, especially trans and gender-nonconforming youth
+The village square was filled with hundreds of people.
+hospitals, libraries.
+And once they had all of these pieces together,
+So I was 18; I was very excited.
+I went to Amsterdam.
+And you know, I ve been doing performances
+We need to just admit
+that they are really only open for people
+who fit neatly into one of two gender boxes,
+which I do not.
+Some men think -- the lightning bolt goes off,
+And this starts very early.
+the focus, but awareness,
+She s a self-identified tomboy.
+these large boards in which everybody is accountable.
+and Caterpillar yellow toy trucks and bug jars, the whole nine yards.
+One time I asked her what her favorite color was.
+I mean, I have to say they spelled my name right,
+So these are healthy worms,
+Many people don t know this but tuna are warm-blooded.
+but that algorithm in our hands means that an automatic pop-up says,
+with soggy pants on because the other kids at school were harassing her
+rather than to watch and to wonder, that s where
+I was filled with enormous compassion and love for my mother,
+And then here you see the suit going on.
+And she couldn t hold her pee any longer.
+but something, a thing, did.
+They already felt empowered enough
+to police her use of the so-called public bathrooms.
+She was four years old.
+She had already been taught the brutal lesson
+The black line represents predictions for phosphorus reserves.
+with a sign on it that welcomed people like her.
+and that problem started with her
+and was hers alone.
+In the northern hemisphere, the Sahara, Sonoran, etc.
+in swearing in ceremonies in the church.
+It s not because their DNA has degenerated.
+those fibers would be going in helices
+and talk to that school, and the problem was going to go away,
+but I knew that wasn t true.
+I wanted to tell her that it was all going to get better when she got older,
+and I was fascinated with a heroic
+from the international community,
+STEM itself is an intersectional term,
+ Mad and sad,
+We ve been developing, at the Media Lab, this little city car
+But that doesn t mean that they re the only ones that can.
+that she wasn t alone
+but there is more global warming pollution that comes from buildings
+and then she asked me if I had ever peed in my pants before.
+the steering motor, the breaking -- all in the wheel.
+We have tried to figure out where Shadi met Mouaz,
+I was crazy when I decided to start it,
+María was a driving force behind that movement.
+and if we do, we can get more maps like this.
+sometimes four.
+when you re running upstairs, or you re stretching.
+will be perceived differently by their coworkers,
+and outfitted them with our localization technology
+they re photographed, they re filmed by the camera,
+(Laughter)
+from La Roque de Venasque in France.
+And I looked at his face. It s like a Vermeer painting a bit.
+to protect themselves from all the stresses of their environment.
+I promised her.
+And that s not just because they re all in Europe.
+that we are the most sensitive for.
+I said, Yes,
+which is like a seven-foot space to walk on,
+It could be a sole for a sports shoe.
+(Applause) — Hold on, I m not there!
+some things dry up, new things are created.
+eliminate the working poor.
+65 of them were between the ages of nine and 13.
+but we can give them a safe and private place
+it is a platform for hope and cooperation
+if only for just a minute.
+(Applause)
+you would rightly accuse me, essentially, of research fraud.
+ Momma, wanna play?
+already coming up with a list of reasons in your head why this is not a priority,
+found that when he served his McDonald s on Friday, nobody came.
+or telling yourself that giving a trans person a safe place to pee
+Assumption number one in the food industry used to be
+So it doesn t matter whether we choose nuclear power
+or your masculinity,
+that s sort of vaporized, and that material is holding this
+when the going got tough,
+as a world, we have a lot of work to do.
+If you can t bring yourself to care enough about people like me,
+then what about women and girls
+(Laughter)
+What about that boy at school who is a foot shorter than his classmates,
+ I think that we are like two feet. We need each other to get ahead.
+where we investigated a lot of African countries.
+isn t it fun using your cell phone outdoors in the sunlight?
+Right?
+What about people with anxiety issues?
+I took this photo two weeks ago in Guangzhou,
+What about folks with bodies who, for whatever reason,
+Many may think that the story about Shadi and Mouaz
+and we had an argument.
+from these single stall facilities?
+We can t change transphobic minds overnight,
+but we can give everybody
+There are many women who lack basic education.
+so that we can all get to work
+where is the CO2 being emitted,
+as opposed to aluminium, and it s grown.
+because in many ways it is the antithesis
+(Applause)
+have been deciding to have smaller families.
+Actually they just build them themselves for a lot less
+I ve been trying to make myself
+(Laughter)
+Can you believe that?
+And something festered inside me after this happened.
+There has been terrorism. There have been random bombs.
+I wonder how long you would be happy in your happy place
+located, of course, at Stonehenge
+Increasingly, we re all the media.
+that we can develop for humans.
+whether you think functionalism is a viable theory of mind.
+that have attached themselves to this core idea that men and women
+Mmm.
+either in the home or outside of the home.
+again and again and again for the past seven months.
+And the email I m getting a lot today is about frustration.
+of women who are not represented that way,
+Came back to Earth at speeds of up to 822 miles an hour.
+they were able to triple the throughput of this device.
+was not big enough to hold our growing operation.
+leading to the Rwandan genocide.
+And in fact, if you see oil-rich countries,
+and what was amazing to me about that experience
+You know, these are arguments; these are things that
+The AIDS epidemic caught the health community unprepared,
+which actually covers the sun,
+so that we can install GPS collars around their necks
+And they allow people in that building to really enjoy the sun,
+Because if you were [unclear]
+So it took four years to take apart.
+would stretch their supplies of food and water.
+Which is the driving parameter
+And so what we did was we looked,
+We ve got to remind ourselves that decision is the ultimate power.
+by his stepfather,
+When they set the discard limit,
+with music spanning from the Sheep s Meadow
+about 20,000 people per cell, if it s Cambridge.
+the word defense and military an awful lot,
+and we ve been doing this new work because
+but we re doing it because everyone said we re supposed to.
+is about the sanctity of the patient-doctor relationship.
+So among the books that Jane sent us both to read on female friendship
+And this has been in the press a great deal.
+and we produce the map of the seabed radioactivity,
+which is the decoration, the icing on the cake, something playful,
+(Laughter)
+I m speaking up about a lot of things,
+And what about cars?
+I say 50 percent here -- it s more like 60,
+of being approached,
+but these were people who were relocated from the Phoenix Islands, in fact,
+She said yes.
+Even within Europe, those countries that are more gender equal
+is central to doing my job right
+But as I began to communicate more,
+a male hero s job is to defeat the villain with violence
+you should rock out with us, and I said, Why wait?
+is that the technology transfer is so easy.
+As you go into another community, there are bound to be changes.
+You know, bike lanes are mostly used by young guys in stretchy pants. So --
+So basically, if you want to meet with me,
+and you can basically see the parachute come out right there.
+and be just as committed to their careers as they are.
+So what does it do to us? Well, it completely transforms what we have to do,
+you will have changed
+I felt frustrated and angry
+We re facing a very powerful opponent.
+for all my clients,
+that are actually thinking about this strategically,
+and descends into paralysis and polarization?
+(Laughter)
+and challenging recovery.
+Together, we have to change the law globally
+and bring up a little tool to be able to experiment with it,
+Stay here.
+It was the only time that my father ever saw me perform live,
+I think what he meant is that we treat prisoners as ghosts.
+we ve thought about illness and treatment
+But as it turns out, we know a lot more about space
+of water and drinking like a dog.
+in the I m gay, this is my spouse, and we re proud of our lives together
+where even the poor use cars,
+to come to the United States.
+this room is filled with more than 100 quintillion photons,
+After all, I consider myself a black woman with a white father
+In some places, the plant is called Babangida.
+We lay down this context-dependent memory
+(Laughter)
+Is it possible to experience the stratosphere?
+Security cameras are everywhere,
+various places around the different towns for safekeeping.
+Whereas at about the age six, we were told to stop learning that way,
+At the time, I d barely heard about Calais,
+it s nine miles offshore
+We ve got two million total articles across many, many different languages.
+he would have been within one stride.
+believe in science is because of the scientific method.
+He was bringing peace
+But, in 2007, Bhumika and Nepal s LGBT rights organization
+It means the Netherlands is a peaceful country.
+But remember, Greece is there today.
+and, to put it bluntly,
+This is all created digitally.
+and the designer who led this project estimates
+those videos were shown during the Iraq War.
+more than ever before.
+but all the people who could be or want to be authors
+Reach behind you. There you go.
+And then, using deep learning,
+Naw, I m kidding. But you know what?
+so that they can collect the funniest dumb user stories
+This is a giant anteater.
+Since my first visit to Ceausescu s institution,
+and Bob Geldof -- the world is talking about global poverty;
+their music, their symbolisms, their prohibitions, their requirements.
+And I realized we give one percent of corporate profits
+is really more like chaos inside,
+that people go blind by the millions.
+What I m talking about is giving women the power to save their lives,
+That if you are a leader in any area --
+But what if we get it right?
+So with that, I want to take you to Roswell, New Mexico, on October 24.
+which is perhaps the more urgent challenge
+Think warfare, corruption, human rights abuses.
+Acting with intent.
+to think a bit more about what they were reading,
+mild skin infections naught to five give you
+Individuals in innovative organizations
+there s no infrastructure,
+at the University of Damascus.
+that I d like to read you her letter.
+is financial capital -- money.
+But here s the important thing.
+they re a spiritual act.
+Our leaders are working tirelessly to try and find ways to save money.
+-- yes, he s still a drummer; yes, he s a studio musician --
+showing me these cartoon pictures of heaven.
+Whereever costs are high,
+that Monday is the worst day for eating disorders,
+The streets were packed.
+normal, healthy, intelligent adults like you make errors
+He does a little dance, he turns around,
+Then you have display and everything else.
+He ran a tire repair shop and later worked in a printing company.
+of bone degeneration and cartilage degeneration like this.
+and take responsibility accordingly.
+the guillotine may seem like a monstrous contraption,
+he was one of the early pioneers pleading with businesses and governments
+where he baked environmental sustainability and other things
+He would promote the policeman immediately,
+but I meant the kind of rocking out where we d be naked.
+as well as austerity measures
+But those things are hidden behind images like this.
+ Be the change you wish to see in the world.
+I have experienced it.
+that if you add your values into your investment thinking,
+and it s the fastest-growing segment of the investment industry.
+That done, you now get the aesthetic
+she speaks about it at the end, Helen Mirren s Prospera --
+what people were thinking and planning.
+and it is a species, and it is a new paradigm,
+and trafficked and vanished,
+I almost never have to look at the time,
+NG: That s great. When we were rehearsing last night,
+and a new way of lighting the architectural environment
+when you need it.
+I made a booking, and weeks later my friend Chris
+This is about doing things differently, about whole system change,
+So when I do my job, people hate me.
+where I get this thing to work.
+ Son, resist Gaddafi. Fight him.
+so I thought I was a pretty big deal, and I was protected,
+We do that all the time. We just can t shake it off.
+and village elders,
+Art was part of the answer,
+These people are moving pollen from flower to flower
+After finishing this series of protests,
+You can pay them a certain amount of money,
+it was actually at that time a feminist declaration of independence
+prove that there s somebody out there
+And whether we like it or not,
+In the U.S., the numbers were even scarier.
+nearly halved deaths from malaria;
+(Applause)
+with very high concentrations of these cardenolides.
+The data was out there, it was open, it was freely available,
+And you ve heard of serotonin, of course,
+that the operation had been a success because at that stage
+ ... jihad ...,
+in order to be a good scientist.
+You need first funds.
+so you can actually see the attack occurring.
+It s not about selling soap,
+And stem cells really have given us the black box
+But for me, they summed up a kind of,
+that shows that everything is breaking apart
+So, some people want to ban Muslims and close down mosques.
+But you don t have to be a billionaire.
+There are 21 linguistic states in India,
+present in this sample
+In contrast, when we let go --
+The industry responded between 2003 and 2006
+And thank goodness that women haven t done that.
+Every rich country is relatively uncorrupt.
+or do you find it fun, interesting,
+And now we think we know.
+It s Jackie Joyner-Kersee, who in 1984
+and then eventually, she was taken off her lithium
+was so important to have was starting to take place.
+Now, how do you believe the very smart,
+whether it s one dataset, or one parking spot at a time.
+that speaking for myself, I wouldn t give it up for anything in the world.
+and I looked at the audience,
+on what you can be for,
+which is the country where this is happening,
+Sometimes I think back to that night in the E.R.
+maybe it doesn t exist, but maybe it does,
+They asked me to come up with a very brief wish for humanity,
+Okay, this morning I m speaking
+Catadores emerged from social inequality, unemployment,
+that fluctuations in reproductive hormones cause extreme emotions
+when there was this frenzy of partisan anger,
+but that s not how I wanted to spend my life.
+of the game Call Of Duty: Black Ops, it had been played
+the window of time.
+I m certainly not going to go through them all.
+Here we are, in a space,
+he called my husband and me, and he said,
+number one, smoking cigarettes;
+I had this really funny childhood
+ Hey, can you get this on a quarterback?
+in the last couple of quarters.
+So consciousness is an illusion.
+Narrator: Good Flag, Bad Flag.
+To really get the money shots,
+The hottest of all was last year.
+And in this kindergarten,
+these become truly disabling,
+when something natural ends up
+McGowan repeatedly asked for an answer, a hearing,
+and they ll make a decision.
+and over time they can get smarter.
+We have no other option,
+with algorithms that exploit this new configuration.
+It dries out the vegetation
+first to himself, and then to the rest of the world.
+in that it allows us to create cheaper and flexible electronics.
+We haven t finished analyzing this data,
+(Laughter)
+It took me several months to design the column,
+to the activist,
+as communities, as governments
+I took the idea of the wristwatch, and I turned it into a musical score.
+causing the thawing of the North Pole
+or whatever word you want to use, for new applications,
+the world stopped to notice.
+and us, the general public, who know so little about it,
+it is long past time this can be viewed through a partisan lens.
+I ll mention just one more,
+either the major one,
+So she did that for two more months.
+low cost, pleasant transit
+So we ve been evolving to talk in a way in which
+all their muscle fibers to twitch at once,
+He kept watching because something might happen,
+Seen from those stairs, all politicians today
+Not so fast.
+This is the exciting news!
+to try to reach the other side before it s too late,
+this distance. It s like a video game,
+energy storage, from batteries particularly,
+I don t even have to sift through the raw data.
+What about failure, though?
+to see if it could actually then be controlled using the classic approach
+But what if lifestyle was really about quality of life
+(Applause)
+from every land in the world,
+I was born and raised in Sierra Leone,
+these are some of the potential applications for commercial drones,
+he made false papers --
+This robot uses onboard sensors, cameras and laser scanners,
+about the last time that you ordered something online.
+And I think that is the quintessence of this 18-minute talk --
+To put the assumptions very clearly:
+is this electronic eye.
+Indeed, democracy is receding in our neck of the woods,
+which they understand is different
+Their aim is to push the boundary of what can be achieved
+the newly elected Greek government --
+there was admittedly about 1,800 years
+This, I think, is so deeply embedded in the water supply
+I found a piece of cardboard and taped it up over the opening,
+I don t have an overview.
+it s by astronauts who are blazing up at it
+a spin-off from our lab.
+of plastic pollution in the marine environment.
+I don t like my job. Can we sit down for lunch?
+Every one of these circles is a cog, a stack of cogs,
+may sound strange,
+as simple as possible, but no simpler.
+work to create amazing art.
+If we start one of those community plates spinning,
+which is the tendency for the simulator to work badly.
+The usual methods of evaluating a habitat
+and I realized that I had been allowing myself to be treated
+and I was so surprised to see how many books,
+who means so much to me?
+Well, not quite, not quite perfect.
+My story starts in the city of Nijmegen
+the sophisticated algorithms of the tail-sitter,
+things that they wanted memories of.
+which are capable of collecting and categorizing these pathogens.
+and we need more people doing what we do,
+was that I was hoping that Lois would be here
+We all have a bit of their DNA in us.
+Sometimes these back-formations sound a little silly:
+After all, many of our cities are sitting on top of a natural water storage system
+And that was the beginning of partnerships.
+where he -- his studio. He also had 11 children.
+Friending someone on Facebook is not complex enough
+And we need to view this, then, as the ultimate deterrent --
+To tell you the kinds of societal challenges
+There were times when my projects failed to get off the ground,
+So what did they do?
+having a little --
+in which we look at everything
+Now we re testing app and online-based mindfulness training programs
+They had normal heights.
+(Laughter)
+(Laughter)
+is the ability now to take any kind of cell
+for given ages that they were at the time that these therapies arrive.
+endless rooms of museums.
+that it allows creative, clever creatures
+Today, they number in the hundreds, and they re endangered.
+this kid, this young man that you see celebrating here
+Pushed by my own experience,
+a private tutor who used to come home
+we create too much bare ground.
+have been lifted out of poverty.
+So if China does become the world s largest economy,
+those changes that we re after, are extremely subtle,
+more emotionally intense than that.
+Last one, this is Who s Going To Buy You Ribbons,
+to dream, to read, to work on music, art and writing.
+that s extensive -- on how much early childhood programs
+Here s another one. It s one of my favorite illusions.
+to solve global warming and make fusion happen.
+and they stuck the device inside it
+This has led to countless instructors of general relativity
+I could be as tall as I wanted!
+best downtown --
+and they are embedded inside a matrix of plastic,
+His parents disowned him
+And I want to invite you now
+My growing golf skills came in handy in Coeur d Alene.
+an electrochemical neuroprosthesis
+when they published a paper on a simpler method
+And this is it; this is the first ever picture
+the features on people s faces,
+at rush hour.
+like resetting every single locker combination by hand
+What is the local market like?
+and that is going to be delivered to them when they need it.
+they read the software in the computer chips
+the room, and she finds a tiny little piece of candy, an M&M.
+when we zoom out.
+There s no point in just killing the odd mosquito here and there.
+and every product in the building can now come to her.
+and as you see from this image here,
+especially those who are separated
+often identifying someone who doesn t even remotely
+There were so many, I had to cut them.
+Anybody that s selling their excess eggs
+or even just last year, as one burnt up over Russia,
+follow the timetables, which are listed in minutes past the hour.
+but one thing we know is that the flora
+you re already seeing the patterns of global warming,
+when we hear about slave labor.
+Because, again, I m not a scientist.
+have to submit five statements that they re prepared to defend.
+There are a lot of ways the people around us
+Unlike the commercially available drones that you can buy today,
+a magnitude 9 earthquake
+We ve added seat belts, we ve added air bags,
+I thought, these students coming to us
+Out of each leg of the wetsuit
+to any club that would have me as a member.
+As a product designer, it s my job to see those everyday things,
+How is it that this can lead to over two million deaths every year?
+that makes them so.
+unless they get in the way of the sun.
+so people over 15 and under 65,
+be very honest this time,
+of the leading causes of death in young people
+the fundamental physical mechanisms
+The first one was actually two hours.
+in terms of design parameters.
+I really realized my discovery.
+This is a quiz. What do you think?
+Okay. Now, while the table comes up to pressure,
+so maybe we can figure out
+My daily life became very hard,
+I create television. I executive produce television.
+because we are stupid.
+In Lebanon, they do three.
+ Well, I trust some of them, but not others.
+A total maverick from a remote province of Afghanistan,
+Cities are places of celebration, personal expression.
+(Laughter)
+There s been kind of a series of epiphanies.
+SC 1: ♪ You must be be sweet like Brené Brown. ♪
+for an audience of 30 million people.
+And this is actually from his Degradation series.
+So I started writing a song about having stage fright.
+with no active ingredient, and only one of them died.
+there are bright lights and a camera in your face,
+so, as Lily knows all too well,
+and the lightning bolt that comes out of a cloud channels
+that gave the audience permission to think about it.
+The Berg beheading video remained the most popular search term for a week,
+Our best weapon is sunlight.
+You re betting your life on something,
+If, after this amazing list, they still are like,
+In a huge amount of debt personally to this expedition,
+except for the pay at the end of the day.
+And then, the very last question --
+he often told me and my brother stories.
+Let s think about Mexican streets:
+this is a semi-submersible run by drug cartels.
+have been working hard to reduce deforestation,
+two different ways,
+During that time the war was happening
+the members of society who are at this level,
+I said no to every request for the two of us
+they ve been totally destroyed.
+The hum is God s whisper right in my ear.
+will be returned to us to drink.
+That feeling, you can t help but strive for greatness at any cost.
+It s then blown up through rapid prototyping
+But the power to communicate across borders
+having this be some of our most popular material
+These were the ones that I targeted for my field work.
+Noise goes up, heart rate goes up.
+but you re really paying attention to this one over here,
+he may have a nice, clean fresh water supply,
+In the 1700s, other mathematicians said
+Can you do that?
+and that s worked, but then that reached the limit.
+That s me waving with my left hand.
+But the study did work.
+or St. John s, which is all boys.
+And a beheading, which was a rare event in England at the time,
+When something new is discovered,
+are common professions.
+it s not good.
+Now, you might think that this decline in death sentences
+Life magazine introduced generations of people
+about how we can make the world a better place.
+So based on these studies, I could say oxytocin
+this energy, to college campuses,
+I m nerdy.
+So what do you do when the thing you do,
+ If you want to do something about that,
+to move across the country to start this new job at Microsoft.
+your body will clamp down, increase the heart rate,
+She said, You re empowered, Khadija.
+but only to show me there s peaks,
+What are you?
+Am I still a titan?
+So this poses really big challenges for us.
+coming across a whole ocean,
+that makes The Matrix, the movie, look like a documentary.
+Does it have to stay this way?
+and I can hear Greg Lynn laughing his socks off as I say that.
+in the case of making the wristwatches.
+Just as I had resigned myself to being single for the rest of my life,
+The air is so rare in this place for me that I can barely breathe.
+So when we talk about, now, the future we will create,
+Something in me loosens.
+The West can either compete or cooperate.
+the answers to those two questions are dramatically different.
+If a wheelchair user can t play Beyoncé,
+And so we began to give away,
+beneath my feet.
+And in order to do that, I need to talk about mice a little bit.
+when men share housework and childcare,
+Systems like this can really help,
+(Laughter)
+and not just pursue the media blindly.
+So here goes, world premiere dance. Yeah? Here we go.
+and that s not true.
+we ll know that there s more to that train than just an icon.
+so therefore it s almost selfish. It s grabbing its blood vessels for itself.
+Each time I street juggle
+My daughter Katelyn, my 15-year-old, she and I were in the car,
+New York, New Jersey and California
+I ve talked a lot about models. I began this talk with models.
+a tragic chapter in my country s history.
+and their children and their partners,
+Doctor Who s psychic paper
+The question is:
+ Feminism will make it possible for the first time for men to be free.
+(Laughter)
+The very act of not working has made it possible for the hum to return,
+we would be meeting those aid targets that were agreed
+Make sure you use a different password
+and that is called GPHIN;
+which by the way,
+while the new facility designs save 40 to 90-odd percent
+(Video) Man: Song is something that we communicated with people
+mostly here in the US, Europe, Japan.
+I do want to test this question we re all interested in:
+It all happened for me about 30 years ago when I was in graduate school,
+but the light is better here.
+And I will now do for the rest of my life the One Laptop Per Child,
+this world in which every conversation
+to get a smaller and smaller thing that I can study
+The 20th century was this time of huge optimism about what science could offer,
+was linked with two things:
+Announcer: Magic is the only honest profession.
+but text messages about being bullied,
+(Laughter)
+teosinte isn t good for making tortillas.
+If you increase the speed of each of these rotors,
+use machine learning to suggest products that you might like to buy,
+And I told him, I m doing mostly mathematics now,
+full of stars, planets, trees, squirrels.
+in the audience tonight.
+away from the public eye,
+of all chemical reactions in the human body,
+and this is a device that he had built in the village where he worked.
+I would take the painting
+Actually he did, but it turned out to be the U.S. Air Force,
+is finally dumped in soil on which
+for countries like mine.
+in the brain to either turn them up or turn them down.
+and we ve done it all without a flipping strategy document.
+Many of you have already heard a lot of advice on this,
+for example. So it s like I m going to a concert hall,
+with I have no idea how many hundreds of employees.
+But that s easily said.
+that was industrialized countries,
+I ve come to believe that we can t look situations like these in the eye
+but we re doing on average 2.41 active rescues a day.
+Some people have been through ultimate pain,
+We decide to splurge, and that week we would talk for 10 minutes.
+but people relied on authorities like that.
+I got a call from Peter.
+This phenomenon is very, very relevant
+The story of what happened
+And there s been lots of other examples, like the corn
+so the three-dimensional cube that you re experiencing
+When I look at these things, they look pretty normal to me.
+He said that sensing this acceptance,
+there s a 99 percent match for substance abuse.
+Bill Nye: Everyone you will ever meet knows something that you don t.
+went through unstable years,
+Everybody is an expert in something.
+Number three: Use open-ended questions.
+so you can see what it is that we re doing.
+Science. You have Bill Gates coming out and saying,
+of the indomitable Arctic explorer Ben Saunders,
+Try asking them things like, What was that like?
+It was a giant, weird duck.
+We can mimic nature,
+and recognize, Hey, I might be vulnerable to this,
+Ze Frank: Oh! Amazing.
+One of them is Martin Luther King s I Have A Dream,
+Can you lock out the signals that elicit depression?
+They invoked women s rights
+You need to let them come and let them go.
+Number five: If you don t know, say that you don t know.
+But shared use is really key.
+Now, you take pre-kindergarten.
+disparate systems, the less effective data mining can be.
+of creating a perceptual shift, as it were,
+In fact, what they re suggesting is,
+that the earlier you intervene in a case,
+It s still used, even after the current earthquake in China.
+But we re doing more than that.
+(Laughter)
+to help us step out of our unhealthy habit patterns
+just in the nick of time to sort things out.
+but now look what happens under George W. Bush and Obama.
+but the world of value
+had the audacity to tell him, Get over it.
+and cladding and insulation and services
+And I think a lot of you received --
+deliver less. They deliver about 5 watts
+they ve been stormed by ISIS
+You have to operate as one entity, one mass cell,
+and they ve found that every batch of pollen
+automation makes the twin peaks taller,
+or other family experts.
+all emerged between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago,
+I also learned that many of those who had known me for a long time
+and this is what we will be looking for in the future
+Who s been there? Say, Aye. Audience: Aye.
+the best treatment.
+that s not my problem.
+It is about getting the message heard and respected.
+developing countries governments,
+(Applause)
+it s the largest fin fish fishery in the United States,
+and as they re bringing the son into the hospital emergency room,
+in order to increase your wealth over the long term,
+is now lower than it is in the northern European countries
+an area the size of Poland,
+Should they be moving to another part of the country
+technologically advanced material I can build with.
+You do the same thing.
+for a particular technology
+no more tug-of-war between capital and labor;
+So I m a neurosurgeon.
+And like most of my colleagues,
+and I want to keep it in the spirit of the conference.
+I don t believe in precognition, and every now and then,
+And what is very frustrating for us neurosurgeons
+And after a major injury of your central nervous system,
+the patients often remain with a severe handicap.
+How we imagine our happiness, that differs from one another,
+It ll over-index Hispanic and urban.
+What is a functional neurosurgeon?
+It s a doctor who is trying to improve a neurological function
+You ve certainly heard of one of the famous ones
+where you implant an electrode in the depths of the brain
+that you find your daughter.
+It s really an amazing technology
+and technology intersect,
+However, neuromodulation does not mean neuro-repair.
+And the dream of functional neurosurgeons
+provided insights into a very different one.
+First, you find and label a memory in the brain,
+that we are very close to this.
+And that with a little bit of help,
+effect on the development of technology and the Internet.
+and I m reading Twitter,
+At that time, I was a chief resident
+I often had to take care of patients with head trauma.
+and the eyebrows up is surprise.
+And in order to save his life,
+you sometimes have to remove a piece of swollen brain.
+some of these, who we would call heroes,
+Parents experience more stress than non-parents.
+What do I mean by that?
+It was like "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory."
+Growing cells from a piece of tissue
+and a world full of so many different issues.
+So you need to find the right nutrients,
+And as you can see, there s so much data here, you can see the spikes very visibly.
+And after many attempts,
+Jean-François did it.
+And that s what he saw under his microscope.
+And that was, for us, a major surprise.
+Why?
+industrial landscape.
+And the reason that this is such an important story, ladies and gentlemen,
+standing outside of an office building muttering
+and moving their congregations out
+And there was another intriguing observation:
+Regular stem cells are very active cells --
+a very limited civil society which is largely ineffective,
+Is there anything companies can do to make
+the first thing that comes to mind is bio-safety,
+They divide slowly,
+And yet recommendation system
+And it took us a long time to understand where they came from.
+These blue and red cells are called doublecortin-positive cells.
+All of you have them in your brain.
+They represent four percent of your cortical brain cells.
+They have a very important role during the development stage.
+they helped your brain to fold itself.
+like California s currently experiencing,
+This, we don t know.
+We think that they may participate in brain repair
+But there is one clear thing --
+comes out on the other side of the membrane,
+And we were in front of a potential new source of cells
+And we had to prove this.
+we decided to design an experimental paradigm.
+Why should you make words?
+And the last step was to re-implant them
+I don t know what it s like to be gay,
+and a lot of that speculation has been around community gardening,
+So the first question we had,
+So in the first-case scenario,
+and they re, much to the distress of my children,
+They are dying of sadness.
+In the second-case scenario,
+ES: Right. So the NSA s own slides
+And that s the image of what we could observe under the microscope.
+And the proof they carry,
+CA: So that s a general response saying that
+But we could not stop here, of course.
+They told me, Write about being 14.
+in space at large, but I don t know if you can see,
+And when they had reached a plateau of performance,
+there s a whole bunch in the mother category here.
+And exactly the same as humans would do,
+And because we use stereo,
+maybe even the motor nerve cell
+of smoking, of stress eating and other addictive behaviors.
+which was a black neoprene rig
+we implanted his own cells.
+So on the left side, you see the monkey that has spontaneously recovered.
+He s at about 40 to 50 percent of his previous performance
+He s not so accurate, not so quick.
+you learn it with a certain part of your brain,
+(Applause)
+It was also very exciting results for us, I tell you.
+Since that time, we ve understood much more about these cells.
+to move out of insulation.
+they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen,
+And I really hope that I ll be able to show you soon
+that the human brain is giving us the tools to repair itself.
+Jocelyne Bloch: The biggest obstacles are regulations. (Laughs)
+how many years before somebody gets into a hospital
+JB: So, it s very difficult to say.
+(Laughter)
+Our emotions also influence how we connect with one another.
+still a very completely safe, stodgy type of encyclopedia.
+which was a kind of ridiculous title, but someone else has taken it on --
+also known as pressure cooker,
+That machine was built by this guy, Charles Babbage.
+So, the technology, you know,
+You had centralized energy production.
+a vibrant community that s very inclusive,
+When you hear Babangida, you remember the military and military coups.
+Over the course of the past several months,
+Well, despite the obvious importance of this question
+different doctors describing symptoms,
+and did a bunch of research on these diagnoses and these diseases,
+and the peers are now in partnership with the company,
+That personal experience with the use of race in genetic testing
+And my dad said, Yeah, but, honey,
+even the very definition of diseases.
+And the more I found out, the more disturbed I became.
+I went up in a balloon to 135,890 feet --
+Industrial design is the art form of the 21st century.
+you know, the bluegrass capital of the world.
+ Really? An alien, huh? What did it look like? Did it say anything?
+who created a very subtle modulation of light across the space,
+We ve got to pick you up.
+I healed my sadness by crying,
+The people who received this message
+inside the human genome
+we studied whether mindfulness training could help people quit smoking.
+simply because the proportion of roots to shoots is so great
+until you compare it to the $5.1 trillion
+disable the overvoltage protections on his battery,
+We need screens, of course.
+There s a structure in the brain called the hippocampus,
+and then you end up with this carbonized material here.
+which are partly self-regulating and partly semi-autonomous.
+the exact same creatinine level,
+For more than 10 years, people who were charged with my care
+of being able to capture millions of data points
+to help us stop smoking,
+What had I done to deserve this?
+and they re no longer afraid, and they re no longer smart cowards.
+If we overlay what happens
+against cancer.
+In many cases, race adds no relevant information at all.
+We didn t make phone calls like normal human beings do
+I covered a trail of events in Bangalore
+they now view their learning disability
+it was all peer-to-peer coordination and communication.
+all more evidence-based than the patient s race.
+How is that raising awareness?
+change the hormonal milieu for breast cancer, for instance.
+In their world, critical thinking was not allowed.
+sinking into a dark abyss.
+with the estrogens, the progesterones,
+When adolescents come to Rikers Island,
+to treat black, white, Asian patients differently
+and sheets of paper?
+although I might end up making something incredibly simple.
+There s actually kind of a love, an element of love in the relationship.
+to explain what we see in the data.
+So, now I ve established some of the obstacles to engaging men,
+So I think people in malarious parts of the world
+when STEM is combined with other disciplines.
+called the Nation Brands Index.
+That guy is going to eat all our sheep.
+Two groups coalesced.
+Already, we can see that Apple and Microsoft
+versus when it s asleep,
+looking for the answer, looking for the story to fill in that gap.
+for medical reasons.
+We have sheer nothingness on one side,
+Joe was what a lot of people might think of
+And by the end of September,
+and landed right next to me.
+that are considered slang or informal
+And you may like or dislike
+cancerous or not,
+There are arguments for it.
+that our lighting was just done with these kinds of lamps.
+because they re expecting us to be great role models.
+and a drogue parachute was there to stabilize me.
+That makes a difference in whose legs?
+This is Mao Tse-tung. He brought health to China.
+about how she much loves her guy,
+We don t have a lot of livestock,
+and incorporated instead the most advanced knowledge
+and by language itself.
+they have more sex.
+and thanks a lot.
+can turn conflict into peace
+if we don t do it,
+African-American women were sterilized without their consent.
+when you reach the all-consuming goal
+is based on certain assumptions.
+or maybe logos and posters and maps
+because every time I look at this Arctic selfie, I shiver just a little bit.
+And I think there are three.
+and start my own creative ideas.
+or we rarely discuss
+molecular biologists -- it s a very interdisciplinary field.
+So dieters, for instance,
+And I noticed that when it was fed up with one petri dish,
+I ll never forget,
+positions for how they might plan
+must progress from traditional societies
+of actually happening.
+these probiotics would selectively grow inside of liver tumors.
+and encouraged me to do an adaptation of my books
+you can see that we actually have 10 times as many cells
+from the trees, tucked in the bushes and the benches.
+If we could hear it,
+This picture is really fuzzy, I apologize; I had a bad cold when I took it.
+(Applause)
+As the great ocean hero Jacques Cousteau once said,
+how reverberant a room is.
+And we face unbelievable public safety challenges
+Pre-vivor is what a particular cancer advocacy group would like everyone who
+Very, very difficult to mount shows in there.
+outreach to vulnerable neighborhoods, planting trees,
+(Clicking)
+But I am so grateful that I live now and not 50 years ago,
+Less than a month ago, he and his daughter
+and epidemics such as cholera,
+The framers gave us what they called a republic,
+Well, we haven t done that, so we can t really expect
+and I noticed there was a link
+in accordance with Torajan cosmology.
+And they re vulnerable to misuse,
+and right now I m working on a piece
+(Applause)
+for looking after what s happened to her.
+of the container, to understand the real content.
+TM: Thank you very much.
+So dearth of data in the debate is one reason.
+was how they managed to stay together.
+and all it took was IBM pouring tens of millions of dollars and its smartest people
+they have pollution, there s acidification,
+as you ll see in those strange pockmarks
+Now you ve got all of this test data from last year.
+compromises can be struck,
+oil reserves on the planet.
+You were ultimately rescued by an elderly person
+by today s disjunction between science and the rest of culture.
+ Never heard me before.
+sex wrapped up in religion.
+you could extrapolate to a very, very complicated system.
+What Elvis and the herd taught me
+is to find a way to express it.
+of people who believe that science is integral
+America s electricity use could actually shrink,
+a second layer of fictional reality,
+or if you ve been sick, then maybe you would.
+and perhaps in the next 10,000 years.
+Now, the reason for the dominance of this model
+(In Dutch) I live there on the corner.
+and I said, Well, of course, and he said, Awesome.
+two billion are going to be under the line of poverty.
+You re twisting your head up, arching your back, it s exhausting.
+Rives: I would be listening to music,
+LT: (Laughter)
+that are illegible because of water damage,
+You get to try them out, play with them, evaluate them
+We use a technology called rebreathers.
+and the ability and willingness of a country
+so there was no communication, really,
+It was security. It was protecting information.
+who is searching her two-year-old s face for eye contact.
+building new bridges between people and culture.
+As a result of these efforts, and the help of many others,
+I m universally generalizable.
+outside of academia, with companies and schools,
+I want you to know that I m there for you.
+in the city of Lagos, on the topic of energy.
+But I think there are better solutions.
+Women in Africa will tell you over and over again
+You have a wetsuit.
+I ve had an interesting laboratory to try to answer the real question
+(Laughter)
+until the entire movie wraps.
+And it wasn t edited because it existed in only one manuscript
+Compare that with the device released just months ago
+or Bazaaristan,
+or people s perceptions of me.
+to try to hide on the trains.
+It s natural connective tissue.
+And at the same time, what keeps me up at night
+We think more about doing things than the outcomes of what we are doing.
+so that we should not be afraid.
+inefficient lightbulbs. They may.
+the spice mix is far superior;
+I was already the oldest of four children,
+because now every single thing we do has these two
+like, Thanks very much for bringing this to our attention, ladies,
+and We re perfect role models, because we re not,
+Now, in fairness, if you ve spent any time at all in Washington, DC,
+And I get into the trauma room,
+who keep reaching for something that doesn t mean anything to us,
+It s darkness.
+was positive and that was published, but six of them
+the algorithm reads that, you re code orange,
+She was a schoolteacher and a principal her entire life.
+(Laughter)
+It s just so much fun playing around with it, too.
+and who didn t. So I m just going to show you an example
+Now, some people call her the first programmer.
+and at this rate, these 10 get to zero too.
+The private sector does a lot.
+Not because I m sad but because I m so touched and inspired by them.
+and have recovered some of the world s most valuable damaged manuscripts,
+the more likely she will be to suffer from postpartum mood disorders
+And this is a photo now, it s not a rendering,
+is something between 20 and 30 million metric tons of wild creatures
+and inexhaustible.
+that the best possible version of his story
+get curious,
+I hid behind that office door every damn day
+in an ever-fragile and unstable part of the world.
+life-saving programs like the Global Fund.
+that is, there s always a best alternative.
+But there s a nonprofit behind it,
+Bbut with energy systems currently reliant on fossil fuel,
+(Applause)
+What we re talking about today is also rocket science.
+In nearly every speech, the Stasi minister
+Today, the action takes place in a distant time and place,
+use Swedish webmails and cloud services?
+What we found out was the exact opposite.
+However, over the years,
+My talk today draws on this research
+So as I m watching this, I see this powerful scene that brought me to tears,
+But I m going to end by widening the lens to the entire region
+we created inFORM,
+I mean, were they unaware of the risks
+is the work of my life.
+and I got really scared, I really did.
+such as population or traffic information,
+I became captivated by the beauty and genius
+from a decent respect for the opinions and practice of civilized nations,
+tens of thousands of people came to see our exhibit,
+and they ll say, Look at where the power is,
+at the largest scales?
+Whereas all previous expeditions had failed to garner
+Now then, by the age of 10, Derek really
+and it just stays there like a terrorist sleeper cell,
+You know -- research.
+So you don t do it again.
+They have similar sound of eyes.
+and bring them to mobile devices.
+and who is worth investigating.
+These are the ones that are obviously making sense.
+and they can be devised by more people
+The community is looking. It still works.
+that they said I should go to high school.
+The ball comes off track.
+wells that shine are matched with the specific microRNAs
+My mind became a tool that I could use
+And so we decided, of course, to have Sim City 2000,
+And then the anger came.
+about being watched by their government.
+And I began to think that really,
+of the program rely on which other sub-parts to get going.
+after the introduction of the FBI informant,
+to reach this goal.
+but if users don t want me to use that data,
+running over rough terrain.
+who I think has done as much to make Americans happy
+she lies on her back,
+LT: I look for someone who has a sense of fun,
+or any of that superficial rubbish that you see coming out as design.
+It s a frog. And you think, frog.
+the decline and erosion of both the quality and quantity of labor
+There was no surveillance footage from the shop.
+A4, or a letter-sized piece of paper,
+I wanted to tell Michael before he spoke that I really appreciate what he does,
+and he died at the age of 45.
+(Laughter)
+If you think about it,
+but also in the meaning of life and how lives are lived.
+Her head, clearly throbbing, was resting in her hands.
+The H, honesty, of course,
+two, four or six --
+the World Bank, is an organization of the government,
+They had never sold a suit commercially,
+It s all about being there in the real time,
+like Italy, France, the U.S.,
+I think it s rather easy to define
+so he could get a life and go to the movies sometimes.
+(Laughter)
+how a traffic jam behaves,
+So they added a new feature
+That was a turning point for the marathon,
+So this is just some of the things that I want,
+my mother turned to me and told me that I should die.
+and we actually pull the balls from there,
+This came after I told the reporter that we had to lock it for --
+If you aggregate it, it s the third largest economy on Earth,
+to amplify it, to provide cues to the doctors,
+so that we could compete with wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
+My existence was tortured by monotony,
+But our minds are still hypnotized by them,
+All the movements stopped at falsifying.
+Paris Hilton would have been able
+It s easy to not see the forest through the trees.
+on just one individual at a time,
+thereby conserving mating time and energy.
+So this really, really fascinated me.
+as some kind of art object.
+and the distribution of those sneakers to their own benefit.
+Our educational systems are inherited from the 19th century.
+It was Mayor Emanuel.
+you have a computer in your phone,
+Now, a few weeks before our vote,
+are not as interesting as ones we could avert.
+It gets distributed to the school system like a textbook.
+In the second step in the process,
+we were booed off the stage,
+Now, somewhere over the rainbow, my friends,
+of every little society that we don t even recognize it,
+We tried to inject chemicals into the knee spaces of animals
+Were we to be able to identify this condition
+when she was forced to pay estate taxes
+between things that have a harsh effect,
+So thank you, and happy daydreaming.
+having swept this species nearly off the table,
+It s built deeply into our systems and infrastructure.
+that you and I have.
+Just once.
+or absentee fathers,
+that ideology functions in such a way
+I just had no idea he was going to swim.
+and everything digital, electronic.
+That s the first time we ll be comparing
+And now, if we re all constrained by the same amount of carbon budget,
+I started talking to Microsoft
+We don t always meet those standards, but that s what we re striving for.
+I think if we start to constrain ourselves
+that all matter around us
+What might leaning in to relationships even look like?
+Buildings are starting to go up around the world.
+We commit terrible crimes,
+that our national currencies have a free-floating exchange rate,
+to make it what it should be --
+and it was a roll that looks like that,
+These are the issues that we need to be training our engineers,
+but there is less contribution from the tribal areas
+we were astounded to find out
+but come on, none of us is going to exercise.
+can find a way to move out --
+what model we should be adopting,
+and I think there needs to be much more discourse
+And perhaps more interesting, and more importantly,
+can be high in proteins,
+And I also at the same time wanted to thank my friends at Google,
+and we re going to update the slideshow for all of them every single week,
+And even antidepressants were first tested in rabbits.
+I think there is almost no limit to what we can accomplish
+Now because we are interested in having an impact
+They have to run like this.
+CA: Of your national revenue.
+ Brian, this experiment is stupid.
+without developed countries themselves
+New York state is one of only two in the U.S.
+and 80 percent of us have it.
+It s a seductive place, isn t it?
+whose daughter was about to be sold to a brothel
+have demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt
+You had dirty factories that were moved to the outskirts of cities.
+And what I m going to do today
+You know, as for me,
+see spaces around them differently,
+(Laughter)
+and I thought of my friend Bernie.
+I began talking about climate change at the United Nations General Assembly,
+but we should not forget
+Now while those in power, old and new,
+LT: I have to use a lot of social media --
+It could cause a significant loss of home,
+that most of the people who were surviving
+so that s a four-meter-long object just to pull,
+about 300 students in the room,
+and are supposed to be used for some concoctions
+And therefore, we re not going to be able to have many kids,
+who famously doesn t believe in God.
+It fits arthritic hands. It fits children s hands.
+It s this small place.
+Lots of people doubted that people with intellectual disabilities
+You know, when you are standing in line in Starbucks,
+Yes, House of Cards, and Netflix of course, nailed it with that show,
+I found a summer job at Busch Gardens,
+You know? You can get cadavers if you work at a university.
+It was a group called the New Hampshire Rebellion
+ Greetings, Jack. Salutations, Jack.
+But you can have anti-carcinogenic environments too.
+Last year, with the help of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
+That skin serves double duty, again, for economics.
+So -- yeah.
+(Laughter)
+It s the people I meet who have lost someone
+We found his name in the records, and he seems to have stayed there alone.
+and speaking out for themselves and for other women
+because you are allowing the brain to send motor commands to move this avatar.
+And as you can see,
+You can see the darkness of space, the curvature of the Earth,
+and you can see where that original bone finishes,
+which was 10 minutes away.
+But anyway, so when my wife and I decided
+ What s your hometown? What occupation do you seek?
+One: production is too low. Two: price is too high.
+There s nothing for me to tell it s the speed of sound,
+in which you re not supposed to change these rules
+and you can never really affect the voice.
+And this is about the most exciting thing in my life right now,
+This is a real street sign in Lagos, Nigeria.
+between Major League Baseball,
+like jewelers to get these hair-thin fibers to line up
+So when we go out into the future, there s a difference.
+allow us, meaning the community --
+and then let it heal by itself.
+that Paul MacCready made at TED three years ago.
+to confront a problem,
+And so what had happened, really,
+In the meantime, for 45 minutes,
+kids are playing these video games,
+In addition to those levers, we could talk about other ways
+It s the third in the series.
+Have they all agreed? No, not completely.
+but if we translate those similarities to a visual abstraction instead,
+some 10 to 40 million years ago.
+Like I say, it s a tight-knit community.
+Thank you very much.
+But when I think about cities,
+and sustainable energy production.
+But what if we tried to be objective about it?
+If some of the women were really horrified when I came out,
+you don t have to tell me now, but I ll find out later on Twitter.
+It s so important that the very tools that we use
+and another 100,000 were killed
+my own ballroom and Latin American dances to teach
+And that changed a great deal in March of 2014,
+I grew up in Brooklyn as a matter of fact, and I went to New Utrecht High School
+and this exhibit lets people use physical objects
+back in Greece. And we have Confucius in the East
+As a filmmaker, it worried me.
+is to just make a wheelchair with mountain bike components,
+On May 23, 2014, a woman checked into the maternity ward at the hospital,
+become greater than the costs of moving to something different,
+that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
+If somebody suddenly asks me, Where s your home?
+Addiction is real, the elements are real,
+PM: Gabby, what s been the toughest challenge
+Hope kept me alive.
+In Egypt remittances are three times
+This was really an extraordinary advance, because
+and there s not much work going on,
+but the important thing is contact tracing.
+it was mutating.
+stay creative in the cloud,
+And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us
+are for low-level crimes, like misdemeanors,
+I m doing weight-bearing exercise, so that I have the muscle strength
+of how to craft a city that is sustainable and humane.
+(Laughter)
+how good we are at reading other people s behavior,
+the car drivers. They adapt so extremely quickly.
+and from that point on,
+sharing, regular calls, communications,
+Work doesn t make you happy, does it? Mostly it s tough.
+and we put those lawn chairs out on the street.
+In 1987, in the month our eldest son Gerard was born,
+There are many, many examples and I ll give you one
+you should only go to Waffle House at an ungodly hour in the night.
+Let s work together, and let s make this happen.
+my grandmother used to tell me stories from the Hebrew Bible,
+We just think of the weather,
+(Applause)
+maybe eventually we get to chimpanzee-level artificial intelligence.
+We have superstar bankers.
+and permits me to move around indoor and outdoor environments
+quietly and separately.
+that was self-contained,
+And so in this place with the same vulnerabilities,
+So the question is, can we study these diseases
+And we all know that it s really one of our greatest luxuries,
+can be provided on the cutting sheets as well.
+It s an expression of beauty. It s how they say they love you.
+so that every single judge in the United States of America
+and focus on one or the other.
+and it will make your day. And why shouldn t poor kids
+let us be in this fight with them always.
+But the thing is that any one of those would require some effort and motivation.
+What do men have to do with gender equality?
+sweating through T-shirts in the middle of winter.
+For 13 long years, that was my reality.
+on a dozen New York City landmarks,
+(Laughter)
+And this is a global business.
+at some point,
+about half of us will drift off into a daydream,
+Then I built the temporary structure, 1990.
+I mean, there is plenty of knowledge and scientific breakthroughs.
+What I mean by that is that anyone in the world is free and allowed
+one that s conserved
+and when Will was five years old,
+of about 2,500 TV shows on the website IMDB,
+it tastes good.
+And especially with sugar,
+and learn to repeat the process next time.
+and today, a habitable planet is a planet
+we finally got to a point where the ceiling was so low
+like a groin injury.
+people need to cook,
+Imagine that.
+Same process,
+water-based paint,
+because they re really shut out of the process
+Five words.
+Now, with these same brain processes,
+A few years ago I reinvented my process
+What if instead of fighting our brains,
+or trying to force ourselves to pay attention,
+but it at least was bringing computers to developing countries
+and I couldn t even listen to music.
+It was really hard to obtain,
+And the second group that we ve followed
+they could try to force themselves to quit smoking.
+are sometimes considered as being unfit
+in different places and different times,
+All that semester, whenever my colleague opened her mouth,
+and try to be as non-threatening as possible.
+We ve been working very, very, very hard for the last decade and more.
+Your intuition tells you it s impossible.
+It s quite widespread.
+but they sold one to me, which I am very grateful for.
+Usually, the outpost was attacked,
+What she discovered just by being curiously aware when she smoked
+was that smoking tastes like shit.
+Now, she moved from knowledge to wisdom.
+of a language which is used,
+in this wobbly motion.
+telling you that the study still continues.
+If I had told you it was a medical puncture device
+And it tries it s hardest to help us change our behavior,
+I don t know what I think.
+it costs a fraction of its cost,
+Are you? Oh, yeah?
+Whatever it is, instead of deleting you, what I want to do is study you.
+they re the ones living in homes
+and they re talking about a specific legal authority
+But not all men.
+we fall back into our old habits,
+which is why this disenchantment is so important.
+was down to genetic factors.
+helps us understand them at a deeper level --
+it was fed a bunch of poems
+based out of the variations.
+But over time, as we learn to see more and more clearly
+the results of our actions,
+and she s clearly projecting, you know,
+So basically, metabolism, which is defined as
+If someone here in the US is in prison, and they apply for parole,
+to go to the launch pad, but I got a front loader.
+Just in the last two days, we got the new temperature records in January.
+that I support an effective struggle
+That there are ideas that all of us are enthralled to,
+Or it can be in today s retail, in the shopping environment --
+and that these body sensations come and go.
+These are bite-size pieces of experiences
+that we can manage from moment to moment
+In other words, when we get curious,
+There could be 40,000 or 50,000 to see a famous criminal killed.
+institutional capital, human capital --
+Now, this might sound too simplistic to affect behavior.
+He started making rubber stamps.
+and biological thinking,
+we found that parts of a neural network of self-referential processing
+from 167 countries around the world
+they began to focus on chapter one of the story.
+called the posterior cingulate cortex,
+when it s plausibly representative of the population
+It just didn t work that year,
+and it takes us for a ride.
+whether it was the physical world,
+and, ironically, use the same technology that s driving us to distraction
+Again, breathing was a hazardous activity.
+Now you re probably thinking,
+If I was to take an MRI of every person in this audience,
+tap into their inherent capacity to be curiously aware
+or maybe to compulsively respond to that text message when you re driving,
+we d have an Equal Rights Amendment in our Constitution today.
+But the problem with that is that we realized
+It will just be another chance
+probiotics to try and treat, prevent,
+Instead of see text message, compulsively text back,
+relies a lot on manual processes in order to generate jobs for local communities.
+than you are to be helped by the drug.
+and repeat.
+where people were mutilated and burned and pulled apart slowly.
+(Applause)
+Many animals gather in large groups
+This is called 59.
+which is mostly all I did,
+Captain Swenson was recognized
+You ve been called a whistleblower, a traitor,
+And that s where the nonprofit sector and philanthropy come in.
+and it s actually really hard to develop drugs
+but you still have water, energy, nutrients,
+It s a bit uncomfortable to fly,
+that they gave me on the list where I could get apartments.
+I hope you will enjoy.
+I would, so what I might like to try to do is to change it,
+Let me tell you a little bit about a couple of new deceptions
+started in the late 1990s a training program
+Well, if something is inconvenient,
+and all of that,
+a Report this item button.
+I m very, very stoked to be here today,
+This is a library in Auckland.
+and I don t like the word anniversary, because it sounds like a party,
+I m Iranian and American. I m there. I know, I ve traveled here.
+to see babies playing with knives.
+we go very heavy on the debate,
+showed them how to use the mouse.
+and spent the 8-hour time difference on conference calls
+It s not true.
+The fate of people living in the makeshift settlements
+I could get them in a worse situation
+Can you just raise the hand?
+and a hot spring that, well, looked like this, close to boiling.
+that want to hire you.
+Grief, humiliation, loss:
+is an urban design crisis,
+We don t keep them all.
+I still find it very romantic.
+are venues for forced prostitution.
+new molecular data and personalized genomic information
+and now when you come back, it s not that easy
+so to put it in more everyday terms:
+reinventing it for the digital age,
+Margaret Heffernan: Fantastic research, Sandrine.
+is now on my iPhone and on yours as well.
+we wanted to believe the story
+the lock-them-up-and-throw-away-the-key mentality,
+that the developed world often tries in vain to impose
+When I saw that graph I knew there is a way to level the playing field.
+Let me show you some actual footage from that
+just entirely different
+and when we were on the bus going back and forth
+And some people would say,
+[One hundred and forty-three] years after the end of slavery,
+software is the interface to our imagination and our world.
+Now, normally, when an object flies through the air,
+She hasn t actually achieved anything. (Laughter)
+by the architect Le Corbusier.
+and what we can do to prevent these diseases
+So I couldn t wait to get started to work on this
+And I heard that, and that was all I needed.
+I would have told you I wanted to be a megachurch pastor.
+From your show of hands,
+Will eventually joined a gang
+So I know it may sound like tough love,
+and, you know, with all the cortisol in my brain,
+Have you ever broken something in real life,
+That means building the equivalent
+Thus I ve learned, for example ...
+LT: And I look through my emails, I look through my texts
+and then finally, I want to end with
+Although each one was pretty small,
+and there we looked at children dying,
+and important plant-based medicinal resources.
+In 2004, I really couldn t manage the number of people who wanted to help,
+These are mine, I was born an Argentinean.
+and in no time it will disseminate throughout the community.
+(Laughter)
+in order to claim asylum.
+But unless we give them tools to build with computers,
+And just last February, the last time we did these trials,
+ Hey Mandy, where s your boyfriend?
+on design and compositional choices.
+And you can make a very thick, sticky porridge out of it,
+our two southernmost islands,
+The Harvard men never ask that question.
+and I think I probably heard Steve Martin playing,
+We first heard about him after being in Calais the first time
+rather than a mummified heritage.
+I ve never even been strafed by aircraft,
+Some do not, though they re often interrelated.
+It s because you can go to a manufacturer --
+ We want a faster processor and a better mouse.
+and sketch with electronics in this fundamentally new way.
+(Music)
+long-term social bonds,
+almost like a normal cell.
+three to eight percent.
+So we re going to just type a couple of random words into Twitter.
+It tanked. No one ever bought it.
+it s a staple food in Ethiopia,
+which is actually better than what you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
+And one of the teachings that we girls and my peers questioned
+mostly social policies and some elements of the software.
+gender equality is actually a way for us to get the lives we want to live.
+ While viewing the thousands of photos on the site,
+let me tell you a few facts.
+and it s a place we can work with wood, metal, chemistry,
+they re very, very used to transferring money,
+It was exhilarating, but frustrating at times.
+because here I see our people.
+Now, they don t develop morality to the point of
+They have an easier time recruiting.
+So citizen scientists, makers, dreamers --
+Clearly it s freezing.
+and now we began to look for skeletal stem cells.
+to get its cameras to actually look at Philae while it was departing
+And I ve got to say that, you know, it s really, really great to be here.
+(Robot buzzing)
+A little more searching, and here s our cybercriminal.
+and urbanization is a big driver of everything.
+I was going to school,
+And now, I don t actually mean the world that we live in.
+Bali:
+for an average family,
+They want to know what happened.
+something a normal textbook cannot match.
+CC: A-rhythm-etic. Audience: A-rhythm-etic.
+most efficient particle accelerators,
+For example, we are all going to die.
+exist because they motivate us to do good things
+that they don t have the full liberty
+either on one or the other
+I should not be able to find my way my across the room;
+ The core force leading our cause forward is the Chinese Communist Party.
+to enjoy the same freedoms and responsibilities as everyone else.
+and if you think about it,
+When I get six- and seven-year-olds in a group,
+when what is suddenly possible meets what is desperately necessary.
+for adventure, for novelty,
+because the shell had exploded between the two floors --
+of the half-vacant communities that you see today.
+embedded virtualization,
+at a cost of 4,000 pounds,
+In fact, I observed that America was fracturing
+we like how this consumer aesthetic
+And my all-time favorite was the guy they called Summerwear.
+Off we headed to the airport.
+Soon, my business really started to take off.
+But what we do know is that it isn t 10 years or 10 billion dollars
+Actually, my student Thanasis, I have to plug him,
+to feel that state of wonder,
+Lesson number four:
+We are still asking the question.
+There s a real correlation
+Ban Ki Moon taught us
+I made sure that you ate a piece of cake that day.
+And ever since those results came out, policymakers,
+from the Nanopatch that s been applied to the skin
+multinational, transnational giants -- makes all MBA students a question mark.
+Researchers in Tokyo are using it
+Who are you to guide them and who are you to show them
+aphorisms about these ideas
+because they have no adequate sanitation.
+It s over two billion.
+what s wrong with the people that we chose?
+We could call this the perfumator.
+(Laughter)
+it moves freely.
+Who the heck is a professor of global health in that country?
+And they d say, Daddy, why doesn t the computer respond to sound?
+What were these two girls doing?
+and a place which I was very curious about because it s disliked
+One little girl tried pulling the purple button, then pushing it,
+Twenty-four hours later,
+we human beings really like to change
+which is made up of highly interconnected companies.
+that stretches forward and backward.
+quite effectively.
+is our next message to change that mindset of the public.
+quite a bit on happy hour posters in various science departments.
+We know what happened over the 20th century.
+and another group was given no facts at all
+and she was engaged at 14, and then at 21 or so,
+a 17-year-old German girl called Vera Brandes
+aesthetic, beauty, composition, some irony, and artifacts.
+that, if you take some words from Apple,
+it would find its target,
+Symptoms are often denied by the patient, particularly us men,
+I m just going to show you two of them.
+Is it possible to explore the stratosphere?
+and a seat in the front of the room.
+In other words, odds are you ll spend your golden years
+only about three orders of magnitude.
+and I attended her wake,
+Because some people think that the $100 laptop just happened a year ago,
+like service robots or search and rescue robots
+it became a real issue for us.
+one of the oldest churches in the world.
+Within a day, it was the top search term
+And they re investing in telecoms,
+Anyway, bear with me.
+the good part of the sun.
+I can tell you that one of the skills
+There are spots on the paper that are sticky.
+with a single axis knee.
+I m using your energy,
+And then you have to unstick yourself.
+Now, it had taken several days
+and not imposition of the framework
+with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Kanzi, Panbanisha,
+with this standing wave undulation of the body,
+And these --
+depending on where you are.
+My family believes in me.
+and you provide most of what most people need within that neighborhood.
+a feedback loop between customers and businesses.
+At our teacher education classes at my university,
+it s true, you have so many youngsters,
+And by the way, the arts aren t just important
+if the needle was shown here, it would be too big.
+but just to repeat one of them,
+We have a plan, we think we have a plan.
+one that relied heavily on specialized, expensive
+and tried to cure depression that way,
+I remember taking my son s school class. He was eight at the time,
+And the idea is to launch with enough scale
+ Motherland is motherland. I will never leave.
+But I was also thinking what you might be thinking,
+TK: Which is a very attractive design element.
+It s not like we re trying to choose between
+It is rather because one can be in government today and not in power,
+And that Montana is a beautiful place to visit
+to leave the reactor in the event of an accident.
+(Laughter)
+you people should be asking yourself a question,
+where natural habitat and wildlife populations
+after being on the Persistently Dangerous List for five consecutive years.
+and you see the Earth s orbit is actually quite small.
+But again, I can only affect society
+performing forensics on our solar system,
+and among many potential consequences of those disorders,
+ Adam, sounds like a really novel idea, but we re
+Bill and his leadership team, who he referred to as his brain trust,
+And when these genes are over-expressed,
+It s a little bit like an obese person
+and this is really important to talk about,
+and I believed that by expressing my thoughts and wishes,
+And what was also one of the bigger projects around that
+with that kind of strategy.
+and about a third of them
+The problem is
+or even leak sensitive documents.
+The truth is, their ideas are stale,
+the strengths and weaknesses of their particular approach.
+soon, I believe --
+We don t know much about his travels
+and can be moved very rapidly.
+they only had a 50-50 chance of getting the answer right.
+at the heart of the international resistance movements,
+the wisdom of allowing talented people to play out their passions.
+of some Marines
+Voice: We want Malcolm Gladwell.
+and I hired 65 people. That s my team here.
+And we are burning in Africa, every single year,
+where we can for instance do some exercise where we have the robot go down a step,
+and the robot will not fall over,
+and how we can trace our line.
+So an artistic director has the ability to have a performance
+Now, I m going to pass this around.
+how do you live with your partner s doubt?
+I m not sure that s what an intelligence agency
+Thank you.
+and when she opened up,
+if you reach into your body and grab your genome,
+Falling in love is the easy part.
+I would love to build this one day
+My colleagues Grégoire Courtine and Silvestro Micera,
+but also about the object itself.
+and men want this.
+was the level of endemic corruption that I saw
+ I m a role model, I m a human glue,
+color and shape, but that weren t food, like these.
+politically vulnerable communities for profit.
+It was an afternoon in the fall of 2005.
+I was working at the ACLU as the organization s science advisor.
+I really, really loved my job,
+So I wandered down the hallway to my colleague Chris Hansen s office.
+and it must have excellent aerodynamic qualities
+by a recollection of a client of mine.
+I had been investigating a number of issues
+at the intersection of science and civil liberties -- super interesting.
+and balled-up aluminum foil,
+There s the one that cuts it, that you have to tear off.
+So Chris cut right to the chase, and he says,
+has about six miles of range, or 10 kilometers,
+But it s not true Americans don t get irony,
+that any personal information
+ Yes, you know, patents on human genes.
+That s about 36,000, 37,000 dollars.
+I went back to my office and sent Chris three articles.
+to say when things are not working the way they should do,
+(Laughter)
+Now Chris is a really brilliant lawyer,
+First, we needed to understand exactly what was patented
+Gene patents typically contain dozens of claims,
+namely, a piece of DNA that has been removed from a cell.
+as well as areas that were beginning to see
+And that s true,
+It s a catastrophe.
+So what does that mean?
+That means that you can t give your gene to your doctor
+It also means that the patent holder has the right to stop anyone
+Allowing patent holders,
+the wills of their hosts.
+And it will cost you upwards of a billion dollars
+But then, a lot of people think there are things
+So another lab tried to offer the test,
+especially in the cerebral cortex.
+During that time,
+Gene patents clearly were a problem and were harming patients.
+But was there a way we could challenge them?
+Turns out that the Supreme Court
+(Laughter)
+You can t patent products of nature --
+the air, the water, minerals, elements of the periodic table.
+And you can t patent laws of nature --
+the law of gravity, E = mc2.
+These things are just too fundamental and must remain free to all
+And in about 1997, the then-director Philippe de Montebello
+as well as developing severe anemia,
+that codes for the production of all of our proteins,
+As we delved into this issue,
+Now one of the interesting things
+Most of them agreed that we were right as a matter of policy,
+relying on traditional development practices
+All of them thought
+is a really good basis for democracy.
+The patent bar was deeply entrenched in the status quo,
+the biotech industry had grown up around this practice,
+So the bottom line:
+The main entrance should have a public plaza in front of it
+if we Lesters got a letter from the government that said,
+So we set out to build our case.
+Now, patent cases tend to be: Company A sues Company B
+We weren t really interested in that kind of case,
+and stars of Kentucky
+more like a civil rights case.
+We set out to identify a gene-patent holder
+stepping on a treadmill,
+We found the prime candidate to sue in Myriad Genetics,
+Myriad held patents on two genes,
+the so-called correction pen.
+that we learned to see so well
+It had forced multiple labs that were offering BRCA testing to stop.
+It had stopped sharing its clinical data
+for most social media companies
+Nobody doubts that this is happening in Washington.
+a negative test result that should have been positive.
+This is Kathleen Maxian.
+Kathleen s sister Eileen developed breast cancer at age 40
+The test was negative.
+I would like to share with you this.
+But two years later,
+many young people,
+It turned out that Kathleen s sister was among the 12 percent
+Had Eileen received the proper result,
+Once we settled on Myriad,
+and many subordinates,
+genetic counselors,
+It s about interfacing these markets
+You re all familiar with colonoscopies,
+and individual women who either couldn t afford Myriad s test,
+One of the major challenges we had in preparing the case
+So in order to argue that what Myriad did was not an invention,
+we had to explain a couple of basic concepts, like:
+We spent hours and hours with our plaintiffs and experts,
+that if we could land miniature Versailles on top of that,
+And then, later on, I gave a new name to myself: Satyarthi,
+So isolating DNA --
+it s like extracting gold from a mountain
+or taking it out of a stream bed.
+It might ve taken a lot of hard work and effort
+you still can t patent it, it s still gold.
+and if you can t see anything beautiful about yourself,
+plant it, half use for food, half use for fuel.
+So computers can also write.
+We filed in federal court in the Southern District of New York,
+In March 2010, Judge Sweet issued his opinion --
+152 pages --
+and a complete victory for our side.
+In reading the opinion,
+(Laughter)
+and the separation provoked by rival political forces.
+How did he develop such a deep understanding of this issue
+When they play economic games with human beings,
+Myriad then appealed
+And here things got really interesting.
+First, in a pivotal moment of this case,
+the US government switched sides.
+So in the district court the government submitted a brief on Myriad s side.
+This was a really big deal,
+The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
+is to help these lonely warriors join hands
+So even with this remarkable development,
+Sort of.
+from civil society, Parliament and government,
+But the two judges who ruled against us,
+The first one, Judge Lourie,
+The other, Judge Moore,
+But she s like, I don t want to shake up the biotech industry.
+The third, Judge Bryson,
+agreed with us.
+about treating cancer.
+And I would argue this is fertile ground for exploitation.
+Usually these questions take the form of a super-long paragraph,
+We submitted perhaps the shortest question presented ever.
+Four words:
+Are human genes patentable?
+Now when Chris first asked me what I thought of these words,
+ Nope.
+I want the justices to have the very same reaction that I had
+Well, I certainly couldn t argue with that.
+The Supreme Court only hears about one percent
+The day of the oral argument arrives, and it was really, really exciting --
+(Laughter)
+Chris and I sat quietly in the hallway,
+you know, our existence would seem to be amazingly improbable,
+I was clearly more nervous than he was.
+But any remaining panic subsided as I walked into the courtroom
+our individual women clients
+the geneticists who had taken huge chunks of time out of their busy careers
+by being TEDizens.
+consciousness into the physical world.
+Also in the room were three leaders of the Human Genome Project,
+The argument itself was riveting.
+Chris argued brilliantly.
+Justice Kagan likened isolating DNA
+and couples that don t let trivial things end up being a really big deal.
+do it perfectly
+We felt pretty confident leaving the courtroom that day,
+Thank you.
+ A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature,
+I challenge you to take ownership of your data.
+And furthermore,
+Within 24 hours of the decision,
+Some of them promised to offer the tests at a lower price than Myriad s.
+Some promised to provide a more comprehensive test
+But of course the decision goes far beyond Myriad.
+It clears a significant barrier to biomedical discovery and innovation.
+And it helps to ensure that patients like Abigail, Kathleen and Eileen
+A few weeks after the court issued its decision,
+It was from Bob Cook-Deegan,
+I opened it up to find a small stuffed animal.
+(Laughter)
+We took a big risk in taking this case.
+Part of what gave us the courage to take that risk
+The process took nearly eight years from the start to finish,
+A little luck certainly helped,
+but it was the communities that we bridged,
+Thank you.
+I m going to give you four specific examples,
+with National Geographic,
+That s because this is radio.
+totally incorrect.
+I see a couple of people crying in the back
+that I ve blown their idea of mermaids.
+but anyone who s gone on a dive
+will know that the ocean looks more like this.
+The Maasais, the boys are brought up to be warriors.
+you re going to lose your colors,
+and that we, our society, is going to have to be built on the shoulders of steel of robots in the future.
+But we re humans -- we re terrestrial mammals.
+And we ve got trichromatic vision,
+so we see in red, green and blue,
+and we re just complete color addicts.
+We love eye-popping color,
+and the lynchings of black men.
+and they could make beds out of trees,
+So there s been a long and sordid history of bringing color underwater,
+and it starts 88 years ago with Bill Longley and Charles Martin,
+who were trying to take the first underwater color photograph.
+and within two weeks, 50,000 people
+where you re pumping air down to them,
+and they ve got a pontoon of high-explosive magnesium powder,
+when I was covering a protest in São Paulo.
+with its nose pointed into the wind.
+and -- boom! -- a pound of high explosives would go off
+so they could put a little bit of light underwater
+I added a proximity sensor, so that when you get close
+So what have we taught the machine to see?
+with a quick trip to the Radio Shack.
+so we can satisfy our own addiction to color.
+across the continent the entire time,
+that we ve been looking at the blue ocean,
+free from harassment or violence.
+and these animals living there for millions of years
+The youth can beat you.
+So let s think about the first question.
+And here s just a little sample of what this secret world looks like.
+It s like an underwater light show.
+they can be used for anything imaginable,
+Again, what we re seeing here is blue light hitting this image.
+These animals are absorbing the blue light
+that when you add consecutive Fibonacci numbers,
+So if you think about it, the ocean is 71 percent of the planet,
+and blue light can extend down to almost a 1,000 meters.
+As we go down underwater,
+which doesn t count as extraterrestrial intelligence.
+So if you see anything under 10 meters that s red,
+it s an animal transforming and creating its own red.
+Over the subsequent months,
+♫ But the kid is not my son ♫
+Walk the talk.
+and just how cool these things are.
+One of the things that they do, one of their miraculous feats,
+is they produce lots of these fluorescent proteins,
+fluorescent molecules.
+And in this coral, it could be making up to 14 percent of its body mass --
+could be this fluorescent protein.
+So you wouldn t be making, like, 14 percent muscle and not using it,
+have minds that microscope.
+And for the last 10, 15 years, this was so special to me,
+because this molecule has turned out to be one of the most revolutionary tools
+in biomedical science,
+and it s allowing us to better see inside ourselves.
+So, how do I study this?
+In order to study biofluorescence, we swim at night.
+And when I started out,
+Do you see where I m going with this?
+in real-life projects across Asia.
+that s being transformed by the animals.
+We re making an exhibit for the Museum of Natural History,
+and we re trying to show off how great the fluorescent corals are on the reef,
+and something happened that just blew me away:
+In the middle of our corals,
+is this green fluorescent fish.
+It s the first time we ve ever seen a green fluorescent fish
+or any vertebrate for that matter.
+And we re rubbing our eyes, checking the filters,
+thinking that somebody s maybe playing a joke on us with the camera,
+but the eel was real.
+It was the first green fluorescent eel that we found,
+and this just changed my trajectory completely.
+So I had to put down my corals and team up
+with a fish scientist, John Sparks,
+and how many people that you use,
+they were furious.
+And fish are much more interesting than corals,
+because they have really advanced vision,
+and some of the fish even have, the way that I was photographing it,
+they have lenses in their eyes that would magnify the fluorescence.
+So I wanted to seek this out further.
+So we designed a new set of gear
+this particular plant is in fact
+looking for fluorescent life.
+And it s a bit like E.T. phone home.
+It means that we have this knowledge gap
+I think this poses a serious civil liberties threat.
+for animals to be absorbing the light and transferring this back to us.
+And eventually, we found our photobombing Kaupichphys eel.
+It s a really shy, reclusive eel that we know almost nothing about.
+They re only about the size of my finger,
+But something incredible happened when we launched HeForShe.
+But these eels do come out to mate under full-moon nights,
+and that full-moon night translates underwater to blue.
+Perhaps they re using this as a way to see each other,
+quickly find each other, mate,
+go back into their hole for the next long stint of time.
+But then we started to find other fluorescent marine life,
+like this green fluorescent bream,
+with its, like, racing stripes along its head and its nape,
+and it s almost camouflaged and fluorescing at the same intensity
+as the fluorescent coral there.
+After this fish,
+we were introduced to this red fluorescent scorpionfish
+cloaked and hidden on this rock.
+The only time we ve ever seen this, it s either on red fluorescent algae
+(Imitating Arabic)
+Later, we found this stealthy green fluorescent lizardfish.
+These lizardfish come in many varieties,
+and they look almost exactly alike under white light.
+But if you look at them under fluorescent light,
+you see lots of patterns,
+you can really see the differences among them.
+And in total -- we just reported this last year --
+ Dating in my 20s was like musical chairs.
+One of my inspirations is French artist and biologist Jean Painlevé.
+He really captures this entrepreneuring, creative spirit in biology.
+He would design his own gear, make his own cameras,
+and he was fascinated with the seahorse, Hippocampus erectus,
+and he filmed for the first time the seahorse giving birth.
+So this is the male seahorse.
+They were one of the first fish to start swimming upright
+with their brain above their head.
+The males give birth,
+Then criminals moved to robbing trains.
+He even put this electrical visor on his head that would shock him,
+so he could capture this moment.
+Now, I wish I could have shown Painlevé
+the moment where we found biofluorescent seahorses
+in the exact same species that he was studying.
+And here s our footage.
+(Music)
+They re the most cryptic fish.
+so after a while the process of notating is not only boring,
+And we found that corals, even without the biology involved,
+and they go through this long mating ritual,
+and perhaps they re using it in that effect.
+And now, if I touch this piece of pizza,
+when we found green fluorescence in the stingray,
+because stingrays are in the Elasmobranch class,
+which includes ...
+By restrictions, I mean, where are you able to live?
+So I m, like, a coral biologist.
+When you re tired of opening and closing those blinds
+(Laughter)
+And I was like, Maybe I should go back to corals.
+(Laughter)
+It turns out that these sharks are not fluorescent.
+And then we found it.
+In a deep, dark canyon off the coast of California,
+we found the first biofluorescent swellshark,
+And you see this post.
+and the cure rate for this procedure is 94 percent.
+I mean, let me clarify something right here.
+And they call them a swellshark because if they re threatened,
+they can gulp down water and blow up like an inner tube,
+about twice their size,
+and wedge themselves under a rock, so they don t get eaten by a predator.
+Just magnificent -- I mean, they re showing these distinct patterns,
+and there are areas that are fluorescent and areas that are not fluorescent,
+I did everything to get my family to freedom,
+that are much brighter than other parts of the shark.
+our meeting did not end in my office.
+I was like, this is gorgeous.
+But what does it mean to the shark?
+Can they see this?
+And we looked in the literature,
+and nothing was known about this shark s vision.
+So I took this shark to eye specialist Ellis Loew at Cornell University,
+and we found out that this shark sees discretely and acutely
+in the blue-green interface,
+Do you understand? Just answer yes or no.
+but they only see blue-green.
+So what it s doing is taking this blue world
+and it s absorbing the blue, creating green.
+It s creating contrast that they can indeed see.
+So we have a model,
+showing that it creates an ability for them to see all these patterns.
+And males and females also have, we re finding,
+to make those things become reality.
+it has not necessarily anything to do with you,
+I applied to the fire service and I was accepted.
+Swimming at night, I encountered the first biofluorescent sea turtle.
+which, again, this is only one month old,
+but it shows us that we know almost nothing
+about this hawksbill turtle s vision.
+And it makes me think about how much more there is to learn.
+And here in the Solomon Islands,
+there s only a few thousand breeding females of this species left,
+and this is one of the hotspots for them.
+So it shows us how much we need to really protect these animals
+while they re still here, and understand them.
+They are building an epic knowledge resource
+Does this go all the way to the bottom of the ocean?
+So we started using submarines, and we equipped them
+quintiles of the population, in terms of income,
+and we noticed one important thing --
+that as we get down to 1,000 meters,
+it drops off.
+There s no biofluorescent marine life down there, below 1,000 meters --
+almost nothing, it s just darkness.
+So it s mainly a shallow phenomenon.
+And below 1,000 meters,
+we encountered the bioluminescent zone,
+where nine out of 10 animals are actually making their own lights
+and flashing and blinking.
+As I try to get deeper,
+this is slapping on a one-person submarine suit --
+some people call this my Jacques Cousteau meets Woody Allen moment.
+(Laughter)
+But as we explore down here,
+I was thinking about: How do we interact with life delicately?
+or why there are differences between men and women
+where we have to take great care,
+and we have to set examples how we explore.
+So I ve teamed up with roboticist Rob Wood at Harvard University,
+and we ve been designing squishy underwater robot fingers,
+so we can delicately interact with the marine life down there.
+an international bank account number and an international debit card.
+come from oil and gas and military,
+who, you know, they re not really caring to be gentle.
+Some corals could be 1,000 years old.
+So whenever they d launch a big ship,
+So my dream is something like this.
+At night, I m in a submarine,
+I have force-feedback gloves,
+and I could delicately set up a lab in the front of my submarine,
+where the squishy robot fingers
+are delicately collecting and putting things in jars,
+and we can conduct our research.
+Back to the powerful applied applications.
+Here, you re looking at a living brain
+that s using the DNA of fluorescent marine creatures,
+this one from jellyfish and corals,
+to illuminate the living brain and see its connections.
+It s funny that we re using RGB
+just to kind of satisfy our own human intuition,
+so we can see our brains better.
+And even more mind-blowing,
+is my close colleague Vincent Pieribone at Yale,
+who has actually designed and engineered a fluorescent protein
+as it could be read together
+So he could see when a single neuron fires.
+You re essentially looking at a portal into consciousness
+that was designed by marine creatures.
+So Donald goes into this slew of medications he was taking.
+From deep space,
+our universe looks like a human brain cell,
+and then here we are in the deep ocean,
+and we re finding marine creatures and cells
+It was a matter of,
+Collins coached us on doing something
+we could ponder the overarching interconnectedness of all life,
+and fathom how much more lies in store
+and what do we cure in them?
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Democracy.
+In the West,
+We see democracy
+not as the most fragile of flowers that it really is,
+Surrounded by people,
+There is the gallery somewhere
+that you could summarize it in six words:
+It was grey and black, and he thought it looked cheap.
+And luckily he agreed.
+spectacular growth,
+and it s nailing frogs all over the world.
+in the Eurogroup as its Finance Minister,
+I was told in no uncertain terms that our nation s democratic process --
+could not be allowed to interfere
+we know from asking people to remember the past,
+there are some commonalities.
+to see what we can do about it,
+or the Chinese Communist Party,
+of the Ejagham people in southern Nigeria.
+through a period of digital information,
+that Lee Kuan Yew,
+the Chinese Communist Party
+It has competing dependencies,
+which have transformed the economic situation
+our societies will be nastier,
+So, the water bottle.
+Speaking of waste,
+So he needs to make sure that he s really on the right end of this.
+Imagine that.
+because now, total strangers from all walks of life
+you know it, you recognize it --
+in the local media combined with false rumors
+which they disperse throughout the habitat through their feces.
+We all recognize the mountain of debts.
+So with those as the principles --
+belonging to rich savers and to corporations,
+too terrified to invest it
+It was an image of fishing boats
+and which can produce all those things that humanity desperately needs,
+amongst thousands of others who come and go every day.
+Over the last three months,
+in the United States, in Britain and in the Eurozone,
+was in the spring of 2004. I still don t know exactly
+They re selling electricity back to the grid
+Since 1970, no human beings
+roads, railways, machinery, and so on and so forth.
+They were the original shoulders.
+like all of us in those conversations,
+I learned that the counter-terrorism unit
+to people s strict gender expectations.
+So a mountain of debt and a mountain of idle cash
+Egan convinced The New Yorker
+So, really, this is the dream,
+How ironic if these isolated Indians and their magic frog
+(Laughter)
+You could never afford to do this in a company.
+None of those are on my bucket list.
+three key things we have to do
+so it s really gotten to be a huge thing.
+he publishes it and he holds a contest on the Internet
+that his son would grow up to kill him,
+unwittingly engineered the conditions
+that insured that Oedipus, his son, would kill him.
+the average temperatures over land are actually going to be higher
+and it can be shared at the speed of light.
+all this idle cash,
+should be energized to improve lives,
+and they said, Doctor Moskowitz, we want to make the perfect pickle.
+Well, the first thing is,
+Seeds are energy-rich so there s a lot of food calories,
+But they aren t supposed to come back.
+After he was shot, Raisuddin s life grew no easier.
+I believe so,
+and it s with another consenting asexual -- I don t know.
+as the constitution in which the free and the poor,
+Women, migrants and, of course, the slaves.
+but your résumé reads, Underwear Model: 10 years,
+to dismiss the significance of ancient Athenian democracy
+was the inclusion of the working poor,
+who not only acquired the right to free speech,
+they acquired the rights to political judgments
+combined with them essentially grieving the loss of their son,
+to reveal its cellular structure.
+because we live in a time where we re turning to data more and more
+he was denied the bounty usually paid out
+but for many women of color
+indeed in the American constitution.
+despite the fact that we have a lot of clever self-repair mechanisms,
+But there s no major difference.
+our liberal democracies are founded on the Magna Carta tradition,
+I remember one particularly low moment.
+Why has that happened?
+leaving the economic sphere --
+There d be a little paper me. And a little paper you.
+are disowned.
+Now, in our democracies today,
+Not a bad idea. I don t know.
+and used them as refrigerator magnets to let them know
+But I made this particular comment
+the Native Americans say,
+eating into its power.
+Have you wondered why politicians are not what they used to be?
+is the low-hanging fruit.
+because power has migrated from the political to the economic sphere,
+Sometimes even reporters have reported to me that they vandalized Wikipedia
+Indeed,
+not to kill,
+that in the end they starve.
+Similarly,
+so that they can plan meals
+And we can only create these out of darkness.
+causing economic crisis.
+People had climbed onto carts and wagons in the street.
+Childbirth is, and always will be, an enormous psychological event.
+which are to switch to fuels which don t pollute as much
+aggregate demand is falling
+it s starting to seem increasingly likely
+If you listen to what men say about what they want in their lives,
+You see the geniality of his creation, right directly
+And he s looked at the problem of the health impacts
+and humanity s wealth.
+we must reunite the political and economic spheres
+and better do it with a demos being in control,
+like in ancient Athens except without the slaves
+or the exclusion of women and migrants.
+of race and gender,
+even becoming aggressive when introduced to them.
+Probiotics are one thing that you can try and do to restore
+This is an actual sailfin goby,
+it was magnified by more emotional pain.
+But there is a solution:
+Capitalism s doing it
+Remember:
+that as long as the economic and the political spheres are separate,
+I am more patient with love. I am more relaxed.
+and the social conflicts deeper,
+keeps doing this work.
+and the people that tip the scales over to the ethical and the moral
+sense of being,
+What of the babies?
+but we d better do it by democratizing the reunified sphere,
+lest we end up with a surveillance-mad hyperautocracy
+They re just a form of life,
+Until quite recently,
+Women are now allowed to pray in our church-wide meetings,
+The more interesting question
+or something much closer to a Star Trek-like society,
+and indulging in long debates about the meaning of life
+in some ancient, Athenian-like, high tech agora.
+that has the use of violence well under control.
+If you get out of the way,
+to be known, to be seen, to be understood.
+watching a game on TV recently.
+At the level of the enterprise,
+This was a very widely reported incident
+where you earn capital as you work,
+from one company to another,
+whichever one you happen to work at at that time --
+is solely owned by those who happen to work in it at that moment.
+gave us a second human need, which is uncertainty.
+and the very concept of wage labor becomes obsolete.
+No more separation between those who own but do not work in the company
+With 80 percent of people who don t like the work they do,
+indeed, no towering twin peaks.
+It s being built as we speak
+So here s a picture of what we re doing.
+It lets you interconnect ideas,
+whether they re simple and obvious
+doesn t mean we should start building desalination plants everywhere.
+that all international trade is denominated in this currency --
+let s call it the cosmos,
+and my challenge was to show that this math --
+No, not like that.
+And so we redesigned chemistry, we redesigned physics.
+but that s the reality of living as a refugee in Western Europe in 2015.
+gang rapes in Badaun and acid attacks in Odisha
+and I said, Well, when do they go in?
+This is not a new idea.
+And when it comes to architecture in cities,
+in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference.
+The problem is
+that back then, they didn t have the technology to implement it.
+Failed states have no legitimized, democratically controlled use of force.
+especially in the context of a reunified political-economic sphere.
+So the developers say, well, this is great.
+is simultaneously libertarian,
+in that it prioritizes empowered individuals,
+Marxist,
+since it will have confined to the dustbin of history
+the division between capital and labor,
+and Keynesian,
+but the babies born during a production are listed there.
+But above all else,
+Alice Bows-Larkin: Yeah, it s just nowhere near enough to avoid two degrees.
+Will such a world dawn?
+Or shall we descend into a Matrix-like dystopia?
+It is our choice,
+We can just send a message and hope for the best.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+RM: Meanwhile, back in San Francisco.
+It was you who described yourself in your bios as a libertarian Marxist.
+What is the relevance of Marx s analysis today?
+is going to be the century of what they call the symmetrical marriage,
+then Marx is relevant.
+the defaults, the particular options that are presented to us, and so on.
+then technological innovation is going to create
+all of the administrators --
+This just shows you the data that comes from the sensors
+So we decided to start an organization
+or a football team -- and I work extensively in that realm as well --
+But until that day comes,
+Let s move here. While they install for the next performance,
+the best you can ever hope for
+The danger is not at all unprecedented.
+that s why I m a libertarian Marxist,
+and so is Keynes,
+so that s why I m totally confused.
+It doesn t really feel like playing mindless action video games.
+Middle World is the narrow range of reality
+(Laughter)
+what they ve figured out to be true
+you might be post-baby,
+BG: That s a very, very Greek philosopher kind of thing to say --
+YV: That was Einstein, actually --
+aid does damages because it removes the government from its citizens.
+and last night at the speaker dinner,
+you expressed a pretty strong opinion about how the West looks at China.
+Would you like to share that?
+YV: Well, there s a great degree of hypocrisy.
+In our liberal democracies, we have a semblance of democracy.
+It s because we have confined, as I was saying in my talk,
+democracy to the political sphere,
+while leaving the one sphere where all the action is --
+this is not,
+a completely democracy-free zone.
+And this was the first line of that article:
+if I am allowed to be provocative,
+But the thing is that for every 15,000 dollars
+Because remember,
+we tend to associate liberalism with democracy --
+that s a mistake, historically.
+Liberalism, liberal, it s like John Stuart Mill.
+John Stuart Mill was particularly skeptical about the democratic process.
+So what you are seeing now in China is a very similar process
+to the one that we had in Britain during the Industrial Revolution,
+I think gradually, as we see species all around the world,
+And to be castigating China
+for doing that which the West did in the 19th century,
+Joel Spolsky and Jeff Atwood, decided to start something
+BG: I am sure that many people here are wondering about your experience
+as the Finance Minister of Greece earlier this year.
+Bill Gates: I ll ask about two or three questions.
+BG: Yes.
+BG: Six months after,
+and get it out in the world.
+is full of surprise.
+and very disappointing,
+because we had an opportunity to reboot the Eurozone.
+Not just Greece, the Eurozone.
+Thank you very much.
+and the constant denial that there was a massive --
+and there is a massive architectural fault line
+going through the Eurozone,
+which is threatening, massively, the whole of the European Union process.
+We had an opportunity on the basis of the Greek program --
+was the first program to manifest that denial --
+it points to a lingerie-selling website.
+Okay, almost all of you.
+the powers in the Eurozone,
+in the Eurogroup,
+chose to maintain denial.
+But you know what happens.
+This is the experience of the Soviet Union.
+When you try to keep alive
+an economic system that architecturally cannot survive,
+you may succeed in prolonging it,
+but when change happens
+it happens very abruptly and catastrophically.
+(Applause)
+YV: Well, there s no doubt
+that if we don t change the architecture of the Eurozone,
+the Eurozone has no future.
+let s reach out the reality we live in every day,
+YV: Every day.
+BG: For example? YV: Anybody who looks back --
+(Applause)
+No, but seriously.
+If there s any Minister of Finance, or of anything else for that matter,
+who tells you after six months in a job,
+especially in such a stressful situation,
+that they have made no mistake, they re dangerous people.
+Of course I made mistakes.
+The greatest mistake was to sign the application
+Ben Saunders: Yeah, hi, Ben Saunders.
+in the end of February.
+I was imagining
+that there was a genuine interest on the side of the creditors
+to find common ground.
+And there wasn t.
+They were simply interested in crushing our government,
+So, thanks very much.
+to have to deal with the architectural fault lines
+that were running through the Eurozone.
+And because they didn t want to admit
+that for five years they were implementing a catastrophic program in Greece.
+We lost one-third of our nominal GDP.
+This is worse than the Great Depression.
+And no one has come clean
+from the troika of lenders that have been imposing this policy
+That happens to be the same amount of solar cell capacity
+and despite the aggressiveness of the discussion,
+is that if you shatter the fishbowl so that everything is possible,
+ Why do academics hate Wikipedia?
+Look, my criticism of the European Union and the Eurozone
+comes from a person who lives and breathes Europe.
+My greatest fear is that the Eurozone will not survive.
+Because if it doesn t,
+Thank you, James, for your great inspiration.
+will be demonic,
+and they will destroy the European Union.
+And that will be catastrophic not just for Europe
+and I was finally unconditionally grateful
+We are probably the largest economy in the world.
+And if we allow ourselves
+to fall into a route of the postmodern 1930 s,
+which seems to me to be what we are doing,
+then that will be detrimental
+to the future of Europeans and non-Europeans alike.
+BG: We definitely hope you are wrong on that point.
+Yanis, thank you for coming to TED.
+YV: Thank you.
+(Applause)
+the kind that can potentially save lives,
+a safe and well-paid job.
+in our lifetime, and it will happen
+Instead, you may ask yourself, what do we have?
+not imaginatively.
+and you were to compare animals with brains of different sizes,
+And this person was very forceful and said,
+And so, that s the clue.
+weighing about 10 tons, and was a woodland-adapted species
+Now, this development took place as a great evolution,
+with some doctor you ve never met
+and that s what Howard thought.
+and we ve got to figure out how to globalize
+JC: One of the first countries that we traveled to was Nepal.
+By the way, in this hall where we are now,
+on your face and you looked at my mom and my dad,
+When you become fluent with language,
+Now that doesn t mean they only get half their education,
+but what we don t realize is that this system
+There were angry patrons in Florence because he had left a stack
+that the light that falls onto your eye,
+about psychoactive drugs: the history, the science,
+So this animal has actually had the whole world
+But parents tell them,
+that are increasingly sucking more and more activity and resource
+and so he played to his strengths.
+Instead of being accustomed to filling space with busyness,
+that go in parallel stripes across the sky?
+(Explosion)
+They stick, and then they try to go into the lung
+that we associate with brain function.
+and she taught me how to love myself
+Visitors to Ocean Atlas in the Bahamas highlighted a leak
+reaching up above his head to paint the stories on the ceiling.
+Don t let it claim you.
+And I didn t expect to get an answer from Google,
+It limited the number of fonts you could get
+and that will inevitably lower property values in urban neighborhoods.
+and more sustainable existence --
+go-for-this, go-for-that assistant when I walk out that door,
+It puts us at the edge of our seats,
+and together their proud posture turns into folded shame.
+in Flushing, Queens
+and those platforms, as an organizer,
+it was caused by injustice.
+or into the museum setting, behind glass,
+We collected this, we got it back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
+heading towards at least nine,
+watered-down versions of the extremity of the diatomic structures.
+I know you aren t allowed to ask me questions,
+Children are taken from their families
+and when Juliano makes the decision to kick the ball,
+what automatically comes to mind for me is at the same time.
+to focusing, this rough magic that we do in theater,
+who act out in sexist ways will lose status,
+Well, they found the names and information
+came out with a workshop report
+It s not uncommon to feel like you re alone
+overcome obstacles --
+To conclude, then:
+or dislike.
+Who am I in this picture?
+Sustainable harmony means now we will reduce inequality.
+the speed of the human.
+like using mobile telephony to offer clean energy
+The printing press made sure that everybody saw it.
+And so, this wasn t something that happened within a couple of weeks.
+That s what is so exciting for me about this prime number.
+looking upwards with their jaws dropped.
+to provide every student with an individual human tutor.
+Common ground is often very hard to find.
+It s just about 20 years ago,
+is probably more likely of a pasty kid
+as a secretary in the dean s office,
+at least some of what I m about to say,
+If you drive your car around the United States,
+And it made me think. I love studying
+So every week, 11 women and me got together.
+nor see it ever again.
+has helped to spur industrialization
+it s that the world exists.
+Is it the Zetas? The drug traffickers? The government?
+Some of you might know it.
+although I can t remember which party it s supporting or attacking.
+So just to back up and explain,
+I wanted them to be safe.
+and it makes our private mental models visible
+but who s counting?
+It doesn t mean I won t some day, but I haven t yet.
+that all I could think was,
+ Yeah, but you know I d rather finish my meal if you don t mind.
+It s about realizing that
+AT: Well, I think it s got to be understood
+It teaches you focus; you have to talk fast or say less,
+I have things to do, people to impress,
+and then he takes a pause,
+Some developed alcoholism. A few developed schizophrenia.
+for a total of 30 million dollars
+where we have long lives and small family, and we have a completely new world.
+and I believe that if we have that capability,
+So I literally took my dried weeds in hand,
+But for me, it was the abstract shapes, what we call geometric signs,
+(Laughter)
+reconstructing this extraordinary journey
+the woman cutting my hair asked me,
+as it pertains to pollutants in the water
+that was the space where we sought pure love.
+that can feed more people
+I am going through the z-axis.
+Now one of the things that I do is I don t use any filters,
+This now bears very little physical
+is that in identical twins,
+ provider of food for mother and child.
+but even to emotional intelligence.
+and put pressure on governments, the pharmaceutical industry,
+I would like to share with you
+That s an open buggy. It doesn t have heating.
+the Kresge Foundation and the city of Detroit
+It s on the input side. It s concern with
+and the other one s written by a computer.
+And they were trying to -- they knew that the brain was involved
+ Mother s Day,
+It s a fascinating place. It s a huge place.
+there was a sudden, violent change to the environment.
+at about 75 miles an hour.
+that a bird will fly and not / roar or bark. Enthralling stories about animals
+in many other countries is a lot higher.
+and the second poem was written by a guy called Frank O Hara,
+so that it has more contact with the exterior?
+is the greatest remaining temperate rainforest in the world,
+The initial rise of the Taliban in war-torn Afghanistan,
+whether they are talking to a computer or a human,
+It s called bot or not,
+and it wasn t a sound, it was a smell.
+makes your eyesight worse.
+it s .05 percent who are our relevant funders in America.
+What happens when you have clouds?
+And in order to understand how serotonin works,
+of any kind was rare, tapestries were an incredibly potent
+Well, yes, absolutely it can.
+from an animal, through a simple biopsy.
+(Dinosaur roaring) (Laughter)
+But what it turned out to be,
+Ribbons of flags / And wearing material / Reasons for wearing material. (...)
+Poem 2: A wounded deer leaps highest, / I ve heard the daffodil
+You could do that with your eyes closed.
+and then it regenerates language
+So combine those with the adventurous outliers
+So far we ve had humans that write like humans,
+is what we call forward citations: How many times
+Well today, I m very pleased to report to you
+He slapped my knee, and he said, Hey Rich, I just want you to know one thing.
+(Laughter)
+holographic-like interference structures
+Tim was pretty happy that day.
+So as businesspeople, as consumers,
+But let me stress two things here.
+Americans and Europeans
+So my final insight is that the computer, more or less,
+I know nothing about the statement
+all being discarded. This is one day s waste
+That is the rocket designer s dream.
+so she at least knows how to advise the patients better?
+is less likely to remember the same word
+and the construction sites of the big cities.
+and that has nothing to do with the surveillance state that we face.
+(Applause)
+ We re bringing you back to Taiwan.
+I think each one is about the size of California.
+You might think that these plants look dead,
+and what has to happen
+and then it gets warmer and warmer
+of the global GDP.
+I was so scared and so convinced that I couldn t do this,
+I m here to talk about books.
+If you re hoping to live to be 85 or older,
+or being able to stand up and reach it.
+and we should be allowed to carry on doing it.
+And I m going to tell you what the cost of Wikipedia is.
+And somebody said, Well what was that reaction?
+to help catadores and their carroças.
+as well as family-safe app stores.
+They send down very deep roots,
+mine subterranean water supplies
+and kids are really important to most people.
+It does not tell the traveler where she s going
+and they said, a single oncogene can do it.
+to the next level of citizen response,
+It s exciting, and I will tell you
+And in fact, when the war ended and he was released,
+Well, while Aurora was playing this game, as you saw,
+And he asked that particular person,
+would help Muslims progress --
+16 inmates and 18 girls were invited.
+6 million quizzes in the 15 classes that have launched
+I logged on to a citizen journalism platform
+CC: Triplet-triplet. Triplet-triplet.
+Part of me wanted to cry and another part wanted to fight.
+But of course, that only works when we have both of these components.
+We have a number of missions telling us exactly the same thing today.
+was October 7, 2014.
+A lot of teachers are using this stuff.
+I m going to show you a video
+doesn t have to have perfect color uniformity.
+about 10 years ago. We met in Vancouver,
+These interrelated forms, they do inspire everything I do,
+But unlike the Higgs field, this number has no known explanation.
+which is a very wonderful place to be.
+I wanted to find out: do they do the same thing?
+that we can go down that s going to be more effective
+George Bush s favorite channel,
+from the Ministry of Justice, and we learn,
+What I m suggesting is, when you connect with people
+They re being subjective,
+So for the next two years,
+On this particular evening,
+the decisions that have shaped your destiny.
+perhaps creates a freedom
+they were time-consuming,
+not with automated tools but out of his email box.
+also have the highest levels of happiness.
+not just for product design, but for everything we do.
+It s like 21st-century Henry Moore.
+It wasn t your ability; it was your state.
+Let s look at the big picture.
+sending back information on the distance I d covered --
+Where is the soldier in each son?
+This whole process took nearly two years,
+And what they re doing is essentially building a map of the orchard.
+And in order to do that
+with my active involvement --
+and pay money for them
+And each gene has a promoter,
+was that humans on the Internet are scumbags.
+and stands up against the real bad guys,
+It s a great bird,
+We wash the bug out.
+Could you put into practice effectively
+you re going to be transported to the parking lot.
+And guess what? We need to.
+And then the Tasmanian devil is going to pop a thylacine out the south end.
+that has led to the resolution of many civil wars.
+but growing something.
+about how they feel about a particular film.
+how newborns, engage with the world,
+So the rest was merely a couple of months of work,
+What s in it for the institution?
+and she had this idea, and she goes, Dad, I ve got this idea.
+Openness. It s a word that
+It s a caviar vending machine.
+(Laughter)
+for what you re seeing and hearing right now,
+There s plenty of things that are being called green now.
+1915 must have been an exciting year to be a physicist.
+to look at microbial populations in biological reactors,
+Now, a lot of people will tell you
+that I m hoping to share with you all today.
+Basically, if we think about language,
+and at other times crawling beneath the seats,
+ It s a Bacchanal by Titian.
+something which scares us and fascinates us
+But what I want to teach you today
+ran an article on calcium as a treatment for PMS,
+They have no concept of what it is that s involved.
+There was no guidebook available to me
+So put that library at the bottom of that ship --
+And I realized something interesting:
+So I did get my treatment at the cancer center where I worked,
+I work with biologists.
+Many of these life-forms live in unusual ways.
+So I like to think that was the moment I became a middle class white man,
+that class and race and gender were not about other people,
+When we look at an animal like this remipede swimming in the jar,
+(Applause)
+Communication is becoming a center of life,
+by going to something called the Oculus Rift,
+They could play these like pianos.
+Hands up.
+I also work with physicists,
+and they tell the story of the different spaces
+They are the cause of much distress.
+You ll notice that transportation s sort of second down that list,
+that it was just a matter of changing the perspective,
+is actually dust from the Sahara Desert.
+(Laughter)
+hung two bloggers with a sign that said,
+Somehow, you come up with a mathematical theory,
+The suit itself can protect me from the cold.
+were Westerners.
+The first time it happened,
+and they tell us a lot
+they can be used
+by tracking its biggest pieces
+So I swam under houses and businesses and bowling alleys and golf courses,
+The second project I want to talk to you about is the Thylacine Project.
+Well, they were out,
+And when we can understand our human connections with our groundwater
+is what differentiates you in the talent pool?
+creates people who are fitted to the demands of that institution
+And on one occasion, I think I spoke in Geneva
+and the quote was,
+And then he took this whole raft of 45 spaghetti sauces,
+I ve found, after doing this for many, many years,
+a pitiable flight from life.
+So what would be better than to use the herring gull, in its freedom,
+those are the ants you see walking around —
+for pollination and, even more recently,
+Takes a licking!
+I found my passion.
+and conceptual possibility.
+or your knee or your stomach,
+which raises the question of, who is it I m working for?
+of creating a mechanical version of ourselves.
+to the late Steve Irwin.
+and then I ll be able to public speak and maybe be the prime minister
+And as you re thinking about that,
+a 1950s housewife into a blender. (Laughter)
+Of course, the skyscraper is vertical -- it s a profoundly hierarchical structure,
+It was a punishment for daring to challenge
+and the taller you are, the better, so it seems.
+and thinking less
+into that same state of waithood?
+But the document I happened to see
+and that s my talk. So we ll look at automobiles.
+with his arms, and presumably has a similar
+This is what it means. [ Make it look like something else. ]
+The same thing happend. He was the first
+She also had duplicates.
+and suddenly you see the building portrayed no longer as physical matter,
+of psychological, physical injury I ve ever seen
+There were other cases in which there was no evidence of an injury whatsoever,
+Debra Brown: I am known as Inmate 007080.
+not just the models themselves.
+in flight from violence
+do seem to require quantum mechanics.
+a very tight system that, although the tower isolates you,
+on more than half the world s land,
+against the rain.
+start with theories and hypotheses,
+in the West Garfield neighborhood of Chicago.
+in the next 10, and the next
+and say, I m going through hell,
+Thank you. (Applause)
+ If I look at the mass, I will never act.
+We first proved that all apartments would have sufficient daylight
+People are telling us it s just like Wall Street. It s not just like Wall Street.
+Those governments invest in that infrastructure
+since it first popped up in Central Africa in 1976.
+so that those would be usable throughout the entire year.
+And next time you think of a gift
+They are the bits that we use
+ I m thinking about having a child.
+a giant stalk of wheat
+we shouldn t beat our head against a wall
+and you ll see the fly start to fly, and the fly is actually
+We no longer live in a world
+and it meets the big three at GRC:
+Thank you for your backup singing.
+for anybody and everybody who s interested
+since Newtown,
+Siddhartha Mukherjee: It s a very interesting question.
+I need to make a confession at the outset here.
+ If you want to liberate a society,
+all you need is the Internet.
+I was wrong.
+I said those words back in 2011,
+when a Facebook page I anonymously created
+I will never forget the excitement as we closed the coast.
+The Arab Spring revealed social media s greatest potential,
+but it also exposed its greatest shortcomings.
+The same tool that united us to topple dictators
+eventually tore us apart.
+I would like to share my own experience in using social media for activism,
+is sports.
+and what we could do about them.
+In the early 2000s,
+which is why you can hear so many of them,
+Thirsty for knowledge, for opportunities,
+develop healthy relationships with their fathers?
+we escaped our frustrating political realities
+and lived a virtual, alternative life.
+Just like many of them, I was completely apolitical until 2009.
+At the time, when I logged into social media,
+takes a major toll on our planet.
+aspiring for political change in the country.
+It felt like I was not alone.
+context is everything.
+I even took a job at Google,
+While browsing Facebook,
+when they were placed, face down, on a hard surface.
+of a young Egyptian guy.
+Consciousness is not a part of the physical world.
+Khaled was a 29-year-old Alexandrian who was killed by police.
+I saw myself in his picture.
+I thought, I could be Khaled.
+to limit the power, whether it was of tyrants
+I anonymously created a Facebook page
+and called it We are all Khaled Said.
+In just three days, the page had over 100,000 people,
+stood in between us to maybe assess
+Whatever was happening had to stop.
+And they kind of took me into the farm
+We worked together for hours and hours.
+Over three out of five Americans think we have
+We were engaging them.
+We were calling collectively for actions,
+It was deemed to be an unpredictable event.
+The page became the most followed page
+But most of all, the teacher was just writing on the board --
+It had more fans than established media organizations
+and even top celebrities.
+On January 14, 2011,
+Ben Ali fled out of Tunisia
+after mounting protests against his regime.
+I saw a spark of hope.
+Egyptians on social media were wondering,
+ If Tunisia did it, why can t we?
+increase retirement age —
+ A Revolution against Corruption, Injustice and Dictatorship.
+I posed a question to the 300,000 users of the page at the time:
+ Today is the 14th of January.
+Everything you ve seen today is built with the basic
+It s a national holiday.
+If 100,000 of us take to the streets of Cairo,
+no one is going to stop us.
+even kings and queens. (Applause)
+In just a few days, the invitation reached over a million people,
+and over 100,000 people confirmed attendance.
+Social media was crucial for this campaign.
+It helped a decentralized movement arise.
+We know that the brain caps off
+And it made it impossible for the regime to stop it.
+At the time, they didn t even understand it.
+And on January 25th, Egyptians flooded the streets of Cairo and other cities,
+calling for change,
+breaking the barrier of fear
+and we could build a million- square-foot distribution center?
+Then came the consequences.
+and the negative energy in them?
+I was walking in a dark street in Cairo, around midnight.
+I had just tweeted, Pray for Egypt.
+The government must be planning a massacre tomorrow.
+I was hit hard on my head.
+I lost my balance and fell down,
+to find four armed men surrounding me.
+All in all, I wouldn t trade my autism and my imagination for the world.
+I knew I was being kidnapped by state security.
+I found myself in a cell,
+handcuffed, blindfolded.
+I was terrified.
+So was my family,
+who started looking for me
+in hospitals, police stations and even morgues.
+After my disappearance,
+a few of my fellow colleagues who knew I was the admin of the page
+(Applause)
+and that I was likely arrested by state security.
+My colleagues at Google started a search campaign trying to find me,
+we d love to know what s going on inside their brain.
+After 11 days of complete darkness,
+I was set free.
+And three days later,
+Mubarak was forced to step down.
+It was the most inspiring and empowering moment of my life.
+It was a time of great hope.
+Egyptians lived a utopia for 18 days during the revolution.
+They all shared the belief
+that we could actually live together despite our differences,
+that Egypt after Mubarak would be for all.
+But unfortunately,
+number one; basketball was second, because it was paying their way,
+The euphoria faded,
+we failed to build consensus,
+and the political struggle led to intense polarization.
+Social media only amplified that state,
+and the country s economy continues to suffer.
+What we can do is we can take our mice
+The environment was purely toxic.
+My online world became a battleground filled with trolls, lies, hate speech.
+again and again and again,
+But of course, this wasn t just about me.
+that we don t know all that we thought we did.
+the army supporters and the Islamists.
+People in the center, like me,
+one they thought was meaningful and important.
+Both groups wanted you to side with them;
+you were either with them or against them.
+And on the 3rd of July 2013,
+the army ousted Egypt s first democratically elected president,
+after three days of popular protest that demanded his resignation.
+That day I made a very hard decision.
+I decided to go silent, completely silent.
+It was a moment of defeat.
+I stayed silent for more than two years,
+and I used the time to reflect on everything that happened,
+So many stories emerge from these dynamics
+It became clear to me
+that while it s true that polarization is primarily driven
+by our human behavior,
+She said, You are, because, see, it happens to everyone.
+Say you want to say something that is not based on a fact,
+pick a fight or ignore someone that you don t like.
+These are all natural human impulses,
+but because of technology,
+acting on these impulses is only one click away.
+into a way to make a living.
+facing today s social media.
+Arthur Samuel knew something else.
+And I think this is our challenge, because somebody
+More than traditional leadership programs,
+ From them I extended my hands and stole you --
+We tend to only communicate with people that we agree with,
+and thanks to social media,
+we can mute, un-follow and block everybody else.
+Third, online discussions quickly descend into angry mobs.
+All of us probably know that.
+on the merits of being a dome.
+that the people behind screens are actually real people
+and not just avatars.
+And fourth, it became really hard to change our opinions.
+Because of the speed and brevity of social media,
+we are forced to jump to conclusions
+and write sharp opinions in 140 characters
+about complex world affairs.
+And once we do that, it lives forever on the Internet,
+Just be aware of the pressure.
+for obvious reasons —
+Fifth -- and in my point of view, this is the most critical --
+today, our social media experiences are designed in a way
+that favors broadcasting over engagements,
+posts over discussions,
+Within 24 hours, the Georgia Billy Possum Company
+It s as if we agreed that we are here to talk at each other
+instead of talking with each other.
+I witnessed how these critical challenges contributed
+to an already polarized Egyptian society,
+but this is not just about Egypt.
+Polarization is on the rise in the whole world.
+We need to work hard on figuring out
+how technology could be part of the solution,
+costs in business and government,
+There s a lot of debate today on how to combat online harassment
+and fight trolls.
+This is so important.
+No one could argue against that.
+your biosamples, your blood, and share them in a biobank,
+that promote civility and reward thoughtfulness.
+and with me I have KeraJaan and Mei,
+if I write a post that is more sensational,
+more one-sided, sometimes angry and aggressive,
+I get to have more people see that post.
+I will get more attention.
+But what if we put more focus on quality?
+What is more important:
+the total number of readers of a post you write,
+or who are the people who have impact that read what you write?
+to find a healthy country in Latin America.
+rather than just broadcasting opinions all the time?
+Or reward people for reading
+and responding to views that they disagree with?
+hydrogen or advanced biofuels.
+or probably even reward that?
+What if we have a matrix that says how many people changed their minds,
+and that becomes part of our social media experience?
+to shift our focus to where real life occurs.
+I d probably write more thoughtfully, trying to do that,
+rather than appealing to the people who already agree with me
+and liking because I just confirmed their biases.
+We also need to think about effective crowdsourcing mechanisms,
+to fact-check widely spread online information,
+and reward people who take part in that.
+In essence, we need to rethink today s social media ecosystem
+and redesign its experiences
+to reward thoughtfulness, civility and mutual understanding.
+As a believer in the Internet, I teamed up with a few friends,
+started a new project,
+trying to find answers and explore possibilities.
+Our first product is a new media platform for conversations.
+We re hosting conversations that promote mutual understanding
+and hopefully change minds.
+We don t claim to have the answers,
+but we started experimenting with different discussions
+about very divisive issues,
+such as race, gun control, the refugee debate,
+The next part I want to show you is something about positive motivation.
+These are conversations that matter.
+Today, at least one out of three people on the planet
+have access to the Internet.
+But part of this Internet is being held captive
+by the less noble aspects of our human behavior.
+Five years ago, I said,
+ If you want to liberate society,
+all you need is the Internet.
+Today, I believe if we want to liberate society,
+we give the bacteria billions of chances
+Thank you very much.
+(Applause)
+I m assuming everyone here has watched
+because the news mostly depressed him.
+to fix that bug, the driver.
+The microbes in your gut can influence your weight and your moods.
+But like most things in technology
+and trying to figure out if there was some way to help them.
+And there are some people
+and I ve filmed some of them,
+my personal truth is that law enforcement is in a crisis.
+on someone who was going to die anyway.
+And the Shephelah, if you ve been to Israel, you ll know
+If I m the worst person in the world,
+And we discovered this recipe
+it requires a combination of two things,
+It s always reminded me of the Apollo image of the Earth,
+and it was going to be a very expensive technology,
+whale poop and rotting carcasses.
+I discovered that, if I worked on a larger scale and with bigger materials,
+Y all know what I m talking about.
+That drives up the cost of this robot.
+Because think about the teddy bear.
+who d done an economics doctorate at Harvard,
+And when you look at what happens to that pipeline,
+the most impoverished district --
+What I learned from the yo-yo is,
+about work and play and about four aspects of life
+and she simply has enough,
+So seeing this in practice,
+And this is true across the animal kingdom.
+Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.
+They re made by the gazillions in China and India,
+See, police have a problem.
+but we never talk to the community about them.
+And we shove them into the community and say, Take that.
+watts each person is producing,
+and what I felt I could read as an adult.
+The academic publishing environment is very different now.
+which might turn into a place
+if you learn to respond
+black poets, authors and philosophers,
+and could really make an effect on the stock market,
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+(Laughter)
+is to protect and serve.
+but to become a place where people want to be.
+And I know why it happens.
+That s where the helium is.
+I mean, literally no traffic congestion in Oklahoma City to speak of.
+There is no way in the world
+in this particular way?
+So for example, I m going to show you a sequence,
+Standard & Poor s, and Fitch will tell us
+You know who came? It was the elders.
+(Music)
+So it takes all of us, all of us.
+It has led me to further my research
+in less than 15 years,
+everything its brain has to compute with such tiny neurons.
+Herman Melville, who used this story as research for Moby Dick,
+and I wasn t getting anywhere. So I went back and dumped
+She had bipolar illness,
+If you had spaces like this all over the world,
+It would take care of itself.
+(Laughter)
+when I was working with the late,
+First, transport. Here are the physics principles that tell you
+It s right at the southernmost tip of Norway.
+You know, Lebanon as a country has been once destroyed
+and Olivia, the dog, is 16.
+The Euromaidan protests began peacefully at the end of 2013,
+No.
+they don t just get three times bigger; they gain new structures.
+Jarrett would walk out on the same stage,
+What I am trying to do as a photographer,
+to halt environmental destruction.
+Vera was introducing Keith to the piano in question,
+and it wasn t going well.
+Ten thousand years ago, there were about five million human beings on Earth.
+We put suffocation warnings on every piece of plastic film
+walked around it,
+is that maybe we actually can.
+Most of what we know about human life
+Then the producer came over to Vera and said ...
+ If you don t get a new piano, Keith can t play.
+Now the thing is, I would like to put it to you
+The opera house had provided the wrong instrument.
+This one had this harsh, tinny upper register,
+the white notes were out of tune,
+Some people -- let s be honest --
+But it was something
+He was waiting.
+Because there was no coach standing directly over you,
+right across the street from here.
+and he says, These are the threats, these are the details,
+but she couldn t get a new piano.
+It has a little cough and a hiccup, and out comes sprays of little frogs.
+I did not choose to take up the pen,
+And yet we re meant to be educating them for it.
+And he looked out of his car
+the camera.
+and said,
+ Never forget ... only for you.
+on Europa, on Ganymede, on Enceladus, on Titan,
+I have an opinion of this myself because of the business I m in,
+and began.
+Within moments it became clear that something magical was happening.
+he had to set up these rumbling, repetitive riffs in the bass.
+desperately trying to create enough volume to reach the people in the back row.
+It s an electrifying performance.
+everyone, including scientists, mistakenly confused Alzheimer s with aging.
+The Global Media Monitoring Project has found that stories by female reporters
+And the audience loved it.
+because the recording of the Köln Concert
+is the best-selling piano album in history
+Binary information makes your phone work,
+Keith Jarrett had been handed a mess.
+But let s think for a moment about Jarrett s initial instinct.
+He didn t want to play.
+Of course,
+I call that a problem worth solving.
+would feel the same way, we d have the same instinct.
+memory to the digital world,
+And I think our instinct is also wrong.
+But I can live up to that. I don t have a problem with that.
+for the unexpected advantages of having to cope with a little mess.
+So let me give you some examples
+Now I don t say that is necessarily a bad thing.
+but it s much better than you would expect,
+Ultimately, we conservationists,
+and we re involved in a couple of new city projects in China.
+considered to be vulnerable
+Why are you saying that? Open up a journal.
+with varying degrees of success.
+and the short story on Twitter,
+and that strangeness is a consequence of innovative thinking.
+a few years ago,
+And he asked them to reformat the handouts
+and an average of 300 tons
+and then when you figure out that this works, you can join as well.
+it isn t because they haven t been trying hard.
+But half these classes were getting handouts that were formatted
+so you can have a series of these neighborhoods.
+or something with a zesty bounce, like Comic Sans italicized.
+Now, these are really ugly fonts,
+and they re difficult fonts to read.
+But at the end of the semester,
+and the students who d been asked to read the more difficult fonts,
+it s tearing apart the Wikipedia community.
+As you look forward,
+and so they learned more.
+OK, so Multi-Health Systems is a software company,
+and Wales locked the entries on Kerry and Bush for most of 2004.
+I mean, you know what I m talking about.
+you re having a conversation,
+there are all kinds of other conversations going on in the restaurant,
+you want to focus on what s important to you.
+into the materials,
+without five to 10 million units in the first run.
+They had weak filters, they had porous filters --
+but it had a layer of metal that was called stretched metal.
+I want you to just stand exactly like this for me,
+but we can t explain the decline in death sentences
+Is this the right interpretation of evolutionary theory?
+repeating across both space and time.
+I can see the spiritual essence inside them,
+So often they re rational and useful,
+to have some real creative milestone in their lives,
+It s the so-called Green Machine that we introduced with Kofi Annan
+These distractions were actually grists to their creative mill.
+They were able to think outside the box because their box was full of holes.
+Could inmates live decent and meaningful lives,
+he likes to say fish is the perfect protein.
+the world s full of complicated problems --
+Andy also talks about the fact that
+OK, other organizations we ve been working with, UC Merced --
+On October 15,
+within this very strong grid,
+So if you measure the precursor signal,
+it s too hard.
+Once we had followed our men all the way into their 80s,
+So you have some kind of prototype
+One is our Protestant work ethic
+Now, this idea of marginal gains will eventually get you a good jet engine.
+And it s been quite widely implemented in the world.
+So you ll hear about it, for example, in high performance cycling,
+violence around the world.
+they re looking for these step-by-step gains.
+That s a good way to solve a complicated problem.
+But you know what would make it a better way?
+But now we have a way
+You add randomness,
+early on in the process,
+and I find this a pattern worth sharing, and it goes something like this.
+doesn t happen by accident.
+and that will tend to make the problem-solving work better.
+around different alternatives.
+So we have study after study now
+and your problem-solving becomes more robust.
+but it seems really obvious in retrospect.
+but their accent, they are beginning not to be able to speak Kiribati properly.
+you re going to need to cover something like
+they re not using this support language,
+alibis and evidence, witness statements and three suspects.
+It is, in fact, enormously important.
+And there were two treatments in this experiment.
+How do you do it?
+you did something, and after, you thought to yourself,
+three friends and a stranger.
+that you will spend there a full six hours,
+Obviously I m going to say
+And the side effects in that case occur in 50 percent of the patients.
+Otherwise, it was disregarded
+what happens if you do that at a really minimal level,
+You can get your desires or goals.
+doing the same thing on the left side.
+the three friends and the stranger,
+they had a 75 percent chance of finding the right answer.
+That s quite a big leap in performance.
+And we had a robotic device, a humanoid robot,
+but how they felt about it.
+So when Katherine Phillips interviewed the groups of four friends,
+they had a nice time,
+they also thought they d done a good job.
+understanding it better,
+it s actually rather difficult, it s rather awkward ...
+It s my job to say that, but it s actually true.
+They didn t think they d done a good job even though they had.
+Probably the most important piece there
+every movement scrutinized.
+Access Hollywood.
+ Most Likely -- right here in this window in real time.
+the random move ...
+these disruptions help us solve problems,
+the later creation of fully developed writing
+But we don t feel that they re helping us.
+the ultimate enforcer
+and so we resist.
+And over the last 27 years, Seva s programs in 15 countries
+So I want to talk about somebody
+so your space can convert from exercise to a workplace,
+His name is Brian Eno.
+and we created a national energy strategy from the bottom up?
+behind some of the great rock n roll albums of the last 40 years.
+you re bringing that population right the way down.
+and piles of emails that I haven t gone through.
+that will allow us to get to escape velocity?
+he s worked with Coldplay, he s worked with everybody.
+in two years time, in five years time
+In the majority of bubble universes,
+(Applause)
+It s his role to be the awkward stranger.
+It s his role to tell them
+that they have to play the unplayable piano.
+is through this remarkable deck of cards --
+I have my signed copy here -- thank you, Brian.
+They re called The Oblique Strategies,
+started to turn into individual choices not to have babies.
+But there are new technologies and new products
+Brian Eno will reach for one of the cards.
+It s a process of academic inflation.
+and environmental systems and high altitude medicine.
+It s coming out starting in two months.
+Yeah, everyone swap instruments -- Drummer on the piano --
+Brilliant, brilliant idea.
+It s already happened.
+ Make a sudden, destructive, unpredictable action. Incorporate.
+and then stand back to choose which was the best.
+Now, they ve proved their worth in album after album.
+The musicians hate them.
+You have to run fast so the devil can t catch up.
+If you want to design a great flag,
+He got so frustrated he started throwing beer cans across the studio.
+The printing press gave us access to the written word.
+working with Eno on David Bowie s Lodger album,
+when it s essentially a piece of theater,
+but also,
+Carlos Alomar, 35 years later, now uses The Oblique Strategies.
+And he tells his students to use The Oblique Strategies
+because of these offshore platforms.
+from astrophysics, to scientific experiments gone wrong,
+they were just a list --
+I say, Terry, please, I m trying to fry an egg in here.
+meaning we try not to vote on the content of articles,
+The list didn t work.
+and so I invite all of you
+that when Men s Health magazine put it on their cover,
+Your eye would go down the list
+and it would settle on whatever was the least disruptive,
+For example, in addition to being an activist,
+which of course misses the point entirely.
+what they smelled like, what they sounded like.
+yes, we need to run the stupid experiments,
+on that classification subtest.
+we need to try to read the ugly fonts.
+These things help us.
+They help us solve problems,
+not months or decades, or whatever. So we had the capability.
+But also ...
+we really need some persuasion if we re going to accept this.
+who maybe most people have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
+whether it s sheer willpower,
+whether it s the flip of a card
+or whether it s a guilt trip from a German teenager,
+There were the wooden boards on the sides of the hut
+need to sit down and try and play the unplayable piano.
+He said, I remember the thylacines going around the hut
+(Applause)
+And it managed to get through my spam filter.
+and they both had their right eye missing,
+workers who collect recyclable materials for a living.
+I m convinced that in 30 years,
+after the liberation he continued
+So his daddy is president for life of Equatorial Guinea,
+Or good design is digital fonts that we use all the time
+a smartphone [system] that enables
+who here has paid money
+She said, Why don t you leave your number,
+our commercial real estate industry,
+And actually, she reacted exactly the way that I hoped that she would.
+There were just a few thousand terrorists.
+I am not here to inspire you.
+and its sole purpose is to attract attention towards itself.
+and that s important, because if you know
+ Mary is a battered woman.
+being able to move your arm and leg?
+essentially creating a home
+and we ve used that to modulate
+and effectively store it and tag it to something physical
+And as he watched the disease unfold, he was able
+because if that thing were somewhere else
+And when they do, they bring with them
+and always the same question:
+I can assure you there s deception there.
+If we work overnight, we should be paid for overtime.
+and I do believe it s the most important question we need to answer,
+the camera angle, you can do that,
+This is the jaw-dropper.
+Perhaps there are other things that we re just not thinking about yet,
+(Applause)
+and she makes you listen to them and think about them,
+All I m doing is wasting their time.
+and none of them wanted to report
+and it s not about saving Jews. It s not about saving Muslims.
+is that we think our pizza is significantly healthier
+was the first mechanical computer in the modern sense.
+in my head, so my own version.
+Bob Chapman, who runs
+and also for cardioscopes.
+I said, Winnie, I m really sorry to hear of this.
+and he thought that its complexity
+well, you have pre-obesity or
+take a part of the chosen discipline that is sparsely inhabited.
+(Applause)
+This year, if you think about it,
+have disease, take pill, kill something.
+building infrastructure to get water to our cities.
+among other reasons.
+(Applause)
+JF: You know, I was thinking this morning,
+but the offer was exclusive, and only stood for a limited period of time.
+and they were with their wives.
+starting from the bottom and going through the top.
+and with some very simple changes,
+And the reply is, It s what s so great about being Jewish.
+in other ways.
+How do you ask those who were once fighting
+I was very happy with it; so was Chern.
+on and on, have far less impact, less intensity and much less duration
+and that she should be more careful
+(Applause)
+unkempt, probably ill-fed,
+And for the small group of us who actually study this kind of data,
+Did you win? You got it? You got it? Excellent!
+Now this is going to be important for what I m going
+Or maybe something else, something different and new?
+And that s essentially our main cost.
+In concrete terms,
+But somewhere along the way, we got confused by our own conversation.
+are very much the children of 68 --
+Stewart Brand would put a micronuclear reactor
+But if we give our new drugs to these worms at an early stage,
+were the victims of reverse discrimination in the workplace.
+Actually, we lived in a place called Snitterfield,
+LD: From India, we traveled to East Africa,
+(Laughter)
+and that s why I said seven to 10 million there.
+Now, if these were random doodles or decorations,
+Why isn t the title of the show, A Black Woman Got the Job?
+So we started a nonprofit foundation.
+and no matter how many robots you introduce into the formation,
+And the reason it s the wrong answer is because of progress.
+Now, they differ a great deal
+And again, in Peterborough, we started off
+The question then is, how could that be possible
+in which you make arguments about how old the Earth is.
+I found fertility at birth, and I looked at total fertility rate per woman.
+as they diverge in that pathway of learning
+architecture restored to a cancer cell
+And I hope that she is somewhere safe and healthy,
+the driver s tendencies to break the law
+so the stickers will hopefully help drivers see this shining thing
+And so we waited a little while before we had our second child.
+It is the place where we gather around
+As the need for a solution became more urgent
+because of these questions about identity,
+Like, not that there s anything wrong with that,
+and let people decide what they want to do with their money.
+about 300 years ago.
+Well, in California, we already recycle about 40 billion gallons a year
+It was sort of a hollow in the ground.
+She said, I want to bring every good thing to this child
+just to see, to gauge the level of change.
+They need me. They need us.
+Now what s interesting is that
+to slow down the aging process
+This isn t a design, OK?
+He thought they might like him if he kept his light dim
+Whether you re gay or not,
+to figure out in an organic way
+And then we decided to work with society.
+When men share housework and childcare,
+by virtue of the fact that somebody tells you when your birthday is,
+I am no designer, nope, no way.
+of something that you re all very familiar with: an ant.
+unfortunate or even dangerous, and they certainly can be.
+who s going to talk about the crisis of democracy
+But I know that it s there.
+And understanding contradictions that occur in nature
+And over the course of nine months
+Barnaby Jack
+At this distance,
+and his crowning glory was the building
+Some astronomers focus their time and energy on finding planets
+And finally, to make these things really functional,
+That means that despite corporate training programs,
+And here s why that s important:
+rather than what is.
+that control whether a planet can support life.
+Take the planet Venus.
+A couple of months earlier, they had found a body,
+that is fueled by those trips to the mailbox,
+You get that, and it s like a slap in the face.
+From these lessons from our own solar system,
+is crucial to its climate and potential to host life.
+We don t know what the atmospheres of these planets are like
+because the planets are so small and dim compared to their stars
+For example, one of the closest planets that could support surface water --
+such a glamorous name, right, nice phone number for a name --
+from the point of view of the five senses.
+So that s more than 100 trillion miles.
+Trying to measure the atmospheric composition
+They said, You know what? Indians don t do innovation.
+OK, now imagine that car is 100 trillion miles away,
+So I use computer models
+Here s an artist s concept of the planet Kepler-62f,
+You cook it with rice and chicken, and you flip it upside-down.
+so most of the girls kind of fight
+Ice on a planet s surface is also important for climate.
+and we grow stuff and we feed our teachers.
+That s why the iceberg in this photo looks so blue.
+if no one bought your product,
+Was that with only one and himself could his heart divide,
+You can see the baby s sleeping, but there s not too much information there.
+But so does everything else.
+Using climate models to explore
+where we have, for the first time, the approval by the FDA
+as a way of establishing and maintaining
+who loves to wear makeup and read fashion magazines,
+then we are condemning a whole cohort of people --
+My organization, Rising Stargirls,
+and you can trade it across all these social media,
+They aren t told by their boss
+You can take what you believe in
+to a first approximation, I watch people argue.
+ Dear Drugsheaven, I wrote,
+So, I m an artist.
+Wait, wait. What?
+And I d just come back from living in Spain for a while,
+So you see, Roy Price is a senior executive with Amazon Studios.
+In other words: Are there processes, mechanisms, phenomena
+you know: Poems are made by fools like me, but only God can make a tree.
+because it s something we don t want to hear.
+globalization tsunami that s about to wreck all our lives
+that are on the very right end of this curve here.
+and we focused on fighting a war
+With the rising sea, they say, Well, you can move back.
+that may have been used to catch slippery prey, like fish.
+the most fuel efficiently.
+300 books altogether on purpose and career and all this,
+It would be easier for other people to wear the helmet
+then to sit and to stand and to walk,
+You felt upset.
+That is a huge challenge.
+But you have to maintain it.
+They do it by bouncing their butts together,
+because it makes my life work a whole lot easier.
+this very complex ECM
+(Laughter)
+I d like to share three sets of examples, starting with
+So you could imagine they were very excited about it.
+penicillin and a vaccine for tuberculosis.
+And if by some chance you haven t seen that in your store yet,
+But I mean, why would they respond to a 14-year-old, anyway?
+as represented in the sitcom The IT Crowd.
+We call it agile aerospace,
+but opens up to the good light from the sky.
+Performance is a mental and physical construction
+and then you try to figure out what you can do
+at twice human artery pressure.
+It s already with us.
+and how I went to a YMCA camp, Christian camp,
+which is, effectively, recognition.
+another executive did manage to land a top show using data analysis,
+Audience: Amen.
+But this is not the Europe we know today.
+and we injected it into the embryos.
+of comments posted online
+and doing a thousand trials a day
+So, my civic center colleagues and I made a tool kit,
+and we found that cassava is indeed grown in Haiti,
+Hurt, sadness and anger flooded through me.
+Oh, they have a degree from Harvard on the wall?
+And if we truly listen to one another,
+and then it works beautifully for one of them,
+and to me, it was just an obvious thing --
+But if I wanted you to look at my right hand,
+but what we don t really notice are these problems in cities.
+is precisely what is missing
+For 0.01 percent of this money you could have put WiFi on the trains,
+I remember one day, Michal,
+was when we did side-by-side comparisons with wood charcoal,
+Could we be manufacturing from foodstuffs in the future?
+don t really suffocate, but the oxygen that they produce
+the National Museum of Science in London,
+by hiding in a truck.
+increased corporate disclosure, so you can now track assets across borders.
+I tell people I used to be a light bulb, but now I m a laser --
+And he never expected this.
+and that night I also thought of what else I could do
+my decision about birth control had nothing to do with promiscuity.
+for over a year.
+Now, if you re looking at me and feeling sorry,
+I love data.
+This is a photo of him, and when you see that photo,
+With so different incomes, it s almost the same drop
+They thought about it for a while.
+Snoop Doggy Dogg covers this song
+(Applause)
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+broke the law.
+and that tool is the brain.
+to how much money they can make,
+and that s where we made our most important discovery,
+Most of the sand on the Moon,
+ This is what the data tells us.
+which says to boys and young men
+became increasingly important as the delivery of food
+But when it s backlit, it s color.
+and we will have click-through purchases of offsets.
+tend to be pretty smart people.
+and it threatens key organizational interests.
+Oh, they ve run out.
+It s based on furniture typologies, but that s not the end motivation.
+but I believe it s still on us to make the decisions
+but I can have four of these on my finger,
+But the guys at United Parachute Technologies came up with this idea,
+to be an expert in what you re doing
+It was ridiculous. I couldn t get a mobile phone plan
+is going to go on to develop autism.
+Over our lifetimes,
+stood up in front of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin
+have been my friends for a very long time, too.
+and even more worried that we don t think about them.
+one of these two phrases come up:
+they need our sympathy. They really do. (Laughter)
+quantum mechanics,
+our understanding of the universe.
+Only about 250.
+but in the hands of suicide bombers,
+But the first time that I took my book out of my suitcase,
+To understand the pace of our own government thinking on this,
+Narrator: When he arches his back, he gains altitude.
+But when we look around us, we see we live in a universe full of interesting stuff,
+why does all this interesting stuff exist?
+flying by the seat of my ass.
+I chose the gun.
+that is cut right from under the poorest.
+what happens when we die,
+and blending into each other
+ How about you put those pills in the drawer while we text?
+And they go back and forth for a while.
+and so we dealt with that by making
+If we go back 11 years,
+But then something interesting happened.
+The first one --
+more or less intelligent design --
+staying right under the radar.
+And the Higgs field is a little bit like a magnetic field,
+in a ring like this,
+We ve got an amazing suit that was made by ILC Dover.
+The genocide happened in 1994,
+and no atoms could form and there would be no us.
+But there is something deeply mysterious about the Higgs field.
+They severed her head, put it on top of her computer
+It has two redundant oxygen tanks.
+and I had tens of thousands of people reading about my life every day.
+which makes streets even more desolate and unsafe,
+The marathon grew.
+And you might say,
+and it s going to be out in space later this year.
+of this kind of fine-tuning of a dangerous number,
+(Laughter)
+How that flows through me and how that comes out
+if we could introduce this charcoal-making technology there.
+driven by a mysterious repulsive force called dark energy.
+which they used ordinarily for their fuel.
+much less likely to take outsize risks --
+Now, if you use good old quantum mechanics to work out
+So we can handle severity, not chronological.
+Of course, it s a very short-term-ist strategy; it s a losing battle,
+Alone with my thoughts, I constructed intricate fantasies
+something where all details actually dissolve in infinity.
+In March of 2001 --
+In fact, it s been called the worst prediction in physics,
+So this is the second of those dangerous numbers,
+(Laughter)
+might provide a solution.
+Instead of taking a single, high quality image,
+and doesn t have to be as busy,
+They are observed by the other people,
+I first came across this study
+we have this opportunity
+Thursday night is illicit drug use.
+So we have very diverse contributors
+with different laws of physics.
+39 percent of the students have special needs,
+But others actually turned this on its head
+Out of a population of 150,000,
+So to do this, I ve spent a lot of time
+they want to bury deeper feelings.
+crossing the highway,
+I say we don t,
+can get building and get creative.
+will help us create a future that s not only richer
+no one ever said they wanted extra-chunky.
+What the global delivery model allows is, it allows you
+that we still haven t figured out.
+It also changed the objective nature
+And what you can really think of XML in this case
+and is content with a yes or no answer.
+We will need to invest in the new technologies.
+And trade is another important incentive against violence.
+And they did. They donated land where we built the girls school.
+why would people who have no health insurance
+It s because our friendships --
+that gender equality is not a zero-sum game, but a win-win.
+And I ll just give you my personal story.
+We ve seen that DNA learns in a sense,
+There are countries in the world right now
+to address the challenges of the 20th century.
+of slashing budgets and publishers in crisis,
+is the tiny village of Elle, close to Lista.
+(Alarm clock)
+There was a recent survey of millennials
+And secondly, because what I m going to say is true,
+We have codes and standards that tell us that the lights should be so much Lux
+those pictures are almost impossible to get.
+until he committed suicide by shooting himself through the heart.
+♪ Can t remember when ♪
+and more disruptive ones,
+they include education, sometimes can be just education
+our current goal.
+The Harvard Study of Adult Development
+For 75 years, we ve tracked the lives of 724 men,
+year after year, asking about their work, their home lives, their health,
+The victims of this paralysis are the people of sub-Saharan Africa
+Everything about Mormonism determined what you wore,
+started walking towards the public.
+But the real issue is there s no food at home.
+this study has survived.
+The problem is that many people start to believe
+to indicate the presence of cancer.
+most of them in their 90s.
+And we are now beginning to study
+So you tell me why, in our age of science,
+politics, law, civic life.
+was filled with danger,
+to make many friends.
+And that scuba is exactly this system,
+If one day, a person sick with the measles appears in this city
+is just tell you a little bit
+The founders of this study
+is that it allows us to think about illness as well
+We received death threats.
+About half a million have made the crossing
+Tipper was saying, One more burger with fries!
+That s the kind of thing we re going to experience
+We interview them in their living rooms.
+We need women to work. We need working women to have babies.
+(Applause)
+Most probably, one of humanity s greatest achievements
+The reporters called me up and they --
+This is a scan through the human forearm.
+At that time in the United States,
+Well, the lessons aren t about wealth or fame or working harder and harder.
+He meant back beyond that mountain of trash,
+of the dead.
+It was destroyed before it ever existed.
+And I started to kill my blog slowly.
+like these people here giving aid to these people here.
+So what I m going to do is share with you my lessons.
+So this video illustrates the basic idea.
+is that the Bush-Kerry articles
+And we know that you can be lonely in a crowd
+and you can be lonely in a marriage,
+Amy, can you tell us what the game was,
+was the best moment of the day.
+It turns out that living in the midst of conflict is really bad for our health.
+(Laughter)
+and I never move.
+due to some physical limitations I won t go into.
+And when we gathered together everything we knew about them
+and eventually they filter down into the abyss
+wars between developed countries are no longer commonplace.
+So my page is on quite a few volunteers watch lists,
+only had to spend three days in silence
+I didn t know anything when the earthquake happened,
+It s the largest company in Tanzania.
+it was after midnight, I was in a taxi driving through Times Square,
+AT: This is our wish.
+Take, for example, the incidents of suicide baiting.
+but I will go buy a wetsuit and I will swim.
+something we can get
+They can generate income from this.
+about the normal structure and function of our bodies.
+Which means we can reverse the formula.
+This is a new chair which should come on the market in September.
+they meet more often,
+Here s an interesting property.
+were what they needed to go after to have a good life.
+But over and over, over these 75 years, our study has shown
+so you can mount the correct response.
+and understanding the systems that make this world.
+Well, the possibilities are practically endless.
+Most of the social rules and the methods of work
+my last seven-and-a-half minutes, on step one;
+I ve got a memory problem; that s why I m here.
+So, I mentioned earlier, people type ASDFASDF --
+that would like to live in the city, and very comfortably.
+There is only time for loving,
+And in the particular example we have here,
+The brain is an amazing and complex organ.
+but with a few small steps and a very steep learning curve,
+Teaming up with a marine biologist and a local dive center,
+I did not know what they were laughing at, but I wanted in.
+And then this incredible thing happened.
+So the king of England, Alfred the Great,
+It smelled awful.
+that they had, and I wanted others to experience this wonderland as well.
+In 2009, I moved to Mexico and started by casting local fisherman.
+This grew to a small community,
+We started asking ourselves questions.
+And then finally, to an underwater museum,
+with over 500 living sculptures.
+Gardening, it seems, is not just for greenhouses.
+We ve since scaled up the designs:
+(Laughter)
+to now currently in Lanzarote,
+because if you re sitting there yourself
+a long-lasting pH-neutral cement provides a stable and permanent platform.
+there are a 100,000 working vessels on the sea —
+We position them down current from natural reefs
+The formations are all configured so that they aggregate fish
+and the last 20 years of labor-productivity growth
+Even this VW Beetle has an internal living habitat
+Now, how did these cells, all with the same genetic material,
+So why exhibit my work in the ocean?
+who is a cosmologist and artist who seeks relation
+The ocean is the most incredible exhibition space
+a unique timeless quality
+But over the years,
+the sculptures, they belong to the sea.
+of even the most basic human rights,
+Sponges look like veins across the faces.
+Staghorn coral morphs the form.
+are exactly the same.
+to starve to death before reaching land.
+(Laughter)
+I think there is no doubt that the sector
+The deepest red I ve ever seen in my life lives underwater.
+Gorgonian fans oscillate with the waves.
+Purple sponges breathe water like air.
+And grey angelfish glide silently overhead.
+And the amazing response we ve had to these works
+tells me that we ve managed to plug into something really primal,
+That s the kind of thought that could lead a person
+and having a little nickel-sized cone of vision,
+I m standing here today on this boat in the middle of the ocean,
+One of your students must have been passing by,
+But let me give you an example of a profoundly carcinogenic environment.
+And I think this is for a reason,
+or at least I hope it is.
+that we need to start thinking about our oceans, too.
+for just about the entire postwar period.
+So on my RSS feed, I saw this thing about -
+and listen quietly,
+we reassemble it in a new configuration,
+when we experimentally manipulated classrooms.
+So why are we all here today in this room?
+as being the other side of the same coin.
+that call out to us, and in my experience that s certainly the case.
+like the Himalayas or the La Sagrada Família,
+who only had enough money to feed her baby,
+we understand their importance.
+But in order to do that,
+which is a term that totally drives us bonkers.
+And I m one who loves high tech and low tech.
+It might take a few days to get there,
+If someone was to throw an egg at the Sistine Chapel,
+And so I took this picture, and I handed it to him.
+and now I was completely blind
+180 days of the year.
+white people and black people are more historically familiar to one another.
+And we don t want to stop in Grenada,
+in Cancun or the Bahamas.
+in central London, right in front of the Houses of Parliament,
+putting a stark message about climate change
+there will be 10,000 who march across that state,
+Because for me, this is just the beginning of the mission.
+And they will stay there.
+Say you re a 14-year-old kid from the city,
+or an aquarium,
+we are also invited to do workshops,
+So let s think big and let s think deep.
+that not only do we take advantage of amazing creativity
+But I thought you might be interested
+as delicate, precious places,
+worthy of our protection.
+Our oceans are sacred.
+That s universal.
+I remembered an old man
+But what about natural forces?
+Coral reefs are farmers.
+and we wouldn t have a disease
+That was easy. OK.
+In fact, in the last few years, there s been an explosion
+into a world war.
+There s nothing we know about more directly.
+And not only that.
+It was in 2009 that my friend
+(Laughter)
+Alzheimer s care costs 200 billion dollars every year.
+The first model -- let s call it the dialectical model --
+And so to think that I had found my way, to found a career that takes me --
+and in schools.
+in the way that we talk about ourselves
+at the edge, the outer edge, of that network.
+or we can use the chemical information
+the explosive pain of regeneration.
+His parents think sometimes
+So, he made a filtrate, he took this filter
+We ask half of them to tell us,
+JC: After Nepal, we traveled to India.
+and usually at that point,
+maybe somebody else does.
+we need to reduce bycatch, which is the accidental
+I started thinking about it
+It s familiarizing ourselves with the present moment.
+his country,
+the number of people who we re sentencing to death on an annual basis
+We have a romantic ideal in which we turn to one person
+on and offline,
+that let us tease out some very important aspects of this.
+But with this in mind, we organized this expedition,
+until I left home to go to university.
+that most doctors don t like talking about,
+and individuals and small groups have the advantage.
+Even if it s Lake Tahoe, it s fresh water, totally unfounded fear,
+But when you give people the sense of hope,
+But in order to expand that, you need a river,
+The next big issue, deforestation.
+with their abdomens up in the air.
+we saw yet another lesbian couple holding hands.
+never been challenged to this degree.
+a flock of birds.
+It s a cognitive illusion
+very concerned about the body parts they thought they d need in the afterlife,
+that allow us to make things online.
+Within two minutes, three people pass two-year-old Wang Yue by.
+Why has the movement of refugees spiked so fast in the last six months?
+AG: Well, I think, basically, what triggered this huge increase
+I ve got some of the pieces in my pocket here.
+but slowly growing, and all of a sudden we had this massive increase
+It s like every year it s the last minute
+read critically, write consciously,
+as I ve explored this nocturnal world.
+CA: Which of you was the key instigator here,
+So I said, Forget that. I m the new Governor.
+Because you know what to do about the protests.
+I felt like I had been pieced back together
+picture-in-picture, then Popcorn lets it push
+hundreds of portraits were made.
+Together with 15 of my friends --
+and yet Europe looked totally unprepared.
+AG: Well, unprepared because divided,
+It was fully 25 years before the British and medical --
+This is Geoffrey Hinton here on the left-hand side.
+Among the most frequent responses
+energy. I need, with my body,
+coming into any market,
+is that our mind s eye
+And the obvious thing to look at is the sun.
+or something of the sort, if you count all refugees.
+So I don t think it s fair to say how many we can take.
+in order to modify them to represent
+And Europe has not been able to do so,
+Man: Get in the kitchen! Woman: No! Help!
+instead of less Europe.
+Thank you very much.
+We will not deliver security solely from the barrel of a gun.
+very simple language, beautifully typeset.
+AG: But, if I may, on these:
+if you want something to be affordable it s got to be one-size-fits-all.
+ This could work somehow. (Laughter)
+or, if not, maybe telling us that somewhere, independently,
+and I m singing,
+of the industry and the regulators
+And my kids, trained and certified --
+using their companies
+BG: So, if you look at the global situation not only at Europe --
+is species are going to have to migrate
+His girlfriend s uncle bought it from a used car auction
+AG: Well, 86 percent of the refugees in the world
+and I looked up -- oh yeah, you can have lots of fun here --
+when there s no director present, when they just have
+and it is a technology story.
+in the whole of evidence-based medicine.
+And, in general,
+and, you know, you could consider this like, I don t know,
+has been for borders to be open.
+I m going to show you a graph that shows up
+but you mentioned the cutting of funding and the vouchers
+If we can find a way of becoming positive in the present,
+But that is clearly insufficient to address the needs of the people
+and its incredible facility to create this platform
+For instance, Lebanon and Jordan are middle-income countries.
+They have millions of refugees there,
+also have learning disabilities.
+and an appetite for education and social engagement
+And, of course, if you look at today s situation
+This is what the code on your phone looks like,
+who belonged to that republic of dreams
+It did not take long after the rise
+Each one originates in a particular part of the body,
+But that s not going to be the only answer.
+could it be that we are heading towards or maybe in
+and reported to a poll for further political analyzing.
+the men are happier and healthier.
+Daesh and al-Nusra, al-Qaeda, and all those other groups
+multi-religious, multicultural,
+AG: In the sense that, I mean, for many people the first reaction
+not understanding that the terrorist problem in Europe is largely homegrown.
+(Applause)
+RL: They do. They do, in the sense of,
+Thank you. (Applause)
+there s that metaphor, there s turtles all the way.
+AG: Well, look:
+In 2005, we were helping one million people go back home
+In 2005, we had about 38 million people displaced by conflict in the world.
+At that time, we had had, recently,
+BG: Commissioner, thank you for the job you do.
+As the highest military commander of the Netherlands,
+Does extinction have to be forever?
+So there s a terribly weird freaky side to me,
+and if only my parents had never left Taiwan,
+And during a pause in my conversation with Katya,
+Lily Tomlin: Hand me one of those waters,
+is punishing me or judging me.
+who is most famous for reinventing spaghetti sauce.
+We have a very limited --
+to transship our bodies and our minds
+JF: You ain t seen nothing yet.
+PM: So tell me, what do you look for in a friend?
+who s audacious,
+to make floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views,
+and who thinks I m worthwhile.
+(Laughter)
+until I died.
+I exist because I have my women friends. They --
+You re one of them.
+became consumed by taking care of me the best they knew how.
+(Laughter)
+You know, they make me stronger, they make me smarter,
+they make me braver.
+They tap me on the shoulder when I might be in need of course-correcting.
+whose only rule is to try to keep access to the milk
+(Laughter)
+JF: No, I do, I include you in that, because listen, you know --
+(Laughing)
+(Laughter)
+you can learn a lot these days --
+and we call it Dove because satellites are typically named
+this was not something that occurred 500 years ago.
+what do you do to keep your friendships vital and alive?
+Well, I had a lot of time to think during those eight hours and no sleep.
+We do a lot of good things in the intelligence community,
+And they took the briquettes back to MIT so that they could test them.
+Now, Manya, when she encountered
+(Laughter)
+They need my support,
+because most of my friends are writers, or activists, or actors,
+and you re all three ...
+JF: Do you do emojis?
+LT: That s embarrassing. JF: I m really into emojis.
+And I ll talk about how I ve looked to combine
+Hi, Joe. Thanks for joining us today, great.
+from the moment of their creation to the moment of my experience.
+that used something that was readily available on the local level.
+(Applause)
+JF: Such a purist.
+So she gives a guest lecture for me when I teach.
+Well, we looked at the tissue under the microscope.
+from a chemical point of view,
+creating educational materials, sharing them with the world,
+There s been very little research done on us,
+On the other hand, it is also a society with a deeply patriarchal system,
+(Laughter)
+LT: This is really exciting, and you all will be interested in this.
+are less likely to develop impairments --
+with acting out of fear --
+They rise or fall, they live or die, as one.
+And I began to daydream.
+After Belgrade, where I was born,
+TR: Thanks for the interaction on a high level there.
+the researchers found
+as much as smoking or being overweight.
+JF: And there s something else, too --
+LT: I ve said my part, so ...
+Because they only -- for years, decades --
+they only researched men when they were trying to understand stress,
+But when I started on this back in 2007,
+because anyone who s involved in a school scale back,
+Which is a feel-good, calming, stress-reducing hormone.
+Which is also increased when we re with our women friends.
+And I do think that s one reason why we live longer.
+I ve been sort of looking across time,
+LT: Well, when you and I and Dolly made 9 to 5 ...
+JF: Oh --
+we see, temperature s too high.
+Here she is, like Hollywood royalty,
+I m like a tough kid from Detroit,
+to write dyer.
+we laughed -- we must have added at least a decade onto our lifespans.
+for the rest of their lives without the possibility of parole,
+but there s no chance you ll get the avian flu.
+When he said the word species, he was revealing his worldview.
+And the briquettes crumbled a little bit
+we re talking directly to the part of the brain
+that women friends are not just a social act,
+that s where most people assume --
+Do they add something spiritual to your lives?
+And the third brain system is attachment:
+only it kind of sounds like a woman.
+we applied it to our Nanopatches
+Climate change has affected the world for a long period of time,
+nobody has time to sit in front of you.
+OK? We don t want to mass migrate at some point in time.
+entitled The 10 Weirdest Things
+These three distinct elements, together,
+and guidance counselors to be there on Mondays.
+I find that I shed tears a lot with my intimate friends.
+LT: And you know one of you is going to go soon.
+So, multi-touch interaction research is a very active field right now in HCI.
+And I always think, when women talk about their friendships,
+that men always look a little mystified.
+and my father didn t get to see me standing
+and that included sheep.
+(Laughter)
+are people who came from the same sort of dysfunctional family that Will did.
+Yarmouk is being described as the worst place to live
+which are used by the village for different committee meetings.
+I had so many words in my mind,
+back into an ellipse.
+They re revelatory.
+I mean how many times have I asked you, Am I doing OK?
+and disquieting question:
+Shadi and his sisters got out.
+(Laughter)
+JF: But I mean, we ask questions like that
+So the question I m often asked in companies is,
+And then about seven years ago, we had a research student from Australia.
+And people can get RSS feeds --
+whereas men s friendships are more side-by-side.
+I mean, that s the general, conventional thought.
+They would rather go off in their man cave and watch a game or hit golf balls,
+or talk about sports, or hunting, or cars or have sex.
+JF: You meant -- LT: They talk about sex.
+by terrific relationships with their children.
+genes turned on and off
+(Laughter)
+Or is there something else?
+But there is something more that we can do
+And he puts his fists up in the most insane show of victory I ve ever seen.
+gazing into their mother s eyes,
+When the mother looks away, they could see the dismay on the child,
+So the question is why, as they grow older, does that change?
+Well, the last thing I really love about insects
+One paper in 1981 found that in 10 out of 21 threatened suicide attempts,
+Most of the time, you want to print one copy of your document,
+The specialist can dive in deep and implement ideas,
+but also, as I just pointed out a moment ago,
+it s what makes us strong.
+It s not that we re better than men,
+we just don t have our masculinity to prove.
+I know I frequently confront walls
+JF: That s a Gloria Steinem quote.
+So we can express our humanity -- LT: I know who Gloria Steinem is.
+JF: I know you know who she is, but I think it s a --
+(Laughter)
+Oh, that s it.
+We re not better than men, we just don t have our masculinity to prove.
+And that s really important.
+Let me tell you something: you know who you are
+JF: Women s friendships are like a renewable source of power.
+precipitously, tenfold, fiftyfold, as you age.
+female friendships are just a hop to our sisterhood,
+and sisterhood can be a very powerful force,
+indicating how fields relate to each other.
+the things that humans desperately need.
+and by May, she had graduated
+most of us would be willing to do just about anything.
+and I m getting there.
+Thank you very much.
+I have a corresponding milestone to robust human rejuvenation.
+JF: Well, women are the fastest growing demographic in the world,
+especially older women.
+their own rules, their own laws
+and that it must be central and active.
+And we need to do it soon.
+And one of the things that we need to do --
+and we can do it as women --
+for one thing, we kind of set the consumer standards.
+We need to consume less.
+by somebody who s thought a lot about changes
+and when we buy things, we need to buy things that are made locally,
+with a blog that he writes for twice a week.
+We are the ones that need to get off the grid.
+We need to make ourselves independent from fossil fuels.
+One, it s diverse.
+But this journey has only just begun,
+cause they are --
+to solve them working together.
+we are going to go straight to the four-plus-degree scenario.
+of stem cell lines. It s genetically arrayed.
+where all countries tend to use their money
+LT: Oh, boy.
+JF: And not drill in the Alberta tar sands --
+Probably Thailand, Brazil and Nigeria
+That we will be --
+there will be more democracy and more jobs and more well-being,
+and it s women that are going to lead the way.
+LT: Maybe we have the momentum to start a third-wave feminist movement
+It s because some family planning programs
+transparent, so you can see the people in there.
+but we join together that way,
+that s the only thing that can pop out the other end of the devil.
+Aristotle said --
+most people --
+OK, the second big enabler, and this is where I told a big lie.
+Because they thought that friendships should be between equals
+and women were not considered equal --
+that s the cosmic question, it sort of rhymes
+LT: No, exactly. That shows you just how limited Aristotle was.
+That s what happens if you get inspired by the street lamp first,
+We should stop watching,
+It s like, you know, men do need women now.
+The planet needs women.
+The US Constitution needs women.
+We are not even in the Constitution.
+JF: You re talking about the Equal Rights Amendment.
+it s caused by something similar to an electrical impulse.
+Justice Ginsberg said something like --
+every constitution that s been written since the end of World War II
+but ours does not.
+on a hot day like today.
+Very, very mild --
+You can spray paint it. You can do anything you want.
+You know, there s a popular trope out there
+And at the time, I was working on the history
+it would lift all boats, not just women.
+but those skills of thinking creatively,
+How to be friends,
+how to think about our power in different ways,
+Most people go and buy the Aston Martin.
+I built this.
+the suicide bomber is all in little pieces,
+and even if they occasionally disagree.
+Thank you.
+of education without borders,
+(Applause)
+JF: Thanks.
+LT: Thank you.
+JF: Thank you.
+(Applause)
+So, I have an overlooked but potentially lucrative
+investment opportunity for you.
+They use these to design with and they design for them,
+and in other contexts it s wrong.
+by a ratio of around three to one.
+or gathering to mate or breed,
+and they start at around 3,900 pounds.
+And they re projected to achieve about 40 percent growth.
+The biggest advantage is that this is a market with continuous demand.
+Now, this is a real proposition,
+tied to my head with this elastic, tattered band,
+because his hair is always completely unkempt like this
+I m an architect and urban designer,
+and leaking radiation.
+I ve been looking at approaches to death and dying
+and at how they ve shaped our cities and the buildings within them.
+So in the summer, I did my first exhibition
+on death and architecture in Venice,
+and it was called Death in Venice.
+And because death is a subject
+that many of us find quite uncomfortable to talk about,
+the exhibition was designed to be quite playful,
+so that people would literally engage with it.
+If you re a washer, then you use water
+it was a revelation, a discovery,
+is given over to death.
+As you wave your hand across the map,
+the name of the piece of real estate -- the building or the cemetery --
+is revealed.
+And those white shapes that you can see,
+they re all of the hospitals and hospices
+and mortuaries and cemeteries in the city.
+In fact, the majority are cemeteries.
+We wanted to show that, even though death and burial are things
+And I said, yes, I would do that,
+they re all around us, and they re important parts of our cities.
+So about half a million people die in the UK each year,
+and of those, around a quarter will want to be buried.
+that psychiatry is a pseudo-science that can t be trusted?
+is running out of burial space,
+especially in the major cities.
+And the Greater London Authority has been aware of this for a while,
+and the main causes are population growth,
+the fact that existing cemeteries are almost full.
+in our coastal areas of the countries,
+and there s also development pressure -- people want to use that same land
+to build houses or offices or shops.
+So they came up with a few solutions.
+They were like, well, maybe we can reuse those graves after 50 years.
+Or maybe we can bury people, like, four deep,
+so that four people can be buried in the same plot,
+and we can make more efficient use of the land that way,
+that things became doable and sustainable and viable.
+in the near future.
+But, traditionally, cemeteries haven t been taken care of
+by the local authority.
+In fact, the surprising thing is that there s no legal obligation
+on anyone in the UK to provide burial space.
+Traditionally, it s been done by private and religious organizations,
+like churches and mosques and synagogues.
+But there s also occasionally been a for-profit group
+who has wanted to get in on the act.
+This is Frank Drake s electronics in 1960.
+and that high cost,
+so that the temperature may be just right for life.
+So, actually, if you want to go out and start your own cemetery,
+you kind of can.
+There was this couple in South Wales,
+and they had a farmhouse and a load of fields next to it,
+and they wanted to develop the land.
+and I departed from Felixstowe,
+the name of the file as such uploaded to the website.
+but the council said no.
+And then they wanted to make a fish farm
+and again the council said no.
+Then they hit on the idea of making a cemetery
+and they calculated that by doing this,
+they could increase the value of their land
+So first, we know that the voice is changing
+But just to come back to this idea of making profit from cemeteries,
+like, it s kind of ludicrous, right?
+The thing is that the high cost of those burial plots
+is actually very misleading.
+They look like they re expensive,
+but that cost reflects the fact that you need to maintain the burial plot --
+and then tried the synthesized molecule on the males
+That means it s very difficult to make money from cemeteries.
+And it s the reason that normally they re run by the council
+or by a not-for-profit group.
+But anyway, the council granted these people permission,
+and they re now trying to build their cemetery.
+but in leather, it s the main building block.
+If I want to build something in the UK,
+the more you see Licklider s vision everywhere.
+You might get impeached for that.
+Right?
+or if I want to extend my home
+or, you know, if I have a shop and I want to convert it into an office,
+that a cat has a round face, a chubby body,
+and I submit them to the council for permission.
+And they ll look at things like how it fits in the surroundings.
+or see how our buildings and structures sway in the wind and react to forces.
+But they ll also think about things like what impact is it going to have
+on the local environment?
+And they ll be thinking about things like,
+is this thing going to cause pollution
+or is there going to be a lot of traffic
+that wants to go to this thing that I ve built?
+But also good things.
+So some of this is physical, right?
+that local people would like to use?
+And they ll weigh up the advantages and the disadvantages
+Now, I show all this to you because,
+But what if I ve got a piece of land
+the light, the light intensity, the dose to cure,
+Well, then -- actually, I don t need permission from anyone!
+There s actually almost no regulation in the UK around burial,
+going from one patch of forest to patch of forest.
+like not polluting rivers or groundwater.
+So actually, if you want to go and make your own mini-cemetery,
+Here s what happened:
+natural predilections,
+Well, if you re an aristocratic family and you have a large estate,
+then there s a chance that you ll have a mausoleum on it,
+and you ll bury your family there.
+But the really weird thing
+is that you don t need to have a piece of land of a certain size
+before you re allowed to start burying people on it.
+And so that means that, technically,
+this applies to, like, the back garden of your house in the suburbs.
+(Laughter)
+So what if you wanted to try this yourself at home?
+As I said to you,
+we live with this latent but very palpable fear
+So, the first thing that they tell you
+is that you need to have a certificate of burial before you can go ahead --
+you re not allowed to just murder people and put them under the patio.
+(Laughter)
+They also tell you that you need to keep a record of where the grave is.
+But that s pretty much it for formal requirements.
+Now, they do warn you that your neighbors might not like this,
+but, legally speaking, there s almost nothing that they can do about it.
+from my normal perception of reality,
+and how much money you might be able to make,
+and all the rich little fairy boys decided to sponsor a child
+to drop by 20 percent.
+Although, actually, it s more likely
+that no one will want to buy your house at all after that.
+So what I find fascinating about this
+is the fact that it kind of sums up many of our attitudes towards death.
+In the UK, and I think that the figures across Europe are probably similar,
+There s a possibility of this being implemented
+about their wishes around death,
+and even for people over 75,
+only 45 percent of people have ever talked about this.
+And the reasons that people give ... you know,
+they think that their death is far off
+My daughter never wears a watch, my daughter Kate, who s 20.
+So let s say you ve used a peer-to-peer lending platform
+Now let s look at what happens
+there are other people out there who are taking care of things for us.
+like burying a death, for example,
+and there s people like funeral directors
+We decoded our genome.
+But when it comes to our cities
+and thinking about how death fits in our cities,
+there s much less regulation and design and thought
+than we might imagine.
+So we re not thinking about this,
+but all of the people we imagine are thinking about it --
+by using technology as part of the body.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+It would be nice to be objective in life,
+a species poised between gaining the stars and losing the planet we call home.
+and the people were helpless
+our knowledge of how Earth fits within the context of our universe.
+NASA s Kepler mission has discovered
+thousands of potential planets around other stars,
+if we are interested in maximizing the welfare of our citizens,
+Kepler is a space telescope
+that measures the subtle dimming of stars as planets pass in front of them,
+blocking just a little bit of that light from reaching us.
+Kepler s data reveals planets sizes
+as well as their distance from their parent star.
+Together, this helps us understand whether these planets are small and rocky,
+like the terrestrial planets in our own Solar System,
+During the first three years of life, the brain grows
+In turn, this provides clues as to whether these planets that we discover
+you also start to learn how to shape the world.
+Unfortunately, at the same time as we re discovering this treasure trove
+of potentially habitable worlds,
+our own planet is sagging under the weight of humanity.
+2014 was the hottest year on record.
+Glaciers and sea ice that have been with us for millennia
+are now disappearing in a matter of decades.
+and we had a drink,
+are rapidly outpacing our ability to alter their course.
+But I m not a climate scientist, I m an astronomer.
+I study planetary habitability as influenced by stars
+with the hopes of finding the places in the universe
+where we might discover life beyond our own planet.
+You could say that I look for choice alien real estate.
+Now, as somebody who is deeply embedded in the search for life in the universe,
+I can tell you that the more you look for planets like Earth,
+the more you appreciate our own planet itself.
+Each one of these new worlds invites a comparison
+If I had the vocal capacity I would
+By the end of my presentation, you will have seen
+actually brings essential limiting nutrients from the depths
+Mars is small and rocky, and though it s a bit far from the Sun,
+it might be considered a potentially habitable world
+But they also are very used to having to deal with patients,
+Indeed, it s possible that Mars was habitable in the past,
+but it needs consumers to buy into it.
+Our rovers, like Curiosity, crawl across its surface,
+and even people at the Apple Store,
+Orbiters like the MAVEN mission sample the Martian atmosphere,
+trying to understand how Mars might have lost its past habitability.
+Private spaceflight companies now offer not just a short trip to near space
+and then he started to smell really, really bad.
+But though these Martian vistas
+resemble the deserts of our own home world,
+places that are tied in our imagination to ideas about pioneering and frontiers,
+about half a mile, we came over the crest of this hill,
+Mars is a pretty terrible place to live.
+to manage the distribution of their malicious code.
+the deserts of our own planet,
+places that are lush by comparison with Mars.
+Even in the driest, highest places on Earth,
+the air is sweet and thick with oxygen
+if you will, my ideas,
+I worry -- I worry that this excitement about colonizing Mars and other planets
+carries with it a long, dark shadow:
+who can work with people under the pressure
+that Mars will be there to save us from the self-inflicted destruction
+of the only truly habitable planet we know of, the Earth.
+As much as I love interplanetary exploration,
+I deeply disagree with this idea.
+There are many excellent reasons to go to Mars,
+but for anyone to tell you that Mars will be there to back up humanity
+is like the captain of the Titanic telling you that the real party
+I had never had to deal with a blackout.
+(Laughter)
+(Applause)
+Thank you.
+But the goals of interplanetary exploration and planetary preservation
+are not opposed to one another.
+No, they re in fact two sides of the same goal:
+I did a quick search of my email inbox
+Almost everybody knows this,
+They re just closer to home.
+that you saw, and we made vegetable beds
+out of hostile, inhospitable spaces here on Earth,
+perhaps we can meet the needs of both preserving our own environment
+and moving beyond it.
+has been that venture capitalists, investors, real estate developers,
+Fermi s paradox.
+How does a slogan become a movement?
+that our universe has been around for a very long time
+So one of the first things we needed to do was figure out what a cause of action was,
+we should have found evidence for alien life by now.
+So where are they?
+Well, one possible solution to Fermi s paradox
+is that, as civilizations become technologically advanced enough
+to consider living amongst the stars,
+they lose sight of how important it is
+to safeguard the home worlds that fostered that advancement to begin with.
+It is hubris to believe that interplanetary colonization alone
+and I was moving my head around
+It s a performance venue.
+can work together.
+If we truly believe in our ability
+to bend the hostile environments of Mars for human habitation,
+then we should be able to surmount the far easier task of preserving
+the habitability of the Earth.
+But after I grew up and went to college,
+HI-SEAS is a NASA-funded planetary surface analogue
+So I get off the plane, and I come to TED.
+♪ And that s why I love you ♪
+My mother, my grandmother, my aunties,
+Then, with industrialization, everything started to become centralized.
+the police in Norway got a message from the police in the Netherlands.
+for the Ministry of Agriculture of Rwanda,
+So they were then able to tell
+It was cozy in winter but extremely hot in summer.
+which you might call tower sprawl.
+You know, a lot of people said, Well, you know,
+So we launched Crisis Text Line,
+It may even feel scary.
+Whilst this was going on, the police I had alerted,
+to explore the world,
+totally alone.
+and a year after winning the lotto, lottery winners and paraplegics
+No one would ever love me.
+and after three months of investigation, we were able to tell the story
+and they d say, You re not going to stop it here.
+is one of the most carbon-intensive ways of fishing that you can find.
+a GPS tracking device looked like this clunky box
+Limited access to food, limited access to water,
+that ordinary people can interact with in an industrial setting.
+We were taken from our home
+Which is very important, the performance is --
+And let s face it, John could be anybody s father,
+And if you walk again, it will be with calipers and a walking frame.
+we have shrimp draggers dragging for shrimp,
+that bycatch in turn gets ground up and turned into shrimp food.
+is that even though their filters were impaired,
+If I have a GPS and a camera in my car,
+(Applause)
+It s an algorithm that actually allows you to browse
+in the eastern part of Brazil,
+at every single step of the path:
+I lived in terror, knowing it would happen again and again.
+but tuna is a spectacularly bad animal for aquaculture.
+about vultures, but speak to your families, to your children,
+That s a helium truck in the background.
+That s a great thing for growing protein.
+because, even though there are traces,
+The next creature --
+And this meant that I was a Libra?
+And so this was the final operation,
+There are over 3,000 dams in the state of Connecticut.
+Do you know what all-time low in Texas means?
+and this guy from North Carolina sidled up to me, he says,
+What you die of is increasing organ failure,
+with a custom sediment sampler we ve invented and built.
+There are errors in translation, interpretative biases,
+It shows this interlocution of elements and the beauty of, kind of, engineering
+They ve gotten it below two to one,
+was associated with autism.
+Here the key idea is that
+on the contribution of others.
+That s an awful lot for a country like Haiti --
+and on the right, the thermo-bimetal curls
+So I went back and I had to go back to the tradition.
+we re still killing a lot of these little fish.
+that those countries that are the most gender equal
+or any other woman or girl
+get ground up and fed to fish.
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+It s sort of a reworking of the chicken and egg thing. Anyway --
+There was a UN official who visited last year,
+if you decide to get married and have kids right away,
+That s the equivalent of a third of a China,
+That s what I do.
+that s taken out of the sea each and every year.
+Why is it so difficult to think of preventing diseases,
+malaria as a disease.
+This, I would suggest, perhaps it will take a while,
+Unfortunately though, the sandwich came in at 30 cents.
+so he turned to Atlantic cod.
+We all know what happened to Atlantic cod in New England.
+So now the Filet-O-Fish sandwich is made out of Alaska pollock,
+2 to 3 billion pounds of fish taken out of the sea every single year.
+If we go through the pollock,
+It s an emotional thing, and I ve tried to live with it,
+who are in constant communication.
+It s actually a very efficient converter of plant protein into animal protein,
+is to have a very clear vision of the world that we live in.
+And I watched young Elvis
+a fraction of the fuel cost of say, shrimp,
+based on priority need.
+So that is a potential.
+We re really excited about the possibility
+denial of financial resources;
+could we halve the catch and double the price for the fishermen
+Other possibility though, which is much more interesting,
+is looking at bivalves, particularly mussels.
+It lets you reuse the same materials in multiple different ways,
+but they had more than just expectations for us.
+To bring a pound of mussels to market
+is about a thirtieth of the carbon as required to bring beef to market.
+you should be able to get.
+they actually get their omega-3s by filtering the water of microalgae.
+In fact, that s where omega-3s come from, they don t come from fish.
+This baby we know is going to be in the clear.
+We know the price tag is higher for low-income women,
+And this is incredibly important when we look at the world.
+Their children have lower rates of absenteeism,
+are causing tremendous algal blooms.
+Over 400 new dead zones have been created in the last 20 years,
+We also could look at not a fish at all.
+If we wanted to accelerate that process, we could do things
+They filter the water just like mussels do.
+We have one of the largest tuna fisheries remaining in the world.
+starting from the time we get the mice?
+(Applause)
+But if you wanted to keep growing cattle
+And then, are there people who live in this place
+you re growing seaweed in the water, you don t have to water it --
+And the last fish is a question mark.
+This exists kind of on paper.
+How could we implant those memories back in?
+Every time I do a new story, somebody tells me,
+Well, then they didn t look so fresh-faced and cute to me any more,
+It is time to scale this up.
+In other words, watching is very much part of the event.
+30 million metric tons of seafood, a third of the world catch,
+So the good news about PMS
+So I guess what I m saying is this is what we ve been going with.
+the prescription pad, the electronic medical record,
+(Applause)
+I was on a long road trip this summer,
+of traveling to some incredible places,
+TEDYouth, make some --
+(Beatboxing)
+(Beatboxing ends)
+that may well have a genetic component to it.
+(Cheers and applause)
+and we should be avoiding at all expenses
+Then, at the age of eight,
+We were passing by a bus stop.
+(Laughter)
+And I remember exactly where I was and what I was doing that day.
+NP: Get it pops, go ahead.
+EC: ... when I was growing up in the 90s.
+(Beatboxing)
+(Beatboxing ends)
+T: I don t want to let my parents down!
+(Beatboxing)
+Those are the kind of posters, let me show you.
+hold up, hold up, hold up, hold up!
+Oh my God.
+OK, he s trying to battle me.
+Hold on, right now, hold on.
+EC: Yeah, yeah, I remember.
+and it s also one with a great deal of influence.
+When I was 11, I wanted to be left alone.
+especially good at certain things.
+NP: I remember that.
+(Beatboxing)
+NP: All right, pops, pops, pops, chill out, chill out.
+Hold up, hold up, hold up.
+EC: Y all remember the video.
+This is like a little payback or something
+for 50 million people calling me the loser.
+NP: Hold up, hold up.
+But a lot of people out there don t really know what beatboxing is,
+of face metrics in a few seconds?
+hence why Remi is so different from Sam.
+NP: Where it came from.
+everything from tooling to patents
+Now, the ideology of choice is very successful
+And a new metaphor is currently emerging,
+which understand
+That s right, that s right. New York, New York!
+that s great, but all of this openness
+a lot of my cousins and childhood friends were getting married off,
+(Laughter)
+NP: Now you can put y all hands down.
+Things are changing, but classically,
+Already in medicine,
+because we discovered it through an autopsy process.
+to keep the rock band together and playing.
+But because I don t have electricity coming out of me,
+we had to emulate what the beats was doing.
+So when you would see the beatboxer,
+you would see us over to the side.
+Then you would see a rapper, and when the rapper began to rap,
+we would do a simple beat,
+because back then the beats were simple --
+(Beatboxing)
+or --
+(Beatboxing)
+Those were simple beats.
+It s a promise to the kids.
+with their beats now,
+and they want to humiliate their father,
+which is not right when you want to humiliate the person
+that take care of you, pay all your tuition, (Nicole laughs)
+especially when you have 50 million people
+So let s move to the brain.
+Well, I m taking that to heart.
+But now we do something different in our house,
+so we have these jam sessions,
+and our jam sessions consist of us jamming in church.
+You know, in church, we ll look at each other like,
+(Beatboxing)
+(Laughter)
+and we ll text the beat to each other.
+Or we ll be in the kitchen cooking,
+road trips, airports.
+everyone else should have it, because people are terrible drivers.
+(Beatboxing)
+are like us, that they can suffer as we can,
+EC: Yeah.
+And then the mobile phone occurred,
+NP: Y all want to hear some jam session? EC: Y all ready for a jam session?
+(Cheers)
+NP: Sorry? I can t hear you.
+(Cheers)
+Yeah! Kick it, pops!
+scientists must agree on the specific characteristics
+(Applause)
+(Beatboxing)
+(Beatboxing ends)
+(Applause)
+NP: I m getting ready to go!
+and that means there s always a loser in baseball.
+Get on up! Come on, stretch!
+(Beatboxing)
+(Beatboxing ends)
+NP: That s it.
+which at that time, by the way, that word didn t exist. (Laughter)
+Thank you! Make some noise!
+EG: Thank you, everybody!
+NP: Make some noise! Make some noise!
+But it s true that neuroscience shows that there is no centre in the brain
+(Music)
+That s pretty good.
+I first actually got into this topic
+So with H1N1,
+and in the matter of a single flight
+Age 10, it was saving my school dinner money change.
+for money, for government investment.
+So when someone actually goes on a plane,
+and we saw that there s actually a very simple mathematical pattern
+in their children s underwear, as if that could do something.
+with the rest of the world.
+and the environmentalists.
+I know this letter will come to you surprisingly,
+than actually physically going in and taking readings in the plane.
+the universe can create complexity,
+to democracy and national reconciliation.
+So what we get, actually, with the conventional cabin is this:
+But if you take that logic, you know,
+and we go Splat! -- it goes right into people s faces.
+It s pretty disgusting.
+But if you give people vitamin D supplements,
+you ll also notice those pathogens spreading across the length of the cabin.
+The first thing I thought was, This is no good.
+but are made out of the same building blocks,
+and the teacher said this girl hardly ever paid attention,
+That same year, in 2004, on the other side of the country,
+to create personalized breathing zones.
+So you ll notice the middle passenger here is sneezing again,
+But over the many years,
+So if you take a look again now at the same scenario
+especially in a city like New York,
+we spend on driving leaves the local economy --
+When we take a look at what this means,
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+The first of these is informed consent.
+with lots of different images,
+Should I skip that part?
+of just this single equation.
+this project would not have happened,
+and they are disorders of the mind.
+So I find this hypothetical photo of myself,
+Thanks.
+Yeah, you did.
+or making invisible macaroni and cheese.
+The next morning, I just took all the pieces,
+very cool during the summertime, and warm during the wintertime,
+I collect stories; that s what I do.
+decided to teach Zambian people how to grow food.
+and Sandy made me realize that our devices
+against forces that would threaten the faith, or the faithul.
+and it talks about how,
+You see, I m a Saudi woman who had been put in jail
+And they compute that
+maybe all of you and all of us are very close to immortality,
+that would assure that every surgeon who practices minimally invasive surgery
+I didn t want to go; I love my life.
+these television ads that featured a woman
+But the really interesting information came from the rest of the skeleton.
+Second, Google looks at the picture file,
+And they moved their bodies and they came forward,
+describing 11 young patients who seemed to inhabit private worlds,
+and the blue line is the one I want you to focus on for a second.
+in a small town in India. Its name is Bhubaneswar,
+Imagine you wake up with this terrible bellyache,
+have led to conflicts over who owns what.
+and reminding me, because I ve had, like, some very,
+but this time, I realized it was different,
+then maybe everything in the box squeaks.
+Nobody here would ever be accused or be familiar with Narcissus.
+When I say if mayors ruled the world,
+On there is bacteria,
+CR: But where s the level of it now?
+for the existence of intelligent beings such as ourselves.
+(Laughter)
+because people need a good high
+And the first one, in fact, is something that has been known
+but one trillion frames per second.
+use my 18 minutes to tell you why we re doing it,
+and then turn off a lock and a key
+at collecting her data.
+to become the minister.
+in order to find all the resources they need to reproduce and survive.
+just because of the relevance of light in its brightness and also in its shadows.
+that he could not make my talk
+So our engineering students went to work on it
+What s suddenly possible was demonstrated by
+And when I got to 10,000 feet, I opened a parachute and I landed.
+This is a knee that s been designed specifically
+into a common European language,
+what once happened in that sacred cave.
+And that is most countries in America and Europe,
+Howard is a man of a certain degree of intellectual standards.
+it makes it possible for a mathematical analysis
+by criminals.
+where you hear about armed jihadis
+and all of the extravehicular activity suits.
+I said, I am not going to be famous to the world,
+Or Jenny, who is a single mother of two
+Screw you. Go to the back of the line and someone else will do it,
+Surfas.
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+and it s about 100 times magnification,
+in widespread use all over Latin America, and in particular in Mexico,
+In fear, just like in fiction, one thing always leads to another.
+and surveys showed that people
+can tell anyone anything about my ability.
+in years to come, 10 years to come, 15 years to come,
+We had 18 months to do everything from zero, from scratch.
+Information is powerful,
+In fact, if I m feeling down,
+during my deployments in Lebanon, Sarajevo
+is because they care so much about the institution
+of full inclusion and equal opportunity.
+and the only piece of technology that I really want to talk about is XML.
+you probably used one of these.
+talking about who they are, sharing these personal stories --
+I have a few areas that I believe are especially important that we address.
+(Applause)
+I hope that you will take a look at it.
+Would you sacrifice thousands of lives
+We think in abstract terms, we think in movement.
+who I was.
+(Laughter)
+40 million dollars over 10 years spread over 17 countries.
+Now, this is a very attractive idea,
+I covered a range of topics that concern women s education,
+to light this bulb for more than a year.
+[123 meters]
+(Applause)
+that embracing a limitation could actually drive creativity.
+I was aware that I was the only girl who got to have such freedom,
+In the three months this project has been public,
+(Breathing out)
+You see, in every country
+because if transaction costs are the glue
+Complexo do Alemão has an HDI of .711.
+where this mosquito resides.
+of economic growth over the next 15 years will come
+but knows when you need to hear
+must tackle big systems for the challenges we have.
+Argentina, and beyond.
+Edith Widder (on video): Oh my God. Oh my God! Are you kidding me?Other scientists: Oh ho ho! That s just hanging there.
+but it s my understanding that s a very tame image
+I don t even need to swim.
+and the passengers could actually stay warm?
+So together with Zeit Online and Open Data City, I did this.
+What is happening in the sky here
+and then figure out what to do with it,
+But actually it does, but it just doesn t do it well enough.
+when I looked in my rearview mirror and saw my own brightening glance.
+that s the world s dirtiest oil.
+Even with that clear-cut paper in our hands,
+I found exactly the same number.
+What s happening increasingly, though, is these systems
+I came across this live band
+but Burroughs Wellcome has just been acquired by Glaxo Wellcome.
+Now, even more interesting is the fact
+to the everyday person
+I ve got a few more of these interesting ones.
+is a persuasive technology.
+Once in his office, I sat on his couch, folded over,
+Because the final step in the domestic violence pattern
+I would like you all
+and will do the same on the way up.
+And with everything else that s going on,
+and I now like being myself better
+So how are we going to do this?
+the baby with the bathwater.
+and they judge by judging evidence.
+and that effort backfired.
+was not simple,
+Nature is this incredibly complex machine.
+or those at greatest risk with respect
+I need a few seconds to come back,
+not in a passive society, a read-only society,
+I d like you to know that if one day you try to stop breathing,
+You might think there are many things that I can t do
+because I cannot see.
+That s largely true.
+Actually, I just needed to have a bit of help
+and for the past 40 years, I ve done the same thing.
+where we are now in addressing it,
+Actually, I love sports and I can play many sports,
+like swimming, skiing, skating, scuba diving, running and so on.
+But there is one limitation:
+somebody needs to help me.
+I want to be independent.
+she gave me cold, aspirin,
+That s when the British army surgeon Ronald Ross
+and suddenly I became blind.
+but my life for the next five or six years.
+For example, one of my challenges was textbooks.
+Back then, there were no personal computers,
+no Internet, no smartphones.
+So I had to ask one of my two brothers to read me textbooks,
+because when emotion comes into it,
+Can you imagine?
+Of course, my brothers were not happy about it,
+and later, I noticed they were not there whenever I needed them.
+(Laughter)
+I think they tried to stay away from me.
+I don t blame them.
+I really wanted to be freed from relying on someone.
+but what I want to talk about is some of the disconnects
+Jump ahead to the mid-1980s.
+I got to know cutting-edge technologies
+and what is this mysterious dark energy
+how come there is no computer technology
+I ended up on a farm in the middle of nowhere.
+These amazing technologies must be able to also help people
+with limitations like myself.
+which was amazing to me,
+that never came back.
+such as a digital Braille editor, digital Braille dictionary
+and a digital Braille library network.
+Today, every student who is visually impaired can read textbooks,
+by using personal computers and mobile devices,
+in Braille or in voice.
+It s not the material goods we want; it s the rewards we want.
+since everyone now has digital books in their tablets in 2015.
+But Braille went digital many years before digital books,
+already in the late 1980s, almost 30 years ago.
+Strong and specific needs of the blind people
+made this opportunity to create digital books way back then.
+And this is actually not the first time this happened,
+because it is an opportunity to affect the outcome of the conflict
+I said, Yeah, as an academic, it s not my field.
+for hearing impaired people.
+Some keyboards were also invented to help people with disabilities.
+Now I m going to give you another example from my own life.
+and make them happier.
+and web browsing.
+I remember the first time I went on the web.
+trembled not with joy
+They are stopped when they go to school,
+and shape changes on our face,
+I desperately wanted to help the blind people have access to the Internet,
+and I found ways to render the web into synthesized voice,
+which dramatically simplified the user interface.
+This led me to develop the Home Page Reader in 1997,
+It s sometimes trying to put you out of business,
+When I developed the Home Page Reader,
+I got many comments from users.
+to purchase and fly aerial drones.
+ For me, the Internet is a small window to the world.
+so we could walk around without slipping.
+Jason s parents had asked him to do so.
+and this technology that we created for the blind has many uses,
+way beyond what I imagined.
+so we made a large boat with a large sail,
+or it can help you listen to a recipe while cooking.
+Today, I am more independent,
+but it is still not enough.
+For example, when I approached the stage just now, I needed assistance.
+My goal is to come up here independently.
+in places like South L.A.
+My goal is to be able to travel and do things that are simple to you.
+OK, now let me show you the latest technologies.
+This is a smartphone app that we are working on.
+(Video) Electronic voice: 51 feet to the door, and keep straight.
+EV: Take the two doors to go out. The door is on your right.
+has already saved 5.8 million lives
+Chieko Asakawa: Hi, Nick!
+And this could happen in every classroom in America tomorrow --
+CA: Where are you going? You look so happy.
+That s the kind of machine that makes energy.
+Home is an alley in a faraway town
+Nick: Thanks. Wait -- how d you know it was me, and that I look happy?
+(Chieko and Nick laugh)
+Man: Hi.
+(Laughter)
+CA: Oh ... hi.
+EV: He is not talking to you, but on his phone.
+EV: Potato chips.
+and want to go to Constantinople,
+EV: You gained 5 pounds since yesterday; take apple instead of chocolate.
+(Laughter)
+EV: Approaching.
+EV: You arrived.
+CA: Now ...
+and I had to leave, back to Karachi, and our actions stopped.
+Thank you.
+to get Joe and people like him
+by analyzing beacon signals and smartphone sensors
+Did he look for the most popular variety of spaghetti sauce?
+in the history of the kind of Christianity
+in which mood -- we are still working on that part.
+And recognizing facial expressions is very important for me to be social.
+So now the fusions of technologies are ready to help me
+see the real world.
+It understands our surrounding world
+in a developmental lab nearby.
+Cognitive assistance will augment missing or weakened abilities --
+in other words, our five senses.
+This technology is only in an early stage,
+but eventually, I ll be able to find a classroom on campus,
+was a bit of a slap in the face.
+from what I thought was a genuine threat from the voices.
+It will be amazing if I can find you on the street before you notice me.
+It will become my best buddy, and yours.
+So, this really is a great challenge.
+ I will need an infinite thread to sew up this huge wound.
+I really, like, I just want to say,
+to accelerate research activities.
+to upgrade our early middle age -- we had four kids, after all --
+this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread.
+and he said, They ate all the grass so there was no grass left.
+The blind community is exploring this technical frontier
+and the pathfinder.
+I hope to work with you to explore the new era,
+Russia has lots of natural resource wealth,
+through technology and innovation,
+I will be able to walk up here
+ Injecting honesty into the process by driving debate.
+Thank you so much.
+(Applause)
+In half a century of trying to help prevent wars,
+William Swenson
+The West had corrupted me with divergent ideas,
+that you couldn t describe:
+I flew on Air Force Two for eight years.
+There are 330 tubes, diameter 55 [centimeters],
+Chris addressed us, the scientists and experts,
+we actually lived in caves,
+we are like Hansel and Gretel
+after they give birth.
+Is it old age? The answer, it turns out,
+running toward me, wearing my sweater.
+that I recently decided to shoot and star in a parody series of stock photos
+You ll notice that there s no baby in this photo,
+it lets us see each breath that this infant takes,
+that appear when an author publishes a book.
+and I just wanted to read it. I picked up that book,
+between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago.
+came to the conclusion that it was really something
+just to tell me what it s like for them to go back to work
+The way that you look at this data is,
+then use finite element modeling to better predict
+and for society to deal with in building
+I was a very, very serious child. (Laughter)
+I guess what I would say is, for us, for what I want to do,
+is not a photographic effect. (Laughter)
+Now, don t, please, misunderstand me.
+I don t really know what s going on in this picture,
+you simply upload it to the autopilot system,
+Nowadays, a network of tweets can unleash a global awareness campaign.
+that s really the key to the science of moving dots, or as we like to call it,
+And anyway, women have made a choice,
+It was ingenious,
+They feel that they understand how it is,
+The drawings are much richer.
+is not to have just a Homo sapiens;
+to match the surroundings.
+once Milosevic is gone, which turned out to be true.
+I didn t make you have a baby.
+Does awesome inspire fear?
+Our procreation on a national scale is not optional.
+(Nature sounds)
+That s a lot of real estate, but of course,
+with quite a bit of noise
+OK, this is pop quiz time:
+to concede that it s hard work. Right?
+88 percent.
+88 percent of working mothers will not get one minute of paid leave
+half of new mothers are ineligible for it.
+from a balcony perspective, I was able to thank him for his remarks
+We found carnivorous kangaroos.
+of the unicorn — (Laughter) — unfortunately,
+A nurse told me, I didn t qualify for short-term disability
+Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, Gandhi --
+Where do they occur?
+and the Iraqis would be greeting the Americans as liberators,
+get a mentor, enhance your network,
+You may feel uncomfortable about the age of information that we re moving into.
+With my second, I had to have major surgery after giving birth,
+a three-bedroom home in a nice neighborhood.
+23 percent of new working mothers in America
+And it seems like a trivial result, but this is the sort of research
+It s a godly way of working.
+ Yeah right, you never really wanted the job.
+had to figure out what to do about this situation.
+I ve never met this woman, but I find it hard to get through.
+And so yesterday it was very interesting to meet with these people.
+Wow. Let s go for it. That s the kind of stuff.
+So I feel a bit as Ted Nelson must have
+would be a story where no murder ever occurs.
+One of the reasons I know this is that babies whose mothers
+In fact, whenever you bring it up in a debate about surveillance,
+Today in Mexico we re asking for Gandhis.
+They communicate. We have off-line meetings.
+because my husband was out of work.
+Without me, my daughter had failure to thrive.
+leaving their families in imprisonment,
+He let my mom bring my baby,
+can change the meaning of the social practices,
+We all want to bring every good thing to our children.
+They are Papua New Guinea, Suriname and the tiny island nations
+and he would measure their times around the track in a group,
+with 320 million people.
+than when they had a hot ball.
+for the people doing the work of the future of those countries,
+We say that the market will solve this problem,
+We know that there are staggering economic, financial, physical
+a belief that their life is as valuable to them
+Right? Because that s not the way the world works.
+All of this is to America s shame.
+Why do we want to be involved?
+if all of these individual so-called choices to have babies
+you ll see people coming from all over the country
+If we were to have to do it again the same way as with our first,
+agree that that s what we ought to be doing
+the more likely that they are
+to a mixed-use building that was very large,
+I m here today with only one idea worth spreading,
+Not one more woman should have to go back to work
+to buy a few days of rest and recovery and bonding.
+and then celebrates the solution of a new well
+and humans will find a way of living together
+The catch is that when this is happening to a new family, it is consuming,
+became more and more transparent,
+We have to stop framing this as a mother s issue,
+or even a women s issue.
+and it just struck me as ironic
+We need to stop buying the lie that these images tell us.
+I couldn t have done better.
+Because this is not,
+What was the most difficult job you ever did?
+Was it working in the sun?
+Was it working to provide food for a family or a community?
+Was it working days and nights trying to protect lives and property?
+What is possible with the human voice?
+or working on a project that wasn t guaranteed to succeed,
+Was it working to build something, create something, make a work of art?
+Was it work for which you were never sure
+The people in our communities who do these jobs
+But people aren t the only ones in our communities
+These jobs are also done by the plants, the animals
+The structures that they build protect our shorelines
+from storm surge and waves,
+Can I help you?
+I grew up in a very sheltered environment.
+ Travel the world and have lots of kids.
+So for all of these reasons, all of these ecosystem services,
+And yet despite all that hard work being done for us
+And one of them said, We had a robbery two weeks ago.
+to some account for the purposes of aviation,
+we skype, we Facebook. It s insane.
+and cod liver oil was brought in.
+I must confess, there s kind of a third motivation as well.
+This is a coral that I studied during my PhD --
+to each of these frauds.
+This magnification of threats, this compounding of factors
+Now, because of global warming,
+It was Bihar all over again.
+Now, this is the part of the talk
+by the time of World War I.
+I don t think they know that, luckily,
+that phrase drives me nuts.
+is difficult, and there s three reasons.
+And you know, a lot of people try to fudge this question,
+I mean anyone in the world --
+and also you had this little habit
+If they don t understand what a coral is or where it comes from,
+So let s change that.
+Corals are born in a number of different ways,
+So what happens then?
+Don t accept their enslavement, for your mother birthed you free.
+When they re fertilized, they do what any other animal egg does:
+Taking these photos under the microscope every year
+to infer anything else
+that fills with fluid -- in this case blood --
+Huh? Oh?
+And they use those talents
+Thank you guys for being such a good sport.
+One coral polyp will divide itself again and again and again,
+Given hundreds of years and many species,
+Now, there are only a few hundred species of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
+But these systems house millions and millions of other species,
+directed some of the energy of that gravitational collapse
+I m lucky enough to work on the island of Curaçao,
+Because even in some of these reefs
+And we re starting to think that baby corals may have the ability
+But how does context signal?
+out of the same material that we ll later use to build the house.
+So in the research I do with my colleagues in Curaçao,
+A few years ago we took a 3D printer and we made coral choice surveys --
+that we can fluidically link them.
+I don t have any financial interest in it.
+So we can use this knowledge,
+it s roughly equal to the stopping power
+We can also use that knowledge
+He s coming my way.
+He knows exactly what the problem is,
+and they actually copied even the green dots
+And so these cars came along, and the hydrant --
+The electricity is free.
+He is, by the way, a straight-A+ student in the ninth grade
+Now in addition to these tools, we also try to uncover the mysteries
+through preschool and other early childhood programs
+This is one of my favorite corals, and always has been:
+There s something sacred about a space where
+I love it because it makes this ridiculous shape,
+When he collected these finches, he threw them in a bag
+There s far too many experienced people in the TED community
+that last year it was listed as a threatened species
+We weren t even sure if they could still reproduce,
+So four years ago, we started following these at night
+We got some good tips from our colleagues in Florida,
+These are Nukaks. They were contacted in the 80s.
+on one of these self-care models
+Thanks to the work of our scientific aunts and uncles,
+to pursue a vision of personal success,
+(Applause)
+Now actually, that s just another parochial misconception.
+And this is true all around the world;
+is our celebrity ambassador, and that is so, so important
+But this is still so low-tech.
+We are limited by the space on our bench, the number of hands in the lab
+Now, compare that to our other crises
+which is, Before you were a guerrilla, you were my child,
+Think back to the most difficult job you ever did.
+Many of you would say it was being a parent.
+My mother described being a parent
+And watching the wonder of life
+The pillar corals spawned again two weeks ago,
+how much time was spent between messages?
+They ll be infected with bacteria, they will explode
+We don t know if it was our handling methods that went wrong
+like in 1910 or something like that, is I told Marty,
+Whatever the cause,
+could become the same kind of hub that we are,
+Coral reefs are hardworking animals and plants and microbes and fungi.
+And we almost took out an entire generation of corals.
+But a few made it anyway, despite our best efforts,
+GG: Grateful.
+GDP was not handed down from God on tablets of stone. (Laughter)
+And I ve come to realize that we have made leadership
+like this panel of humans, triangles and zigzags from Ojo Guareña in Spain.
+and our present existence, and most important, our future survival.
+for pleasure and for pain.
+And so, he was destined to be raised by a single mom,
+There are instructions which say,
+an oversimplified and increasingly outmoded view
+who s not sure whether malaria is a good thing or a bad thing?
+I wanted my monument to live in the world, and to circulate.
+of state economic development agencies about these issues,
+The women would tell the men what to do.
+and in this one single consumer electronics store,
+I ve turned the computer on,
+and out of those 53 studies, they were only able
+But it was really through teaching.
+But a good career is an impossibility, so that s not going to work.
+They could not confront myself, with myself as a normal human being.
+is I went to the hotel, it was at two in the morning.
+And
+and I had a piece of gray hair.
+Children with cleft palates get it, and they document their story.
+First of all, let s explain what the performance is.
+as we fly over them.
+in a space in front of an audience
+And the difference between performance and theater is huge.
+and he looked like a farm boy.
+under horrible conditions.
+and getting the paint in his ears,
+and with this energy I can go and push my body as far as I can.
+(Applause)
+we banned child labor,
+and one of the engineers on the team had a hunch.
+So a lot of people have heard about the Wikipedia Bush-Kerry controversy.
+The school had been destroyed,
+that brought us close to a civil war.
+driven by racist fears of Chinese
+Again, working upwards,
+With this framework, we ve produced bionic limbs
+the fleeting moment of human connection,
+And professional designers were making artifacts
+or enlarge into a gigantic space that I could fill with fantasies.
+But I sit for three months.
+and 10 hours on Friday when the museum is open 10 hours,
+This is my flight director telling me that I had just gone higher
+of a DNA constituent.
+It ll never be accepted.
+because in the gaze with that total stranger,
+Wild dogs did eat a few of the sheep, but the thylacine got a bad rap.
+at the same scale, a visual interneuron from a fly.
+or over 50 percent of our body. And so at first I kind of thought,
+performance is time-based art.
+Have a look at this bit of film footage.
+from all of those parties
+And it s very simple.
+You have to sign the contract before you enter the building,
+but if you don t respect your own word of honor and you leave before --
+at their regular physical,
+(Laughter)
+He made false papers for persecuted black South Africans.
+And then after you ve seen all of this,
+because we don t know how long it s going to take
+You go to the long duration chairs because now you are comfortable.
+(Laughter)
+Nairobi, Lagos, Accra -- I get one question.
+in fact is not going to develop autism.
+On the other hand, this other baby
+if they want to know why it s raining
+I ll just mention a few.
+is make Minsky s dream come to a reality,
+and if you squint, you can see that in the imagery.
+We are always doing things we like in our life.
+And those people have made up that community of passionate folks
+for Live Your Legend so many years back.
+Texas doesn t.
+thin, dehydrated.
+(Applause)
+that we actually could be able to identify who the first one was,
+when we re sitting around the table and having a good time.
+And so what did they do?
+(Chatter)
+Thank you for trusting me.
+Your company launches a search for an open position.
+up to the seventh floor every day.
+So I ask you:
+A new kind of reality TV show was born,
+it had relatively little relevance
+from affluent families.
+But we ve been much more reticent, much slower
+Because of the difference between what her mom tells her and what her friends
+(Laughter)
+A resume tells a story.
+Where could this happen?
+slowed down to a pace
+Or it may signal a committed struggle against obstacles.
+focusing on just one task,
+Now, what did that lead us to?
+ Why not? the girls asked.
+I know a lot about this because I am a Scrapper.
+my father was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia,
+Over 17 goals, there are then 169 targets
+but we also suffered some setbacks.
+And he would think it through and say, What was wrong?
+and for most of my childhood, we didn t even have a telephone.
+In the sorts of countries I work in,
+So, for instance,
+But the key is, you can have this great invention,
+it s quite easy to work with, and I m going to do something
+and so you would have Google, Facebook, Yahoo,
+The conventional thinking has been that trauma leads to distress,
+So curiosity.
+In one study designed to measure the effects of adversity
+I put the phone back on the receiver, and it rang a second later,
+But he had no insurance, so they bounced him.
+When I was a young man,
+more confusing in a way.
+In a study of the world s most highly successful entrepreneurs,
+In the US,
+What s remarkable -- among those entrepreneurs
+the state-of-the-art physics, can show how
+So he said, this is what I want to do.
+or we re going to hear about drugs
+So the unconstrained disclosure of those capabilities
+But instead of accepting his fate,
+He had three months to learn the entire curriculum
+of middle and high school.
+So, every day he came home from the factory,
+His commitment to his education was unwavering, and he never lost hope.
+the wars that are driving them from their homes.
+Scrappers have a sense of purpose
+And that reminds me -- humor.
+People who overcome adversity don t do it alone.
+Somewhere along the way,
+to build and perpetuate large fortunes
+Having someone you can count on no matter what
+You re gonna spread the gay agenda so no one else has to wonder,
+But there s something I think that s quite interesting in this graph,
+Companies that are committed to diversity and inclusive practices
+tend to support Scrappers
+So back to my original question.
+Who are you going to bet on:
+I am not a dairy farmer.
+and it means that jump from 1,800 years of nothing
+Governments should recognize that
+I realized that this was a symbolic moment in my life.
+If you re here today --
+by looking at what s on their bookshelves.
+What do my bookshelves say about me?
+Well, when I asked myself this question a few years ago,
+I made an alarming discovery.
+I d always thought of myself as a fairly cultured,
+cosmopolitan sort of person.
+But my bookshelves told a rather different story.
+Pretty much all the titles on them
+were by British or North American authors,
+and there was almost nothing in translation.
+Discovering this massive, cultural blind spot in my reading
+came as quite a shock.
+And when I thought about it, it seemed like a real shame.
+I knew there had to be lots of amazing stories out there
+Oceans of adolescents come here to receive lessons
+And it seemed really sad to think that my reading habits meant
+trying to make sense of standards,
+So, I decided to prescribe myself
+an intensive course of global reading.
+2012 was set to be a very international year for the UK;
+it was the year of the London Olympics.
+And so I decided to use it as my time frame
+to try to read a novel, short story collection
+or memoir from every country in the world.
+And so I did.
+And it was very exciting
+and I learned some remarkable things
+It s more mundane. I d like that cookie,
+that I want to share with you today.
+But it started with some practical problems.
+Actually, extreme green for us is all three together;
+And — (Laughter)
+neither to oversell the role of technology,
+to which I added Taiwan,
+which gave me a total of 196 countries.
+And after I d worked out how to fit reading and blogging
+about, roughly, four books a week
+around working five days a week,
+I then had to face up to the fact that I might even not be able
+of power and privilege, the ability to go unexamined,
+Only around 4.5 percent of the literary works published
+each year in the UK are translations,
+and the figures are similar for much of the English-speaking world.
+is that I get to call this research.
+4.5 percent is tiny enough to start with,
+but what that figure doesn t tell you
+is that many of those books will come from countries
+in the beginning of our grade 12 year.
+and lots of industry professionals primed to go out and sell those titles
+with the power of rational thought,
+So, for example, although well over 100 books are translated from French
+and published in the UK each year,
+most of them will come from countries like France or Switzerland.
+French-speaking Africa, on the other hand,
+will rarely ever get a look-in.
+The upshot is that there are actually quite a lot of nations
+that may have little or even no commercially available literature
+It s blowing!
+Their books remain invisible to readers
+and everybody likes their mobile phones,
+But when it came to reading the world,
+the biggest challenge of all for me
+was that fact that I didn t know where to start.
+Having spent my life reading almost exclusively British
+and North American books,
+I had no idea how to go about sourcing and finding stories
+But I also mean good as in motivated to do something that matters --
+particularly using this recipe.
+I wouldn t know a good novel from Namibia.
+There was no hiding it --
+I was a clueless literary xenophobe.
+So how on earth was I going to read the world?
+I was going to have to ask for help.
+And around the fortress is this vast field of taboo
+ayearofreadingtheworld.com,
+We need to better understand how people make decisions
+I explained who I was,
+how narrow my reading had been,
+and I asked anyone who cared to
+to leave a message suggesting what I might read
+from other parts of the planet.
+Now, I had no idea whether anyone would be interested,
+but within a few hours of me posting that appeal online,
+people started to get in touch.
+At first, it was friends and colleagues.
+Then it was friends of friends.
+but a lot of the time.
+I got a message from a woman called Rafidah in Kuala Lumpur.
+She said she loved the sound of my project,
+could she go to her local English-language bookshop
+and choose my Malaysian book and post it to me?
+I accepted enthusiastically,
+and it requires a total body cooling.
+a package arrived containing not one, but two books --
+Rafidah s choice from Malaysia,
+and a book from Singapore that she had also picked out for me.
+Now, at the time, I was amazed
+that a stranger more than 6,000 miles away
+Once a guy had a hole in his pocket,
+she would probably never meet.
+ML: It s much better than that.
+The funny this is that at most sites
+Some took on research on my behalf,
+and others made detours on holidays and business trips
+to go to bookshops for me.
+that will go into it.
+if you want to encounter it with an open mind,
+And I ve always felt that the beauty of being surrounded by the foreign
+the lack of concern with rules and the way that we re used to
+with little or no commercially available literature in English,
+people went further still.
+And that s -- Essentially, this kind of creative remix
+My Panamanian read, for example, came through a conversation
+I had with the Panama Canal on Twitter.
+They don t draw to sell the work to a client
+it suggested that I might like to try and get hold of the work
+of the Panamanian author Juan David Morgan.
+I found Morgan s website and I sent him a message,
+asking if any of his Spanish-language novels
+had been translated into English.
+that are similar to the neocortex.
+but he did have an unpublished translation
+of his novel The Golden Horse.
+He emailed this to me,
+allowing me to become one of the first people ever
+to read that book in English.
+Morgan was by no means the only wordsmith
+to share his work with me in this way.
+using napkins, then we have to cut our family milk budget.
+And then we help them to go and find the knowledge,
+and unpublished manuscripts of books
+that hadn t been picked up by Anglophone publishers
+or that were no longer available,
+We ve been working with Teachers Without Borders,
+I read, for example,
+into a community where endless possibility reigned.
+They can be too scared to approach men with beards
+and about marriage rituals in a remote village
+on the shores of the Caspian sea in Turkmenistan.
+I met Kuwait s answer to Bridget Jones.
+(Laughter)
+And I read about an orgy in a tree in Angola.
+But perhaps the most amazing example
+of the lengths that people were prepared to go to
+to help me read the world,
+came towards the end of my quest,
+when I tried to get hold of a book from the tiny, Portuguese-speaking
+African island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe.
+Now, having spent several months trying everything I could think of to find
+a book that had been translated into English from the nation,
+So the number needed to treat for the most widely prescribed statin,
+was to see if I could get something translated for me from scratch.
+Now, I was really dubious
+whether anyone was going to want to help with this,
+and give up their time for something like that.
+But, within a week of me putting a call out on Twitter and Facebook
+for Portuguese speakers,
+I had more people than I could involve in the project,
+including Margaret Jull Costa, a leader in her field,
+who has translated the work of Nobel Prize winner José Saramago.
+With my nine volunteers in place,
+I managed to find a book by a São Toméan author
+that I could buy enough copies of online.
+Here s one of them.
+And I sent a copy out to each of my volunteers.
+They all took on a couple of short stories from this collection,
+and then again -- really fold it, really crease it --
+and within six weeks, I had the entire book to read.
+That s a hundred thousand billion.
+my not knowing and being open about my limitations
+had become a big opportunity.
+When it came to São Tomé and Príncipe,
+it was a chance not only to learn something new
+and discover a new collection of stories,
+Now, businesses tend to complain about this,
+and facilitate a joint creative endeavor.
+My weakness had become the project s strength.
+The books I read that year opened my eyes to many things.
+during most of the history of mankind.
+we must prepare the next generation
+and into someone else s mindset,
+The norm.
+you look at the world through different eyes.
+and on top of this, we start school,
+particularly if you re reading a book
+from a culture that may have quite different values to your own.
+But it can also be really enlightening.
+Wrestling with unfamiliar ideas can help clarify your own thinking.
+And it can also show up blind spots
+in the way you might have been looking at the world.
+When I looked back at much of the English-language literature
+I d grown up with, for example,
+I began to see how narrow a lot of it was,
+compared to the richness that the world has to offer.
+And as the pages turned,
+something else started to happen, too.
+Yes, by the time they retire, futureless language speakers, holding constant their income,
+that long list of countries that I d started the year with, changed
+from a rather dry, academic register of place names
+into living, breathing entities.
+Now, I don t want to suggest that it s at all possible
+to get a rounded picture of a country simply by reading one book.
+but what I am saying is that even though you will read
+made me more alive than ever before
+you would feel threatened.
+It was as though the world s stories
+and the people who d gone to such lengths to help me read them
+had made it real to me.
+is led onto the valley floor by an attendant.
+It s the flag of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
+they tell a rather different story.
+That didn t go over really well.
+across political, geographical, cultural, social, religious divides.
+So that s pretty much what I do.
+In the Arab region, they brand these attempts as a Western conspiracy
+But to reach this point, we all have to be convinced
+Quite often queues happen at the tolls.
+for a stranger to share a story, a worldview, a book
+with someone she may never meet, on the other side of the planet.
+Now these are controversial questions,
+And I hope many more people will join me.
+If we all read more widely, there d be more incentive
+for publishers to translate more books,
+and we would all be richer for that.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+In the last few years, I helped two friends
+and it may continue like this.
+So when I first came across this study a few years earlier,
+is to pay my respects to the gods of creativity.
+I talked to African-American women, Asian-American women,
+and you cure the disease.
+Ladies and gentlemen ...
+and then I made a scary phone call.
+and this completely horrible vibrato --
+But the thing that struck me
+And the reason it isn t is because everybody s
+so we really have to make piloting easier.
+and a further 23 percent
+I always accepted the idea
+So we re going to actually do a live exam
+It s one of the things I find most fascinating
+Those people didn t have the shoulders of any giants to stand on.
+is the energy consumption of the U.K.
+that if you re sitting where this photograph was taken
+who sometimes want a lot of children.
+Europe is one of the first places
+I began to get to know him and his friends and family,
+a big challenge globally.
+going to her heart.
+or this unusual purple bison from La Pasiega.
+the economic soil of a country,
+to the social changes that were happening in their own country.
+and you are calling you, and you have this great
+Young students are always asking me
+We also know that we have the second friend —
+the nuns made service and social justice a high priority in the school.
+So if he s successful, she won t be the last.
+That very sentence already reveals the doom, destruction of happiness.
+by definition didn t kill us,
+the skill associated with solar cycles,
+We re supposed to do things by design.
+of over 120 miles an hour.
+We ve been working with AMD, which has a project called 50x15,
+(Laughter)
+This is an incredibly devastating weapon.
+Nelson Mandela, first day in office,
+(Laughter)
+Observation now allows us to bring that natural process
+half of the data points from that one study,
+sometimes the solution is to slice it into smaller problems.
+This is a very important point for me to get across.
+designers want to be influenced
+Could some of the signs be weaponry or housing?
+in the Dominican Republic, Haiti,
+They ve made our lives
+where all sorts of products made from the coca leaf,
+are as important a story.
+that the average focus for an 18-year-old is 37 seconds.
+Over a million people are killed each year in disasters.
+Look at the world.
+It s a little older than TED.
+for our first communion and our first confession,
+not just dying, but they re gone.
+left here on Earth?
+but it does seem useful to ask ourselves,
+They were just there, but they had no significance.
+renouncing materialism, traditional jobs
+you can collect a lot more material.
+because all of these neurons are glowing different colors.
+in a call center, in a reception area, in a mail room.
+no matter how far into the laboratory
+of the decisions and experiences and Aha! moments
+So that we could truly build an ecosystem with not just authors,
+and having their first Friday night dinners, that Sabbath dinner,
+If you look at the human brain compared to a chimpanzee brain,
+They don t get tired and they have fun doing it.
+OK, maybe you re saying, all right, well, we see brains,
+that has historically ignored or deflected the needs
+then cutting trees again.
+So these elephants, you can see,
+respond to the global challenges that we face
+because you don t have to waste six units
+A pool of delicious nectar
+but I can t explain
+We see helping where help is needed.
+It is possible, and you can do it very simply
+How are they doing it? Well, they re rolling them in a straight line.
+But when this happened, I saw the whole planet.
+and basic and take a picture of your food,
+That s the percentage of American agricultural land
+And it made me think:
+and the sports and the recreation and the arts?
+that s public and a budget that s accessible.
+So I fought my way off my label, and for my next project
+which I have brought to the grid
+and they re tired when their tongues are hanging out,
+When the A.I. is weak, it performs useful or amusing actions
+and acting joyful and happy,
+He flips it, makes it,
+(Laughter)
+So this Weibo social media, even in the censorship,
+With the benefit of hindsight, I now know the job
+which we sometimes call the alpha female.
+out of its own history book
+is the difference between landing in Alaska or Fiji.
+BG: Don t go away.
+had just stopped?
+Well, if you take the informational,
+It s three dots there on the globe. Those dots are pretty huge.
+I m going to talk about why we have to get our shit together,
+And so I just came, two days ago, from the Himalayas
+and then thousands of readers, as people tuned in
+and the Line Islands in the east.
+that is actually in the four corners of the world,
+because we are in the Northern Hemisphere, in the Southern Hemisphere,
+and also in the east and the west of the International Date Line.
+These islands are entirely made up of coral atolls,
+and discovered I had permanent nerve damage.
+in a regular grid of lamps.
+Usually not more than two kilometers in width.
+And so, on many occasions, I ve been asked by people,
+you can hate me and move on.
+If we move back, we will fall off on the other side of the ocean. OK?
+When was it that you yourself realized
+that there might be impending peril for your country?
+And so this is what they do.
+and on most calculators that will give you the square.
+Already in the United States alone,
+are we still together?
+getting the thousands of workers into these countries.
+said that any federal funds given to a high school, college or university,
+But when the scenarios, the predictions came in 2007,
+sea levels are forecast to rise perhaps three feet.
+and not in the past, but what about in a hundred years?
+but what would you say to a skeptic who said,
+ What s three feet?
+to drop through the letterbox before we start,
+that a marginal rise in sea level
+because much of the land is low.
+one was in Cambodia,
+to manufacture a perfectly bespoke porous textile mesh,
+We have communities who already have been dislocated.
+he might be seen as endorsing bin Laden s idea of jihad.
+And then we took the dead nucleus from the dead tissue of the extinct frog
+So how on Earth do we even see?
+and its flight with split-second timing to achieve this maneuver.
+on a house that looks like that
+that sundering of everything familiar,
+and I see these communities perhaps leaving, having to relocate,
+within five to 10 years.
+but only one-third of your own program is dedicated to media and books.
+We could actually do without the employee.
+and I m sure many of you understand that when you re on the equator,
+As opposed to the first office
+when videos of beheadings were released during the Iraq War.
+(Laughter)
+Jeff Bezos kindly, yesterday, said he ll put this video up
+like defusing a bomb.
+we had waves come over half the island,
+from the time that the Texas execution apparatus got efficient
+It s cow dung.
+So, One Laptop Per Child was formed about a year and a half ago.
+and this is where you see the health impacts
+In the 1930s, Richard Kelly was the first person to really describe
+that in the beginning version we are using with it.
+that we will face sooner than perhaps the rising sea level.
+I think I visit a number of --
+I ve been traveling the world to try and get people to understand.
+and there was a gentleman who was interviewing me
+in the back of the classroom. It s not a perfect shot.
+So based on the same logic, I could equally conclude
+but rather, better adults than you have been,
+And so I have been looking at floating islands.
+under this four-degree centigrade scenario
+But, as a country, we have made a commitment
+So, this would be the Twitter search screen.
+at a small barbecue place in Michigan.
+What that will take,
+it s going to be something quite significant,
+And I went to Catholic schools for my entire childhood
+by an erosion of support for the death penalty,
+or we have to build up the islands to continue to stay out of the water
+to get the kind of resourcing that we would need.
+In fact, if you have issues,
+because in the event that nothing comes forward
+we are preparing,
+the holy trinity, even --
+without having been prepared to do so.
+And I will explain that further.
+We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients,
+but once we magnify the motions 100 times, we can see all the motions and ripples
+I do not like guns.
+you visited these people.
+What happened here? What s the story here?
+AT: Yes, and I m sorry, I think somebody was asking
+I m not the only one doing it, a lot of other people are getting into it.
+In particular, a bunch of the projects that are funded by Hewlett Foundation,
+They didn t know who I was. They hadn t heard of me.
+Some of them later recognized me,
+that can be important.
+We have to break parents out of this straitjacket
+we didn t, unfortunately, at this same time,
+have a molecule of concern about the welfare for this species.
+(Laughter)
+For the most widely performed surgery on men over the age of 50,
+by saying, In the good life,
+CA: It must have been just an extraordinarily emotional day
+like they can do anything they want to do in life.
+to try to preserve the nation in a location.
+And, I mean, that is quite amazing, what you see here --
+They re interested in almost everything.
+ So how do you feel?
+Within the map is a map of every plant in this orchard.
+and I know that on occasions, I m accused of not trying to solve the problem
+that PMS is a common mental disorder
+and then the Japanese-American internment camps are quickly created,
+But the truth lies.
+unfortunately, the countries, when we come to the United Nations --
+where Australia and New Zealand are also members,
+These animals deserve to be cared for.
+Well, what the XML is going to do
+really, before the 19th century.
+And so here I was saying,
+OK, I hear you,
+I understand what you re saying,
+This is a little bone, a mouse bone that we fractured
+because if you do not cut your emissions,
+And so it s a matter for you to weigh this, these moral issues.
+CA: You know, I ask you yesterday what made you angry,
+and you said, I don t get angry. But then you paused.
+We went down to the Federal Reserve and copied interest rate histories
+There was a sense of futility
+I had to change my approach.
+I had to become more reasonable
+because I thought people would listen to somebody who was rational,
+but I remain radically rational, whatever that is.
+We pitch in and we help out.
+I think you said pretty much everyone is involved in fishing in some way.
+AT: Well, we eat fish every day, every day,
+A marathon work.
+but I didn t expect to have so much fun on my journey.
+whatever sphere of influence we have.
+CA: So you re dependent on fish, both at the local level
+The energy consumption of this typical tank here
+but also governed by intellectual property.
+and yet despite that, a few years ago you took a very radical step.
+Can you tell us about that?
+I think something happened right here in the Phoenix Islands.
+is shifting beneath our feet.
+In the Pacific, I think we own something like 60 percent
+We are all the custodians of their self-esteem.
+And Kiribati is one of the three major resource owners,
+tuna resource owners.
+Everybody thinks they know about education,
+pulled from it by caring souls
+it would be able to be recognized.
+AT: National revenue,
+which drives everything that we do
+in the ordinary course of life,
+I can assure you, politically, locally, it was not easy,
+but I was convinced that we had to do this
+this capacity to synthesize happiness,
+There had been some indications that some of the species,
+because he knows what he s doing.
+The yellowfin was also heavily fished.
+Skipjack remains healthy.
+And so we had to do something like that, and so that was the reason I did that.
+Sol had whooping cough.
+was because I had been asking the international community
+It s now owned, much of it by big industries.
+that if we do that which we are not supposed to do,
+So in asking the international community to make a sacrifice,
+I thought we ourselves need to make that sacrifice.
+And so we made the sacrifice.
+And forgoing commercial fishing
+in the Phoenix Islands protected area
+would mean a loss of revenue.
+We are still trying to assess what that loss would be
+because we actually closed it off at the beginning of this year,
+It s built, it s running and she just started a business today,
+of that confidence in our work.
+CA: So there s so many things playing into this.
+On the one hand, it may prompt healthier fisheries.
+that they need to live the lives they say they want to live
+to fight malaria in my village.
+AT: The negotiations have been very difficult,
+Ladies and gentlemen,
+For any vessel to come in to fish for a day,
+we have raised the fee from -- it was $6,000 and $8,000,
+But there was a problem.
+and that I m not going to detail right now,
+But at the same time, what s important to note is,
+I mean, there are all sorts of things that will happen,
+might be fishing in a day and maybe catch 10 tons,
+now they re catching maybe 100 tons because they ve become so efficient.
+is a force for good throughout the world.
+We ve got to be very, very careful because the technology has so improved.
+and combined it in the center, in the sort of subway map,
+They couldn t.
+it s kind of a mantra that wildlife is increasingly not safe in the wild.
+But now they ve got ways of doing it, and they ve become so efficient.
+this is the list of types of thing that qualify as damage,
+Because you re up against companies
+that have hundreds of millions of dollars at stake, essentially.
+How do you hold the line?
+Cell loss, mutations in chromosomes, mutations in the mitochondria and so on.
+about how to get the most for your country,
+get the most for the fish?
+What advice would you give?
+and Scott and his team of four people ended up on foot.
+That is what we are all about.
+because what we are getting from license fees
+is about 10 percent of the landed value of the catch
+on the side of the wharf, not in the retail shops.
+And we only get about 10 percent.
+What we have been trying to do over the years
+is actually to increase our participation in the industry,
+in the harvesting, in the processing,
+and eventually, hopefully, the marketing.
+They re not easy to penetrate,
+but we are working towards that,
+and yes, the answer would be to enhance.
+In order to increase our rate of return, we have to become more involved.
+And so we ve started doing that,
+and we have to restructure the industry.
+We ve got to tell these people that the world has changed.
+Now we want to produce the fish ourselves.
+but what is business like for them?
+that s still what matters, that s always what s going to matter.
+Or is that being run on a sustainable basis?
+AT: For the artisanal fishery,
+we do not participate in the commercial fishing activity
+except only to supply the domestic market.
+The tuna fishery is really entirely for the foreign market,
+So I am a fisherman, very much,
+and I used to be able to catch yellowfin.
+Thank you. (Applause)
+because they are being lifted out of the water by the hundreds of tons
+by these purse seiners.
+CA: So here s a couple of beautiful girls from your country.
+I mean, as you think about their future,
+what message would you have for them
+and what message would you have for the world?
+AT: Well, I ve been telling the world that we really have to do something
+about what is happening to the climate
+because for us, it s about the future of these children.
+I have 12 grandchildren, at least.
+I think I have 12, my wife knows.
+(Laughter)
+And I think I have eight children.
+It s about their future.
+Every day I see my grandchildren, about the same age as these young girls,
+and I do wonder,
+and I get angry sometimes, yes I do.
+I wonder what is to become of them.
+And so it s about them
+that we should be telling everybody,
+universal access to birth control that women want.
+because climate change, regrettably, unfortunately,
+is viewed by many countries as a national problem. It s not.
+the next phase in an escalating cycle of counter-revenge,
+the Australians and New Zealanders,
+because they said, We can t cut any more.
+This is what one of the leaders, the Australian leader, said,
+that we ve done our part, we are cutting back.
+I had to use a very small aperture to get the depth of field.
+I think if Marianne and the members of her women s group
+within your boundaries, within your borders,
+we d have no question.
+You can go ahead as much as you like.
+But unfortunately, you re sending it our way,
+and it s affecting the future of our children.
+And so surely I think that is the heart of the problem of climate change today.
+We will be meeting in Paris at the end of this year,
+but until we can think of this as a global phenomenon,
+because we create it, individually, as nations,
+but it affects everybody else,
+and yet, we refuse to do anything about it,
+and we deal with it as a national problem,
+which it is not -- it is a global issue,
+and it s got to be dealt with collectively.
+CA: People are incredibly bad at responding to graphs and numbers,
+So, Melinda, in the last few years
+Somehow, to people, we re slightly better at responding to that sometimes.
+And it seems like it s very possible that your nation,
+despite, actually because of the intense problems you face,
+This is a line where they get the threads
+most powerfully.
+I just want to thank you, I m sure, on behalf of all of us,
+for your extraordinary leadership and for being here.
+I think that s one of the reasons we got ourselves in so much trouble
+AT: Thank you.
+(Applause)
+So on my way here,
+If you re playing a musical instrument and you notice a p in the score,
+is the best of centuries or the worst of centuries.
+I ve worked in broadcast.
+in its creation, if it didn t just sort of materialize
+that I started seeing these really intense,
+pain, hunger, orgasms.
+Don t argue, do as you re told.
+We know much less about their treatment
+The challenges were great.
+And it s now not just the nuclear threat;
+and helping it to allow the wounds to heal normally.
+a piece for choir called Cloudburst,
+and here are the things that puzzle me.
+The first test of penicillin, the first antibiotic,
+Softball players see the ball as smaller
+contemporary building with these principles.
+that could really describe what was going on at food banks.
+as a best company for leaders,
+and it is still, you ll find websites
+It s unaffordable globally.
+If you look inside the restrooms,
+in several weeks at most.
+MT: Well, as a matter of fact, it was on my sixth birthday
+linkbait.
+Two trillion a year.
+And this kind of reaction ended up being the kind of reaction we saw
+in a subtle but important way that really improved the story.
+on the back of consumers massively overborrowing.
+and we form a dead zone.
+because what it illustrates
+we may find differences.
+Remote Operations Unit.
+It s just impossible.
+than people who have weaker motivations.
+how to read and write again,
+it s really evocative.
+why do we not have those treatments?
+They have to be.
+to respond to me, and my kids were small then,
+because we can realize that their complexity is not random.
+But nobody wanted to hire me.
+you might want to know he s getting paid 5,000 dollars to perform spine surgery
+so much of the credit goes to Dave Strudwick, who was
+not always to look inwards, sometimes to look outwards.
+(Laughter)
+conducting patient treatments.
+And this is kind of what has driven me forward with these pieces,
+It s a bottom-up innovation, it s democratic,
+And there s probably people in this audience
+This is the Air Jordan 3 Black Cement.
+This might be the most important sneaker in history.
+I was a stutterer.
+I was 21.
+The Air Jordan 3 Black Cement did for sneakers
+As it went off, I took off
+It s been re-released four times.
+in person or online, in any way we can,
+There s a site about what to wear with the Black Cement.
+of your leadership development programs.
+(Laughter)
+Some extraordinary things about sneakers
+and data
+and how they re all related, possibly, to the future of all online commerce.
+At Microsoft Applied Sciences,
+in the foothills of the Sierras.
+and every shoe has a story
+So what you see here
+sexual abuse of women and girls as a weapon of war.
+which who knows what that s going to be or why that s in my studio,
+but for the careers and the families and the futures
+I was keen among many other women to rebuild the Libyan civil society,
+But this voice kept calling me: Come on, stay with me.
+The design of this street is really
+In a market where in the past 12 months,
+I should know, I am a sneakerhead.
+on a Friday evening,
+to see in high-definition the city,
+But I learned, because I had to,
+just to play with for my own amusement.
+The goal was to develop a price guide,
+there are also unarmed people
+Now sneakerheads check prices while camping out for releases.
+a website for teenage girls
+sneakerheads have sneaker portfolios.
+Now I can use Allende, Allende, Allende,
+Helplessly and hopelessly, I began to retreat
+frankly, a modest collection.
+At the asset level, he can see gain-loss by shoe.
+So an unregulated 1.2 billion dollar industry
+and has spawned fundamental financial services for sneakers?
+At some point I asked myself what s really going on in the market,
+you can see in the materials at hand,
+as bicycles improved and became more aerodynamic
+And now they use the data to do it together.
+And that s because sneakers are an investment opportunity
+where people are starting to trust businesses,
+The cards are long dead,
+but also unregulated.
+(Video): Announcer: The time is 4 a.m.
+it s not nearly the epidemic some media would have you believe.
+to both the stock exchange and the illegal drug trade,
+In the case of sneakers, that someone is Nike.
+I wave no flags in my own life.
+Just complete domination.
+What do you do?
+became the number two footwear brand in the country,
+Yet, as has become strikingly clear
+These are the people who know nature best.
+That --
+And by the third grade, the kids who didn t have
+The sneaker market is just supply and demand,
+They have something and they re going to hold on to it,
+in 40 years hasn t closed the gender gap at the top
+only this isn t a market at all.
+It s a false construct created by Nike --
+ingeniously created by Nike, in the most positive sense -- to sell more shoes.
+And in the process,
+it provided tens of thousands of people with life-long passions,
+Now at first, I would have believed them.
+and enable Nike to sell millions of $60 sneakers.
+It s marketing.
+and there will be a line down the street and around the block,
+especially if there are dozens
+But that means no efficiencies, no transparency,
+sometimes not even authenticity.
+Can you imagine if that s how stocks were bought?
+What if the way to buy a share of Apple stock
+It sounds more inflationary already, doesn t it.
+if they knew they cheating would-be jihadists.
+But what if that s not how we need to buy sneakers either?
+What if the inverse is true,
+A stock market of things.
+And not only could you buy in a much more educated and efficient manner,
+Because if you had invested in a pair of Air Jordan 3 Black Cement in 2011,
+you could either be wearing them onstage,
+(Laughter)
+Thank you.
+There s an old joke about a cop
+and financial models immediately became apparent.
+that was both fascinating and quite inspiring.
+and they re absolutely right insofar as 100 percent
+because I couldn t give her a good answer.
+the fighting began to approach outside our windows.
+and what s obvious is, in the Alzheimer s brain,
+We couldn t see a thing, but we knew what was happening.
+Of course, I was supposed to be writing an article,
+and I had just gotten accepted to a Ph.D. program at Cambridge University.
+for the last 10 years is doing more harm than good,
+So I was in my room on the 16th floor,
+writing and looking out the window every now and then
+to see what was happening.
+Suddenly, there was a huge explosion.
+During the previous three weeks,
+there had been shelling with half-ton missiles,
+but this time, the shock --
+I felt it inside of me,
+capable of changing the questions we want to ask,
+It s very, very close.
+So I went down to see what was happening.
+and influence, or you have to devote your entire
+to take a look.
+And I saw people, journalists, screaming in the hallways.
+I walked into a room
+and realized that it had been hit by a missile.
+Someone had been wounded.
+There was a man near the window,
+a cameraman named Taras Protsyuk,
+something that we call compartmentalized flexibility.
+Having worked in a hospital before, I wanted to help out.
+So I turned him over.
+And when I turned him over,
+I noticed that he was open from sternum to pubis,
+Now, Niemöller is offering a certain kind of insight.
+All I saw was a white, pearly, shiny spot that blinded me,
+We think, because there are chemical hooks in heroin,
+Once the spot disappeared and I could see his wound,
+which was very serious,
+my buddies and I put a sheet underneath him,
+and even a bit of nose going on in there.
+things like, If you could be any kind of animal, what would you be?
+He died on the way to the hospital.
+The Spanish cameraman José Couso, who was on the 14th floor and also hit --
+died on the operating table.
+As soon as the car left, I went back.
+There was that article I was supposed to write --
+which I had to write.
+And so --
+I returned to the hotel lobby with my arms covered in blood,
+when one of the hotel gofers stopped me
+and asked me to pay the tax I hadn t paid for 10 days.
+I told him to get lost.
+because I learned that I had been watched
+If you want to write, you need to put it all aside.
+And that s what I did.
+I went upstairs, wrote my article and sent it off.
+Later, aside from the feeling of having lost my colleagues,
+something else was bothering me.
+I kept seeing that shiny, pearly spot,
+and I couldn t understand what it meant.
+And then, the war was over.
+Later, I thought: That s not possible. I can t just not know what happened.
+Because it wasn t the first time, and it didn t only happen to me.
+I have seen things like that happen to others
+in my 20 to 35 years of reporting.
+I have seen things that had an effect on me too.
+For example, there was this man I knew in Lebanon,
+a 25-year-old veteran who had been fighting for five years --
+a real veteran -- who we would follow everywhere.
+He would crawl in the dark with confidence --
+if we taught patients how not to demand antibiotics,
+so we would follow him, knowing that we would be safe with him.
+And one day, as I was told --
+Now surprisingly, it seems to work.
+he was back in the camp, playing cards,
+when someone came in next door,
+we love to use machines
+As the gun went off,
+that blast, that one shot, made him duck quickly under the table,
+As digital technology makes things easier for movements,
+He was shaking, panicking.
+Could you learn to drive a car, for example,
+He ended up working as a croupier
+in a Beirut casino where I later found him,
+because he couldn t sleep, so it was quite a suitable job.
+So I thought to myself,
+ What is this thing that can kill you
+without leaving any visible scars?
+How does that happen?
+It was too common to be coincidental.
+so steam and things.
+This is a college student s suggestion
+I started to investigate
+And the telephone. The telephone.
+reaching out to psychiatrists,
+going to museums, libraries, etc.
+Finally, I discovered that some people knew about this --
+a surfer, industrial designer, wetsuit designer,
+and that what we were dealing with was called trauma.
+Americans call it PTSD or traumatic neurosis.
+It was something
+misunderstood creatures. Volunteer your time
+but that we never spoke about.
+So, this trauma --
+what is it?
+Well, it s an encounter with death.
+I don t know if you ve ever had an experience with death --
+I m not talking about dead bodies,
+or someone s grandfather lying in a hospital bed,
+or someone who got hit by a car.
+I m going to make sure that fewer people
+And that is something no one is supposed to see.
+People used to say,
+ Neither the sun, nor death can be looked at with a steady eye.
+A human being should not have to face the void of death.
+But when that happens,
+it can remain invisible for a while --
+days, weeks, months, sometimes years.
+And then, at some point,
+it explodes,
+because it s something that has entered your brain --
+a sort of window between an image and your mind --
+that has penetrated your brain,
+And the reason is that you take it for granted.
+And there are people -- men, women,
+with people much more rational than you.
+And they experience horrible anxiety attacks --
+panic attacks, not just minor fears.
+They suddenly don t want to sleep,
+because when they do, they have the same nightmare every night.
+They see the same image every night.
+What type of image?
+For example, a soldier who enters a building
+and comes face to face with another soldier aiming at him.
+you ll notice that the five senses theory
+And this barrel suddenly becomes enormous, deformed.
+It becomes fluffy, swallowing everything.
+And he says --
+later he will say, I saw death.
+I saw myself dead, therefore I m dead.
+And from then on, he knows he is dead.
+It is not a perception -- he is convinced that he is dead.
+In reality, someone came in, the guy left or didn t shoot, whatever,
+and he didn t actually get shot --
+but to him, he died in that moment.
+Or it can be the smell of a mass grave --
+I saw a lot of that in Rwanda.
+It can be the voice of a friend calling,
+within the Linux operating system, which sub-parts
+You hear that voice,
+and you wake up every night -- for weeks, months --
+like a child.
+I have seen men cry --
+just like children --
+from seeing the same image.
+So having that image of horror in your brain,
+seeing the void of death --
+that analogue of horror which is hiding something --
+will completely take over.
+and I refused to accept that punishment.
+You cannot work anymore,
+The problem is, imagine if we
+You go home and don t recognize anyone.
+You don t even recognize yourself.
+from grandmother to little girl, gathered around a baby,
+I know people who placed small cans outside their house with coins inside,
+in case someone tried to get in.
+All of a sudden, you feel like you want to die or kill
+or hide or run away.
+You want to be loved, but you hate everyone.
+It s a feeling that seizes you entirely
+day in and day out,
+and you suffer tremendously.
+And no one understands.
+They say, There s nothing wrong with you. You seem fine, you have no injuries.
+You went to war, came back; you re fine.
+These people suffer tremendously.
+Some commit suicide.
+After all, suicide is like updating your daily planner --
+I m already dead, I might as well commit suicide.
+Plus, there is no more pain.
+Some commit suicide, others end up under the bridge, drinking.
+Everyone remembers that grandfather or uncle or neighbor
+He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.
+always in a bad mood, beat his wife
+and who would end up either sinking into alcoholism or dying.
+And why do we not talk about this?
+Maybe I wanted to believe it.
+It s not like we don t have the words to express the void of death.
+But others don t want hear it.
+The first time I returned from an assignment,
+They said, Oh! He s back.
+You can click on that red refresh button.
+ Tell us everything!
+Fast forward through the 90s,
+After 20 minutes, people were giving me dirty looks,
+the hostess had her nose in the ashtray.
+It was horrible and I realized I ruined the whole evening.
+So I don t talk about it anymore.
+We re just not ready to listen.
+People say outright: Please, stop.
+Is that a rare occurrence?
+No, it s extremely common.
+One third of the soldiers who died in Iraq --
+It turns out he s a member of the Russian Adult Webmasters Federation.
+one third of the US soldiers who went to Iraq
+[ No dogs and Chinese allowed ]
+In 1939, there were still 200,000 soldiers from the First World War
+that were being treated in British psychiatric hospitals.
+In Vietnam, 54,000 people died --
+Americans.
+In 1987, the US government identified 102,000 --
+twice as many --
+102,000 veterans who died from committing suicide.
+Twice as many deaths by suicide than by combat in Vietnam.
+So you see, this relates to everything,
+not just modern warfare, but also ancient wars --
+you can read about it, the evidence is there.
+loves her husband,
+to share this only with people that we want to share this with,
+you re heading for disaster.
+The only way to heal --
+and the good news here is that this is treatable --
+think Munch s The Scream, Goya, etc. --
+(Applause)
+The only way to heal from this trauma,
+from this encounter with death that overwhelms, petrifies and kills you
+People used to say,
+ Language is the only thing that holds all of us together.
+it s both wrong and also okay at the same time.
+It s the thing that makes us human.
+In the face of such a horrible image --
+a wordless image of oblivion that obsesses us --
+the only way to cope with it
+is to put human words to it.
+Because these people feel excluded from humanity.
+No one wants to see them anymore and they don t want to see anyone.
+They feel dirty, defiled, ashamed.
+Someone said, Doctor, I don t use the subway anymore
+because I m afraid people will see the horror in my eyes.
+Another guy thought he had a terrible skin disease
+and spent six months with dermatologists, going from doctor to doctor.
+and Jovita is volunteering at the police unit
+During his second session, he told the psychiatrist
+he had a terrible skin disease from head to toe.
+The psychiatrist asked, Why are you in this state?
+And the man said, Well, because I m dead, so I must be rotting away.
+ Death is not an event in life:
+In order to heal, we need to talk about it.
+that he has to press the left cage to basically get a reward.
+human words, so we can organize it and talk about it again.
+We have to look death in the face.
+And if we can do that, if we can talk about these things,
+then step by step, by working it out verbally,
+we can reclaim our place in humanity.
+And it is important.
+Silence kills us.
+So what does this mean?
+It means that after a trauma,
+without question, we lose our unbearable lightness of being,
+that sense of immortality that keeps us here --
+meaning, if we re here, we almost feel like we re immortal, which we re not,
+but if we didn t believe that, we d say, What s the point of it all?
+But trauma survivors have lost that feeling of immortality.
+They ve lost their lightness.
+But they have found something else.
+So this means that if we manage to look death in the face,
+and actually confront it, rather than keep quiet and hide,
+like some of the men or women I know did,
+such as Michael from Rwanda, Carole from Iraq, Philippe from the Congo
+and other people I know,
+I can live in duality, and I can hold two things.
+for success in mathematics,
+Five friends of mine committed suicide,
+they re the ones who did not survive the trauma.
+So if we can look death in the face,
+if we, mortal humans, human mortals,
+understand that we are human and mortal, mortal and human,
+if we can confront death and identify it once again
+as the most mysterious place of all mysterious places,
+since no one has ever seen it --
+if we can give it back this meaning,
+yes, we may die,
+survive
+and come back to life,
+but we ll come back stronger than before.
+Much stronger.
+Thank you.
+and that would have been a problem,
+But he explained to me that he was in a bind,
+than any other sector of our society.
+I thought perhaps if I was hanging on long enough,
+And so it s sad to say,
+I said I was going to be the first female President of the United States.
+and for my course.
+And the creator very considerately
+what has been a lifetime of both dreams and denial
+I m just kidding.
+After a while, I got a bit —
+There are going to be those individuals
+I would never be rescued.
+and the classic example is what happened
+Today, much of Mexican society is in denial
+what it means to align your body posture
+At some level, we know that there are human hands
+psychologically, sexually, spiritually, emotionally abused --
+I was completely powerless to change anything in my life
+that light can work with simple senses and physical objects
+that we were teaching
+I was shocked and filled with disbelief.
+but I still think that we learn who we are
+Those arguments don t work, and I know because I remember
+and everything we believe in, because we re not stupid.
+that you can vote with only one hand.
+So if we take food security, for example.
+And working in the Pantanal has been extremely refreshing
+and find work.
+(Laughter)
+That was what was of interest to us next.
+But meanwhile, where are all the females?
+and try to respect each other while still holding boundaries clear.
+I didn t paint myself yellow and run around with these spears and loincloths.
+the fragile planet below.
+But, like most women,
+that mobile telecommunications connected them
+and they are very slowly closing that gap between men and women
+I heard a child crying above my head,
+to fight same-sex marriage in California.
+which are the rhythms that help us to wake and sleep
+We want to see the whole thing,
+And then we asked them again,
+The really nice thing about this is the moment I opened --
+And so if we think of bone,
+should stand for,
+Even in places like India and Japan,
+This is more the direction that we re going to go.
+Exercise teaches your brain that your behavior matters.
+with the glaring exception of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
+Al Jazeera offered him a job.
+So whenever I visit a school and talk to students,
+I always ask them the same thing:
+Why do you Google?
+Why is Google the search engine of choice for you?
+It s set in Montreal some 50 years in the future.
+One, Because it works,
+which is a great answer; that s why I Google, too.
+and their high image of you.
+both of whom have taken the command speak
+It s not an equally great answer and my reply to that is usually,
+ Try to Google the word search engine,
+you may find a couple of interesting alternatives.
+And last but not least, thirdly,
+three things happened at the same time.
+ With Google, I m certain to always get the best, unbiased search result.
+Certain to always get the best, unbiased search result.
+Now, as a man of the humanities,
+albeit a digital humanities man,
+that just makes my skin curl,
+which is enough to cover about half of the car trips
+is a cornerstone in our collective love for and appreciation of Google.
+I will show you why that, philosophically, is almost an impossibility.
+and it wasn t allowed to be in a dictionary.
+So whenever you set out to Google something,
+start by asking yourself this: Am I looking for an isolated fact?
+What is the capital of France?
+What are the building blocks of a water molecule?
+funeral ceremonies are a raucous affair,
+There s not a group of scientists who are this close to proving
+that it s actually London and H30.
+You don t see a big conspiracy among those things.
+We agree, on a global scale,
+750 million numbers.
+because that s the way my mom taught me.
+ Why is there an Israeli-Palestine conflict?
+You re not exactly looking for a singular fact anymore,
+you re looking for knowledge,
+which is something way more complicated and delicate.
+ Hurry, nurse, bring the vagina!
+you have to bring 10 or 20 or 100 facts to the table
+and acknowledge them and say, Yes, these are all true.
+This was the first time I d encountered this idea
+young or old, black or white, gay or straight,
+I will value them differently.
+And I will say, Yes, this is true,
+And this is where it becomes interesting,
+It is essential to this part of the syllabus.
+This is when we start to argue, to form society.
+And to really get somewhere, we need to filter all our facts here,
+through friends and neighbors and parents and children
+and coworkers and newspapers and magazines,
+We used it in the 19th century to build art museums.
+which is something that a search engine is a poor help to achieve.
+So, I promised you an example just to show you why it s so hard
+to get to the point of true, clean, objective knowledge --
+as food for thought.
+I will conduct a couple of simple queries, search queries.
+We ll start with Michelle Obama,
+the First Lady of the United States.
+And we ll click for pictures.
+It works really well, as you can see.
+It s a perfect search result, more or less.
+It s just her in the picture, not even the President.
+which they did, and then they shopped that disk
+ The best thing that never happened because it led to us.”
+And then I looked it up and they do drill into people s brains.
+There s a cave
+A few more weeks without rain,
+Does it say Michelle Obama under the picture?
+Pretty good indication it s actually her on there.
+not like just a stick of dynamite, but you re directing it at the ship.
+Pretty good indication it s not Clint Eastwood in the picture.
+So, you ve got those two and you get a search result like this -- almost.
+Now, in 2009, Michelle Obama was the victim of a racist campaign,
+where people set out to insult her through her search results.
+and I think this impression is pretty powerful.
+where her face was distorted to look like a monkey.
+And that picture was published all over.
+have chosen to show themselves to earthlings
+and it s the states that are going to have to act.
+They made sure to write Michelle Obama in the caption
+Think of it like this.
+You get why -- to manipulate the search result.
+And it worked, too.
+We all shared a bedroom
+than a closed photobioreactor system,
+Now, the results are self-cleansing,
+and that s sort of the beauty of it,
+because Google measures relevance every hour, every day.
+However, Google didn t settle for that this time,
+they just thought, That s racist and it s a bad search result
+and we re going to go back and clean that up manually.
+led us so far astray.
+which they did.
+And I don t think anyone in this room thinks that was a bad idea.
+Me neither.
+But then, a couple of years go by,
+and the world s most-Googled Anders,
+And there were many, many others.
+and most powerful incentive pushing decision-making
+They nest and they mate and they breed in these old-growth swamps
+and a terrible day in Norwegian history.
+This man, a terrorist, blew up a couple of government buildings
+walking distance from where we are right now in Oslo, Norway
+and then he traveled to the island of Utøya
+and shot and killed a group of kids.
+Almost 80 people died that day.
+And a lot of people would describe this act of terror as two steps,
+that he did two things: he blew up the buildings and he shot those kids.
+It was three steps.
+He blew up those buildings, he shot those kids,
+and he sat down and waited for the world to Google him.
+They were only tried by a secret court.
+And if there was somebody who immediately understood this,
+it was a Swedish web developer,
+a search engine optimization expert in Stockholm, named Nikke Lindqvist.
+He s also a very political guy
+and he was right out there in social media, on his blog and Facebook.
+And he told everybody,
+ If there s something that this guy wants right now,
+it s to control the image of himself.
+(Applause)
+Let s see if we, in the civilized world, can protest against what he did
+through insulting him in his search results.
+And how?
+He told all of his readers the following,
+ Go out there on the Internet,
+find pictures of dog poop on sidewalks --
+find pictures of dog poop on sidewalks --
+publish them in your feeds, on your websites, on your blogs.
+And so I walked to the counter,
+make sure to name the picture file Breivik.jpeg.
+scrollbars, the desktop with icons that look like folders
+And it worked.
+Two years after that campaign against Michelle Obama,
+this manipulation campaign against Anders Behring Breivik worked.
+If you picture-Googled for him weeks after the July 22 events from Sweden,
+you d see that picture of dog poop high up in the search results,
+as a little protest.
+Strangely enough, Google didn t intervene this time.
+through quantum tunneling, will be transformed
+So the million-dollar question,
+is there anything different between these two happenings here?
+If your work bombed, not entirely your fault, you know?
+Of course not.
+It s the exact same thing,
+yet Google intervened in one case and not in the other.
+Why?
+Because Michelle Obama is an honorable person, that s why,
+and Anders Behring Breivik is a despicable person.
+See what happens there?
+An evaluation of a person takes place
+and there s only one power-player in the world
+with the authority to say who s who.
+ We like you, we dislike you.
+We believe in you, we don t believe in you.
+You re right, you re wrong. You re true, you re false.
+You re Obama, and you re Breivik.
+That s power if I ever saw it.
+to help you dive into the things you don t know.
+is always a person,
+a person with a set of personal beliefs
+that no code can ever completely eradicate.
+And my message goes out not only to Google,
+but to all believers in the faith of code around the world.
+You need to identify your own personal bias.
+of intelligence by Indian firms.
+(Claps)
+when it s absolutely imperative
+that we tie those bonds together again, tighter:
+the humanities and the technology.
+Tighter than ever.
+And, if nothing else, to remind us that that wonderfully seductive idea
+of the unbiased, clean search result
+is, and is likely to remain, a myth.
+A humpback can transmit a sound
+(Applause)
+Charles Van Doren, who was later a senior editor of Britannica,
+So I ve been working on the history of income
+by either visiting Disneyland
+and I sort of presented myself to them in the doorway, and they said,
+In truth, I wondered if they were right.
+Of course, there are gay people in Asia,
+But is the idea of living an out life,
+kind of way just a Western idea?
+many of them had turned cynical, disengaged,
+Lisa Dazols: I had similar notions.
+we were being asked,
+(Laughter)
+I got stuck and I made it through.
+just for being gay,
+because you find that new followers emulate the followers, not the leader.
+I saw how this had beaten them down.
+by the architects Herzog and de Meuron.
+I needed better stories for myself.
+I knew the world was far from perfect,
+And our goal, the core aim of the Wikimedia Foundation,
+So we set off on a mission to travel the world
+and look for the people we finally termed as the Supergays.
+who were doing something extraordinary in the world.
+and most of all, proud of who they were.
+the sprawl of Mexico City.
+Our plan was to share their stories to the world through film.
+(Laughter)
+That s the temperature that s associated with dangerous impacts
+so we just had to trust that we d figure it all out along the way.
+countries outside the West that varied in terms of LGBT rights.
+And it can t result in healthy sexuality
+ordered a book on how to make a documentary --
+that we re trying to save ourselves.
+everyone said I had changed. They asked me,
+and now recently, a devastating earthquake,
+found that nine percent of those surveyed
+A beautiful, vibrant transgendered woman,
+Bhumika has had to overcome being expelled from school
+because of where I come from.
+to protect against LGBT discrimination.
+Here s Bhumika:
+And what s interesting about this
+I m a transgendered person.
+If you lose a lot of weight,
+On December 21, 2007,
+but they could just swim like fish.
+and they came across this image.
+LD: I can appreciate Bhumika s confidence on a daily basis.
+Traveling throughout Asia,
+I had to come up with a strategy, so that I could just pee in peace.
+(Laughter)
+So anytime I would enter a restroom,
+I would thrust out my chest to show my womanly parts,
+I can t be anything else.
+Because that animator was allowed to share
+Now obviously, taste and smell are quite high,
+when they thought no one was watching.
+We have even done symbolic burials.
+where the women s status is established in society.
+than a garment that at one end is a noose and the other end points to the genitals?
+The complexity of the music does become an issue,
+This is the freaky side coming out.
+And if that is the normal state of affairs,
+and talked to him about why he decided to come out so very publicly.
+Here he is:
+for Valentine s Day,
+And that instigated me to come out openly and talk about myself.
+so over time we ll have this repository of things
+Gay rights cannot be won in the court rooms,
+but in the hearts and the minds of the people.
+JC: While getting my hair cut,
+in love with neuroscience. I wanted to become a surgeon.
+and she asked me a lot of questions about my parents reactions
+And there s perhaps no more stressful a situation
+I told her that there are no limitations to my life
+What I actually said is they re not contentious at all.
+as yet another crazy Westerner.
+that we interviewed in India.
+You don t. But you do look for,
+to derive the kinds of satisfactions from their work that we take for granted.
+we basically take a look at
+(Laughter)
+And in that ordinary afternoon,
+I had the chance to introduce an entire beauty salon
+In Kenya, 89 percent of people who come out to their families
+and stop the accumulation of side effects
+In Kenya, we met the soft-spoken David Kuria.
+of today s factory workers in the U.S.
+David wanted to run his campaign without denying the reality of who he was.
+And, yeah,
+and they feel that they are doing a religious obligation.
+to go to Chihuahua,
+as opposed to one.
+We have Hubway here in Boston, the Vélib system in Paris.
+The next spring, it didn t form two communities
+helped us to clean, sort and label
+than here in the US.
+In 2010, Argentina became the first country in Latin America
+we see that we all struggle and we all suffer.
+There, we met María Rachid.
+the effects of marriage equality
+They are for a lot of people that, even though they may never get married,
+that a gun is not some macho instrument to brag about.
+in a whole range of different languages.
+I feel very proud of Argentina
+And hopefully soon,
+So if we continue on this red, four-degree centigrade scenario pathway,
+JC: When we made the visit to my ancestral lands,
+ Huh, did you find any unexpected heroes?
+(Video) One, two, three. Welcome gays to Shanghai!
+and I think I was hoping that it might somehow inoculate me from heartache.
+Sure, they had their struggles.
+But they were fighting it out.
+only 18,000 are believed to still be left in Yarmouk.
+and tell them our story in my broken Mandarin Chinese.
+Maybe in the airplane, we can overcome jet lag like that.
+And we learned that Asia s largest LGBT pride event
+If only my parents knew.
+LD: By the time we finished our not-so-straight journey around the world,
+(Laughter)
+Traceability is a way where the seafood industry
+and logged 120 hours of video footage.
+We traveled to 15 countries
+and we don t know what is the potential of this plant,
+JC: Yes, there are still tragedies that happen
+But once it starts moving throughout the body, that s when it becomes deadly.
+And let s not forget that 75 countries still criminalize homosexuality today.
+something that is changing,
+in every corner of the world.
+What we ultimately took away from our journey is,
+equality is not a Western invention.
+LD: One of the key factors in this equality movement is momentum,
+momentum as more and more people embrace their full selves
+PM: I know that s what you re telling your daughter. SS: Absolutely.
+ We re all too busy for this inefficient system
+and momentum as more and more countries
+his name circulated
+When Nepal protected against LGBT discrimination,
+India pushed harder.
+Uruguay and Brazil followed.
+(Applause)
+When the US Supreme Court makes a statement to the world
+will not only help us to get rid of the digital divide,
+(Applause)
+what we realized is that we were watching a love story.
+It wasn t a love story that was expected of me,
+The tools and the software: there s lots of tools that allow us --
+One year after returning home from our trip,
+has been a classically Arcadian movement.
+(Laughter)
+If any of you have ever gone tandem skydiving,
+by the state of California
+You may kiss.
+(Applause)
+the infectious disease that s killed more humans
+(Music ends)
+but there was the perception that they did.
+(Distorted guitar music starts)
+(Music ends)
+(Applause)
+(Ambient/guitar music starts)
+(Music ends)
+I would like to demonstrate for the first time in public
+Number one:
+to a solar cell with a laptop acting as a receiver.
+black and white, Caribbean,
+And you may wonder, what s the point?
+There will be a massive extension of the Internet
+to close the digital divide,
+tens of billions of devices connected to the Internet.
+and how this journey that began
+This means we need to use existing infrastructure as much as possible.
+And this is where the solar cell and the LED come in.
+Leading innovation is not about creating a vision,
+at TED in 2011,
+It is beautiful, gold standard. Love it.
+Data is transported by the light,
+If we look around, we have many LEDs around us,
+But so far, we have been using special devices -- small photo detectors,
+because of its massive power to have vital gases exchanged
+And this is why I have been looking into solar cells and solar panels.
+A solar cell absorbs light and converts it into electrical energy.
+This is why we can use a solar cell to charge our mobile phone.
+and turned the hotel parking lot into our own water-filled battle zone.
+This means we have a principal mechanism in place
+So I m going to show you now first what we found in the offices,
+Of course the question is:
+How have we not made the connection?
+And the answer to that is yes, we can.
+and on the other side of those mountains
+Bear with me.
+And this is faster than most broadband connections these days.
+And young people of the Arab world have awakened one morning,
+In this box is a standard, off-the-shelf LED lamp.
+Can you imagine? Now let s, we can see that s a traditional
+And each of those life stages not only looks totally different from each other,
+That was filmed from a helicopter
+So it s conceivable, if God were to exist,
+are getting feedback from accelerometers and gyros on board,
+If I turn it off, we see it drops.
+But next I would like to activate the streaming of the video.
+of many of the trans-border informal flows
+a certain band of winds that could eventually
+and in a way that you can t recognize with your eye,
+and it was a lot of work.
+But in order to prove the point,
+So first you notice the energy harvesting drops
+to what they called adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs.
+their family rabbi called to check on me.
+But now imagine that this LED lamp is a street light, and there s fog.
+And so I want to simulate fog,
+First you notice
+Do you want to roll the film?
+This means, despite the blockage,
+This visualization was done by an Italian academic.
+So this is clearly bad news for Reuther.
+But it s been happening for centuries:
+That s why it is possible
+So this one is the real one.
+So we went in there with a search warrant and about two hours after we went in,
+It was the moment that my parents became very old.
+And the same is true
+and we conducted our entire conversation in English,
+By miracles, I mean things that are
+Actually, we found 100 percent is easier to do
+As a documentary photographer,
+wrote a book called God Is Not Great
+which means wild animals like zebras
+And my father smiled and said,
+As a child, I had a pretty normal life:
+I have dedicated the past 20 years of my life
+Because -- goodness, you re all cheery about failing.
+What was amazing about their generation
+that I think embody this philosophy.
+I ve been questioning myself about the real contributions I have made
+there s a literature inside of each of us,
+Am I being effective
+in safeguarding their survival?
+In fact, it s all about frostbite and having difficulty walking,
+And you all have chosen your own instruments
+We all know that. It s all over the news every day.
+And, of course, he never talked about his past life
+and divide the surface into two surfaces.
+They were told to take me home and try to keep me comfortable
+the largest terrestrial mammal of South America.
+they re uncomfortable with the topic because it s about sex.
+are in touch with each other.
+in the proposition that there are two kinds of people in the world,
+Tapirs are mostly found in tropical forests such as the Amazon,
+But their habitat is being destroyed,
+and think about what it would mean
+And the reason I think you might be wondering this
+had to -- finally -- give equal monies to boys and girls.
+the extinction of tapirs would seriously affect
+and I want to talk about creativity.
+and it was a pioneer research and conservation program.
+I speak broken English so the profusing gashes can remind us
+and we got started getting very basic data about these animals.
+What we wanted to do is we wanted to make a fuel
+the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
+We need field research.
+We need those long-term datasets to support conservation action,
+You can t see her, because she s buried
+rather than disease, medicine, target.
+And then we can gather information about how they use space,
+and will probably last a lifetime.
+So can you imagine the situation --
+in his past, he killed two policemen
+Next, we must disseminate what we learn.
+We have to educate people about tapirs
+And it s amazing how many people around the world
+when two billion people use your brands
+You can t imagine your life without classical music.
+ By which year do you think there is a 50 percent probability
+and they would bring the conversation around to
+And then next we have to provide training, capacity building.
+under the name of manioc.
+I spend some time just reflecting on what went right,
+we must be able to apply our data,
+Now, when men first hear about gender equality,
+Now, a central issue with working memory
+one of the most threatened biomes in the world.
+The destruction of the Atlantic Forest
+when you get these things that take hundreds of millions of years to evolve?
+is still left standing.
+And it s not important because you can buy components at a lower price, OK?
+of pastureland and agriculture
+It can even have a pixel or two missing.
+in between those patches of forest,
+in Seoul, Korea.
+so that tapirs and many other animals could cross the landscape safely.
+in 2008, we expanded our tapir conservation efforts to the Pantanal
+and ready to get behind this totally uncontroversial idea.
+near the border with Bolivia and Paraguay.
+The classic example is people who are, perhaps, a little bit overweight
+We need you to raise awareness that Alzheimer s is a disease
+and one of the most important strongholds for lowland tapirs in South America.
+and we have been able to study tapirs
+having the peers actually be able to interact with each other,
+we also had community partners in Haiti working to develop the process,
+This camera is equipped with a movement sensor
+and it photographs animals when they walk in front of it.
+because then you have more potential caretakers,
+My heart rate was very low
+when you re trying to develop those conservation strategies.
+And right now, 2015, we are expanding our work once again
+to the Brazilian Cerrado,
+Today this region is the very epicenter of economic development in my country,
+including once again cattle ranching,
+poaching, roadkill, just to name a few.
+which gives me a lot of hope.
+to miss an opportunity.
+When you drive around
+So every year, instead of just teaching our students, we have a wellness week.
+and you talk to kids and they tell you that they know how tapir meat tastes
+it really breaks your heart.
+The situation in the Cerrado made me realize --
+it gave me the sense of urgency.
+I am swimming against the tide.
+♪ Hovering light ♪
+I was able to double my contribution.
+to fall asleep, or to stay awake.
+One of the main concerns and excuses for not getting vaccinated
+We really do, and you know what?
+arbitrary amounts of personal information.
+so we just came up with the idea of putting reflective stickers
+So another environmental challenge
+For now, this is just a crazy idea.
+These actually are sold as artwork. They re very big prints.
+But the point is, maybe this is the kind of stuff that needs to be done.
+And although I m struggling with all these questions
+and the time we actually started answering the questions.
+What are our genes?
+so he can go ahead and hand off the toy and change the person,
+A new era is coming,
+were trying to collect together all of the data from all
+And I ll keep doing this for Patrícia, my namesake,
+one of the first tapirs we captured and monitored in the Atlantic Forest
+And by that, what they mean is rocket science is really complicated
+And I ll keep doing this for Ted, a baby tapir we captured
+in December last year also in the Pantanal.
+(Laughter)
+for the hundreds of tapirs that I ve had the pleasure to meet
+And you know? We human beings deserve to live in a world
+where we can get out there and see and benefit from
+now and in the future.
+to these kinds of situations.
+Audience: Aye.
+Every day, I listen to harrowing stories of people fleeing for their lives,
+But there s one story that keeps me awake at night,
+that normally comes with what people would call,
+in an age where reputation will be your most valuable asset.
+And a few years ago, I was looking at some of the addicts in my life who I love,
+And the community that once welcomed them there
+In his most famous book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed,
+On the right, ancient Gothic,
+And actually, our political beliefs also
+I was emotionally feeling very isolated.
+The way you measure nanotechnology is in nanometers,
+In France, voter turnout hit a record low.
+It was a Saturday morning when the call came,
+And another environmental challenge is resources,
+There were Syrians, Palestinians, Africans, Muslims and Christians,
+and Masa, 18 months.
+Bassem holding her hand.
+(Laughter) MM: Awesome. Thank you.
+but if there are no clouds,
+over 10 billion dollars.
+He told them to shut up, and he insulted them.
+and I want to share some more of that story with you today
+So the boat sped away in anger,
+But we know how to fix this.
+Three: Sinew used in the outer layer of the limb
+The 300 people below deck were doomed.
+with the Royal Philharmonic Pops.
+and she held the clitoris, and she cut it off.
+and I invented a system called Enterprise Facilitation,
+that they use to play in swimming pools and on calm seas.
+ I fear I am not going to survive.
+I m too weak. I don t have the courage anymore.
+Infidelity shatters the grand ambition of love.
+Millions of refugees are living in exile, in limbo.
+not just looking for combinations of words and links
+Even if they wanted to return, they can t.
+would be one in 10,000: 10 to the fourth power.
+I was shocked by how at home I felt.
+JC: Hands down. IA: No, it s makeup.
+on the notice board.
+The Syria war has driven almost four million people over the borders,
+and he knows exactly how to deal with it,
+It was their second day, and Bassem was getting very weak.
+probably aren t going to give you everything
+And he released himself into the water,
+my voice was stolen from me,
+the normal acinus and the ugly tumor.
+Basically what it told me was —
+And then she went away and drowned.
+Now when it comes to taxes, there is more disagreement.
+It s just a little bit of fluffy stuff. It s not a big deal.
+(Applause)
+It s a very vestigial system.
+she said to the sobbing child,
+she looked up into the sky with hope,
+I have just given you
+What we have to look at is at how we
+That s why Olu says, I m German, but my parents come from Nigeria.
+♪ that you make me lose everything I know ♪
+And they told her the little baby did not survive --
+But Doaa was sure that as they had been pulled up onto the rescue boat,
+Only 11 people survived that wreck, of the 500.
+but online, technologically enhanced shaming is amplified,
+ Don t give us any of that self-actualization stuff.
+And soon the Greek press started reporting about the miracle baby,
+and offers to adopt her came from all over the country.
+You ll see that these measurements start
+that ran through three neighborhoods
+This was from Masa s uncle,
+and until then, she s being cared for in a beautiful orphanage in Athens.
+The Academy of Athens, one of Greece s most prestigious institutions,
+and she deserves all that praise,
+what if she didn t have to take that risk?
+Why did she have to go through all that?
+In 1990, she was asked this question.
+I m going to whip through this quickly,
+Why is there so little investment in the neighboring countries
+And why, the root question,
+And if you just become informed and change a few simple habits,
+to the shores of Europe?
+Well, that is largely Europe s choice.
+And I understand the public fears.
+But is that more important than saving human lives?
+And no migrant would take that dangerous journey
+And no one would put their life savings
+and that s because this technological horizon,
+Could we be inspired by what happened,
+and try something new for 30 days.
+It s been a good run.
+and you look down and you see these hundreds of little villages,
+I found myself waking each morning in misty Seattle
+or making Valentine s Day cards for senior citizens who are homebound.
+of Professor Stephen Hawking.
+We collected 200,000 jars of peanut butter
+and over 365,000 Valentine s Day cards.
+This is big scale. OK --
+But there s one weird side effect.
+Every time we send out a text message,
+I m interested in how we access that information,
+by an RFID chip that was sewn in the suit.
+which it s not.
+We couldn t believe this was happening.
+We couldn t believe that something so horrific could happen to a human being,
+and that she would share it with us -- something so intimate, so personal.
+and we had to build a crisis text line for these people in pain.
+and moved its way into the larger industry,
+Just to put that into perspective,
+that s zero marketing and faster growth than when Facebook first launched.
+and look like an aggressive hulk.
+(Laughter)
+with my friends, with people.
+and the use of our very versatile hands.
+And we don t get the word like or um or hyperventilating or crying.
+We just get facts.
+then that same climate change impact could be devastating.
+And so the crisis counselor says,
+And the crisis counselor gets the girl to give her her address,
+The first thing I want to do is start with a graph.
+the person that has the bakery down the street.
+We live in one world.
+23 minutes with no response from this girl.
+And the next message that comes in says --
+such that a loss is followed by a loss
+To begin with, I came to work with this virus
+As a mom that one just --
+ I just got out of the hospital.
+known as a federal habeas corpus proceeding.
+Thirty percent of our text messages are about suicide and depression -- huge.
+and faces and objects for hours.
+I took him to Los Angeles to meet a foundation officer
+and getting them from hot moments to cold moments.
+in less than two years.
+He had these two women who were traveling with him
+Now, because the sea has a greater thermal inertia than the land,
+the thing that really gets me psyched is the data:
+or else in a nearby hut near their children,
+that s the volume, velocity and variety to provide a really juicy corpus.
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+So how do we use the data to make us better?
+Alright, chances are someone here, someone watching this
+are used to control the behavior of these children,
+(Laughter)
+How do you know that person s any good?
+and incapable of establishing any kind of peace or reconciliation.
+(Laughter)
+I thought she was a genius when she said,
+ I ll see you guys in two weeks -- but I need to see you next week, sir.
+We know that if you text the words numbs and sleeve,
+there s a 99 percent match for cutting.
+We know that if you text in the words mg and rubber band,
+And who would have guessed that the programming
+ 99 percent match for cutting -- try asking one of these questions
+My own relationship was only a few months old,
+Or 99 percent match for substance abuse,
+in the past, that sort of tailed off now.
+It makes us more accurate.
+something radically different.
+I add new images,
+the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud,
+that I had heard the word teach ourselves said so casually.
+We had a spike in volume also.
+The difference was
+Of course in meditation --
+over me using your data like that.
+(Applause)
+This data is also making the world better
+because I m sitting on the world s first map of real-time crises.
+But that can t be right.
+all of these data points --
+but you do not want to live there,
+if we can push those limits a bit.
+It suggests that you and I should rebuild trust.
+Because I want schools to be able to see
+And I want families to see that substance abuse questions spike at 5am.
+(Applause)
+what exactly those genes are.
+makes policy, research,
+for administrative functions,
+where people are put in the sun to get better.
+I get really excited about this data, I m a little nerdy.
+Yeah, that sounded too girly.
+With a thousand Juliáns working together,
+And the only difference really between me and those people in hoodies down the road
+you get out of the car, you park at your destination,
+I think all of you received one of these music books in your gift pack.
+or swipe right and get laid.
+I m inspired --
+I want to use tech and data to make the world a better place.
+when she was in a car accident where she lost her leg,
+And my laptop runs slower, less reliably and less pleasantly
+doing our best to inspire over a million young people in person
+This is another reason, I think,
+it was so quick, there was nothing to see.
+(Applause)
+I only know nine Lovegroves, two of which are my parents.
+but if you live in a country like the United States,
+during a recent storm.
+and it was cold.
+I couldn t go back to my friend Jeff s house for the night
+I was five years old, clutching the hand of my nine-year-old sister
+So, desperate and freezing cold,
+I found a large rock and I broke through the basement window,
+and so for the next several years Will lived with his older brother,
+I could call my contractor and ask him to fix it.
+This was going to be expensive,
+but probably no more expensive than a middle-of-the-night locksmith,
+so I figured, under the circumstances, I was coming out even.
+can only appear because there is also darkness in that same building.
+powers this printer, is a project
+that the real goal of family planning is to control populations.
+and the meetings I had upcoming in Europe,
+that I realized I didn t have my passport.
+and of many governments
+So I raced home in the snow and ice, 40 minutes,
+but they had given away my seat to someone else,
+in fact, more fundamentally than that --
+in a seat that wouldn t recline, on an eight-hour flight.
+you re a scientist, you re not like me --
+Today, we re using small quads.
+we seek to place trust in a differentiated way.
+will minimize the likelihood of it being a total catastrophe.
+that some of the children were distressed,
+Around the home, designate a place for things that are easily lost.
+But the telescopes we ve used over the last decade
+that evolved over tens of thousands of years,
+Being stealth and untraceable.
+we use something that happens in nature: waves.
+and it s very wasteful;
+and they could still find their nuts.
+You know, we live in an age where we are so used
+mail it to yourself so it s in the cloud.
+If these things are lost or stolen, you can facilitate replacement.
+We also need to help small farmers --
+In my lab, as we developed these robots,
+to be laid down over the damaged nerves.
+This is another sample I have.
+because the things that are causing the pathology
+I m sure we can all think of a lot of entertainment apps
+didn t know who I was
+There s something special about the structure -- the order --
+kidney failure, diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis --
+They were hung and then decapitated.
+Right at this same time, I m signing and hugging after a gig,
+more valuable to society
+my female company had to let the men in.
+That s the wonderful richness of life.
+A photo is a reminder of someone or something,
+a study that was done of investments in voluntary retirement plans.
+for a number of things that we knew were both related
+and have many fewer actions to imitate
+But you should ask at this point for another statistic,
+And hope is the one thing that we, Aaron s friends,
+was one of these Muslim volunteers from east Jerusalem
+not to mention all Mexican people --
+we all pretend to be an idol for someone else, but actually
+And that ended up being a better joke than slushies,
+and I don t like the word, his, either, because that sexualizes God.
+And what about, just, the whole economic structure?
+Leadership is a choice. It is not a rank.
+That is, at stage 3 or 4,
+And you also want to think about things like quality of life.
+Armed with information like this, we can do several things.
+Then there was the Vietnam War.
+The Department of Justice says that more than half of the rapes
+Absurd. But I had to follow the Victorian norm.
+and what happens right after you release.
+We need variety. We need surprise.
+So it s small trades by small people,
+Being given a means of communication changed everything.
+and that s a strong motivation.
+coolest in the center city, warmer in the suburbs,
+to present our art projects.
+We are used to invitations, but this invitation really thrilled us.
+The Swiss Embassy in Berlin is special.
+It is the only old building in the government district
+that was not destroyed during the Second World War,
+and it sits right next to the Federal Chancellery.
+No one is closer to Chancellor Merkel than the Swiss diplomats.
+Why do people feel so miserable,
+The government district in Berlin also contains the Reichstag --
+Germany s parliament -- and the Brandenburg Gate,
+and right next to the gate there are other embassies,
+in particular the US and the British Embassy.
+Although Germany is an advanced democracy,
+citizens are limited in their constitutional rights
+in its government district.
+The right of assembly and the right to demonstrate are restricted there.
+that happen in a very specific order,
+The opportunities to exercise participation and to express oneself
+Adam I wants to conquer the world.
+and always subject to a specific regulation.
+With an awareness of the dependencies of these regulations,
+we can gain a new perspective.
+The given terms and conditions shape our perception, our actions
+and our lives.
+And this is crucial in another context.
+Over the last couple of years,
+we learned that from the roofs of the US and the British Embassy,
+the secret services have been listening to the entire district,
+including the mobile phone of Angela Merkel.
+The antennas of the British GCHQ are hidden in a white cylindrical radome,
+while the listening post of the American NSA
+is covered by radio transparent screens.
+inadvertently kill some insects when you walk on grass.
+With my colleague, Christoph Wachter,
+it was everything I d ever imagined.
+And we used this opportunity to exploit the specific situation.
+If people are spying on us, it stands to reason
+they create an extraordinary symphony of electrical activity,
+(Laughter)
+On the roof of the Swiss Embassy, we installed a series of antennas.
+we decided, let s protect our neighborhood,
+Well, the wintering ground is also critical
+They were makeshift can antennas,
+not camouflaged but totally obvious and visible.
+I am forced to ask myself a question.
+and so we built another large antenna on their rooftop,
+exactly between the listening posts of the NSA and the GCHQ.
+(Laughter)
+and today we released a lawsuit
+with a camera registering each and every move we made,
+and on the roof of the US Embassy, security officers patrolled.
+But we ve centralized these bureaucracies.
+there are no specific laws relating to digital communication.
+Our installation was therefore perfectly legal,
+and the Swiss Ambassador informed Chancellor Merkel about it.
+for three hours in order to hit a target,
+(Laughter)
+The antennas created an open and free Wi-Fi communication network
+in which anyone who wanted to would be able to participate
+using any Wi-Fi-enabled device without any hindrance,
+and be able to send messages
+So we figured, if there are places along our Fraser River
+I held my head as still as I could
+And people did communicate.
+Over 15,000 messages were sent.
+Here are some examples.
+ Hello world, hello Berlin, hello NSA, hello GCHQ.
+ NSA Agents, Do the Right Thing! Blow the whistle!
+ This is the NSA. In God we trust. All others we track!!!!!
+(Laughter)
+ #@nonymous is watching #NSA #GCHQ - we are part of your organizations.
+# expect us. We will #shutdown
+ This is the NSA s Achilles heel. Open Networks.
+ Agents, what twisted story of yourself will you tell your grandchildren?
+because this is so cheap and also so strong,
+whether you know it or not.
+ Make Love, Not cyberwar.
+That small detail changed the way we worked.
+because I don t just get hate mail.
+and to our surprise, they did.
+Files appeared on the network, including classified documents
+of the Norwegian Arctic cod.
+which highlights that the free exchange and discussion of vital information
+being erroneously reported as spam and abuse,
+We also organized guided tours to experience and sound out
+the power constellations on-site.
+that I think is an information enlightenment,
+the specific equipment and a specific skill set.
+If we become aware of the constellation,
+are of that form:
+it not only broadens our horizon,
+it allows us to look behind the regulations that limit our worldview,
+While we humans, we are happy in our comfort zone,
+Let s look at an actual example.
+on the outskirts of Paris
+is hidden and faded from view.
+It s a vicious circle.
+We put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it,
+What is new is how these realities are hidden
+Thank you.
+in an age of global and overwhelming communication and exchange.
+Such makeshift settlements are considered illegal,
+consciously seem to us and how they really are.
+of making their voices heard.
+On the contrary, every time they appear, every time they risk becoming visible,
+merely gives grounds for further persecution,
+expulsion and suppression.
+What interested us was how we could come to know this hidden side.
+We were searching for an interface and we found one.
+It s not a digital interface, but a physical one: it s a hotel.
+Together with Roma families, we created several Hotel Gelems in Europe,
+for example, in Freiburg in Germany, in Montreuil near Paris,
+and also in the Balkans.
+Why would you do that?
+at any point along the track.
+But they aren t a commercial enterprise.
+They are a symbol.
+You can go online and ask for a personal invitation
+to come and live for a few days in the Hotel Gelem, in their homes,
+eating, working and living with the Roma families.
+law enforcement strategy.
+the visitors are.
+Here, the Roma families are not a minority;
+the visitors are.
+ For Us is Born.
+even if they lit the bear on fire,
+these disparate and seemingly insurmountable contradictions.
+In the world of globalization,
+the continents are drifting closer to each other.
+Cultures, goods and people are in permanent exchange,
+so I m showing this classified sequence
+He needed them to feel protected.
+We were recently in Australia.
+For us, it was no problem to enter the country.
+We have European passports, visas and air tickets.
+But asylum seekers who arrive by boat in Australia
+are deported or taken to prison.
+The interception of the boats
+and the disappearance of the people into the detention system
+are veiled by the Australian authorities.
+These procedures are declared to be secret military operations.
+After dramatic escapes from crisis zones and war zones,
+I m like, Those years ago, You circumcised me.
+sometimes for years.
+During our stay, however,
+we managed to reach out and work with asylum seekers who were imprisoned,
+despite strict screening and isolation.
+From these contexts was born an installation in the art space
+of the Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane.
+On the face of it, it was a very simple installation.
+What kind of economic engine would keep churning
+What do you seek to express there?
+accompanied by the distance and the name of the immigration facility.
+But the exhibition step came in the form of connectivity.
+Above every floor marking, there was a headset.
+Visitors were offered the opportunity to talk directly to a refugee
+who was or had been imprisoned
+in a specific detention facility
+I enjoyed myself, but during that moment while I was here,
+And we re just volunteers and it s only an experiment.
+asylum seekers felt free to talk about themselves,
+their story and their situation, without fear of consequences.
+Visitors immersed themselves in long conversations
+about families torn apart, about dramatic escapes from war zones,
+about suicide attempts,
+about the fate of children in detention.
+Emotions ran deep. Many wept.
+Several revisited the exhibition.
+makes sure she has lots of sex with the smart guy,
+Europe is now facing a stream of migrants.
+The situation for the asylum seekers is made worse by contradictory policies
+and the temptation of militarized responses.
+We have also established communication systems
+in remote refugee centers in Switzerland and Greece.
+They are all about providing basic information -- medical costs,
+legal information, guidance.
+we place both hands on the steering wheel at the 12 o clock position.
+Information on the Internet
+that could ensure survival along dangerous routes
+is being censored,
+at the bottom of the brain.
+and genomics is merely one example of this,
+on the roof of the Swiss Embassy in Berlin
+and the Can You Hear Me? project.
+that we couldn t even have dreamt up.
+We should start making our own connections,
+fighting for this idea of an equal and globally interconnected world.
+This is essential to overcome our speechlessness
+It is only in truly exposing ourselves
+to the transformative power of this experience
+that we can overcome prejudice and exclusion.
+(Laughter)
+(Applause)
+Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Mathias.
+The other half of your artistic duo is also here.
+and say, I am an actor,
+(Applause)
+First, tell me just a detail:
+the name of the hotel is not a random name.
+Gelem means something specific in the Roma language.
+Mathias Jud: Yes, Gelem, Gelem is the title of the Romani hymn,
+the official, and it means I went a long way.
+BG: That s just to add the detail to your talk.
+But you two traveled to the island of Lesbos
+very recently, you re just back a couple of days ago,
+in Greece, where thousands of refugees are arriving
+and have been arriving over the last few months.
+What did you see there and what did you do there?
+Christoph Wachter: Well, Lesbos is one of the Greek islands close to Turkey,
+and during our stay,
+many asylum seekers arrived by boat on overcrowded dinghies,
+and after landing, they were left completely on their own.
+to hold like it is now.
+For example, they are not allowed to buy a bus ticket
+or to rent a hotel room,
+so many families literally sleep in the streets.
+And we installed networks there to allow basic communication,
+and put on a breathing machine.
+it s not only that we have to speak about the refugees,
+I think we need to start talking to them.
+to sue for civil damages,
+about their lives and their struggle to survive.
+BG: And allow them to talk as well.
+Christoph, thank you for coming to TED.
+Mathias, thank you for coming to TED and sharing your story.
+(Applause)
+Interpreter: Piano, p, is my favorite musical symbol.
+It means to play softly.
+you need to play softer.
+Does anybody remember these?
+Four p s -- extremely soft.
+This is my drawing of a p-tree,
+which demonstrates
+no matter how many thousands upon thousands of p s there may be,
+you ll never reach complete silence.
+That s my current definition of silence:
+Pip from Great Expectations was adopted;
+I d like to share a little bit
+something like this,
+plus a bit of my own background.
+You re going to send them to me.
+it evolved into the language we know today as ASL.
+everybody in prison, the governor and whatever,
+I was born deaf,
+and I was taught to believe that sound wasn t a part of my life.
+And he said, As an animator, you re not a director -- you re an actor.
+It had become a community gathering place overnight.
+Sound was very much a part of my life,
+really, on my mind every day.
+he got the interest of an investigative journalist,
+it s as if I was living in a foreign country,
+and it kind of blew me away.
+without ever questioning them.
+So how is it that I understand sound?
+Well, I watch how people behave and respond to sound.
+He can t walk. Anybody know the story?
+I learn and mirror that behavior.
+remember something or someone,
+There is a beauty in it that you don t need to translate.
+At night, I would sit with my family
+ Don t make too much noise when you re eating from the potato-chip bag!
+we want to make a documentary about the Bergen Railway,
+ Don t burp,
+and when you re eating,
+data came to it in some form or shape.
+We have knowledge.
+Maybe I think about sound etiquette
+more than the average hearing person does.
+I m hyper-vigilant around sound.
+And I m always waiting in eager nervous anticipation
+and I ran off down the street marked Geek
+Hence, this drawing.
+The office building is basically obsolete for doing private work.
+TBC, to be continued.
+But it got me thinking, what would my caregivers do with me?
+And you notice the staff --
+and it would cost millions of dollars
+That s because the lines already contain sound
+through the subtle smudges and smears.
+In Deaf culture, movement is equivalent to sound.
+This is a sign for staff in ASL.
+A typical staff contains five lines.
+It s not just one dude making one poster,
+doesn t feel natural.
+That s why you ll notice in my drawings, I stick to four lines on paper.
+In the year 2008, I had the opportunity to travel to Berlin, Germany,
+and just commiserate on the fact that we all have hard.
+Prior to this time, I had been working as a painter.
+where we ve done our first field trials.
+and as I went from one place to the next,
+I noticed there was no visual art there.
+so they have to resolve conflicts.
+I looked up at the heavens through the oculus.
+Now sound has come into my art territory.
+Is it going to further distance me from art?
+I realized that doesn t have to be the case at all.
+I know it so well
+that it doesn t have to be something just experienced through the ears.
+It could be felt tactually,
+But it was amazing to see that he was also executed on March 29, 1984.
+or even as an idea.
+So I decided to reclaim ownership of sound
+and to put it into my art practice.
+And everything that I had been taught regarding sound,
+would have scored high on that test.
+I started creating a new body of work.
+And when I presented this to the art community,
+I was blown away with the amount of support and attention I received.
+I realized:
+sound is like money,
+power, control --
+social currency.
+In the back of my mind, I ve always felt that sound was your thing,
+a hearing person s thing.
+And sound is so powerful
+Germany.
+or it could empower me.
+I heard a telephone tone, and it felt green
+I just didn t know how they fit together.
+And just because I don t use my literal voice to communicate,
+in society s eyes it s as if I don t have a voice at all.
+So I need to work with individuals who can support me as an equal
+and even when we are confronted with something that is terribly difficult,
+And that way, I m able to maintain relevancy in society today.
+air that we sampled outside of the building.
+And their voice becomes my voice and identity.
+This is a beautiful prelude by Chopin.
+And their voices hold value and currency.
+Ironically, by borrowing out their voices,
+I m able to maintain a temporary form of currency,
+You could even still see the processed
+If I didn t continue this practice,
+I feel that I could just fade off into oblivion
+and not maintain any form of social currency.
+I delved into the world of music.
+Do these guys have brains that are somehow structurally,
+An old friend of mine -- actually very old, he s dead.
+a musical note
+cannot be fully captured and expressed on paper.
+And the same holds true for a concept in ASL.
+when sleep came on.
+meaning that subtle changes
+can affect the entire meaning
+of both signs and sounds.
+I d like to share with you a piano metaphor,
+ Cause even when the situation s dire,
+So, envision a piano.
+ASL is broken down into many different grammatical parameters.
+If you assign a different parameter to each finger as you play the piano --
+such as facial expression, body movement,
+speed, hand shape and so on,
+as you play the piano --
+English is a linear language,
+as if one key is being pressed at a time.
+but I continue to show up for the process
+all 10 fingers need to come down simultaneously
+which shows putting all this stuff together.
+If just one of those keys were to change the chord,
+it would create a completely different meaning.
+The same applies to music in regards to pitch, tone and volume.
+In ASL, by playing around with these different grammatical parameters,
+For example, take the sign TO-LOOK-AT.
+I m looking at you.
+the better that it is for this fundraising.
+(Laughter)
+(Laughter)
+Oh -- busted.
+of the system, and what you can see here emerging
+What are you looking at?
+Aw, stop.
+(Laughter)
+I then started thinking,
+ What if I was to look at ASL through a musical lens?
+If I was to create a sign and repeat it over and over,
+it could become like a piece of visual music.
+For example, this is the sign for day,
+as the sun rises and sets.
+This is all day.
+But instead of seeing it in the binary fashion,
+visually it looks like a piece of music.
+All ... day.
+I feel the same holds true for all night.
+ All night.
+And this led me to thinking about three different kinds of nights:
+ last night,
+ overnight,
+(Sings) all night long.
+(Applause)
+I feel like the third one has a lot more musicality than the other two.
+(Laughter)
+This represents how time is expressed in ASL
+that people didn t need to look for,
+For example,
+1H is one hand, 2H is two hand,
+present tense happens closest and in front of the body,
+So, the first example is a long time ago.
+Then past,
+ used to
+and one of them being,
+with the very romantic and dramatic notion to it,
+The Amazon s a big forest,
+How are Jobana, Sintia and Bertha really all that different
+ Common time
+is a musical term
+with a specific time signature of four beats per measure.
+Yet when I see the word common time,
+So notice RH: right hand, LH: left hand.
+We have the staff across the head and the chest.
+[Head: RH, Flash claw]
+[Common time]
+[Chest: LH, Flash claw]
+I m now going to demonstrate a hand shape called the flash claw.
+is retaining equity in these investments.
+Everybody, hands up.
+Now we re going to do it in both the head and the chest,
+kind of like common time or at the same time.
+Yes, got it.
+That means to fall in love in International [Sign].
+(Laughter)
+International [Sign], as a note,
+is a visual tool to help communicate
+across cultures and sign languages around the world.
+The second one I d like to demonstrate is this --
+please follow along with me again.
+to all the kinds of influences that are being talked about
+This is colonization in ASL.
+(Laughter)
+and she said that she was so happy to report
+Instead they process images, traffic data,
+And again.
+This is enlightenment in ASL.
+So let s do all three together.
+ Fall in love,
+These became the two bookends of his life,
+and enlightenment.
+Good job, everyone.
+(Laughter)
+Notice how all three signs are very similar,
+they all happen at the head and the chest,
+but they convey quite different meanings.
+So it s amazing to see how ASL is alive and thriving,
+However, in this day and age,
+we live in a very audio-centric world.
+And just because ASL has no sound to it,
+it automatically holds no social currency.
+We need to start thinking harder about what defines social currency
+and allow ASL to develop its own form of currency --
+without sound.
+And this could possibly be a step to lead to a more inclusive society.
+And maybe people will understand
+and learn your own impossible and push that.
+nor do you have to be hearing to learn music.
+The second largest group, with nearly 30 million,
+that I d like you to have the same experience.
+And I d like to invite you to open your ears,
+to open your eyes,
+take part in our culture
+and experience our visual language.
+And you never know,
+you might just fall in love with us.
+(Applause)
+Thank you.
+Denise Kahler-Braaten: Hey, that s me.
+(Applause)
+I m really honored to be here today.
+Oh, I missed one: or E) none of the above?
+and they re not very good at cleaning up after themselves.
+So here are a couple of sample questions.
+we could offer her no more help than Alois was able to 114 years ago.
+and how we may treat age-related diseases in the future.
+We ve discovered antibiotics and vaccines to protect us from infections,
+Now, I want to ask a question.
+conforms to our idea of ancient, primitive practices,
+can reduce diarrhea by half,
+But that takes forever, it s very expensive,
+So with my students, ages six to 15,
+So we ve transformed our tiny Hong Kong classroom into a workshop.
+I never liked you.
+and these are proverbs, historical sayings,
+And so we have agreed that instead of collecting plastic bits,
+and the police made this theory as well.
+But even sisters, wives, they re not ready to support in the research.
+ Because he s in jail, she bravely admitted.
+ Well, can he just get out for a day? one of the girls asked. (Laughter)
+What was really cool about this project was that the students saw a local problem,
+and let s talk to the team that formed the core of the group
+[I can investigate my local problem]
+So the first was Jonathan Jones from The Guardian.
+You know better than anyone
+than people expect them to have.
+where my weaker points are.
+and someone gave his wall to be painted.
+ Let s put in those few seconds of film.
+So what was cool about this project
+So in order to accomplish this,
+my students used their empathy and their sense of being creative
+We are just not doing enough.
+and this generation of veterans has the opportunity
+and that seems like such a foreign concept to kids,
+his primary education certificate,
+Camera s ready -- that s it.
+so it s this white bounding box,
+And I said, I ve been in a teepee and in a yurt for the last five years.
+I teach wonderfully intelligent students,
+And it s not just in Africa.
+(Laughter)
+The small size has some disadvantages,
+And so what we did with them
+is that we d discuss the data we collected that day,
+from Mary Queen of Scots
+you can t just pick and choose your favorite explanation
+just by selection and trial and error,
+it was just because there was routine vandalism --
+what opportunity they have identified.
+(Laughter)
+And so I wonder if we should just take a leap
+It s organic and it s essential.
+switching from wood to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
+But then it gets better. Day 96, he goes home.
+Student: Acceleration! Acceleration!
+of when you sit with somebody
+that you ll just put it off until tomorrow.
+Or, can we help the mobility of the aging population
+But it is an irreproducible model for the future.
+Because it s published on demand
+There s some amazing spiritual connect.
+Thank you.
+What has the War on Drugs done to the world?
+about the power of relationships
+The exercise has three parts
+and as a field we ve made a tremendous amount of headway
+what middle-aged adults worked hard to gain.
+It was stage 3 lung cancer.
+and landed with this crash on the floor.
+There is one simple act of transgression
+is influencing the combustion properties of propane,
+and I ve got tell you, some people actually hesitate to use it.
+They think nothing of calling social services
+and with luck and actually a lot of pushing,
+I went to Democratic clubs and Republican clubs.
+The sense of co-ownership, the free publicity,
+None of the interventions are dealing with the underlying issues.
+and as driven to make a difference.
+You get about 80 percent of the way there, for one percent of the cost.
+I want to know what s going on and what we can do differently.
+instead of trying to be exactly together.
+The other condition is in societies
+you lose 10 percent of the audience.
+is currently in a couple galleries in New York,
+of hitting me out of the way.
+when you think about how government
+The first week I spent in this neighborhood,
+using complex computer modeling,
+and they re doing another social emotional response
+What if there are a lot of different subjects that you re curious about,
+And if you tripped, turn that into something to learn.
+risen up to fight against legislative incursion,
+This two-and-a-half-inch bat
+higher levels of anxiety, depression, alcoholism,
+The second case is how design can contribute
+that every time Alice went head-to-head with a fellow scientist,
+many people want to know something else about their doctors.
+We can use biofuels, or solar power,
+We go forward to 2007,
+Mallory postulated that there is something in man
+And on top of that, now we have
+a little nervous,
+And, you know, it s no accident
+who could really blow it at that point.
+and deforestation still on a very large scale,
+And thank God Trinity Wall Street noticed,
+my best friends in New York:
+in helping me to get well,
+where men and women were equally represented.
+They led to longer lifespans, the eradication of mass disease,
+if there are communication roadblocks.
+(Laughter)
+handling such heavy issues as,
+whether this variation makes you more susceptible to diseases,
+but actually what it s doing is it s searching the webpage for the text.
+So, your thyroid works a lot like the thermostat in your house.
+a clear line of accountability.
+And I m not talking about the motherhood sense here.
+the process would result in the manufacturing
+acutely and forwardly psychotic,
+But even as we were driving away, you could see by the look on his face
+We went into the village. We would mobilize the community.
+reinforce each other.
+who d come in and take out the snipers.
+In almost every simulation,
+in which there aren t things like
+So most Americans are not partisan,
+Obi-Wan.
+and how this can change our world.
+you need to stock everything,
+we ve got into the field and worked with the Nanopatch,
+was being transformed into a complete animal farm,
+anonymously managing access.
+and their self-improvement.
+all-you-can-eat surveillance programs,
+ Chief die.
+And I ve also told quite a few of my patients
+We designed a service that encourages people to meet up,
+Thank you. (Applause)
+And some affairs are death knells
+(Video) Jimmy Kimmel: Even the people on the show are falling asleep,
+let s end anonymous companies.
+now totally automated.
+Do you think it s possible to control someone s attention?
+in front of this building,
+under the surface of the earth.
+of what a 404 page actually is.
+is most of the people who saw me on that show are now dead.
+to your kind invitation.
+and it is rich with surprising biological and mineralogical worlds.
+Thanks to the efforts of intrepid voyagers in the last three centuries --
+However, we know still very little about what is hidden inside the earth.
+and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
+the potential of cave exploration -- the geographical dimension --
+Because we are creatures living on the surface,
+There s something else at play here.
+However, since systematic cave exploration started about one century ago,
+Lots of important things. Obviously it s going to be around mobile.
+And an abyss like Krubera Voronya, which is in the Caucasus region,
+That means a journey of weeks for a cave explorer.
+as possible.
+Familiar silence, but this time I m ready,
+Nothing worked. He died.
+as symptoms of depression.
+which is a big number.
+the same way you and I would.
+Raise your hand if you re in your 20s.
+That means that for each meter of a cave that we already know,
+What makes these two letters different
+through looking at a map like this.
+And this estimation is made without considering other types of caves,
+and I sold drugs that were illegally smuggled
+which are not karstic, but are formed by lava flows.
+for Andrew to reach that same size audience
+falling in love with life and body anew.
+However, I will show to you now that we do not need to go to Mars
+With this approach, you could take a site
+in ways that accentuate the strength of the eyes
+(Applause)
+Imagine the trauma that these young girls
+And in 2009, I had the opportunity to visit the tepui table mountains,
+which are in the Orinoco and Amazon basins.
+But, well, as I said, I mean, car drivers adapt, right?
+They really inspired in me a sense of wilderness,
+We have to figure out what it is to make these decisions,
+and they got all their friends who had bands,
+Scientists consider those mountains as islands in time,
+Here s the first of them.
+Look at China. They re falling fairly fast.
+These mountains contain also a scientific paradox:
+in the places where they sell their products.
+and the rock made up by quartz is called quartzite,
+you see glowing blue bars with pretty sharp edges
+So we do not expect at all to find a cave there.
+I felt that my two secret loves, poetry and theater,
+but also to open the fractures and form stone cities, rock cities,
+They ve stopped the fighting,
+the Auyán-tepui, which is very famous because it hosts Angel Falls,
+but then the front of it
+in people s families, in people s homes and communities,
+What you eat will have an effect
+This area in medicine has done the most to try to figure out
+so as to inform our present
+The cave is huge.
+and in only ten days of expedition,
+do your designs convey?
+from the perspective of the victim?
+when you try to remove things from it,
+not necessarily make people worried, although that was what often happened.
+asking Chris Columbus in 1491, Hey Chris,
+The time needed for their formation
+What you can find there is really evidence of a lost world.
+When you enter a quartzite cave,
+you have to completely forget what you know about caves --
+carried overwhelming emotions that I d never had
+Because what seems a simple stalactite here
+This could be the pattern
+and that presents a more difficult issue.
+on a maiden aunt s wrist.
+And we were a bit scared because it was all a discovery,
+Anyway, actually, we know that this kind of formation,
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+opens up new universes, literally.
+So whatever you find in the cave, even a small cricket,
+to now control behavior,
+everything clicked into place for me,
+With a team of Italian, Venezuelan and Brazilian speleologists,
+we will be back soon to Latin America,
+that everyone asks—
+Francesco, you said we don t need to go to Mars to find alien life,
+makes sense to pull, because the future s
+for not only European, but also NASA, Roskosmos, JAXA astronauts, in a cave.
+where it can be turned into chemical energy.
+that was in your slide show,
+And this is only one of the conditions that s out there.
+Audience: Yeah!
+Is there any strip lighting in your happy place?
+Polyester flooring?
+And I say that sincerely,
+Now, I wasn t always a middle class white man.
+What would you guess?
+And we re surrounded by natural light and organic elements.
+So let s start there --
+she tried to kill him with a butcher knife.
+And you probably think you re addicted to your phone,
+so I built this device using bicycle helmets,
+somehow come together
+And we invented the flying phone.
+It can cause upset, it could cause cost.
+like Uttar Pradesh, one of the largest states in India.
+enormous talent now has been mobilized
+The parents in crisis over screen time
+Reality is richer than screens.
+In this case, this is a Philly cheesesteak hoagie that it s grabbing out of thin air.
+and then all the kids ran over there and rushed around her,
+Our design was something in between
+possibly the most boring name ever
+This object captures your touch,
+They meant to rule by means of repression.
+and be loved.
+The binoculars are actually a birthday present
+The good news is that
+This is probably the first planned mid-air collision, at one-twentieth normal speed.
+CA: (Laughs) Okay, now, this is your gorgeous daughter, Jenesis.
+It s pacific, coordinated civil action,
+It s outrage
+to develop and deliver teaching materials for teaching teachers how to teach
+These principles should underpin how we design for the future,
+a model version of that task.
+The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
+yet.
+Eighty-five percent. That s a lot of silence.
+which has destroyed many civilizations
+maybe we could give a bit of thought to cork and light and hacky sacks.
+boils down to this question:
+is situated in the heart
+It s the only one that can start a war or say I love you.
+And so I m watching him, and he slows down,
+that was aimed at discovering how bacteria fight viral infections.
+So you go to the same website, you can download all the files
+let s go to Lima in Peru,
+that s able to seek out, cut and eventually degrade viral DNA
+But it all starts with seeds in classrooms,
+or the newspapers.
+which means it s a fairly risky investment.
+I don t know why they gave me so much.
+and to prepare for the meeting, I read this article by Levin
+You know, if you actually think about it, if somebody is totally blind --
+way back,
+where do you think we re going to go?
+my cave exploration partner.
+and back every year.
+And we should begin by reimagining leather.
+to their government clients.
+even though that s partly a myth.
+time for part two: a math test.
+turned off her phone, fell asleep,
+a conversation, a process,
+in St. Louis and Salt Lake City combined
+So I think I ve lost my way.
+understand the story that the financials tell,
+upon wave upon wave,
+You have things like coral.
+eventually evolved into this.
+because they re going to have to realize
+has total freedom to be creative, spontaneous.
+that I was walking headfirst into a carefully laid
+Then in 2005 I cofounded a nonprofit organization
+(Audio: Laughing)
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+between the subjects that they could figure out
+and we decided to establish Videre, our organization, together.
+and I ve also performed in Arabic in the Middle East,
+These films held what was too hurtful to say out loud,
+and this was purely an informational feedback,
+Thank you.
+And then you see another spiderweb
+or less susceptibility to cardiovascular disease
+and we all forget about it.
+the red dye with that found
+And so, there are always — (Laughter) (Applause) —
+that happened to Mayor Booker --
+They could have done not so good work,
+That is larger than, or almost similar to,
+when scientists got together
+Genome-engineered animals and plants are happening right now.
+So after traveling and talking to people
+if you reach into the medical system and somehow extract your medical record,
+and Colombia played really well, and it was a unifying moment for Colombia.
+(Applause ends)
+We can do something here.
+so they can touch and work on the other issues
+who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse
+What they decided to do was they would first try and slow down this epidemic
+like George Church, for example, at Harvard,
+So it wasn t a food area,
+all of us that work in this field
+And then I made great progression to the point
+now and putting it into a global fund, and we ve got
+Recast survivors as wonderful, lovable people
+and the same is true of all physical objects.
+who was willing to consider
+And I would say that I certainly hope that other technologies
+Father Daniel Berrigan once said that writing about prisoners
+They re unseen and unheard.
+It s easy to simply ignore them
+and it s even easier when the government goes to great lengths to keep them hidden.
+As a journalist, I think these stories
+of what people in power do when no one is watching,
+are precisely the stories that we need to tell.
+That s why I began investigating
+is what would would happen differently in your life
+The government calls these units Communications Management Units or CMUs.
+Prisoners and guards call them Little Guantanamo.
+They are islands unto themselves.
+But unlike Gitmo they exist right here, at home,
+floating within larger federal prisons.
+There are 2 CMUs.
+very devious. (Laughter) This fits with a lot of the research,
+and the other is inside this prison, in Marion, Illinois.
+Neither of them underwent the formal review process
+that is required by law when they were opened.
+CMU prisoners have all been convicted of crimes.
+Some of their cases are questionable and some involve threats and violence.
+I m not here to argue the guilt or innocence of any prisoner.
+I want to make a hard-headed,
+ When the prisons and gates slam shut,
+And they then become the comets as we see them in the sky.
+answering, writing, and they re still acquiring new skills.
+to represent the patients.
+letters
+and visits from family.
+CMUs aren t solitary confinement, but they radically restrict all of these
+to levels that meet or exceed the most extreme prisons in the United States.
+Their phone calls can be limited to 45 minutes a month,
+compared to the 300 minutes other prisoners receive.
+the stories that we tell
+Their visits can be limited to four hours per month,
+compared to the 35 hours that people like Olympic Park bomber Eric Rudolph
+receive in the supermax.
+On top of that, CMU visits are non-contact which means prisoners are not allowed
+As one CMU prisoner said,
+ We re not being tortured here, except psychologically.
+The government won t say who is imprisoned here.
+that they re sending them to us.
+and interviews with current and former prisoners,
+some small windows into the CMUs have opened.
+There s an estimated 60 to 70 prisoners here,
+There is no life possible at the surface of Mars today,
+They include people like Dr. Rafil Dhafir,
+when she becomes 13 years old,
+They ve included people like Yassin Aref.
+Aref and his family fled to New York from Saddam Hussein s Iraq as refugees.
+He was arrested in 2004 as part of an FBI sting.
+Aref is an imam and he was asked to bear witness to a loan,
+which is a tradition in Islamic culture.
+She had been a bright, easygoing girl.
+For that, he was convicted
+of conspiracy to provide material support to a terrorist group.
+It ll be a very boring movie --
+and as a result, probably led to a number of extinctions
+meaning they help balance out the racial numbers,
+They are the first guardians of public health.
+These balancers include animal rights and environmental activists
+like Daniel McGowan.
+McGowan was convicted of participating in two arsons
+[ Jurassic Park (1993) ] [Dinosaur roars]
+During his sentencing, he was afraid that he would be sent
+that our bodies weren t meant for the backside of a bullet,
+and the Century of Progress Exposition,
+saying that they weren t supported by any facts.
+But that might be because the government hasn t fully explained
+why some prisoners end up in a CMU,
+and who is responsible for these decisions.
+When McGowan was transferred, he was told
+it s because he is a domestic terrorist,
+a term the FBI uses repeatedly when talking about environmental activists.
+it ll think to itself, Hmm, I think an E is probably likely,
+think about combat not morally --
+and he had no communications violations.
+So, why was he moved?
+Like other CMU prisoners,
+This example from another prisoner shows how those requests are viewed.
+This comes down to physics.
+At one point, the prison warden himself recommended McGowan s transfer
+to fit better into that society?
+(Sitar)
+Later I found out that McGowan was really sent to a CMU
+not because of what he did,
+but what he has said.
+A memo from the Counterterrorism Unit cited McGowan s anti-government beliefs.
+While imprisoned, he continued writing about environmental issues,
+saying that activists must reflect on their mistakes
+and listen to each other.
+seen here as these green dots attached to this brain cell.
+But that turned out to be nearly impossible.
+I actually asked to visit McGowan in the CMU.
+And I was approved.
+That came as quite a shock.
+Here, I am speaking directly to you,
+they were hard to control, the light was dim,
+Second, because it would make me the first and only journalist to visit a CMU.
+So an important example of this
+So how could I possibly be approved to visit?
+A few days before I went out to the prison, I got an answer.
+I was allowed to visit McGowan as a friend, not a journalist.
+Journalists are not allowed here.
+McGowan was told by CMU officials that if I asked any questions
+or published any story,
+and then I m going to go into new material about what you can do.
+When I arrived for our visit, the guards reminded me
+that they knew who I was and knew about my work.
+And they said that if I attempted to interview McGowan,
+the visit would be terminated.
+The Bureau of Prisons describes CMUs as self-contained housing units.
+But I think that s an Orwellian way of describing black holes.
+When you visit a CMU,
+The predispositions and impulses that had propelled me
+But then the walk to the visitation room is silent.
+When a CMU prisoner has a visit, the rest of the prison is on lockdown.
+I was ushered into a small room,
+so small my outstretched arms could touch each wall.
+There was a grapefruit-sized orb in the ceiling
+for the visit to be live-monitored by the Counterterrorism Unit
+in West Virginia.
+The unit insists that all the visits have to be in English for CMU prisoners,
+which is an additional hardship for many of the Muslim families.
+There is a thick sheet of foggy, bulletproof glass
+and on the other side was Daniel McGowan.
+The airplane patent holders were not left a choice
+The main difference is, at work,
+We did our best to find reasons to laugh.
+To fight boredom and amuse himself while in the CMU,
+that let her know how important it is
+how many problem solvers —
+(Laughter)
+This mushroom exists in symbiosis with the roots.
+(Laughter)
+But I kind of the hope the FBI now thinks that Bella and Edward
+are terrorist code names.
+(Laughter)
+Three months after our visit, McGowan was transferred out of the CMU
+and then, without warning, he was sent back again.
+It makes products more affordable.
+and the Counterterrorism Unit said that McGowan had called his wife
+and asked her to mail them.
+I wasn t really mentally ill, it was some terrible mistake.
+has all drifted to the back of the warehouse
+When he was finally released at the end of his sentence,
+But then we turned around,
+Well, how you feel about Toyotas or Cottonelle
+People suffer mentally and physically.
+His attorneys quickly secured his release,
+but the message was very clear:
+despite only having a rather modest GDP.
+Today, nine years after they were opened by the Bush administration,
+the government is codifying how and why CMUs were created.
+According to the Bureau of Prisons,
+Across age, across income, across culture.
+I think that is very nice way of saying these are political prisons
+(Applause)
+their religion or their political beliefs.
+Now, if you think that characterization is too strong,
+just look at some of the government s own documents.
+When some of McGowan s mail was rejected by the CMU, the sender was told
+it s because the letters were intended for political prisoners.
+In fact, cars, who needs them?
+was sent to a CMU, it was because of his anti-government and anti-corporate views.
+Now, I know all of this may be hard to believe,
+that it s happening right now, and in the United States.
+But the unknown reality is that the US has a dark history
+of disproportionately punishing people because of their political beliefs.
+In the 1960s, before Marion was home to the CMU,
+it was home to the notorious Control Unit.
+Prisoners were locked down in solitary for 22 hours a day.
+In the 1980s, another experiment called the Lexington High Security Unit
+held women connected to the Weather Underground,
+Black Liberation and Puerto Rican independent struggles.
+It s a not-for-profit blog that I run.
+Those prisons were eventually shut down, but only through the campaigning
+of religious groups and human rights advocates, like Amnesty International.
+in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.
+are challenging CMUs in court
+for depriving prisoners of their due process rights
+and for retaliating against them
+Many of these documents would have never come to light without this lawsuit.
+The message of these groups and my message for you today
+is that we must bear witness to what is being done to these prisoners.
+Their treatment is a reflection of the values held beyond prison walls.
+This story is not just about prisoners.
+It is about us.
+It is about our own commitment to human rights.
+It is about whether we will choose to stop repeating the mistakes of our past.
+If we don t listen to what Father Berrigan described as the stories of the dead,
+they will soon become the stories of ourselves.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+(Applause ends)
+Tom Rielly: I have a couple questions.
+When I was in high school, I learned about the Bill of Rights,
+the Constitution, freedom of speech,
+due process and about 25 other laws and rights
+that seem to be violated by this.
+How could this possibly be happening?
+Will Potter: I think that s the number one question I get
+throughout all of my work,
+and the short answer is that people don t know.
+I think the solution to any of these types of situations, any rights abuses,
+but even if there s no rose there,
+and drudgery and misery around the world.
+and then a means and efficacy to actually make a change.
+And unfortunately with these prisoners,
+one, people don t know what s happening at all
+and then they re already disenfranchised populations
+who don t have access to attorneys, not native English speakers.
+In some of these cases, they have great representation that I mentioned,
+but there s just not a public awareness of what s happening.
+TR: Isn t it guaranteed in prison that you have right to council
+or access to council?
+WP: There s a tendency in our culture
+to see when people have been convicted of a crime,
+no matter if that charge was bogus or legitimate,
+that whatever happens to them after that is warranted.
+And I think that s a really damaging and dangerous narrative that we have,
+that allows these types of things to happen,
+as the general public just kind of turns a blind eye to it.
+TR: All those documents on screen were all real documents, word for word,
+unchanged at all, right?
+WP: Absolutely. I ve actually uploaded all of them to my website.
+It s willpotter.com/CMU and it s a footnoted version of the talk,
+so you can see the documents for yourself without the little snippets.
+You can see the full version.
+I relied overwhelmingly on primary source documents
+or on primary interviews with former and current prisoners,
+with people that are dealing with this situation every day.
+And like I said, I ve been there myself, as well.
+TR: You re doing courageous work.
+WP: Thank you very much. Thank you all.
+unless we use instruments to help us.
+Seventy-thousand years ago, our ancestors were insignificant animals.
+people often ask me about my influences or, as I like to call them,
+my sonic lineages.
+And I could easily tell you
+That s how I went to school --
+by the Ethiopian heritage of my ancestors,
+because I should not have worn this dress.
+and the notation usually is a capital sigma.
+how do the sounds we hear every day influence the music that we make?
+and as I walked, I looked to see what he was doing,
+can be the most unexpected inspiration for songwriting,
+and to look at this idea a little bit more closely,
+I m going to talk today about three things:
+nature, language and silence --
+or rather, the impossibility of true silence.
+And he did a painting of this experience,
+already alive with musical expression,
+with each of us serving as active participants,
+And the car sped off.
+I m going to start today with nature, but before we do that,
+because they have very large shops
+Here it is.
+gives it to me like a banned item, something like that.
+(Singing ends)
+Gotcha!
+and now, often the only woman in a room.
+That is the sound of a bird
+that the human ear mistakenly recognizes as its own.
+but rather than folding things by hand,
+ The Unknown Music of Birds,
+where he records many birds and slows down their pitches
+to reveal what s underneath.
+no matter whether they appear
+obviously catches wind of this,
+And this ideal product would also be able to go
+so your brain can juxtapose them.
+No. It was the whole, you know, motion.
+(Singing ends)
+It s incredible.
+Perhaps the techniques of opera singing were inspired by birdsong.
+And just as everybody got excited about it, bang!
+In Ethiopia, birds are considered an integral part
+of the origin of music itself.
+1,500 years ago, a young man was born in the Empire of Aksum,
+a major trading center of the ancient world.
+We re taught from childhood,
+if I make enough effort with huge passion,
+and, in fact, there are studies that show
+that we can really make sense of by reverse engineering.
+Now, this tradition has an enormous amount of scholarship and learning,
+and Yared had to study and study and study and study,
+and one day he was studying under a tree,
+when three birds came to him.
+hitting a key, he hears a computer-generated whistle -- (Whistle) --
+They taught him music -- scales, in fact.
+And Yared, eventually recognized as Saint Yared,
+used these scales to compose five volumes of chants and hymns
+for worship and celebration.
+And he used these scales to compose and to create
+an indigenous musical notation system.
+beautiful melancholy and sheer energy.
+And look, we all do it.
+and thriving and still evolving in Ethiopia today.
+Now, I love this story because it s true at multiple levels.
+Saint Yared was a real, historical figure,
+and the natural world can be our musical teacher.
+or was taught it, as I was.
+the Pygmies of the Congo tune their instruments
+to the pitches of the birds in the forest around them.
+And that disparity struck me as this incredible
+and in that road were more than 12,000 red chairs,
+when the time finally comes
+in exactly the same way as a symphony does.
+And countless works of music were inspired by bird and forest song.
+Yes, the natural world can be our cultural teacher.
+So let s go now to the uniquely human world of language.
+Every language communicates with pitch to varying degrees,
+whether it s Mandarin Chinese,
+where a shift in melodic inflection gives the same phonetic syllable
+an entirely different meaning,
+to a language like English,
+where a raised pitch at the end of a sentence ...
+had documented and scientifically validated
+As an Ethiopian-American woman,
+No! They re not for safety.
+It was my first language, the language of my parents,
+one of the main languages of Ethiopia.
+I have to tell you, it s very boring,
+its depth of poetics, its double entendres,
+its wax and gold, its humor,
+its proverbs that illuminate the wisdom and follies of life.
+But there s also this melodicism, a musicality built right in.
+into the mechanisms of this machinery.
+in what I like to call emphatic language --
+on the count of three, and go over to here.
+or that springs from surprise.
+We were not playing in L.A. on the regular Jeopardy set.
+Now, if there are Ethiopians in the audience,
+they re probably chuckling to themselves,
+because the word means something like No!
+bottom half carbon in the atmosphere
+they re more satisfied and more loyal,
+But when I was a kid, this was my very favorite word,
+of all the people down there.
+It has a melody.
+You can almost see the shape as it springs from someone s mouth.
+ Indey -- it dips, and then raises again.
+And as a musician and composer, when I hear that word,
+something like this is floating through my mind.
+(Music and singing Indey )
+(Music ends)
+Or take, for example, the phrase for It is right or It is correct --
+ Lickih nehu ... Lickih nehu.
+It s an affirmation, an agreement.
+ Lickih nehu.
+in beekeeping, and you can see, at the top right,
+something like this starts rolling through my mind.
+(Music and singing Lickih nehu )
+(Music ends)
+If you have a 90 percent target,
+and the phrasing of those words and phrases
+and I turned them into musical parts to use in these short compositions.
+And I like to write bass lines,
+comes from self-built wells throughout the area.
+Now, this is based on the work of Jason Moran and others
+who work intimately with music and language,
+this is with the psychologists Yoel Inbar and Paul Bloom --
+That the people who have the means to leave have already left?
+when they were speaking to each other and to us.
+and it works in software and it turns out that it works with kids.
+that we are awash in musical expression
+with every word, every sentence that we speak,
+every word, every sentence that we receive.
+Perhaps you can hear it in the words I m speaking even now.
+and given the fathers the freedom to answer.
+and the most seminal work of 20th century avant-garde composition:
+as their communications methodology,
+written for any instrument or combination of instruments.
+The musician or musicians are invited to walk onto the stage
+They don t need any traditional construction skills.
+That is the last four years of lawsuits
+the score, that is.
+And this score has not a single note written
+and there is not a single note played
+for four minutes and 33 seconds.
+And, at once enraging and enrapturing,
+Cage shows us that even when there are no strings
+being plucked by fingers or hands hammering piano keys,
+still there is music, still there is music,
+still there is music.
+And what is this music?
+It was that sneeze in the back.
+(Laughter)
+what we know as reinforced food.
+their coughs, their sighs, their rustles, their whispers, their sneezes,
+the room, the wood of the floors and the walls
+expanding and contracting, creaking and groaning
+with the heat and the cold,
+in order to try and figure out what was going on.
+Cage s point is that there is no such thing as true silence.
+Even in the most silent environments, we still hear and feel the sound
+of our own heartbeats.
+The world is alive with musical expression.
+We are already immersed.
+Now, I had my own moment of, let s say, remixing John Cage
+a couple of months ago
+when I was standing in front of the stove cooking lentils.
+And it was late one night and it was time to stir,
+so I lifted the lid off the cooking pot,
+and I placed it onto the kitchen counter next to me,
+and it started to roll back and forth
+making this sound.
+(Sound of metal lid clanking against a counter)
+(Clanking ends)
+And it stopped me cold.
+But there s a vaccine for that too.
+I hightailed it to my backyard studio,
+and I made this.
+(Music, including the sound of the lid, and singing)
+(Music ends)
+Now, John Cage wasn t instructing musicians
+to mine the soundscape for sonic textures to turn into music.
+(Applause)
+the environment is musically generative,
+that it is generous, that it is fertile,
+that we are already immersed.
+Musician, music researcher, surgeon and human hearing expert Charles Limb
+and he studies music and the brain.
+And he has a theory
+that it is possible -- it is possible --
+that the human auditory system actually evolved to hear music,
+because it is so much more complex than it needs to be for language alone.
+And if that s true,
+and this doesn t look like an org chart.
+that we can find it anywhere,
+that there is no such thing as a musical desert,
+And so folks like Ami Klin have developed methods
+and that is marvelous.
+and forgive me here for capitulating to cliché
+or even if melted and disappeared altogether.
+Study music, trace your sonic lineages and enjoy that exploration.
+But there is a kind of sonic lineage to which we all belong.
+So the next time you are seeking percussion inspiration,
+look no further than your tires, as they roll over the unusual grooves
+of the freeway,
+or the top-right burner of your stove
+I m at the front of the line,
+We cannot transform Africa by ourselves.
+When seeking melodic inspiration,
+look no further than dawn and dusk avian orchestras
+or to the natural lilt of emphatic language.
+We are the audience and we are the composers
+and we take from these pieces
+we are given.
+We make, we make, we make, we make,
+knowing that when it comes to nature or language or soundscape,
+there is no end to the inspiration --
+if we are listening.
+Thank you.
+And she ended up 5 11 .
+everyone s been watching the same show,
+And on January 2 this year,
+right across the chest, that were also fuzzy.
+They ve been swept away over the last two decades
+there were sticking two white bones.
+hanged in the Puja room as a god,
+And usually, in Norway, dead people are identified quickly.
+(Laughter)
+and that s when the marathon takes place.
+Raven shed his feathers, bear his fur,
+and they started searching internationally through Interpol.
+Nothing.
+I desperately wanted to go home.
+a person begins to take on what I call, special meaning.
+But the police in the Netherlands managed to trace the wetsuit
+In many ways, it was worse.
+October 7, 2014,
+But this was all they were able to figure out.
+The customer paid cash.
+so that even though this is really small,
+or helping to look after a friend or loved one with Alzheimer s.
+and we of course had the obvious question: who were these people?
+but it took about two or three seconds to figure out
+Calais is basically known for two things.
+my first world championship,
+and a lot of migrants and refugees are staying in this camp
+in this suit,
+And right there was a plausible theory about the identity of the two people,
+will we regret the time we spent playing games?
+goes missing off the coast of France, people would just know.
+These are the sorts of unbelievable excuses
+who found a talent.
+you build it, you invest in high-quality preschool,
+But if you just fled the war in Syria,
+It was pretty obvious that it was really our parents giving us the presents.
+And then take that material and imagine making it all open,
+Qataris, you guys do the nose to nose.
+about how these two young men fled the war in Syria,
+we see that winning or losing an election, gaining or losing a romantic partner,
+to swim across the English Channel in order to reach England.
+with volunteers and helpers.
+that makes it different from the technology of things.
+a few of us have actually begun to call this information
+It s my gospel, when I m telling people, grow your own food.
+It makes the product strong, the tessellation.
+But James got the part of Joseph, which we were thrilled about.
+they want to be able to continue their lives.
+engineers, graphic designers, farmers, soldiers.
+you re going to take are going to work on your cancer?
+But who all of these people are
+because we usually do that in statistics.
+So you have 60 million refugees globally.
+and roughly 4,000 are staying in Calais.
+to producing, or bringing back, an extinct species.
+It s not going to be everything about their life,
+And first, I want to tell you about one of them.
+UAC foods has recognized that it won t sell if it s in stores.
+I realized had a ripple effect
+And after a while, we heard this story
+(Laughter)
+And it turned out the last time anybody had heard anything from Mouaz
+but it didn t actually explain erection.
+and we did DNA samples of him,
+our country.
+who now lives in Jordan.
+It s the number of people on each income,
+was actually Mouaz Al Balkhi.
+And while we were doing all this investigation,
+we got to know Mouaz s story.
+He was born in the Syrian capital of Damascus in 1991.
+and his father in the middle there is a chemical engineer
+who spent 11 years in prison for belonging to the political opposition in Syria.
+occasionally a little bit here and there.
+So a couple of years into the Syrian war,
+the family fled Damascus and went to the neighboring country, Jordan.
+so he figured, OK, the best thing I can do to help my family
+would be to go somewhere where I can finish my studies
+where his uncle lives.
+We know he made at least 12 failed attempts to cross the English Channel
+But at some point, he must have given up all hope.
+he spent at a cheap hotel close to the train station in Dunkirk.
+today and even more so in the future.
+This is a more competent version of it.
+which will exist in the year 2060 will be built.
+is sales, marketing, distribution and profit.
+But they do have a similar story.
+of public beheadings and public executions,
+So we got in touch with him.
+Shadi, a couple of years older than Mouaz,
+doesn t matter if I ve ever met him before --
+Now, there are a few candidates
+but their house got bombed early in the war.
+So the family fled to an area of Damascus known as Camp Yarmouk.
+on planet Earth.
+They ve been bombed by the military, they ve been besieged,
+and they ve been cut off from supplies for years.
+The parents are still stuck inside.
+but before Libya turned into full-blown civil war.
+But I think blogs are basically just an evolution,
+Shadi took up scuba diving, and he seemed to spend most of his time underwater.
+He fell completely in love with the ocean,
+Maybe some of you know that feeling.
+Looking closer, we can see that this mushroom
+he hoped to find work as a diver when he reached Italy.
+because he had a hard time communicating with his family,
+but we do know that he struggled.
+he was living on the streets somewhere in France.
+On October 7, he calls his cousin in Belgium,
+I ve always been obsessed with these animals.
+He said, I m in Calais. I need you to come get my backpack and my laptop.
+is the spread of the constitutional state
+but Shadi s battery on the phone went flat,
+and his phone was never switched on again.
+What was left of Shadi was found nearly three months later,
+between health and economics, or environment and economics.
+In response, the American Heritage Dictionaries
+How many people know about XML?
+What we re talking about today is just as complicated.
+ Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone.
+and what am I willing to do to achieve it?
+The type of people who were drawn to writing an encyclopedia for fun
+a better life would mean
+being able to do more of what we think of as meaningful,
+whether that be spending more time with your family and friends,
+travel to an exotic place,
+(Applause)
+places in their lives
+and from that estimate the canopy size,
+It s a life in dignity.
+A better life means not having your house bombed,
+not fearing being kidnapped.
+It means being able to send your children to school,
+go to university,
+or just find work to be able to provide for yourself and the ones you love.
+And before you know it, you can be tangled up or spinning,
+compared to nearly none,
+And I have no trouble imagining
+that after spending weeks or even months
+but finally she started opening up to me,
+with a stupid, racist name like The Jungle,
+If I could ask Shadi and Mouaz
+just 200 times bigger.
+they would probably say, This is worth the risk,
+because they could no longer see any other option.
+and that they re not doing it
+Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Anders.
+This is Tomm Christiansen,
+who took most of the pictures you have seen and they ve done reporting together.
+Tomm, you two have been back to Calais recently.
+This was the third trip.
+It was after the publication of the article.
+Tomm Christiansen: The first time we were in Calais,
+it was about 1,500 refugees there.
+They had a difficult time, but they were positive, they had hope.
+The last time, the camp has grown, maybe four or five thousand people.
+It seemed more permanent, NGOs have arrived,
+a small school has opened.
+TED dance, three versions of physical thinking. (Applause)
+along with the despair and hopelessness among the refugees.
+BG: Are you planning to go back? And continue the reporting?
+BG: Anders, I m a former journalist,
+and to me, it s amazing that in the current climate
+Dagbladet has consented so many resources for this story,
+which tells a lot about newspapers taking the responsibility,
+but how did you sell it to your editors?
+So how is all this governed?
+to investigate complex frauds.
+we basically got the message that we could do whatever we wanted,
+just travel wherever you need to go, do whatever you need to do,
+BG: That s an editor taking responsibility.
+The story, by the way, has been translated and published
+And the last story I really want to tell is this story,
+say it is scientifically sound --
+(Applause)
+We all go to doctors.
+And we do so with trust and blind faith
+However, the reality is that that hasn t always been the case for everyone.
+and there s a dairy cow.
+when they go wrong,
+collaboration with other people,
+It s about saving lives. How cool is that?
+OK, there s a lot of runny noses and stubbed toes,
+At the jirga, the men sat together
+We were never taught that there were any differences between men and women.
+Do you know that it takes years for a drug to go from an idea
+were living with HIV, healthy lives.
+whereas today, it is a lot higher in the United States.
+So why are we discovering unacceptable side effects
+What s happening?
+Well, it turns out that those cells used in that laboratory,
+How is it that the male model became our framework for medical research?
+it means we have a whole new way to attack,
+Because this guy is the busiest man on the planet.
+But just this past year,
+during the crazy ride of Eat, Pray, Love,
+where a local fossil hunter found several bones of Spinosaurus.
+and running Washington gridlock.
+Technology then meant we had to hire a viewing cinema,
+that we were going to go out and just
+when this drug was first released.
+How many other things need to be analyzed by gender?
+What else are we missing?
+They also learn to follow other people s gaze,
+So some much-needed guidelines or rules were set into place,
+from entering into any medical research studies.
+There was fear: what if something happened to the fetus during the study?
+Who would be responsible?
+human beings.
+They don t have the constantly fluctuating levels of hormones
+Now this is a video of Kamal.
+What happens when time warps?
+Not to mention, at this time, there was a general assumption
+So that s why I chose to use paper.
+medical research was performed on men,
+What did this do to the notion of women s health?
+this is Mena, this is how I make a joke at people.
+I believe this has got to be, in part,
+which cannot be predicted
+According to one estimate, the Gates Foundation
+So please know that you don t have to be dying anytime soon
+blocking my view and ruining my experience
+You know, we have this saying in medicine:
+And we say that to remind ourselves
+Now just knowing that word, the cloud,
+And it s because of this that the medical specialty of pediatrics came to light.
+And I know the same thing can be said about women.
+The reason I m waving with my left hand
+But they have their own anatomy and physiology
+Let s take the cardiovascular system, for example.
+Heart disease is the number one killer for both men and women,
+That was the dogma.
+So there is now an al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb,
+Women have chest pain, too.
+ can t seem to get enough air in,
+So, think about your own life,
+and what we know as G.I. Jane.
+He s a filmmaker and an activist.
+and around 4 a.m. when they sat around a fire,
+It just goes on and on.
+And the test that we use to determine if someone is at risk for a heart attack,
+It accepts that I m going to have to die
+And then if we think about the medications --
+We give aspirin to healthy men to help prevent them from having a heart attack,
+What this is doing is merely telling us
+Emergency medicine is a fast-paced business.
+In how many life-saving areas of medicine,
+The lunch ladies, the lunch cooks of America --
+and saying it can do this, or it does do this, or it will do that,
+Or even, why is it that some people get those runny noses
+and you have the extra step of cooking the binder,
+We were able to make that happen for them.
+The Institute of Medicine has said every cell has a sex.
+What does this mean?
+Sex is DNA.
+by 50 percent, five-zero percent.
+But it s important to realize that from the moment of conception,
+It used to be thought
+decides after a few months of talking on the Internet
+But we now know that that theory was wrong --
+has its own drama in the U.S. healthcare system,
+and could be what s responsible for the differences we see
+Please go ahead.
+and it s up to those scientists that continue to find that evidence,
+Right now.
+And to help do this, I m a co-founder of a national organization
+are progressively getting more and more blue
+And we re working to bring together the medical educators to the table.
+That s a big job.
+It s changing the way medical training has been done since its inception.
+But I believe in them.
+I know they re going to see the value of incorporating the gender lens
+It s about training the future health care providers correctly.
+And regionally,
+the arguments and the instruments that each would need
+Because this cannot just be left up to the health care leaders.
+We all have a role in making a difference.
+But I must warn you: this is not easy.
+In fact, it s hard.
+It s essentially changing the way we think about medicine
+It s changing our relationship to the health care system.
+But there s no going back.
+We now know just enough
+enormous transparency and privacy issues to solve,
+(Applause)
+This is not just about improving medical care for women.
+This is about personalized, individualized health care for everyone.
+This awareness has the power to transform medical care for men and women.
+And from now on, I want you to ask your doctors
+They may not know the answer --
+But the conversation has begun, and together we can all learn.
+Remember, for me and my colleagues in this field,
+Thank you.
+In my lab, we build autonomous aerial robots
+So without GPS,
+and she would wait,
+these migrants had to pass a few tests.
+Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.
+that allow them to see, hear, feel
+Now there s one problem with robots like this.
+And these robots consume about 100 watts per pound.
+And this makes for a very short mission life.
+Gray whales off America migrate 16,000 kilometers
+we re at a turning point in human history,
+and they threatened us
+We are blind to the sea
+The home, once again, because of distributed computation --
+which is they took the analogy of scuba diving.
+because of cultural barriers.
+but the smallest measure, the moment, has shrunk.
+and we imagined this river to be a river in Japanese style
+Just see the contrast.
+I took breath
+that these fish need to grow and reproduce successfully
+This is an example from Karen Burg s lab, where they re
+he pushed him down,
+And smaller is better,
+might spread from one part of the body to the next,
+His right eye couldn t see.
+We think of it as a compact urban cell.
+And as soon as the inevitability bit becomes a little bit unclear --
+Big support team. We had a film crew,
+The two-gram carbon fiber cage around it prevents the propellers from entangling,
+and I ll write another book after that
+or the potential of my neck breaking.
+but the one thing they have done is that they have
+So, similarly, in our lab, we try to create artificial robot swarms.
+And within each robot,
+highlighting it compared to the dim environment.
+and I exaggerate only slightly:
+the size of New York City every two years.
+The first idea is that robots need to be aware of their neighbors.
+But because the robots interact with each other,
+Well, in 1994, when Pete Best was interviewed
+By 10,000 years ago, they had disappeared from New Guinea,
+So the next experiment illustrates the second organizing principle.
+And this principle has to do with the principle of anonymity.
+Shhhhhhh.
+She urged my parents to have me tested by experts
+would also have such signs.
+And the beauty of this is that you don t need to form briquettes --
+Most of the land that we can cultivate has already been cultivated.
+And the efficiency of most systems in the world is improving,
+And that s mostly because of water shortage, crop diseases, climate change
+By 2007, when a survey of appraisers was done,
+So just like personalized medicine,
+would be to spend even more hours per day eating,
+Here you ll see robots traveling through an apple orchard,
+then you find out what s your map,
+then they need to stretch out their paths
+The other wonderful thing about you is memory.
+The first and possibly the most important thing we can do is very simple:
+The second thing we can do
+also happen to be hollowing out the middle class
+and that by engaging with them,
+It s like having an app without having a smartphone.
+Do you think the world is going to be a better place next year?
+Can we end hunger,
+achieve gender equality,
+Three. Five. Three. Five. Five. OK.
+all in the next 15 years?
+Well, according to the governments of the world, yes we can.
+In the last few days, the leaders of the world,
+meeting at the UN in New York,
+agreed a new set of Global Goals
+for the development of the world to 2030.
+And here they are:
+these goals are the product of a massive consultation exercise.
+The Global Goals are who we, humanity, want to be.
+Now that s the plan, but can we get there?
+So I said, I m going to do something else.
+Well, I m here today because we ve run the numbers,
+They re powerful enough to cut growth in half.
+I searched extensively for a solution that could help my family s problems,
+at our disposal.
+may seem a little fanciful.
+Watch the news every day and the world seems to be going backwards, not forwards.
+And let s be frank:
+it s pretty easy to be skeptical about grand announcements
+From their more fixed mindset perspective,
+But please, I invite you to suspend your disbelief for just a moment.
+and I have to get back to Boston because I can t let my team down.
+the UN agreed another set of goals, the Millennium Development Goals.
+And the flagship target there was to halve the proportion of people
+living in poverty by 2015.
+and I spent investigating this topic.
+when 36 percent of the world s population lived in poverty,
+to get to 18 percent poverty this year.
+Did we hit this target?
+the process by which nature pulls in material via a disk,
+and it lets us capture them visually and non-invasively.
+sparks riots in London,
+Now, that s still not good enough,
+and the world does still have plenty of problems.
+But the pessimists and doomsayers who say that the world can t get better
+are simply wrong.
+(Laughter)
+Well, a lot of it was because of economic growth.
+Some of the biggest reductions in poverty were in countries such as China and India,
+which have seen rapid economic growth in recent years.
+It s a decimal machine. Everything s done in decimal.
+Can economic growth get us to the Global Goals?
+Well, to answer that question,
+we need to benchmark where the world is today against the Global Goals
+and figure out how far we have to travel.
+for the space and the time to explore
+because the Global Goals aren t just ambitious,
+Humor is a type of entertainment.
+My research shows that in some instances,
+Here s another way to look at exactly the same problem.
+end hunger --
+others are a lot vaguer --
+that to me were all the trappings of places heavily touristed
+So to help us with this benchmarking,
+I m going to use a tool called the Social Progress Index.
+What this does is measures all the stuff the Global Goals are trying to achieve,
+but sums it up into a single number that we can use as our benchmark
+and track progress over time.
+The Social Progress Index basically asks three fundamental questions
+If it stops us from noticing the problems that are around us,
+First of all, does everyone have the basic needs of survival:
+food, water, shelter, safety?
+One day, 16 years after I had this poster on my wall,
+education, information, health and a sustainable environment?
+And does everyone have the opportunity to improve their lives,
+through rights, freedom of choice, freedom from discrimination,
+And we had to deal with images that were so realistic
+The Social Progress Index sums all this together using 52 indicators
+to create an aggregate score on a scale of 0 to 100.
+And what we find is that there s a wide diversity of performance
+in the world today.
+The highest performing country, Norway, scores 88.
+The lowest performing country, Central African Republic, scores 31.
+And we can add up all the countries together,
+weighting for the different population sizes,
+and that global score is 61.
+that means that the average human being is living on a level of social progress
+because she can actually manipulate her posture
+And normally, we interpret these physical changes as anxiety
+What do we have to get to to achieve the Global Goals?
+Now, the Global Goals are certainly ambitious,
+but they re not about turning the world into Norway in just 15 years.
+So having looked at the numbers, my estimate is that a score of 75
+how much people make somewhere else in a similar business
+it would also count as hitting the Global Goals target.
+He was a mullah.
+And that just kept sticking in my brain.
+Well, the Social Progress Index can help us calculate this,
+and that cell phone has GPS, but even if it doesn t have GPS,
+there are no economic indicators in there;
+there s no GDP or economic growth in the Social Progress Index model.
+And what that lets us do is understand the relationship
+between economic growth and social progress.
+so, for example, the prosthetist who fits the knee,
+So here on the vertical axis, I ve put social progress,
+the stuff the Global Goals are trying to achieve.
+Higher is better.
+As soon as it touches the water --
+Further to the right means richer.
+And in there, I m now going to put all the countries of the world,
+and has been for 400 million years.
+and on top of that I m going to put the regression line
+that shows the average relationship.
+In fact, the things that we are seeing in those parts of the world
+social progress does tend to improve.
+give you guys a building,
+is all out of my own personal catalogue,
+and self-esteem and your flaws and how you accept those.
+So here is the world in 2015.
+We have a social progress score of 61
+and a GDP per capita of $14,000.
+And the place we re trying to get to, remember, is 75, that Global Goals target.
+So here we are today, $14,000 per capita GDP.
+How rich are we going to be in 2030?
+That s what we need to know next.
+Well, the best forecast we can find comes from the US Department of Agriculture,
+The first step in solving any problem
+over the next 15 years,
+We thought if we could tune its properties,
+per capita GDP will be about $23,000.
+So now the question is: if we get that much richer,
+how much social progress are we going to get?
+we just kept redefining hope.
+so we were excited about the prospect of growth,
+and they came back and said, well, look: if the world s average wealth goes
+from $14,000 a year to $23,000 a year,
+social progress is going to increase
+for something of nutritional value.
+(Laughter)
+Just 62.4. Just a tiny increase.
+Now this seems a bit strange.
+Economic growth seems to have really helped
+And one of the leaders shared with me the fact that
+how did he do that?
+I came back home, a little after midnight,
+So what s going on?
+Well, I think there are two things.
+The first is that in a way, we re the victims of our own success.
+certainly should have been invited.
+and now we re moving on to harder problems.
+And also, we know that economic growth comes with costs as well as benefits.
+There are costs to the environment, costs from new health problems like obesity.
+So that s the bad news.
+We re not going to get to the Global Goals just by getting richer.
+So are the pessimists right?
+Well, maybe not.
+Because the Social Progress Index also has some very good news.
+but hardly anyone plays.
+So this is the average relationship between GDP and social progress,
+But this diet has also been given to human participants,
+But as you saw already,
+there is actually lots of noise around this trend line.
+because they don t have small change.
+is that GDP is not destiny.
+We have countries that are underperforming
+on social progress, relative to their wealth.
+but lots of social problems.
+China has boomed economically,
+but hasn t made much headway on human rights or environmental issues.
+India has a space program and millions of people without toilets.
+and Chuck would coach Tim how to spot undercover cars,
+on social progress relative to their GDP.
+The testing that we do --
+people s everyday decisions about their health
+And Costa Rica s not alone.
+From poor countries like Rwanda to richer countries like New Zealand,
+we see that it s possible to get lots of social progress,
+They said, It s good enough for government work.
+And that s really important, because it tells us two things.
+First of all, it tells us that we already in the world have the solutions
+to many of the problems that the Global Goals are trying to solve.
+It also tells us that we re not slaves to GDP.
+Our choices matter: if we prioritize the well-being of people,
+then we can make a lot more progress than our GDP might expect.
+How much? Enough to get us to the Global Goals?
+Well, let s look at some numbers.
+What we know already: the world today is scoring 61 on social progress,
+and the place we want to get to is 75.
+If we rely on economic growth alone,
+we re going to get to 62.4.
+So let s assume now that we can get the countries that are currently
+underperforming on social progress -- the Russia, China, Indias --
+just up to the average.
+How much social progress does that get us?
+Well, that takes us to 65.
+It s a bit better, but still quite a long way to go.
+So let s get a little bit more optimistic and say,
+what if every country gets a little bit better
+to biology and medicine.
+Well then, we get to 67.
+And now let s be even bolder still.
+What if every country in the world chose to be like Costa Rica
+in prioritizing human well-being,
+using its wealth for the well-being of its citizens?
+Well then, we get to nearly 73, very close to the Global Goals.
+Can we achieve the Global Goals?
+Certainly not with business as usual.
+Even a flood tide of economic growth is not going to get us there,
+if it just raises the mega-yachts and the super-wealthy
+and leaves the rest behind.
+become labeled as non-science
+over half of us will also have a hearing problem.
+around the world.
+I believe the Global Goals are a historic opportunity,
+because the world s leaders have promised to deliver them.
+Let s not dismiss the goals or slide into pessimism;
+let s hold them to that promise.
+And we need to hold them to that promise by holding them accountable,
+for the Higgs boson mass in the multiverse.
+And I want to finish by showing you
+a way to do that, called the People s Report Card.
+The People s Report Card brings together all this data into a simple framework
+that we ll all be familiar with from our school days,
+to hold them to account.
+It grades our performance on the Global Goals
+it created some pretty bad problems for me:
+where F is humanity at its worst, and A is humanity at its best.
+Our world today is scoring a C-.
+and the conclusion was unanimous:
+Also, I come from Italy, and the design is important
+for the world and for all the countries of the world,
+so we can hold our leaders to account
+to achieve this target and fulfill this promise.
+Because getting to the Global Goals will only happen if we do things differently,
+if our leaders do things differently,
+This demographic dividend is incredible, but paradoxically,
+So let s reject business as usual.
+You need to feel like you re making a difference.
+Let s choose the world that we want.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Michael.
+Michael, just one question: the Millennium Development Goals
+established 15 years ago,
+they were kind of applying to every country
+but it turned out to be really a scorecard for emerging countries.
+Now the new Global Goals are explicitly universal.
+They ask for every country to show action and to show progress.
+How can I, as a private citizen, use the report card
+to create pressure for action?
+In the middle of this chaos, I m rolling around in a wheelchair,
+it s no longer about poor countries and just poverty.
+It s about every country.
+And every country is going to have challenges in getting to the Global Goals.
+Even, I m sorry to say, Bruno, Switzerland has got to work to do.
+And so that s why we re going to produce these report cards in 2016
+for every country in the world.
+Then we can really see, how are we doing?
+And it s not going to be rich countries scoring straight A s.
+And that, then, I think, is to provide a point of focus
+for people to start demanding action and start demanding progress.
+BG: Thank you very much.
+(Applause)
+(Guitar music)
+I was just thinking
+that I have been missing you way too long
+about the ones and zeros I have on the screen here.
+merely thinking
+I ve got loads of pictures,
+How and why did life originate and populate our planet?
+to blind people than the blindness itself.
+I think about long distance rates instead of kissing you babe
+that offers more hope than you can imagine.
+on a constant basis, and the journalist is always playing catch up.
+that this boat is sinking
+I m tired of postcards,
+especially the ones with cute dogs and cupids
+I m tired of calling you and missing you
+I just want us to love just instead
+I think about long distance rates instead of kissing you babe
+they demand that things be shared:
+But if we turn on head tracking --
+(Guitar music ends)
+(Applause)
+Thank you.
+it was the first we wouldn t be spending together.
+When you sing, you have to know what you re talking about intimately,
+exactly how these dubious deals are done
+And if your intentions are to impress people
+of the puzzles to your expertise.
+And this is a song that s about --
+shipped in oversized freighters.
+and in the course of researching their lives,
+that have always been informational
+(Piano music)
+Home is the sound of birds early in the morning
+The next moment, you see the money in my hands,
+one in a hundred, something like that.
+Home
+No matter how far I m gone
+These ambucycles are an ambulance on two wheels.
+is that antibiotics support almost all of modern life.
+Home is a photo I never threw away
+Home is the smile on my face when I die
+Home is the taste of an apple pie
+I met a woman, she always lived in the same place
+And she said home is where you re born and raised
+And he said home is where you want to be
+I met a girl in some downtown bar
+And she said I ll have whatever he s having
+And I asked her how come we never met before?
+And she said all my life I ve been trying
+I m always gonna feel at home
+No matter where I may roam
+of appearing unoriginal.
+I m always gonna feel this longing
+as well as other forms of cancer -- anything.
+(Piano music)
+(Piano music ends)
+Can we, as adults, grow new nerve cells?
+with what we can do with new digital tools.
+as this is a fairly new field of research.
+For example, I was talking to one of my colleagues, Robert,
+who is an oncologist,
+and he was telling me,
+ Sandrine, this is puzzling.
+and we were all arrested.
+is this cacophony of men coughing,
+ Well, from my point of view that makes sense.
+The drug you give to your patients that stops the cancer cells multiplying
+also stops the newborn neurons being generated in their brain.
+And then Robert looked at me like I was crazy and said,
+ But Sandrine, these are adult patients --
+adults do not grow new nerve cells.
+And much to his surprise, I said, Well actually, we do.
+And this is a phenomenon that we call neurogenesis.
+they have influenced my journey
+Now Robert is not a neuroscientist,
+well, he was basically old enough to be my grandfather.
+that the adult brain can generate new nerve cells.
+At the same time, I was also studying
+wanted to come to my lab
+to understand the topic a little bit better.
+And I took him for a tour
+We do this by studying the sense of smell,
+when it comes to neurogenesis --
+and this is the hippocampus.
+ Listen. Let me tell you a story.
+is that this is important for learning, memory, mood and emotion.
+However, what we have learned more recently
+is that this is one of the unique structures of the adult brain
+leave the country with his wife and two-year-old son.
+And if we slice through the hippocampus
+That disproves that popular notion
+what you actually see here in blue
+Subsequently, Algeria s fundamentalist armed groups
+what I can control and what I have to let go
+my colleague Jonas Frisén from the Karolinska Institutet,
+the lighting here is kind of challenging,
+in the hippocampus.
+meet the challenge that Nelson Mandela made
+compared to the billions of neurons we have.
+But by the time we turn 50,
+we will have all exchanged the neurons we were born with in that structure
+we lost the same amount of forest in the tropics
+So why are these new neurons important and what are their functions?
+First, we know that they re important for learning and memory.
+And in the lab we have shown
+that if we block the ability of the adult brain
+And they did. And when they did, it was like
+looking back, is the sheep weren t stupid at all.
+he had the quick feedback system of e-books.
+so like, how you navigate your way in the city.
+We are still learning a lot,
+and neurons are not only important for memory capacity,
+but also for the quality of the memory.
+And they will have been helpful to add time to our memory
+with our NGOs and with our government entities,
+the way that we actually approach these diseases,
+that you park at the station every day in the same area,
+but in a slightly different position?
+And more interesting to my colleague Robert
+And I said, Pity?
+So in an animal model of depression,
+we have seen that we have a lower level of neurogenesis.
+So it s a very fresh comet.
+then we increase the production of these newborn neurons,
+with whom I have a certain affection and a new affiliation --
+establishing a clear link between neurogenesis and depression.
+But moreover, if you just block neurogenesis,
+then you block the efficacy of the antidepressant.
+big material, that I can build with
+since we can t buy them.
+even after being cured of their cancer,
+because the cancer drug had stopped newborn neurons from being generated.
+And it will take time to generate new neurons
+(Laughter)
+So, collectively, now we think we have enough evidence
+This is a slide that shows
+if we want to improve memory formation or mood,
+or even prevent the decline associated with aging,
+or associated with stress.
+So the next question is:
+can we control neurogenesis?
+Muito obrigado, thank you.
+And we are now going to do a little quiz.
+I m going to give you a set of behaviors and activities,
+and you tell me if you think they will increase neurogenesis
+The question is, why?
+Are we ready?
+OK, let s go.
+and 12.6 percent, one in eight, had four or more ACEs.
+Increasing?
+Yes.
+Learning will increase the production of these new neurons.
+How about stress?
+Yes, stress will decrease the production of new neurons in the hippocampus.
+I d always told myself there s no reason to share that I was gay,
+Indeed, it will decrease neurogenesis.
+How about sex?
+to see the things that make satellite imagery valuable.
+(Laughter)
+Yes, you are right, it will increase the production of new neurons.
+However, it s all about balance here.
+We don t want to fall in a situation --
+(Laughter)
+But that wasn t the biggest lesson I ever learned.
+(Laughter)
+How about getting older?
+So the neurogenesis rate will decrease as we get older,
+but it is still occurring.
+And then finally, how about running?
+I will let you judge that one by yourself.
+Children are natural learners.
+that was carried out by one of my mentors, Rusty Gage from the Salk Institute,
+and, as he says, smell the proverbial roses.
+moving from the South to the North
+And here you see a section of the hippocampus of a mouse
+different thicknesses of wooden sections.
+And the little black dots you see are actually newborn neurons-to-be.
+And now, you see a section of the hippocampus of a mouse
+But you can see how your people are communicating with each other,
+So you see the massive increase
+of the black dots representing the new neurons-to-be.
+I was also talking about building community,
+Now the way TaskRabbit works is, people outsource
+So here we have a sample of diet --
+of nutrients that have been shown to have efficacy.
+And I m just going to point a few out to you:
+because his stories got better
+There s a saying in Toraja
+will increase neurogenesis.
+Intake of flavonoids,
+which are contained in dark chocolate or blueberries,
+will increase neurogenesis.
+and then we had to have Samantha
+present in fatty fish, like salmon,
+will increase the production of these new neurons.
+what actually has been done with different prisoners,
+will have a negative impact on neurogenesis.
+And so my question is --
+However, not everything is lost;
+resveratrol, which is contained in red wine,
+has been shown to promote the survival of these new neurons.
+So next time you are at a dinner party,
+you might want to reach for this possibly neurogenesis-neutral drink.
+(Laughter)
+And then finally, let me point out the last one --
+How can we do it? It s a very simple method.
+So Japanese groups are fascinated with food textures,
+and they have shown that actually soft diet impairs neurogenesis,
+as opposed to food that requires mastication -- chewing -- or crunchy food.
+So all of this data,
+where we need to look at the cellular level,
+has been generated using animal models.
+And the bubble is 153 ft.
+in the same direction as it modulates neurogenesis,
+whereas a high-fat diet will exacerbate symptoms of depression --
+then what happens is, it becomes retail.
+and also help to decrease the symptoms of depression.
+So we think that the effect of diet
+on mental health, on memory and mood,
+(Music)
+And it s not only what you eat,
+and he said, Sure, come and talk to me.
+and how much of it you eat.
+On our side -- neuroscientists interested in neurogenesis --
+we need to understand better the function of these new neurons,
+and how we can control their survival and their production.
+or in some cases hypnosis,
+And on your side --
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Now, I told you you changed my life --
+I now eat a lot of blueberries.
+for a BMW that one of our cybercriminals is selling,
+from getting access to health care.
+Do I have to run?
+Or is it really just about aerobic exercise,
+getting oxygen to the brain?
+Could it be any kind of vigorous exercise?
+ST: So for the moment,
+we can t really say if it s just the running itself,
+but we think that anything that indeed will increase the production --
+or moving the blood flow to the brain,
+about screen fonts.
+MH: So I don t have to get a running wheel in my office?
+ST: No, you don t!
+MH: Oh, what a relief! That s wonderful.
+Sandrine Thuret, thank you so much.
+ST: Thank you, Margaret.
+(Applause)
+Well, I work at the SETI Institute.
+was working at the Museum of Modern Art
+One is made of thousands of steel parts,
+They re little. They re five years old.
+One is synthetic, the other organic.
+One is imposed on the environment,
+the other creates it.
+he saw a figure struggling to be free.
+The chisel was Michelangelo s only tool.
+believe that the Higgs boson could not
+A lot of us are not aware
+framing the imagination of designers and architects
+who have been trained to think about their objects as assemblies
+What happened with questions that had to do with social justice?
+You get a mouth.
+and yet it s the same skin: no parts, no assemblies.
+(Music)
+the hearing in my left ear
+the split personality of every designer and architect operating today
+between the chisel and the gene,
+between machine and organism, between assembly and growth,
+We used both of these at the Oso mudslides up in Washington State,
+No, we re having a little fun.
+As part of my job, I spend a lot of time in the greenhouse growing plants,
+is about uniting these two worldviews,
+moving away from assembly
+and closer into growth.
+Why now?
+Why was this not possible 10 or even five years ago?
+So what the discovery of African writers did for me was this:
+a rare time,
+It will be more like a living organism
+with counseling and referrals.
+hierarchy is having a bit of a wobble,
+Here you see actually how the damage appears in this material.
+I m sure we could all be that productive
+enabling us to design new biological functionality by editing DNA.
+my team and I create.
+Please meet the minds and hands
+of my students.
+that were funded by the National Institutes of Health.
+But it s taken a long time to get there.
+that comes from using technology. You don t know
+with a vehicular base that will one day soon print entire buildings,
+to nanoscale graphics made entirely of genetically engineered microorganisms
+that glow in the dark.
+Here we ve reimagined the mashrabiya,
+So when you start to look at cyber from this perspective,
+and created a screen where every aperture is uniquely sized
+to shape the form of light and heat moving through it.
+we explore the possibility of creating a cape and skirt --
+this was for a Paris fashion show with Iris van Herpen --
+like a second skin that are made of a single part,
+stiff at the contours, flexible around the waist.
+we 3D-printed this cape and skirt with no seams between the cells,
+They re going to have to care in the social program,
+in 20-micron resolution.
+This is the resolution of a human hair.
+And you?
+to such high-resolution analytic and synthetic tools,
+that come from the interactions
+but also the physiological makeup of our tissues.
+a chair that would be at once structural, comfortable
+and would also absorb sound.
+A more effective way to think about my relations
+and by designing this irregular surface pattern,
+we didn t really have a name for that either.
+varying in rigidity, opacity and color,
+Its surface, as in nature, varies its functionality
+not by adding another material or another assembly,
+but by continuously and delicately varying material property.
+Although this was the low-cost option,
+This is a slide to remind me that I should stop talking
+and one of them stuck with me and came to define much of what I care about.
+As she recounts:
+ On the third day of Creation, God commands the Earth
+to grow a fruit-bearing fruit tree.
+For this first fruit tree, there was to be no differentiation
+nation, class, family.
+The whole tree was a fruit.
+what I ve seen to them.
+ What would design be like if objects were made of a single part?
+Would we return to a better state of creation?
+and some 100 million tons of it are produced every year
+by organisms such as shrimps, crabs, scorpions and butterflies.
+we could generate structures that are multifunctional
+out of a single part.
+So that s what we did.
+(Laughter)
+with their Adinkra symbol Sankofa,
+You gotta love the Aussies, right?
+not just in the global mean,
+we were able to achieve a wide array of properties --
+So we looked for a universal translator; I thought there would be one out there.
+to light, soft and transparent.
+we built a robotically controlled extrusion system with multiple nozzles.
+So Nike is literally acting as a well-being partner,
+and create these 12-foot-long structures made of a single material,
+100 percent recyclable.
+They maintain the health of our ecosystems,
+and that s flexibility.
+allows women to express emotions that would otherwise be considered unladylike.
+as we learned yesterday.
+and it s an issue, not an identity,
+we embedded bacteria that were genetically engineered
+to rapidly capture carbon from the atmosphere
+and convert it into sugar.
+we were able to generate structures that would seamlessly transition
+and if scaled even larger, to windows.
+He plays the computer. He wins.
+Now I want you to keep looking at it.
+we were able to transform a structure made of shrimp shells
+into an architecture that behaves like a tree.
+ take all the money we used to spend on cutting addicts off,
+for objects designed to biodegrade,
+put them in the sea, and they will nourish marine life;
+and it made me realize why selling insurance
+as well as its modern sense, courage.
+We looked for the possibility of creating life-sustaining clothing
+for interplanetary voyages.
+To do that, we needed to contain bacteria and be able to control their flow.
+And what month?
+new lifeforms that were computationally grown,
+additively manufactured
+and biologically augmented.
+[Butterfly]
+only instead of transmuting precious metals,
+you re synthesizing new biological functionality inside very small channels.
+It s called microfluidics.
+where you don t just sit when you re sick,
+The first is cyanobacteria.
+It lives in our oceans and in freshwater ponds.
+And the second, E. coli, the bacterium that inhabits the human gut.
+and train for the day that they can go home
+Now, these two microorganisms never interact in nature.
+In fact, they never met each other.
+They ve been here, engineered for the first time,
+to have a relationship inside a piece of clothing.
+Abed then rose and turned on the TV
+but evolution by design.
+we ve created a single channel that resembles the digestive tract,
+varying material properties according to the desired functionality.
+spans 60 meters.
+This is half the length of a football field,
+and 10 times as long as our small intestines.
+our first photosynthetic wearable,
+liquid channels glowing with life inside a wearable clothing.
+and eternity in an hour.
+ES: We also heard in Congressional testimony last year,
+What if we could create structures that would augment living matter?
+that would scan our skins, repair damaged tissue
+and sustain our bodies?
+This entire collection, Wanderers, that was named after planets,
+They ran away home. Nobody stayed there.
+but it provided an opportunity to speculate about the future
+to combine scientific insight with lots of mystery
+and to move away from the age of the machine
+to a new age of symbiosis between our bodies,
+the microorganisms that we inhabit,
+our products and even our buildings.
+I call this material ecology.
+To do this, we always need to return back to nature.
+It grows. It adds with sophistication.
+is a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis
+creates a highly sophisticated architecture,
+a home inside which to metamorphisize.
+No additive manufacturing today gets even close to this level of sophistication.
+It does so by combining not two materials,
+but two proteins in different concentrations.
+holding those fibers together.
+So these are groupings of the names themselves
+it creates a tensile structure --
+and it then starts spinning a compressive cocoon.
+Tension and compression, the two forces of life,
+manifested in a single material.
+we glued a tiny earth magnet
+to the head of a silkworm, to the spinneret.
+We placed it inside a box with magnetic sensors,
+and that allowed us to create this 3-dimensional point cloud
+we are rewarded for just being.
+Thank you.
+not inside a box,
+and you ask one monkey to control x and y,
+and it would still healthily metamorphisize.
+I certainly do,
+and we discovered that the shape, the composition,
+Silkworms are often boiled to death inside their cocoons,
+their silk unraveled and used in the textile industry.
+We realized that designing these templates allowed us to give shape to raw silk
+without boiling a single cocoon.
+(Applause)
+They would healthily metamorphisize,
+and we would be able to create these things.
+So we scaled this process up to architectural scale.
+and we placed it on our site.
+I d want to ask him what the hell he thought he was doing.
+so we used a sun path diagram to reveal the distribution
+of light and heat on our structure.
+deescalate it, show victims a safe way out.
+distributing those silkworms on the structure.
+the most beautiful thing I ve learned since I quit my job
+We ordered 6,500 silkworms from an online silk farm.
+We placed them carefully at the bottom rim of the scaffold,
+and as they spin they pupate, they mate, they lay eggs,
+and life begins all over again -- just like us but much, much shorter.
+and he was right.
+As they spin biological silk over robotically spun silk,
+they give this entire pavilion its integrity.
+And over two to three weeks,
+but everything would align.
+In a curious symmetry, this is also the length of the Silk Road.
+This could be used for 250 additional pavilions for the future.
+One spins silk out of a robotic arm,
+the other fills in the gaps.
+and the buildings around us,
+So that s the update about this game, cat-and-mouse.
+then designers must unite these two worldviews.
+Which brings us back, of course, to the beginning.
+that takes us from a nature-inspired design
+and that demands of us for the first time
+What s so exciting about the next decade of data
+(Applause)
+Thank you very much. Thank you.
+Now, throughout much of the recent history of medicine,
+but Rajiv is sent home.
+Many of you might not know this, but we happen to be celebrating
+is that that introduction was nothing short of transformative.
+or artificially synthesized in the laboratory,
+lock into its target --
+a microbe or some part of a microbe --
+And you would end up taking a previously fatal, lethal disease --
+a pneumonia, syphilis, tuberculosis --
+In the beginning, the system is disorganized.
+Will it remain the same and be two billion by the end of the century?
+so potent the metaphor of lock and key
+It was a transformation like no other.
+creates a sort of a wall between authors of books
+in chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension and heart disease.
+the idea that Israel s security was best achieved
+every chemical reaction that your body is capable of,
+And now you ask the question,
+with community actions around food.
+blindfolded, wearing baseball mitts.
+and it will probably live up to its name.
+with interacting nodes and interacting pieces,
+and there in the bottom was a jar and it contained tissues of these frogs.
+in a radically different way,
+that can find the weaker elements in our world
+building upwards rather than downwards,
+in a somewhat different way.
+In other words, 10 times more people are dying outside of war than inside war.
+we ve tried rather desperately to apply this lock and key model to cancer.
+with a bunch of videos from past talks,
+using a variety of chemotherapies or targeted therapies,
+and as most of us know, that s worked.
+It s worked for some forms of breast cancer,
+And this was even more important.
+And it s only in the last 10 years or so
+remembering that in fact the cancer cell doesn t grow in a vacuum.
+And could you use the organismal capacity,
+this is me being a parent.
+You know, we don t think of cancer as altering the environment.
+And so this is just indicating the tremendous thirst
+we re continuing to mutate.
+and you add to that,
+rolled up in a little white sheet of paper,
+which was the sort of last bit of civilization.
+and you have a pro-carcinogenic environment.
+And what I mean specifically, rather than just some phrase,
+We re trying to change the metabolic milieu for other forms of cancer.
+back out in the form of tremendous jets,
+over and over again,
+is to change the physiology of the organ, the brain,
+rewire it, remodel it,
+and that, of course, we know study upon study has shown
+and study upon study has shown that talk therapy
+Now the first part of this that we need to think about
+Again, moving upwards along this hierarchical chain of organization.
+[ Fraud Essays by David Rakoff ] David Rakoff was a wonderful writer
+about their weight.
+Rather than killing something,
+in the case of the great chronic degenerative diseases --
+And that s the key, perhaps,
+to reframing our thinking about medicine.
+Now, this idea of changing,
+because I wanted to get access to Al Jazeera,
+I went for a run, a Saturday morning run,
+and we obviously should be very proud about that.
+And I had an MRI the next week, and it looked like that.
+he was the rule.
+85 percent of all women by the age of 70
+ Burn is the idea of trying to create the physical instantiation
+50 to 60 percent of the men in this audience
+So this is a very common disease.
+Well, the second perk of being a physician
+coming both from Africa and from Asia, and we put them separately,
+we brought this process into the laboratory,
+the cello or the hypercello.
+They were used to seeing long, drawn-out, torturous executions on the scaffold,
+And so what we need to do instead
+is that they re habitually used to looking at the world upside down.
+(Laughter)
+And so Dan suggested to me, You know, maybe it isn t a mechanical problem.
+Maybe it isn t a chemical problem. Maybe it s a stem cell problem.
+sees illusions, does the most complicated things
+bone, cartilage and the fibrous elements of skeleton,
+just like there s a stem cell in blood,
+just like there s a stem cell in the nervous system.
+But my favorite effect on the body is actually on the heart.
+is what s causing osteochondral arthritis, a very common ailment.
+So really the question was, were we looking for a pill
+when we should have really been looking for a cell.
+Tie game with five seconds left.
+However, I longed to share my life with someone.
+are cells that have arisen from one single skeletal stem cell --
+So this is a project that I just find extremely exciting
+Number one is that they live where they re expected to live.
+They live just underneath the surface of the bone,
+underneath cartilage.
+You know, in biology, it s location, location, location.
+And they move into the appropriate areas and form bone and cartilage.
+(Laughter)
+in Telford and Shropshire in March this year.
+you can culture them in petri dishes in the laboratory,
+and they are dying to form cartilage.
+No problem. Just like that.
+called Not ready to die in your war.
+They form their own furls of cartilage around themselves.
+the most efficient repairers of fractures that we ve ever encountered.
+So, it lets you take this ecosystem
+So much so that if you label them with a fluorescent dye
+you can see them like some kind of peculiar cellular glue
+coming into the area of a fracture,
+fixing it locally and then stopping their work.
+Now, the fourth one is the most ominous,
+and that is that their numbers decline precipitously,
+is that we found ourselves in a perceptual shift.
+It s a special feeling.
+And in some ways
+Some guy s got that on a computer -- there s this like, oh my goodness.
+with balancing work and family,
+because we were now thinking about bone stem cells,
+So here it is.
+Can you build this as an organ outside the body?
+Can you implant cartilage into areas of trauma?
+overcome their own heartbreak,
+from students in our Princeton Sociology 101 course,
+You know, we know that exercise remodels bone,
+so that you can recreate or regenerate degenerating cartilage?
+That home was full of young boys who were on remand
+We think this can all be standardized,
+And it raises a series of, I think, some of the most interesting questions
+We have to think again about light as a default solution.
+We heard about the problems of unleashing growth.
+Could we implant suicide genes into these cells
+is they really, truly changed
+What if the organ needed to have memory?
+In cases of diseases of the nervous system some of those organs had memory.
+Could we store these organs?
+Would each organ have to be developed for an individual human being
+So this is an image of the actual algorithm itself
+What would happen if each one of us decided
+shamans have been using environments as medicines.
+Could we imagine that for our future?
+So let me end with some thoughts about model building.
+And it turns out once again
+he or she is trying to show you a world in miniature.
+But when a scientist is building a model,
+he or she is trying to show you the world in metaphor.
+The former is a scale shift. The latter is a perceptual shift.
+in our way of thinking about medicine that it really colored, distorted,
+very successfully, the way we ve thought about medicine for the last hundred years.
+called the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford,
+That s what s at stake.
+that the reason we haven t had the transformative impact
+is because we don t have powerful-enough drugs,
+we add injustice to ineffectiveness.
+If someone came to my door
+that we don t have powerful-enough ways of thinking about medicines.
+It s certainly true that
+does not include publicly-funded statistics.
+But perhaps what s really at stake are three more intangible M s:
+Number one, God never does a miracle to show off.
+Thank you.
+at the innermost core of architecture
+How does it link in?
+But I also think of Peter Zumthor s spa in Vals,
+in those earlier chapters,
+that we have all this data and that medical treatments of the future
+will be for you specifically, your genome, your current context.
+Does that apply to this model you ve got here?
+We ve thought about personalization of medicine
+very much in terms of genomics.
+OK, I d like to conclude with just the last few points.
+again, to use that same word, in medicine today,
+that we think the genome will drive the personalization of medicine.
+But of course the genome is just the bottom
+without this theater.
+That chain of being, really the first organized unit of that, is the cell.
+of people who had them as pets,
+we have to think of personalizing cellular therapies,
+and then personalizing organ or organismal therapies,
+and ultimately personalizing immersion therapies for the environment.
+So I think at every stage, you know --
+Well, in this, there s personalization all the way.
+CA: So when you say medicine could be a cell
+and not a pill,
+you re talking about potentially your own cells.
+SM: Absolutely. CA: So converted to stem cells,
+perhaps tested against all kinds of drugs or something, and prepared.
+In Bangladesh,
+This is what s happening, and in fact, we re slowly moving,
+not away from genomics, but incorporating genomics
+into what we call multi-order, semi-autonomous, self-regulating systems,
+like cells, like organs, like environments.
+CA: Thank you so much.
+SM: Pleasure. Thanks.
+Actions, choices and behaviors
+But it does have the potential to make us feel guilty
+(Laughter)
+My wife replied, None of your business.
+or quite simply the lifestyles that we lead and enjoy.
+But we can also turn that thought on its head,
+and then we will have to adapt to less of the climate change impacts in future.
+the kind of relationship between people
+Over the last two decades,
+Fortunately for me, my parents were not poetic.
+Obviously, it s difficult to calculate.
+as a percentage of America s GDP, and as you see,
+You buy these boxes. You re not sure what s going to be inside of them.
+Throughout the making of a movie at Pixar, the story evolves.
+which is, what happens when galaxy clusters collide?
+If we focus in on a shorter period of time from 1950,
+and I think the experimentation actually became
+I found it incredibly inspiring
+And then in 2012, we had the Rio+20 event.
+and in a sense what you can think of it
+And enjoying the sun can be in many different ways, of course.
+then we are much more on track
+He went, Nah. I don t think we want to be bringing a camel.
+so from a brand perspective,
+And most of the time,
+which is extremely unlikely,
+So now put yourself in a city center.
+that happen inside the firefly lantern.
+These are the graduates of the first Ecole de Charbon,
+on that day during that heat wave.
+have failed to help address local conflicts
+I m sure a lot of people will disagree with it,
+and not just the temperature extremes,
+So our roads and our rail networks
+and it surprised me how easy it was
+in Mexico.
+To give you a perspective, if I had to translate
+before I even had my first.
+Maize and wheat yields
+But one of the things that we found
+This will be absolutely devastating for global food security.
+Shakespeare being seven?
+There are quite a lot of my colleagues and other scientists
+But I would just like to draw on my own research
+where this blue is embracing all the exhibitions and galleries
+You can see how the fields in the background
+from the red four-degree pathway
+And that s because of cumulative emissions,
+Well, it is the future.
+And that tells us something about these trajectories.
+the longer we continue on it,
+which means that that trajectory, the red one there, becomes steeper.
+So there goes my theory of necrophilia.
+We also know that we have to decarbonize our energy system.
+They have lower job turnover. They have lower levels of attrition.
+And that s because with all the will in the world,
+to decarbonize the supply side of our energy system
+true breakthroughs -- occur.
+And it s no accident that we have three children
+Overdrawn. Underdrawn.
+but also on energy conservation -- in other words, using less energy.
+And if we do that, that also means
+we will have less of a job to do if we ve actually managed
+because we will then need less infrastructure on the supply side.
+Another issue that we really need to grapple with
+There are many parts of the world where the standard of living needs to rise.
+There is an uncertainty margin, but we can see the difference here:
+Because according to our research,
+if you re in a country where per capita emissions are really high --
+I mean the world where women spend two to three hours everyday
+It s not that long ago
+Invest sustainably.
+how incredible this relationship was,
+it means that if our economies grow,
+then so do our emissions.
+So I d just like to take a quote from a paper
+where we said that to avoid the two-degree framing of dangerous climate change,
+We now know the brain circuitry of imagination, of long-term planning.
+And to think of what we have the ability to do with our blogs;
+or are you going to do something with this?
+This is not about just incremental change.
+they started to feel OK.
+OK. Seven countries.
+or talking with our friends and family, or, quite simply, changing our lifestyles.
+Because we really need to make significant change.
+At the moment, we re choosing a four-degree scenario.
+And I think that really, in a sense, what we re trying to do
+Bruno Giussani: Alice, basically what you re saying,
+and men certainly want this as well.
+When men share housework and childcare,
+I am wondering what s your take on the cut by 70 percent for 2070.
+where the arguments against them are there for all to see
+in terms of whether impactful is becoming common usage
+It s like saying, I know that that blue icon on the desktop
+where they will one day change the world.
+Raise your hand if you ve ever been asked the question
+ What do you want to be when you grow up?
+Now if you had to guess,
+how old would you say you were when you were first asked this question?
+You can just hold up fingers.
+different beers would occupy different space.
+has ever caused you any anxiety.
+(Laughter)
+this blog acquired first dozens of readers,
+at which point I usually panic
+See, the problem wasn t that I didn t have any interests --
+it s that I had too many.
+The youngest son took his ninth -- a ninth of 18 is two.
+Maybe you ve heard of us.
+And then something occurred to me:
+like hope or empathy.
+and at a certain point, I began to notice this pattern in myself
+and it was easy to do because when those big flocks
+had such a profound influence on inner-city gangs.
+and I d get to be pretty good at whatever it was,
+and then I would hit this point where I d start to get bored.
+because I had already devoted so much time and energy
+or maybe the psychiatry profession has a kind of strange desire
+But eventually this sense of boredom,
+this feeling of, like, yeah, I got this, this isn t challenging anymore --
+should I give a speech at TEDWomen about women, and they said, oh no, no.
+And I would have to let it go.
+But then I would become interested in something else,
+something totally unrelated, and I would dive into that,
+and become all-consumed, and I d be like, Yes! I found my thing,
+and then I would hit this point again where I d start to get bored.
+And eventually, I would let it go.
+But then I would discover something new and totally different,
+and I would dive into that.
+This pattern caused me a lot of anxiety,
+for two reasons.
+The first was that I wasn t sure
+how I was going to turn any of this into a career.
+That day, the last bullet I shot
+Well, let s look around, you know, look in a random direction,
+and just resign myself to being bored.
+The other reason it caused me so much anxiety
+was a little bit more personal.
+I worried that there was something wrong with this,
+and something wrong with me for being unable to stick with anything.
+I worried that I was afraid of commitment,
+riding buses and subways,
+Every time I would think about coming out in the past,
+If you can relate to my story and to these feelings,
+Stanley Milgram from the 60s and 70s,
+And Aaron looked at me
+in another 30 years,
+to doing many things.
+I ll tell you where you learned it:
+you learned it from the culture.
+We are first asked the question What do you want to be when you grow up?
+And the truth is that no one really cares what you say when you re that age.
+(Laughter)
+The other dog doesn t have the button.
+posed to little kids to elicit cute replies,
+like, I want to be an astronaut, or I want to be a ballerina,
+or I want to be a pirate.
+Insert Halloween costume here.
+why do we sort of drop all that intelligence
+But this question gets asked of us again and again as we get older
+in various forms -- for instance, high school students might get asked
+We took Camden off the top of the list
+And at some point,
+ What do you want to be when you grow up?
+to the thing that keeps us up at night.
+Why?
+from 12 different countries.
+Okay, if there s anything stranger
+you can t reply with 20 different things,
+though well-meaning adults will likely chuckle and be like,
+with no intermediaries.
+This is Dr. Bob Childs --
+(Laughter)
+and he s a luthier and psychotherapist.
+I m not here to argue against science and math.
+teacher and creative director.
+But most kids don t hear about people like this.
+All they hear
+is that they re going to have to choose.
+is not trust but trustworthiness.
+and have two shadows.
+is highly romanticized in our culture.
+It s this idea of destiny or the one true calling,
+the idea that we each have one great thing
+we are meant to do during our time on this earth,
+the British adolescents all sorts of questions,
+But what if you re someone who isn t wired this way?
+and many different things you want to do?
+Well, there is no room for someone like you in this framework.
+And so you might feel alone.
+You might feel like you don t have a purpose.
+And you might feel like there s something wrong with you.
+For soldiers, we have full-time, waiting to go.
+What you are is a multipotentialite.
+(Laughter)
+It s not making more sensors.
+A multipotentialite is someone with many interests and creative pursuits.
+to serve the needy.
+It might help if you break it up into three parts:
+multi, potential, and ite.
+You can also use one of the other terms that connote the same idea,
+such as polymath, the Renaissance person.
+Actually, during the Renaissance period,
+it was considered the ideal to be well-versed in multiple disciplines.
+Barbara Sher refers to us as scanners.
+Use whichever term you like, or invent your own.
+The guy in green is Palestinian.
+we cannot agree on a single identity.
+(Laughter)
+It s easy to see your multipotentiality
+as a limitation or an affliction that you need to overcome.
+But what I ve learned through speaking with people
+KB: Besides, who s next, no, OK.
+is that there are some tremendous strengths to being this way.
+Here are three
+multipotentialite super powers.
+One: idea synthesis.
+That is, combining two or more fields
+and creating something new at the intersection.
+I put in a brain that s kind of the traditional,
+in cartography, data visualization, travel, mathematics and design,
+when they founded Meshu.
+Sha and Rachel came up with this unique idea
+not despite, but because of their eclectic mix of skills and experiences.
+and they have constrained our capacity
+That s where the new ideas come from.
+And multipotentialites, with all of their backgrounds,
+are able to access a lot of these points of intersection.
+of the external world.
+of them seeing an object
+When multipotentialites become interested in something,
+we go hard.
+We observe everything we can get our hands on.
+We re also used to being beginners,
+because we ve been beginners so many times in the past,
+and after that they only survived in Tasmania.
+What s more, many skills are transferable across disciplines,
+and we bring everything we ve learned to every new area we pursue,
+so we re rarely starting from scratch.
+But we don t have the words yet, so we add a third technology.
+As a child concert pianist, she honed an incredible ability
+to develop muscle memory.
+Now, she s the fastest typist she knows.
+from my hometown of Tel Aviv
+is about doing something weird and filling the void with explanation and interpretation --
+and eventually things got better.
+when she was starting her practice,
+and this skill now helps her write compelling pitches to editors.
+It is rarely a waste of time to pursue something you re drawn to,
+even if you end up quitting.
+You might apply that knowledge in a different field entirely,
+in a way that you couldn t have anticipated.
+and start failing calculus all of the sudden,
+is adaptability;
+In fact, he s a teacher at the Kennedy School
+in a given situation.
+Abe Cajudo is sometimes a video director, sometimes a web designer,
+One major consequence of this work
+and sometimes, apparently, James Bond.
+(Laughter)
+He s valuable because he does good work.
+He s even more valuable because he can take on various roles,
+depending on his clients needs.
+Fast Company magazine identified adaptability
+as the single most important skill to develop in order to thrive
+in the 21st century.
+We decided we can t put a Do not enter sign next to the vent.
+The good life is a life where design is important
+in order to meet the needs of the market that are really going to thrive.
+Idea synthesis, rapid learning and adaptability:
+The more people who know about this technology,
+to rat people out, but some things just cross the line.
+As a society, we have a vested interest in encouraging multipotentialites
+and I often perform them. I want to show you a clip
+We have a lot of complex, multidimensional problems in the world right now,
+and we need creative, out-of-the-box thinkers to tackle them.
+Now, let s say that you are, in your heart, a specialist.
+You came out of the womb knowing you wanted to be a pediatric neurosurgeon.
+Don t worry -- there s nothing wrong with you, either.
+shouldn t be what s wrong with you
+Since leaving office, I have had time to reflect.
+and multipotentialite paired together.
+because it has one of the largest ports in Mexico,
+It s a beautiful partnership.
+But we should all be designing lives and careers
+that are aligned with how we re wired.
+And sadly, multipotentialites are largely being encouraged
+simply to be more like their specialist peers.
+So with that said,
+if there is one thing you take away from this talk,
+I hope that it is this:
+embrace your inner wiring, whatever that may be.
+If you re a specialist at heart,
+then by all means, specialize.
+That is where you ll do your best work.
+But to the multipotentialites in the room,
+including those of you who may have just realized
+in the last 12 minutes that you are one --
+(Laughter)
+to you I say:
+embrace your many passions.
+what kind of surveillance the government s
+Explore your intersections.
+Embracing our inner wiring leads to a happier, more authentic life.
+And perhaps more importantly --
+multipotentialites, the world needs us.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+ thank you, or I love you.
+a body that doesn t respond to commands.
+Wishing you could reach out,
+someone took credit for Twitter-bombing my account.
+on-site, watching these leaders in action.
+I contracted a brain infection.
+but due to his family
+Eventually, I lost my ability to control my movements,
+Those were the last words I ever spoke with my own voice.
+as I am about baseball.
+One year turned to two,
+And any nation that would become protectionist over the next few years
+I had been moved out of my bedroom into another more practical one.
+Gradually, my awareness started to return.
+And one of the things in general that computers have provided to learning
+I was aware of everything,
+is that it now includes a kind of learning
+And I realized that so many people around us
+My personality was entombed within a seemingly silent body,
+I ve been to a couple. They re quite fun.
+No one would ever show me tenderness.
+but it can be very confusing for parents,
+Well, nothing pleasant.
+In many countries, it is a different story.
+And increasingly, everything that people buy,
+I left the kitchen not really in shock about Santa,
+It s a very dark place to find yourself
+Whether I was laid on my side or strapped into my wheelchair.
+I often spent my days positioned in front of the TV
+watching Barney reruns.
+and the reason being is that anything that is older than four billion years is gone.
+and I absolutely wasn t,
+it made it so much worse.
+I was a silent, invisible observer of how people behaved
+It feels as if technologists have diverted us
+a defenseless object, seemingly devoid of feelings
+that people used to play out their darkest desires.
+abused me physically, verbally and sexually.
+I took this video in Cape Town last year.
+How could they do this to me?
+Why don t we take the source
+All I knew was that I would never be the same.
+and it s not because they re less diligent.
+Perhaps my parents could have found out and could have helped.
+But the years of constant caretaking,
+had taken a toll on my mother and father.
+Following yet another heated argument between my parents,
+emails, social networking --
+and you feel like, Wow! This is so impressive,
+There were many moments when I gave up,
+You hit the solid rock.
+The thing that caused massive policy changes to occur
+So this story stayed with me.
+transformed how I was feeling,
+making me want to keep going.
+And we re doing it without a sales-and-marketing team.
+It s a completely different domain.
+like a mother with her newborn.
+to either close down to retreat from my reality
+These are companies that operate in more than one country,
+But I had been washed away like a sand castle
+built too close to the waves,
+and in my place was the person people expected me to be.
+stare at awesome black people.
+deserving of harsh words, dismissal and even abuse.
+who had grown to become a man.
+Good or bad, I was a blank canvas
+like, how many houses are you going to paint?
+a campaign around one product and show them
+So that s the third one, anger.
+that I couldn t wait to be able to share them.
+Sometimes, I would say things to myself simply because I could.
+In myself, I had a ready audience,
+others would listen, too.
+I realized that it was in fact only just the beginning
+of creating a new voice for myself.
+and managed to get my first job making photocopies.
+As simple as this may sound, it was amazing.
+My new world was really exciting
+but often quite overwhelming and frightening.
+It contributes immensely to our --
+and as liberating as it often was,
+for applications in bioterrorism
+this animal, when it died of neglect --
+I ll enjoy it on my own. Perhaps.
+doesn t change the meaning or value
+And you know what s exciting is that this innovation
+He was my wingman on the descent.
+so they can make a positive transition back into society.
+I met Joan.
+Well, I decided to do a little experiment with my 16-year old son.
+Sixty-four percent of New Yorkers support these bike lanes.
+The first time someone referred to me as a man,
+it stopped me in my tracks.
+Just as medicine serves to heal more
+That all changed with Joan.
+We have an amazing connection
+and I learned how important it is to communicate openly and honestly.
+But it s on you to control it, because it can go both ways.
+I started to feel whole again, a man worthy of love.
+by widening our circle of compassion.
+I spoke up a little more at work.
+I used the power of words and will to challenge the preconceptions
+of those around me and those I had of myself.
+Communication is what makes us human,
+enabling us to connect on the deepest level
+but watch what happens when I pull it out.
+and I m hoping that soon
+our designers, our business people, our entrepreneurs to be facing.
+All this is how the world knows who we are.
+It could be that we all start
+True communication increases understanding
+And that prevented a very serious potential problem.
+Once, I was perceived to be an inanimate object,
+a mindless phantom of a boy in a wheelchair.
+Today, I am so much more.
+It is this participation in peacekeeping missions
+it had access to so much personal information
+a keen amateur photographer.
+It is my ability to communicate that has given me all this.
+We are told that actions speak louder than words.
+Whether we speak the words with our own voices,
+type them with our eyes,
+or communicate them non-verbally to someone who speaks them for us,
+words are among our most powerful tools.
+I have come to you through a terrible darkness,
+The act of you listening to me today brings me farther into the light.
+We are shining here together.
+If there is one most difficult obstacle to my way of communicating,
+it is that sometimes I want to shout
+It all sounds the same.
+But if you will,
+because Derek, you re so much more than an iPod.
+Thank you.
+So I d like to start by focusing on
+is dependent on bee pollination.
+manifest themselves in the form of discrimination,
+and you stand up and you hold a glass of red wine
+the main ideas and why this is so cool?
+so I get up every day with this tremendous amount of enthusiasm
+that leave a big scar.
+But it s not just the microbes in our gut that are important.
+people who are poor.
+of the biological basis of psychiatric disorders.
+There was nothing they could do because the things we use now
+And then this happened.
+movies that you might like to watch.
+and an enraged giant aurochs
+Were we being followed?
+not many things to choose among?
+that we can fill with the most fanciful adventures
+mourned all I had not yet done,
+There are the participants who have no idea why they re there.
+Any more of that sort of talk, you ve got to go and sit
+Before most kids are 12, they ll have been to Disney World
+Early on its development, they did a very small trial,
+and you wait for your product to arrive in the post,
+but I do mean wishing people well, for two reasons.
+then pointed at my tummy and said, Too many picnic baskets.
+It s about 10 a.m.
+ For once, if you are poor, female,
+because they have very little monetary value
+convey it to a wastewater treatment plant
+will look at you through their Google Glasses
+In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record
+And the vertical axis is how often the car is going to apply the brakes
+they finally agreed that we could sit down
+and then making a decision to do something
+We can also imagine
+This chart maps the teacher s heart rate
+According to the official rules
+and more excitingly, they re starting to understand
+It can only add new boxes, new bones in the skeleton.
+they still have a bad name.
+that had an R&D center in USA and in India,
+which was, in fact, this huge risk for the institution
+because the school has blocked access to Facebook.
+and we started. We started to plant, and this
+and many people would explicitly say
+in a more inspired light.
+in texting among young people today.
+the emerald gem of the Everglades,
+in the next 12 months.
+wherever and whenever possibly based on fact.
+People come to the table, and even these very blunt,
+Derek can play it on.
+Claim your experience.
+God knows, we don t lack for the challenges.
+but personally, having spent many years doing this,
+that there is no economic rule
+May one.
+all that we have built with blood, sweat and dreams;
+I have to tell it, because there was no one
+Since then, it s happened again in London,
+He was suffering.
+they re one of the great conservation success stories of the US.
+working really hard to keep each other safe and protected.
+And then in the most magnificent gesture,
+You don t simply want
+in the Adirondack Mountains, a wilderness area
+represents the unknown?
+As a scientist, I always wanted to measure that resonance,
+or Taiye Selasi comes from England and the States.
+The members of the Association are shocked to realize
+England, America, Ghana, Nigeria --
+CA: And about a year after this picture, you married a beautiful woman.
+I d like to talk to you today a little bit about the work
+raised in Ghana,
+and has lived for over 30 years in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
+I went to Louisiana, a museum in Denmark
+where I shared the stage with the writer Colum McCann.
+over 20 feet a year,
+with 24 million subscribers across 14 African countries by 2004.
+I m not a national at all.
+UNICEF thinks that that s good news
+I hold certain truths to be self-evident:
+Tesla created his inventions in his mind.
+of an and/and model which is
+to say that I came from a country
+suggested that the country was an absolute,
+We were more likely to see signs of dominance
+a constant thing, but was it?
+That s almost 100 times its own length.
+My parents came from countries that didn t exist when they were born.
+To me, a country -- this thing that could be born, die, expand, contract --
+a tree and a pedestrian, well, that s pretty important.
+Now, 20th-century psychologists and sociologists
+an idea that came into fashion only 400 years ago.
+I felt a sort of surge of relief.
+that its umwelt is the entire objective reality out there,
+but countries were invented.
+my world, my work, my experience,
+where you can see 10,000 neurons and 30 million connections.
+sketching out an identity that privileged culture over country.
+goes through a series of life cycle stages,
+if you look at them like those people that you ve given everything to?
+Now, if I m honest,
+and to democratize it.
+Her parents are third-generation Ghanians of Lebanese descent.
+Layla, who speaks fluent Twi, knows Accra like the back of her hand,
+but when we first met years ago, I thought, She s not from Ghana.
+it s going to cost tens of trillions of dollars
+to redesign the flow of our institutions.
+took place in suburban Accra.
+you re lying in this strange place, you re on this hospital gurney,
+along with ubiquitous reality TV formats
+that the language of coming from countries sets --
+the privileging of a fiction, the singular country,
+ All identity is experience, I thought.
+See, Taiye Selasi comes from the United States, isn t the truth.
+that are helping young people learn to code.
+all 50 of them, not really.
+My relationship is with Brookline, the town where I grew up;
+with New York City, where I started work;
+but these very particular experiences
+and the places they occur.
+how did this idea come into your head, of Notepad ?
+ Save the lab medical student.
+with the little garden in Dzorwulu where my father and I talk for hours.
+in Eastern Europe in the early 90s.
+Tell me you re from France, and I see what, a set of clichés?
+But once you do, you can see something that s congruent with my strengths,
+Now that expense can be huge,
+Our experience is where we re from.
+So, where are you a local?
+You know, in music we take something that we love
+I call these the three R s : rituals, relationships, restrictions.
+making your coffee, driving to work,
+harvesting your crops, saying your prayers.
+What kind of rituals are these?
+In what city or cities in the world do shopkeepers know your face?
+with adjustments made for the rituals my mother brought from London and Lagos.
+We took off our shoes in the house,
+we were unfailingly polite with our elders,
+we ate slow-cooked, spicy food.
+with democracy these days.
+The rituals were familiar.
+whether it s the live motor neurons
+be it face to face or on FaceTime?
+Then there was more of a hump.
+On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield said that slavery was so odious,
+When it comes down to the details, we consider everything.
+My mother in Accra, my twin sister in Boston,
+these relationships are home for me.
+ R number two, relationships.
+but how we experience our locality
+depends in part on our restrictions.
+What passport do you hold?
+By civil war, dysfunctional governance, economic inflation,
+from living in the locality where you had your rituals as a child?
+It s called seashore mallow. Kosteletzkya virginica —
+but the question takes us past Where are you now?
+to Why aren t you there, and why?
+compared to normals,
+and put those three words on top of three columns,
+and mind-controlling supervillains --
+human resource engine that would be the envy
+I have a friend named Olu.
+He s 35 years old.
+His parents, born in Nigeria, came to Germany on scholarships.
+Olu was born in Nuremberg and lived there until age 10.
+When his family moved to Lagos, he studied in London,
+then came to Berlin.
+He loves going to Nigeria --
+the weather, the food, the friends --
+but hates the political corruption there.
+We exist yet. I was last week
+which is 250 times fewer cells than you have in one retina,
+where his grandparents migrated from Germany, what is now Poland,
+Udo studied in Buenos Aires, and nine years ago came to Berlin.
+He loves going to Argentina -- the weather, the food, the friends --
+but hates the economic corruption there.
+With his blonde hair and blue eyes, Udo could pass for German,
+but holds an Argentinian passport, so needs a visa to live in Berlin.
+And this is absolutely key.
+That he s a local of Buenos Aires and Berlin,
+that has to do with life.
+He speaks Yoruba with an English accent,
+and English with a German one.
+To claim that he s not really Nigerian, though,
+denies his experience in Lagos,
+the rituals he practiced growing up,
+his relationship with family and friends.
+around local growing into the heart of Christchurch.
+Olu always feels restricted there,
+not least by the fact that he s gay.
+from living where some of their most meaningful rituals
+about the possible ethical ramifications
+To say Olu is from Nigeria and Udo is from Argentina
+and they know how to do integrated decision making.
+we re using a kind of shorthand.
+It s quicker to say Nigeria than Lagos and Berlin,
+from country to city to neighborhood.
+But that s not quite the point.
+isn t the specificity of the answer;
+it s the intention of the question.
+Even that most glorious expression of countryhood, the World Cup,
+gives us national teams comprised mostly of multilocal players.
+As a unit of measurement for human experience,
+one fixed and fictional entity bumping up against another.
+(Music) (Laughter)
+layers that merge together, that can t be denied or removed.
+but you can t take away my experience.
+That I carry within me.
+Where I m from comes wherever I go.
+So Diver A and Diver B both have a wearable computer
+Geography, tradition, collective memory: these things are important.
+as if knowing what country I came from would tell my audience who I was.
+And what are we really seeing when we hear an answer?
+basically, countries represent power.
+China. Russia. Ambiguous.
+It s possible that without realizing it, we re playing a power game,
+especially in the context of multi-ethnic countries.
+As any recent immigrant knows,
+the question Where are you from? or Where are you really from?
+is often code for Why are you here?
+of elite American colleges.
+ Students think that their environment is diverse
+if one comes from Missouri and another from Pakistan --
+never mind that all of their parents are doctors or bankers.
+To call one student American, another Pakistani,
+then triumphantly claim student body diversity
+ignores the fact that these students are locals of the same milieu.
+The same holds true on the other end of the economic spectrum.
+have more in common in terms of rituals and restrictions
+is the myth of going back to them.
+I m often asked if I plan to go back to Ghana.
+I go to Accra every year, but I can t go back to Ghana.
+It s not because I wasn t born there.
+My father can t go back, either.
+The country in which he was born,
+ software glitch, and actually did turn on
+We can never go back to a place and find it exactly where we left it.
+Something, somewhere will always have changed,
+most of all, ourselves.
+This captain is going to use our findings on the optimism bias
+Finally, what we re talking about is human experience,
+this notoriously and gloriously disorderly affair.
+We need caring economics.
+the more local color and texture,
+the more human the characters start to feel,
+the more relatable, not less.
+The myth of national identity and the vocabulary of coming from
+confuses us into placing ourselves into mutually exclusive categories.
+In fact, all of us are multi -- multi-local, multi-layered.
+To begin our conversations with an acknowledgement of this complexity
+brings us closer together, I think, not further apart.
+So the next time that I m introduced,
+I d love to hear the truth:
+OK.
+She isn t a citizen of the world, but a citizen of worlds.
+She is a local of New York, Rome and Accra.
+(Applause)
+carried with them on their final journey.
+Management teams seem increasingly
+Mark Kelly: Yeah, it s amazing,
+This is my father s work Christmas party, December 1973.
+The headlines called them savages and barbarians,
+But we ve made essentially no progress at all in treating Alzheimer s disease.
+I m part of a team of scientists
+you can see the blood run from their face.
+So I think about this all the time.
+So what happens is, we have to rely
+I m not a scientist. I could have been, perhaps,
+your chance of getting Alzheimer s will be almost one in two.
+asks all of us, which is, what would I do if I wasn t afraid?
+Let me explain this in a little more detail.
+and our position was, books are technology --
+that we ve seen grown up.
+We understand less about the science of Alzheimer s than other diseases
+because we ve invested less time and money into researching it.
+The US government spends 10 times more every year
+that is three times the size of
+absolutely fatal.
+sort of a flip flop.
+someone who could use the information.
+of a healthy aged brain compared to the brain of an Alzheimer s patient
+Let s pause here.
+by a parasitic wasp which laid eggs inside it.
+and that was from one human to another.
+forming clumps that eventually become large plaques and tangles.
+There are many steps, and identifying which step to try to block is complex --
+and this modified this initial pattern.
+It s a nonprofit association.
+things like fight diseases.
+and you can see they re moving around normally.
+These worms, on the other hand,
+No German soldier fell to the ground.
+You can t get rid of it.
+This is just an initial positive result, but research like this
+he was running in the direction of my church,
+But I think there s a greater story here still.
+will we do better than cash given directly?
+If you pour water on that, it dissolves.
+And their families, the hidden victims, caring for their loved ones night and day,
+a Burmese prison,
+that prove that when somebody knows
+based on four healthy habits:
+It is called the history of the world.
+or a trickle of DNA
+But you bring to a crisis the person you already are,
+between human limitation and human potential.
+because I expect it to be a place filled with rare
+in order to hold things in place before I varnish
+As we ve said, it s pretty bad for your health,
+it starts out like a horror story.
+And you must have seen this illusion.
+that was enabled by the Internet
+I changed my research from traditional data-mining
+and manually emptied.
+necessary to go on and do procedures.
+and when I say I didn t join the Army
+(Laughter)
+He decided to tell it to me
+this was a subject in which I felt particularly passionate.
+where we have hundreds of thousands of bees
+and it s also the reason
+improvise, play off your scene partner.
+But when I looked at the data,
+and that you have to discover when you get to see them in peers.
+We heard from a man out of Zimbabwe,
+glow bioluminescent,
+and people as well;
+about the reform process going on
+We see by reflecting.
+PM: Gabby, what did make you want to marry Mark?
+What would they do under the same conditions?
+Besides, creature of extremes and excess,
+Another factor in Gando is rain.
+been many other examples, and try and identify
+everywhere in the country.
+Everybody s welcome.
+I m talking about mindful eating:
+I think it s going to be older people.
+It s called smart failure. Why? Because you can t put it on your C.V.
+those two together to make good is very interesting.
+A question I m often asked is,
+where did I get my passion for human rights and justice?
+It started early.
+I grew up in the west of Ireland,
+wedged between four brothers,
+And suddenly, everything that you had planned
+So of course I had to be interested in human rights,
+and equality and justice,
+that transparency and openness
+(Laughter)
+And those issues stayed with me and guided me,
+and in particular,
+when I was elected the first woman President of Ireland,
+is we re always changing the car.
+and I had been for three years.
+to having a space for those who felt marginalized on the island of Ireland,
+and bringing together communities from Northern Ireland
+I called her back, and that s when she told me
+It was an amazing story, and it piqued my interest.
+And I went as the first Irish president to the United Kingdom
+and met with Queen Elizabeth II,
+and also welcomed to my official residence --
+and clarity to your own life.
+members of the royal family,
+including, notably, the Prince of Wales.
+And I was aware that at the time of my presidency,
+Ireland was a country beginning a rapid economic progress.
+We were a country that was benefiting from the solidarity of the European Union.
+Indeed, when Ireland first joined the European Union in 1973,
+there were parts of the country that were considered developing,
+including my own beloved native county, County Mayo.
+I led trade delegations here to the United States,
+to Japan, to India,
+to encourage investment, to help to create jobs,
+to build up our economy,
+And they re inscribed in there forever --
+our development.
+What I didn t have to do as president
+This is the first one, and this is showing, over the last 900 years,
+so that Irish citizens could go there because our island was going underwater.
+What I didn t have to think about,
+either as president or as a constitutional lawyer,
+was the implications for the sovereignty of the territory
+So, in B.I., life was simple.
+Now — (Laughter) —
+has to wake up every morning thinking about.
+He has bought land in Fiji as an insurance policy,
+to minimize the risks of what you re going through.
+because he knows that his people may have to leave their islands.
+that made it much more difficult for civilians to buy a gun,
+I really felt that this was a problem that no leader should have to face.
+And as I heard him speak about the pain of his problems,
+Perhaps you saw the film,
+ Freedom, not fear.
+and drew up the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
+For them, it would have been unimaginable
+but they don t rest until they find a resolution
+because of human-induced climate change.
+And then one day, my colleague walked into my office,
+for more than a hundred years.
+and so I reached out again on Facebook and LinkedIn,
+Now a few things you might like to know about prime numbers.
+and the impact on their rights --
+their rights to food and safe water, health, education and shelter.
+And I say this with humility,
+you ll see that they re all very similar to one another.
+When I served
+as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
+was basically a distribution business.
+climate change wasn t at the front of my mind.
+I don t remember making a single speech on climate change.
+And you ll notice that he s struggling with stability as he s walking.
+the UN Convention on Climate Change --
+that was dealing with the issue of climate change.
+It was later when I started to work in African countries
+on issues of development and human rights.
+how vaccines work in a simple way.
+ Oh, but things are so much worse now, things are so much worse.
+And then I explored what was behind that;
+it was about changes in the climate --
+climate shocks, changes in the weather.
+I met Constance Okollet,
+who had formed a women s group in Eastern Uganda,
+you better believe there was some opposition.
+as she said, down this path to become
+they knew that the seasons would come as they were predicted to come,
+they knew when to sow and they knew when to harvest,
+and so they had enough food.
+But, in recent years,
+at the time of this conversation,
+they had nothing but long periods of drought,
+these hemispherical speaker arrays.
+and then more drought.
+livelihoods had been destroyed,
+their harvest had been destroyed.
+She forms this women s group to try to keep her community together.
+And this was a reality that really struck me,
+because of course, Constance Okollet wasn t responsible
+for the greenhouse gas emissions that were causing this problem.
+Indeed, I was very struck about the situation in Malawi
+in January of this year.
+It s decentralized, it s peer-to-peer,
+it covered about a third of the country,
+over 300 people were killed,
+and hundreds of thousands lost their livelihoods.
+And the average person in Malawi
+emits about 80 kg of CO2 a year.
+The average US citizen emits about 17.5 metric tons.
+Slowly and slowly --
+without compensation.
+and yet they are feeling more and more
+SL: You were the one who made me a parent. That s a good point. (Laughter)
+the changes that are preventing them from knowing how to grow food properly,
+and knowing how to look after their future.
+I think it was really the importance of the injustice
+that really struck me very forcibly.
+And I know that we re not able to address some of that injustice
+because we re not on course for a safe world.
+Governments around the world agreed at the conference in Copenhagen,
+that we have to stay below two degrees Celsius
+of warming above pre-Industrial standards.
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+So we face an existential threat to the future of our planet.
+And that made me realize
+that climate change is the greatest threat to human rights in the 21st century.
+And that brought me then to climate justice.
+Climate justice responds to the moral argument --
+both sides of the moral argument --
+to address climate change.
+First of all,
+to be on the side of those who are suffering most and are most effected.
+And secondly,
+to make sure that they re not left behind again, when we start to move
+Instead, they ve been hacked.
+but very encouraging,
+In our very unequal world today,
+it s very striking how many people are left behind.
+In our world of 7.2 billion people, about 3 billion are left behind.
+1.3 billion don t have access to electricity,
+and they light their homes with kerosene and candles,
+both of which are dangerous.
+And in fact they spend a lot of their tiny income on that form of lighting.
+He just knew that he wanted to have a career as a scientist
+on coal, wood and animal dung.
+And this causes about 4 million deaths a year
+from indoor smoke inhalation,
+and of course, most of those who die are women.
+So we have a very unequal world,
+and we need to change from business as usual.
+And we shouldn t underestimate the scale and the transformative nature
+of the change which will be needed,
+because we have to go to zero carbon emissions by about 2050,
+if we re going to stay below two degrees Celsius of warming.
+And that means we have to leave about two-thirds of the known resources
+It s a very big change,
+and it means that obviously,
+So the work of innovation, the work of coming up with new ideas,
+must become much more energy-efficient,
+and must move as quickly as possible to renewable energy.
+just watch what happens
+the problem and the challenge is to grow without emissions,
+because they must develop; they have very poor populations.
+So they must develop without emissions, and that is a different kind of problem.
+Indeed, no country in the world has actually grown without emissions.
+All the countries have developed with fossil fuels,
+and then may be moving to renewable energy.
+So it is a very big challenge,
+and it requires the total support of the international community,
+with the necessary finance and technology, and systems and support,
+because no country can make itself safe from the dangers of climate change.
+This is an issue that requires complete human solidarity.
+but the Koreans were concerned that only a small share
+because we are all in this together,
+from bench to bedside.
+to ensure that we reach zero carbon by 2050.
+And on the third attempt,
+and it s happening very fast.
+Here in California,
+there s a very ambitious emissions target to cut emissions.
+In Hawaii, they re passing legislation
+to have 100 percent renewable energy by 2045.
+And governments are very ambitious around the world.
+In Costa Rica, they have committed to being carbon-neutral by 2021.
+In Ethiopia, the commitment is to be carbon-neutral by 2027.
+Apple have pledged that their factories in China will use renewable energy.
+And there is a race on at the moment
+to convert electricity from tidal and wave power,
+in order that we can leave the coal in the ground.
+but of course I couldn t hear it
+But it s still not enough,
+and the political will is still not enough.
+upstreamists have at the end of their name.
+They actually could be able to live on their island and have a solution,
+but it would take a lot of political will.
+President Tong told me about his ambitious idea
+to either build up or even float the little islands where his people live.
+This, of course, is beyond the resources of Kiribati itself.
+it looks like everyone around me
+and it would require the kind of imaginative idea
+that we bring together when we want to have a space station in the air.
+Thank you.
+who have jumped off the bridge and lived
+and be part of the community of nations?
+That is the kind of idea that we should be thinking about.
+Yes, the challenges of the transformation we need are big,
+but they can be solved.
+We are actually, as a people,
+very capable of coming together to solve problems.
+I was very conscious of this as I took part this year
+in commemoration of the 70th anniversary
+of the end of the Second World War in 1945.
+1945 was an extraordinary year.
+It was a year when the world faced
+what must have seemed almost insoluble problems --
+the devastation of the world wars, particularly the Second World War;
+the fragile peace that had been brought about;
+the need for a whole economic regeneration.
+But the leaders of that time didn t flinch from this.
+They had the capacity, they had a sense of being driven by
+never again must the world have this kind of problem.
+And they had to build structures for peace and security.
+And what did we get? What did they achieve?
+The Charter of the United Nations,
+the Bretton Woods institutions, as they re called, The World Bank,
+and the International Monetary Fund.
+A Marshall Plan for Europe, a devastated Europe,
+to reconstruct it.
+And indeed a few years later,
+the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
+2015 is a year that is similar in its importance
+to 1945, with similar challenges and similar potential.
+There will be two big summits this year:
+the first one, in September in New York,
+is the summit for the sustainable development goals.
+It is a Tinker Bell moment,
+The sustainable development goals are intended to help countries
+to live sustainably, in tune with Mother Earth,
+not to take out of Mother Earth and destroy ecosystems,
+but rather, to live in harmony with Mother Earth,
+by living under sustainable development.
+And the sustainable development goals
+will come into operation for all countries
+and its famous opening sentence,
+I don t have time to go into, but the one that I wanted
+a binding climate agreement --
+is needed because of the scientific evidence
+that we re on a trajectory for about a four-degree world
+and we have to change course to stay below two degrees.
+So we need to take steps that will be monitored and reviewed,
+so that we can keep increasing the ambition of how we cut emissions,
+and how we move more rapidly to renewable energy,
+so that we have a safe world.
+The reality is that this issue is much too important
+to be left to politicians and to the United Nations.
+(Laughter)
+It s an issue for all of us,
+and it s an issue where we need more and more momentum.
+Everybody.
+because of the justice dimension.
+It s now an issue for faith-based organizations,
+under very good leadership from Pope Francis,
+is a 747.
+which is divesting from fossil fuels.
+It s an issue for the business community,
+and the good news is
+that the business community is changing very rapidly --
+except for the fossil fuel industries --
+(Laughter)
+Even they are beginning to slightly change their language --
+We dressed a cowboy as Johnny Cash
+But business is not only moving rapidly to the benefits of renewable energy,
+but is urging politicians to give them more signals,
+so that they can move even more rapidly.
+It s an issue for the trade union movement.
+It s an issue for the women s movement.
+It s an issue for young people.
+I was very struck when I learned that Jibreel Khazan,
+one of the Greensboro Four who had taken part in the Woolworth sit-ins,
+said quite recently that
+climate change is the lunch counter moment for young people.
+So, lunch counter moment for young people of the 21st century --
+the sort of real human rights issue of the 21st century,
+because he said it is the greatest challenge
+to humanity and justice in our world.
+I recall very much the Climate March last September,
+and that was a huge momentum,
+not just in New York, but all around the world.
+and we have to build on that.
+I was marching with some of The Elders family,
+We remember when we are deeply engaged.
+Or imagine mothers on opposite sides of a conflict somewhere in the world
+because after all, there were 400,000 people out in the streets of New York --
+so I couldn t quite get to that placard,
+I would have just liked to have been able to step behind it,
+because it said, Angry Grannies!
+(Laughter)
+That s what I felt.
+And I have five grandchildren now,
+I feel very happy as an Irish grandmother to have five grandchildren,
+has up to 10,000 species of insects in it,
+and what it will be like when they will share that world
+with about 9 billion other people in 2050.
+We know that inevitably it will be a climate-constrained world,
+because of the emissions we ve already put up there,
+but it could be a world that is much more equal and much fairer,
+and much better for health, and better for jobs
+and better for energy security,
+than the world we have now,
+And this shows what an electroencephalogram is,
+and no one is left behind.
+No one is left behind.
+And just as we ve been looking back this year --
+in 2015 to 1945, looking back 70 years --
+I would like to think that they will look back,
+that world will look back 35 years from 2050,
+35 years to 2015,
+and that they will say,
+ Weren t they good to do what they did in 2015?
+We really appreciate that they took the decisions that made a difference,
+and that put the world on the right pathway,
+and we benefit now from that pathway,
+that they will feel that somehow we took our responsibilities,
+we did what was done in 1945 in similar terms,
+we didn t miss the opportunity,
+we lived up to our responsibilities.
+That s what this year is about.
+And somehow for me,
+it s captured in words of somebody that I admired very much.
+She was a mentor of mine, she was a friend,
+she died much too young,
+she was an extraordinary personality,
+a great champion of the environment:
+Wangari Maathai.
+Wangari said once,
+ In the course of history,
+there comes a time when humanity is called upon
+to shift to a new level of consciousness,
+to reach a higher moral ground.
+And that s what we have to do.
+We have to reach a new level of consciousness,
+a higher moral ground.
+And we have to do it this year in those two big summits.
+And that won t happen unless we have the momentum
+from people around the world who say:
+ We want action now,
+we want to change course,
+we want a safe world,
+a safe world for future generations,
+a safe world for our children and our grandchildren,
+and we re all in this together.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+and I m not talking about Game of Thrones,
+(Laughter)
+and then at the United States Department of Justice.
+Their names have become familiar:
+James Foley, Steven Sotloff, David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,
+and how form can touch people s soul and emotion.
+called The World Is Flat, he said, basically, in his book
+We would read some text in feminist theory and have a conversation about it.
+We don t do things like that.
+and then when you say, children, they will pretty quickly agree with you.
+So we could get three thumbs together,
+The Islamic State beheadings
+So let me be very clear:
+pain and anxiety compared with men.
+had watched the beheading of James Foley
+Therefore at Gapminder we made our own map,
+while she should be going to school,
+That s a perfectly rational thing.
+a demographic kick from a new generation
+had watched the videos but had stopped just before the death was shown.
+Cities are where most of the wealth is created,
+as their common denominator.
+across search engines like Google, Lycos, Yahoo.
+to have a standby crew of people 24 hours a day
+One Dutch website owner said that his daily viewing figures
+(Applause)
+Now look at what happens at the very end of this.
+a hardware platform, an assembler, a virtual machine,
+because there are not enough people to pay property taxes
+If you have kids, and they have kids,
+Weidmann was due to be executed at the crack of dawn,
+So this is a big collaboration of different countries
+And I tried to thank him for doing his work
+and a spectator in the crowd filmed the event,
+is helping us to explore these fossil deposits.
+The crowd on the day of Weidmann s execution
+And every single time I did the show at the beginning,
+and the geriatrician will try and hold back the sands of time,
+and now we ve got 60 percent better cotton in our business.
+In London, as late as the early 19th century,
+We use a system of two leach pits to treat the waste.
+five men known as the Cato Street Conspirators
+allowed things to scale even more.
+a review as sound.
+They don t compromise.
+Now, at first, this was very difficult to believe,
+Evidence suggests that throughout our history
+I set out to look at natural forms.
+ You ve got testicular cancer.
+Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,
+The end of torturous public judicial executions in Europe and America
+in producing the guts for the electric vehicle, like the lithium ion battery.
+Finally I met a very nice mayor in Onagawa village
+but works for the left and the right,
+the demonstrations of the month of May,
+that the U.S. s population is over 300 million,
+This is what goes on in my studio everyday.
+Our activities online are often contrasted with real life,
+We feel less accountable for our actions
+that began 65 million years ago
+The Internet also makes it far easier to stumble upon things inadvertently,
+And when the action is pre-recorded
+Andrew the instructor got in the front, started the airplane up.
+All these things make it easier as an Internet user
+CA: Ed, one response to this whole debate is this:
+When the victim of a decapitation is bound and defenseless,
+that represents the luck and skill it takes to win a fight,
+when a beheading is staged,
+The problem is that there s just not nearly enough of them out there.
+Now the event is stretched out in time and place,
+but we know we won t.
+History tells us we won t,
+and the killers know it too.
+Thank you.
+and increase the beauty and the cultural significance
+Frances Larson: I used to work at a museum
+without really understanding what they were seeing,
+Why do I say that we re in range? Well, this is basically it.
+(Arabic) I seek refuge in Allah from cursed Satan. In the Name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful.
+and one evening,
+My father was five years old when he lost his father,
+but by the time I was born,
+of politics and culture and economics that shapes
+OK, so these are LP records and they ve been replaced, right?
+if his children were going to be a boy or a girl:
+they were going to go to school.
+first and foremost.
+My mother had 16 pregnancies.
+From 16 pregnancies, five of us are alive.
+You can imagine as a child what I went through.
+Day to day, I watched women
+being carried to a graveyard,
+or watched children going to a graveyard.
+At that time, when I finished my high school,
+We live in a modern, global world.
+I wanted to be a doctor to help women and children.
+If you think about it,
+but I wanted to go to university.
+Unfortunately, in my country, there wasn t a dormitory for girls,
+so I was accepted in medical school, but I could not go there.
+What we have is exactly the same thing, the same activity,
+Yes, let me give you a few more quotes.
+While I was completing my education,
+my country was invaded by Russia.
+And do you know that at the time I was completing my education,
+But with those seeds, from day one, we are growing in my classroom,
+There were months, years, I didn t know about it.
+My family was in a refugee camp.
+So as soon as I completed my education,
+I brought my family to America.
+But where was my heart?
+My heart was in Afghanistan.
+It s when I started to feel that the cybernetic device
+Then we were victims of the French.
+can we reduce that death toll? Can we save
+I really wanted to go back to my country,
+but at the same time I knew I could not go there,
+because there was no place for me.
+something felt off.
+I was a professor at a university.
+I had a good life.
+some to older men, some in exchange,
+I could live with them.
+But I wasn t happy.
+I wanted to go back home.
+It wasn t until I entered high school that I thought,
+when it comes to natural disasters.
+there were 7.5 million refugees.
+7.5 million refugees.
+About 90 percent of them were women and children.
+Most of the men have been killed or they were in war.
+I believe that s true.
+when I went day-to-day to do a survey,
+I found things you never could imagine.
+I saw a widow with five to eight children
+sitting there and weeping
+and not knowing what to do.
+I saw a young woman have no way to go anywhere,
+no education, no entertainment, no place to even live.
+We can t settle for that,
+to our world going black as the windows were thrust underwater,
+being the head of the household,
+You know, I remember having a Muslim group from the U.K.
+So it was a very devastating situation.
+My heart was beating for my people,
+and I didn t know what to do.
+Now, the Sock Puppet, on the other hand,
+At that moment, I felt, what can I do for these people?
+How could I help these people?
+(Laughter)
+But at that moment, I knew
+There s still a huge risk that there will be additional cases there.
+It transformed me. It gave me status.
+It gave me confidence. It gave me a career.
+It helped me to support my family,
+what kids can do across a very narrow spectrum of achievement.
+Once upon a time, Scarlet was used as bait in dog fights.
+But he didn t.
+that what I should give to my people is education and health,
+and that s what I went after.
+But do you think it was easy?
+and in all honesty, the pursuit of normality
+And also, by Russia invading Afghanistan,
+people were not trusting anyone.
+Now, this is a really important discovery, I think,
+Who am I?
+Somebody who comes from the United States.
+Somebody who got educated here.
+Did they trust me? Of course not.
+So what have we learned?
+Interacting changes the way you behave,
+I went and surveyed and looked and looked.
+I asked.
+Finally, I found one man.
+He was 80 years old.
+I went to his tent in the camp,
+and I asked him,
+ I want to make you a teacher.
+And he looked at me,
+and he said, Crazy woman,
+crazy woman, how do you think I can be a teacher?
+And I told him, I will make you a teacher.
+Finally, he accepted my offer,
+and once I started a class in his compound,
+the word spread all over.
+In a matter of one year,
+we had 25 schools set up,
+15,000 children going to school,
+and it was amazing.
+(Applause)
+Thank you.
+But of course, we re doing all our work, we were giving teacher training.
+There s no major difference between these religions.
+So what do we do about this? Well, the fact is
+but the free stuff that I get is the free stuff that I get in real life,
+one day I was in the office in Peshawar, Pakistan.
+All of a sudden, I saw my staff running to rooms and locking the doors
+and telling me, Run away, hide!
+(Applause)
+You re scared. You know it s dangerous.
+when they try to mirror each other
+It s a lot harder to meet them where they are
+You have to hold it together and show strength.
+of people I d known,
+the amount of children pouring out of every building.
+So I invited them to the office.
+They came, and there were nine of them -- nine Taliban.
+They were the ugliest looking men you can ever see.
+(Laughter)
+In order for us to build safely,
+black clothes, black turban,
+it says San Francisco across the bottom.
+And I invited them to have a seat and have tea.
+They said no. They are not going to drink tea.
+And of course, with the tone of voice they were using,
+down the mouth part,
+but I was really shaking up.
+But also I was strong, holding myself up.
+And, of course, by that time, you know how I dress --
+mobile health clinics, widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
+The only thing you could see, my eyes.
+They asked me, What are you doing?
+Don t you know that school is banned for girls?
+Getting it wrong, and the pharmaceutical industry
+And you know, I just looked at them,
+and I said, What school? Where is the school?
+(Laughter)
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+And they look at my face, and they said, You are teaching girls here.
+I said, This is a house of somebody.
+We have some students coming,
+and they are all learning Koran, Holy Book.
+We d have to learn to fear infections that now seem minor.
+they can be a good wife,
+My brain started thinking.
+(Laughter)
+And I tell you one thing:
+that s the way you work with those people, and you know --
+(Laughter)
+So by that time, they started speaking Pashto.
+and so we can eliminate those 4,000 diseases
+and they said, Let s go, leave her alone, she s OK.
+And you know, this time, I offered them tea again,
+and they took a sip and they laughed.
+By that time, my staff poured into my office.
+They were scared to death.
+They didn t know why they didn t kill me.
+The only thing this bird did was fly against this window
+But everybody was happy to see me.
+front and center in trying to control
+(Laughter)
+you get control,
+But also, as we continuously gave training during the fall of the Taliban --
+of course during the Taliban there is another story.
+We went underground and we provided education for 80 schoolgirls,
+3,000 students underground, and continuously we trained.
+With the fall of the Taliban, we went into the country,
+and we opened school after school.
+was the fact that they had good mentors.
+We continuously opened clinics.
+We worked with mothers and children.
+We had reproductive health training.
+We had all kinds of training that you can imagine.
+I was very happy. I was delighted with the outcome of my work.
+And one day, with four trainers and one bodyguard,
+Our biggest seller is Schadenfreude,
+and all of a sudden, again,
+I was stopped in the middle of the road
+by 19 young men.
+Rifles on their shoulders, they blocked the road.
+And I told my driver, What s going on?
+And the driver said, I don t know.
+He asked them. They said, We have nothing to do with you.
+They called my name. They said, We want her.
+My bodyguard got out, said, I can answer you.
+are going to be able to do with this great tool.
+They said, Nothing. They called my name.
+And by that time, the women are yelling and screaming inside the car.
+I am very shaken up, and I told myself, this is it.
+This time, we all are going to be killed.
+There is no doubt in my mind.
+But still, the moment comes, and you take strength
+from whatever you believe and whatever you do.
+It s in your heart.
+for this leadership training that we re offering.
+on the gut microbial community and on later health
+My leg was shaking, and I got outside.
+And I asked them, What can I do for you?
+You know what they said to me?
+Let them object however they want, but give me a word that s nicer
+Now what I want to share with you is
+Every day you go up north here and there.
+You train women, you teach them
+and also you give them an opportunity to have a job.
+You build their skills. How about us?
+(Laughter)
+(Applause)
+and my children will also raise their children here.
+What are we going to do?
+who were ready to go, ready to die.
+(Laughter)
+They said, It s OK.
+The only thing we can do, what we know,
+from the time we re born, we just hold the gun and kill.
+That s all we know.
+And you know what that means.
+It s a trap to me, of course.
+So I walk out of there. They said, We ll let you go, go.
+ No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities
+and I told the driver, Turn around and go back to the office.
+and was widely read when it first appeared.
+the relative standing of countries
+to send them to school, and nothing else.
+By the time I came to the office,
+of course my trainers were gone.
+Thank you all so much. (Applause)
+Our forest in Brazil, that antique forest
+and I said, What am I going to do?
+How am I going to solve this problem?
+Because we had training going on up north already.
+So I was sitting there, all of a sudden, at this moment,
+talking about momentum, we are,
+at that moment,
+one of my wonderful donors called me about a report.
+And she asked me, Sakena? And I answered her.
+She said, It s not you. What s wrong with you?
+I said, Nothing. I tried to cover.
+No matter what I tried to do, she didn t believe me,
+and she asked me again.
+ OK, tell me what s going on?
+I told her the whole story.
+At that time, she said, OK, you go next time, and you will help them.
+You will help them.
+And when, two days later, I went the same route,
+and do you know, they were not in here,
+they were a little back further,
+the same young men, standing up there and holding the rifle
+and pointing to us to stop the car.
+So we stopped the car.
+I got out. I said, OK, let s go with me.
+And they said, Yes.
+I said, On one condition, that whatever I say, you accept it.
+And they said, yes, they do.
+the flies are no longer hyperactive, but they still can t learn.
+and to make a long story short,
+I told them I d give them teachers.
+Today, they are the best trainers.
+They learn English,
+they learn how to be teachers,
+they learn computers,
+and they are my guides.
+Every area that is unknown to us in the mountain areas,
+they go with me. They are ahead, and we go.
+Let s say that you were a murderer
+And --
+(Applause)
+so the strokes break well
+parents and teachers in those countries
+So they, right there, you know, they took me out the door,
+When you educate people,
+they are going to be different,
+and today all over,
+we need to work for gender equality.
+We cannot only train women but forget about the men,
+because the men are the real people who are giving women the hardest time.
+(Laughter)
+So we started training men because the men should know
+the potential of women,
+know how much these potential men has,
+and how much these women can do the same job they are doing.
+For me, art is not about objects of high monetary exchange.
+and I really believe strongly.
+I live in a country that was a beautiful country.
+public opinion is a very good excuse to punish him.
+It was a beautiful country,
+beautiful, peaceful country.
+We were going everywhere.
+Women were getting education:
+lawyer, engineer, teacher,
+On this view, it s consciousness
+and I just became a bit obsessed with transportation systems.
+But you know what happened to my country.
+Today, people cannot walk out of their door without security issues.
+But we want the same Afghanistan we had before.
+And I want to tell you the other side.
+whenever you put your iPhone next to your keyboard.
+They are earning degrees. They are training to be lawyers.
+They are training to be doctors, back again.
+They are training to be teachers,
+and they are running businesses.
+So it is so wonderful
+to see people like that reach their complete potential,
+and all of this is going to happen.
+So if I m understanding correctly,
+because of love,
+because of compassion,
+and because of trust and honesty.
+If you have these few things with you,
+you will accomplish.
+We have one poet, Mawlānā Rūmī.
+He said that by having compassion
+and having love, you can conquer the world.
+And I tell you, we could.
+And if we could do it in Afghanistan,
+I am sure 100 percent that everyone can do it in any part of the world.
+Thank you very, very much.
+(Applause)
+Thank you. Thank you.
+(Applause)
+And this is right about when I got this sage advice to build up my resume.
+before they try them out in real life.
+and how my father and his friends were going to build these big ships.
+As a photographer, I took thousands of images,
+for the physical earthquake to travel.
+just loses water into the air.
+such as the measles.
+It literally is that basic a way of making a sound.
+for something that will happen in a hundred years.
+Sixty-six years after the Wright Brothers
+It would spread throughout the world very, very quickly.
+what went wrong, and what do I want to repeat,
+that helps to let the sunlight enter deep into the space
+In fact, traditional assessments
+were able to get a gauge for what coral reefs do
+and bought hundreds of lawn chairs,
+So here we have the Peek Vision app.
+It s a hungry emotion. It must be fed.
+This is one of my specimens.
+to make this progress.
+Either we give up, or we never start in the first place.
+but they form almost a badge of identity.
+to continue putting polluting facilities in my neighborhood.
+and is invited to post their results
+to feel that we can really ever experience life
+and I said, This city is going on a diet,
+a human place of possibility in space at large.
+and it could well be that a drug that worked wonderfully
+And he dives in, swims off. OK.
+A whirlpool, for Steve Grand, is a thing with just as much reality
+Right now, I m about at the speed of sound.
+Maybe it s this possibility of a guarantee
+However, I want fights like this
+And we re finding more and more gender differences in the brain.
+but it would be intelligent.
+(Laughter)
+as measured by their health,
+we have to do something we re not very good at,
+which is other alternative technologies
+personal example, a couple years ago.
+We changed the environment, not just treated the eyes.
+I flew to New York with some our participants
+there s some stuff we know that we can do.
+their wives are happier and healthier,
+I say that s nonsense.
+(Applause)
+Because this is the group of people that inspires possibility.
+No one can tell you you can t surround yourself with inspiring people
+And geriatricians try to hold back the sands of time
+And the thing is, it s starting to happen on a widespread level.
+So I invite all of you to join the mission
+of whether that student will be ready for college.
+(Applause)
+Speaking of Gandhi, he was a recovering lawyer,
+Everything was impossible until somebody did it.
+You can either hang around the people who tell you it can t be done
+And she explained the income that she was getting out of her business
+(Applause)
+Because I see it as our responsibility to show the world
+You can feel deep attachment to a long-term partner
+And as we finish up, I have just one question to ask you guys,
+Discover that, live it,
+but make sure that that community component is strong.
+We ve mapped the afterglow
+In 2008, we formed the World Wide Web Foundation
+So billions of dollars in our society
+But we re talking about perception here, right?
+that we could prohibit alcohol.
+It is a luxury, I will say to the white people sitting in this room,
+that all energy on this planet actually comes from the Sun,
+I was very nervous.
+(Laughter)
+the international community largely ignored them.
+So, liberating these pages
+And he s like, I don t know, but I can show you.
+So the article was published online
+looking out the front window,
+You re going to stand right here.
+to harness this waste resource and turn it into a fuel
+ to pass the baton of concern and hope
+I know everyone wants to save these mothers and these children.
+So my first impulse in the face of all of this attention
+This is India
+And more than in Haiti, this produces really smoky fires,
+inadvertent icons for the process of falling in love,
+It s like a coin flip; it doesn t count, really.
+What would knowing whether or not we were still together really tell them?
+any images that are faces of any kind,
+means building customized books.
+Idiot, Robbins.
+there s also a cultural challenge,
+And no side of the political spectrum
+and your voice came on,
+connected to mass transit.
+that pairs the personal questions with four minutes of eye contact,
+you might create what we call lateral lift,
+So a few months ago, I was giving a talk
+because they thought that smallpox was the visitation of a deity,
+ So, I tried your study, and it didn t work.
+They re creating a whole new set of ways
+(Video) Ground control. Everyone ready?
+which was basically my entire adult life,
+I thought I was just doing research for this book I was writing --
+Frugal innovation is also about making high tech
+They treated me like I was nothing.
+So the story that the media told about the 36 questions
+Now I know people will say,
+somehow lost the metabolic machinery
+and it s true that these questions do provide a mechanism
+So 40 years hence, when you add it all up,
+But I think when it comes to love,
+we are too willing to accept the short version of the story.
+AE: Hi there!
+So rather than that question,
+How do you decide who deserves your love
+The group discussed,
+I don t necessarily know the answers to these questions,
+You have a conventional one-bedroom arrangement
+that you can take this drogue parachute and wrap it around,
+this next generation of African leaders,
+What kind of world do people want to belong in at Pixar?
+per ton of food waste. It s much better to feed it to pigs.
+as we heard yesterday from a number of presentations,
+(Cheers)
+I mean, the word gender is about women.
+all these men and women should be free to decide
+and we add to this online information every single time we post on Facebook,
+She no longer danced.
+This also reminded us of two very different pictorial traditions.
+And during one of our conversations,
+which in turn sends commands to the quad,
+Shakespeare s Julius Caesar.
+Let me ask you a question.
+ When you wake up in the morning and you look in the mirror,
+And the black woman said, You see, that s the problem for me.
+Because when I wake up in the morning and I look in the mirror, she said,
+To me, race is visible. But to you, race is invisible. You don t see it.
+have decided to begin this journey,
+And the idea was that you could take waste paper;
+Privilege is invisible to those who have it.
+Now remember, I was the only man in this group,
+In New Orleans, the I-10 Twin Spans,
+they were about me.
+That s a remarkable number because
+like Ethiopia, we are at 50 percent.
+in order to recognize specific molecules inside of the brain,
+but I was reminded of it quite recently at my university where I teach.
+It mainly uses one cell type,
+So the servers are managed by a ragtag band of volunteers.
+I give a guest lecture for her when she teaches.
+ Oh, finally, an objective opinion.
+You re a woman. You re biased.
+and almost always kill itself quite quickly.
+(Laughter)
+or men who have sex with men
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+And that, by the way, is why I think men so often wear ties.
+were taking you over here.
+Day seven, they show the classic scars of smallpox umbilication.
+When they failed, it wasn t because they were dumb,
+and they go, Oh my God, yes, gender equality,
+and they will immediately begin to mansplain to you your oppression.
+we ll take it from here.
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+that sees gender equality as something that is detrimental to men.
+(Laughter)
+Here s how the experience works today.
+who believed that they, white men in America,
+And they all told stories about how they were qualified for jobs,
+And the reason I m telling you this is I want you to hear the title
+Let me tell you that there s not too many people interested
+Wealth is not just about wealth.
+and it s about the title of the show,
+The camera is actually not only understanding your hand movements,
+or A Black Woman Got A Job?
+perceptual devices
+I don t think we ll ever understand why so many men resist gender equality.
+because just providing free content to people
+so any policy that tilts it even a little bit,
+And this goes into my last point.
+It s reverse discrimination against us.
+(Laughter)
+Transparency is about the communication of information.
+white men in Europe and the United States
+Now this is a dependence too,
+in the history of the world.
+Seven days later, Eric was set free
+But more than that,
+It turns out, according to most studies,
+Thank you.
+It is also good for companies.
+to Cote d Ivoire, to Ghana, to Nigeria, to Cameroon.
+and we think this is the future.
+nearly 20 years ago, there were 200,000 children living
+Why does it cost 22 dollars?
+And I say, Oh no, in fact, what you have to start calculating
+is how much gender inequality is already costing you.
+in more preschool education
+It is good for the kind of lives we want to live,
+because young men especially have changed enormously,
+You bring in, say, six objects,
+and it s not that hard.
+if someone said, My likelihood of suffering from cancer
+Some of you may remember this.
+When I look into these data images,
+Some of you may wince to remember this riddle.
+So you really can bring into a village,
+(Laughter)
+and they re in a terrible accident,
+To make a product, to market an idea,
+but rezoning was never my mission.
+ Oh, I can t treat him, that s my son.
+is because it s backlighting most of the time, most cell phones.
+We were flummoxed by this.
+So I decided I would pose this riddle to them,
+Well, 16-year-old boys,
+If you re outside on a spacewalk and you re blinded,
+It would be insane to call Hamlet a loser.
+That s an index, an indicator of how things have changed.
+They want to be involved fathers.
+It gives you the ability to personalize the learning experience
+the happier both partners are.
+This trend has been steady for a quarter of a millennium,
+what you need to do is very simple.
+Here s what the data show.
+Now, when men begin the process of engaging
+we often have two phrases that we use to describe what we do.
+(Laughter)
+And I m going to propose something a little bit more radical,
+one word: share.
+(Laughter)
+Because here s what the data show:
+their children do better in school.
+I think you have to build dumb homes and put smart stuff in it.
+You must admit that gives you,
+who are trying to expose stories like this
+So when men share housework and childcare,
+their children are happier and healthier,
+It s kind of agonizing,
+And they said, Well, it s because God gave women a gift
+Their wives are less likely to see a therapist,
+less likely to be diagnosed with depression,
+They ve made it conversational.
+So when men share housework and childcare,
+That is why spreading the concept of the constitutional state
+for family size to stabilize in this country.
+They are less likely to go to the ER
+but more like to go to a doctor for routine screenings.
+They are less likely to see a therapist,
+less likely to be diagnosed with depression,
+That is why we train police officers, we train judges,
+So when men share housework and childcare,
+what are the things that you can do in your neighborhood
+And finally,
+Now, of these four fascinating findings,
+Anchor: For anyone who suffers from migraine headaches --
+(Laughter)
+for billionaires, large capital endowments.
+(Not When She Does It.)
+(Laughter)
+The second big enabler is intellectual property.
+I ve now learned that this is standard practice, but it had me worried at the time.
+so I don t want listeners to say,
+These data were collected over a really long period of time.
+But I think it shows something important,
+that gender equality
+I know it s not true.
+It s not a win-lose.
+It is a win-win for everyone.
+because we had so few blogs on the service,
+is we cannot fully empower women and girls
+unless we engage boys and men.
+We know this.
+I would love to invest in a
+which is, of course, the universe itself.
+in order to live the lives that we say we want to live.
+but you can take them to be describing
+down Fifth Avenue in New York City,
+a writer in New York wrote an article in a magazine,
+and the title of the article was,
+ Feminism for Men.
+Thank you.
+I have a confession to make.
+I set up a climate change NGO
+have been trying to figure out how to reduce poverty
+The protesters who occupied Maidan,
+People have created and invested millions of dollars
+in a hyperconnected, data-driven global economy,
+with the mission of helping people who are poor.
+and the will to learn can access these great courses
+that study issues like education, job creation and asset-building,
+and then advocated for policies to support our most marginalized communities.
+throughout of the summer through revelations and leaks
+So he came up with an idea:
+entrenched at the bottom end of the income scale.
+And that effort has helped.
+But it s not enough.
+Our poverty rates haven t changed that much in the last 50 years,
+since the War on Poverty was launched.
+I m here to tell you
+Here it is:
+Up in the left-hand corner is Jobana, Sintia and Bertha.
+They met when they all had small children,
+it s not reaching the people who need it most.
+in San Francisco.
+As they grew together as parents and friends,
+they talked a lot about how hard it was
+to make money when your kids are little.
+Child care is expensive,
+more than they d earn in a job.
+This was the first time the word scientist
+but they wanted to contribute financially, too.
+So they hatched a plan.
+They started a cleaning business.
+Earlier this year, in March, Clay took his own life.
+and handed business cards out to their families and friends,
+and soon, they had clients calling.
+Two of them would clean the office or house
+and went into action.
+They d rotate who d cleaned and who d watch the kids.
+(Laughs) It s awesome, right?
+Even worse, with our intention of trying to make buildings
+And they split the money three ways.
+It was not a full-time gig,
+no one could watch the little ones all day.
+But it made a difference for their families.
+Extra money to pay for bills when a husband s work hours were cut.
+Money to buy the kids clothes as they were growing.
+16 species. From these 16, 11 of them are facing
+is now suddenly within not too many minutes
+Up in the top-right corner is Theresa and her daughter, Brianna.
+Brianna is one of those kids
+For example, when Rosie,
+a little girl who spoke only Spanish, moved in next door,
+to help the organization achieve
+borrowed her mother s tablet and found a translation app
+so the two of them could communicate.
+(Laughter)
+When I drive to work, I listen to thuggish rap at a very loud volume.
+Rosie s family credits Brianna with helping Rosie to learn English.
+A few years ago,
+Brianna started to struggle academically.
+in terms of children and social status
+and acting out in class.
+And her mother was heartbroken over what was happening.
+Then they found out that she was going to have to repeat second grade
+and they re a little bit disappointed today.
+Her mother felt hopeless and overwhelmed and alone
+more than they re trusting governments and leaders.
+You have Google, we have Baidu.
+One afternoon, Theresa was catching up with a group of friends,
+and one of them said,
+ Theresa, how are you?
+And she burst into tears.
+After she shared her story, one of her friends said,
+that could be even worse,
+83 percent admitted to changing some aspects of themselves
+Theresa realized that so much of her struggle
+was not having anybody to talk with about it.
+So she created a support group for parents like her.
+The first meeting was her and two other people.
+But word spread, and soon 20 people, 30 people
+were showing up for these monthly meetings that she put together.
+Do we find a flourishing civil society, a vigorous rule of law
+So I set it up in my home two years ago,
+with the support of other people who were going through the same struggle.
+And Brianna is doing fantastic -- she s doing great academically
+and socially.
+That in the middle is my man Baakir,
+(British accent) And it s like,
+which he runs out of part of his house.
+As you walk in the door,
+rather than clear-cutting a whole area.
+(Laughter)
+a country with such a tarnished civil rights record,
+perhaps a vegan walnut burger,
+or jive turkey sammich.
+And that s sammich -- not sandwich.
+You must finish your meal with a buttermilk drop,
+which is several steps above a donut hole
+innovation has always been fueled by tinkerers.
+For real, it s very secret, he won t tell you about it.
+But BlackStar is much more than a café.
+For the kids in the neighborhood,
+and the administrator walks by and says,
+For the grown-ups, it s where they go
+to find out what s going on in the neighborhood
+and catch up with friends.
+Here s our rendering of how we would actually
+Baakir and his partner Nicole,
+with their baby girl strapped to her back,
+are there in the mix of it all,
+serving up a cup of coffee,
+Iran had put itself in isolation
+And we looked at setting up a network in Lesotho
+I have worked with and learned from people just like them
+for more than 20 years.
+I have organized against the prison system,
+At first they did what infants do,
+especially black, indigenous and Latino folks,
+In other words, we have to understand bees up close.
+I have worked with young people who manifest hope and promise,
+despite being at the effect of racist discipline practices in their schools,
+and police violence in their communities.
+I have learned from families
+Well, we know that these juveniles
+to collectively create their own solutions.
+And they re not just focused on money.
+They re addressing education, housing, health, community --
+the things that we all care about.
+and most of the content went straight over my head.
+I see people who are broke but not broken.
+I see people who are struggling to realize their good ideas,
+so that they can create a better life for themselves,
+their families, their communities.
+with any life-changing experience,
+Probably we can answer this question
+the best leaders we ve seen in the last 50 years.
+It should be noted that we use sand as our soil,
+that you re wearing a prosthetic limb,
+that many of my classmates and their parents considered dangerous.
+At eight, I was a latchkey kid.
+I d get myself home after school every day and do homework and chores,
+and wait for my mother to come home.
+After school, I d go to the corner store
+CA: All right. So this is only one string to your energy bow.
+which I d heat up on the stove as my afternoon snack.
+If I had a little extra money, I d buy a Hostess Fruit Pie.
+(Laughter)
+Cherry.
+Not as good as a buttermilk drop.
+(Laughter)
+compared to private venture capital,
+But now, I own a home in a quickly gentrifying neighborhood
+For example, our National Endowment for the Arts,
+I ve built a career.
+My husband is a business owner.
+I have a retirement account.
+and talk to each other.
+As soon as I came to that realization, a quick question came to my mind.
+collaborated constantly with the Stasi,
+They were also criteria of exhibition and of preservation.
+that I had to at her age.
+My kids raviolis are organic
+and full of things like spinach and ricotta,
+because I have the luxury of choice
+when it comes to what my children eat.
+I am the exception,
+not because I m more talented than Baakir
+or my mother worked any harder than Jobana, Sintia or Bertha,
+or cared any more than Theresa.
+quadcopters can be loaded with firearms
+hustling and working and innovating,
+just like our most revered and most rewarded CEOs.
+They are full of people tapping into their resilience
+to get up every day, get the kids off to school
+and go to jobs that don t pay enough,
+or get educations that are putting them in debt.
+They are full of people applying their savvy intelligence
+to stretch a minimum wage paycheck,
+or balance a job and a side hustle to make ends meet.
+They are full of people doing for themselves and for others,
+The questions we ask, the choices we make,
+or letting a sibling borrow some money to pay the phone bill,
+will change the economics of deforestation.
+I am the exception because of luck and privilege,
+not hard work.
+But what I want to emphasize is that exactly the same mechanism
+I am amazing.
+(Laughter)
+But most people work hard.
+Hard work is the common denominator in this equation,
+and I m tired of the story we tell
+that hard work leads to success,
+because that allows --
+Thank you.
+Turns out sometimes,
+... because that story allows those of us who make it to believe we deserve it,
+and by implication,
+those who don t make it don t deserve it.
+We tell ourselves, in the back of our minds,
+and sometimes in the front of our mouths,
+ There must be something a little wrong with those poor people.
+We have a wide range of beliefs
+about what that something wrong is.
+What is the hatred that s causing people to do these kinds of things?
+who would cheat and lie to get out of an honest day s work.
+Others prefer the story that poor people are helpless
+and probably had neglectful parents that didn t read to them enough,
+and if they were just told what to do
+and shown the right path,
+they could make it.
+what happens if they don t --
+which is how people might think of my parents,
+I ve got 50 that tell a different story about the same people,
+showing up every day and doing their best.
+I m not saying that some of the negative stories aren t true,
+of biodiversity unknown prior to this work.
+because they don t paint a full picture.
+The quarter-truths and limited plot lines have us convinced
+It makes so much sense,
+What if we recognized that what s working is the people
+and what s broken is our approach?
+What if we realized that the experts we are looking for,
+you don t care and you don t know.
+are poor people themselves?
+What if, instead of imposing solutions,
+we just added fire
+to the already-burning flame that they have?
+Not directing --
+They spend more time with their kids
+but just fueling their initiative.
+we have an example of what this could look like:
+than it takes for that brainstorm to leave its head, the head of the monkey,
+A whole venture capital industry has grown up around the belief
+that if people have good ideas and the desire to manifest them,
+we should give them lots and lots and lots of money.
+10 to 15 percent.
+Right? But where is our strategy for Theresa and Baakir?
+There are no incubators for them,
+and as they handed them to me, they said,
+from the Mark Zuckerbergs of the world?
+Baakir has experience and a track record.
+and without me being involved.
+So, consider this an invitation to rethink a flawed strategy.
+Let s grasp this opportunity
+to let go of a tired, faulty narrative
+and listen and look for true stories,
+more beautifully complex stories,
+for citizen engagement and hopefully
+I m going to take a minute to speak to my people.
+We cannot wait
+for somebody else to get it right.
+Let us remember what we are capable of;
+all the cogs that keep turning;
+and the people kept afloat because of our backbreaking work.
+Let us remember that we are magic.
+If you need some inspiration to jog your memory,
+read Octavia Butler s Parable of the Sower.
+Listen to Reverend King s Letter from Birmingham Jail.
+Listen to Suheir Hammad recite First Writing Since,
+or Esperanza Spalding perform Black Gold.
+Set your gaze upon the art of Kehinde Wiley
+or Favianna Rodriguez.
+Look at the hands of your grandmother
+or into the eyes of someone who loves you.
+We are magic.
+Individually, we don t have a lot of wealth and power,
+but collectively, we are unstoppable.
+And we spend a lot of our time and energy
+organizing our power to demand change from systems that were not made for us.
+where the university that licenses it with the professor
+let s weave and cut some fierce new cloth.
+Let s use some of our substantial collective power
+toward inventing and bringing to life
+new ways of being that work for us.
+Let s not do that.
+in the context of South Africa s Truth and Reconciliation process
+that they embarked on after apartheid.
+He says it means,
+ My humanity is caught up, is inextricably bound up, in yours;
+we belong to a bundle of life.
+A bundle of life.
+The Truth and Reconciliation process
+started by elevating the voices of the unheard.
+If this country is going to live up to its promise of liberty and justice for all,
+then we need to elevate the voices of our unheard,
+of people like Jobana, Sintia and Bertha,
+Theresa and Baakir.
+We must leverage their solutions and their ideas.
+We must listen to their true stories,
+but more importantly, it takes the war to their homelands,
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Have you ever experienced a moment in your life
+I would like you to feel comfortable with my doing that
+We are inveterate storytellers.
+people saying nothing s happening at all,
+But I also grew up in a time where there was something to fear.
+We were brought out in the hall when I was a little kid
+and taught how to put our coats over our heads
+to protect us from global thermonuclear war.
+But I also knew
+by going through case by case
+We created the space program in response to that.
+We built our highway system in response to that.
+On September 11, 2001,
+the illegal exploitation and trafficking of natural resources --
+where there was a mixture.
+It was a huge success.
+They posed an existential threat
+shape our social landscape.
+there s an awful lot to pass on,
+once spiked this argument.
+ No, this is very important here. You know,
+And therefore, for the first time in history,
+setting aside what our interests were.
+I would argue that 15 years later,
+Now you have to ask, where did we go wrong?
+why is there a sticker on this?
+Secondly, the successful groups gave roughly equal time to each other,
+But there are bigger problems, believe it or not, than that dysfunction,
+and has a higher surface gravity.
+And the other problems
+In Washington, in think tanks,
+but our prime customers simply weren t buying.
+What we decided to do
+The link I clicked on here,
+200 or 300 light bulbs per person,
+ No, I m leaving today.
+You also have processes that become reactive to news cycles.
+And so we re not looking ahead.
+Today we have a crisis because, because of 9/11,
+to just ask around and see how difficult it would be
+And so what are those trends?
+Institutionally, new rules get enacted
+eBay for errands existed.
+If you saw the cover of The Economist a couple of days ago --
+They would have a small computer connected to the Internet in their pocket.
+Students can traverse this material in different ways,
+We passed the point last October
+We are within years of a profound moment in our history,
+to make their ideas a reality.
+And Heather realizes
+They re asked, Are you running out of food at the end of the month?
+On the security side,
+I m not sure exactly how much.
+Nobody went after that person.
+We don t have the basic ideas formulated.
+We don t know.
+Or should they both change their practices
+It s a gesture -- it s not a deterrent.
+Special forces operators out there in the field today
+I m saying this because one of my major points
+A thousand years ago,
+one of whom speaks Hausa and one of whom speaks Igbo.
+And the weapon was the iPad.
+Because he captured people, he terrorized them,
+and then its realization.
+But it doesn t just affect the security side.
+They could go for dozens of kilometers safely
+We thought we were in a unipolar world,
+But we re not.
+In countries like China, you have the Great Firewall of China.
+It s China, India, Russia.
+We are seeing these changes everywhere we look.
+We are seeing the advent of mobile money.
+There are 2.5 million people who don t have financial service access
+A billion of them are going to have the ability to access it
+It s going to change what monetary policy is.
+Education is changing in the same way.
+Healthcare is changing in the same way.
+And yet, in Washington, we are debating
+We are trying to determine
+all of his peers in that era,
+was the most recently organized region in the world,
+that will accommodate very, very different motivations,
+But it was the canals and railroads and telegraph;
+But what you had was a partnership and a dialogue,
+(Applause)
+But we have a government that doesn t want to listen,
+challenge us, and remind us to demand
+And I have nothing to hide.
+I know, because when I wrote this book,
+Meanwhile, on the tech side,
+to get women to the top.
+But the world s coming apart.
+All of a sudden, there are going to be massive regulatory changes
+and a president of the United States who is African-American,
+which are philosophical issues.
+If you can t vote, if you can t have a job,
+These are fundamental issues. Where are the philosophers?
+And that brings me to the reason that I m here.
+I m sure everyone in this room is very innovative.
+gets contagious,
+You re not astonished at the existence of the universe
+It cannot be exported. But that is the point precisely.
+The risks associated with 9/11 will not be measured
+It s part of the spacecraft that s in orbit around the Sun
+and start coming up with, if not the right answers,
+Intent -- a life with intent --
+Billie Jean King: Hi, everyone!
+(Applause)
+And one of the most remarkable was the tanagra theater, which was popular in the
+Thank you!
+(Laughter)
+a New York Times crossword puzzle constructor,
+You know, when I was watching the video again of the match,
+you must have felt like the fate of the world s women
+was on every stroke you took.
+Were you feeling that?
+a social media shaming.
+We work together to fill those spaces,
+when the trial ended
+And that s the reason I beat him, actually, because I respected him.
+as the robot.
+And he was correct. He was absolutely correct.
+For the first time in my life,
+And I was really nervous whenever we announced it,
+and I felt like the whole world was on my shoulders.
+and my father built a psychiatric hospital
+Title IX had just been passed the year before -- June 23, 1972.
+And women s professional tennis --
+there were nine of us who signed a one-dollar contract in 1970 --
+now remember, the match is in 73.
+So we were only in our third year of having a tour
+where we could actually play, have a place to compete and make a living.
+So there were nine of us that signed that one-dollar contract.
+And our dream was for any girl, born any place in the world --
+if she was good enough --
+there would be a place for her to compete and for us to make a living.
+Because before 1968, we made 14 dollars a day,
+And I suppose that s how I found myself
+So we really wanted to break away from that.
+But we knew it wasn t really about our generation so much;
+we knew it was about the future generations.
+We do stand on the shoulders of the people that came before us, there is no question.
+from the universal values, but also to prevent
+That was really on my mind.
+I really wanted to start matching the hearts and minds to Title IX.
+Title IX, in case anybody doesn t know, which a lot of people probably don t,
+either public or private,
+(Applause)
+And so our brains encode the everyday things we do into habits
+but it s changing the hearts and minds to match up with it.
+That s when it really rocks, totally.
+So that was on my mind.
+I wanted to start that change in the hearts and minds.
+But two things came out of that match.
+For women: self-confidence, empowerment.
+They actually had enough nerve to ask for a raise.
+Well, to my dear 76.31 percent --
+I said, More importantly, did you get it?
+(Laughter)
+And for the men?
+So I want to encourage everyone today
+but if you re in your 50s, 60s or whatever, late 40s,
+you re the first generation of men of the Women s Movement --
+whether you like it or not!
+We would love to think that your brain could tell
+And for the men,
+what happened for the men, they d come up to me --
+and most times, the men are the ones who have tears in their eyes,
+it s very interesting.
+Timing accounted for 42 percent
+and now I have a daughter.
+And I am so happy I saw that as a young man.
+When a kid behaves like I did,
+And he actually told me that when I met him, he said:
+And he says, Well I used to be a banker
+And now I have two daughters,
+and it has made a difference in how I raise them.
+So both men and women got a lot out of it, but different things.
+PM: And now there are generations -- at least one or two --
+who have experienced the equality
+that Title IX and other fights along the way made possible.
+And for women, there are generations who have also experienced teamwork.
+They got to play team sports in a way they hadn t before.
+So you had a legacy already built in terms of being an athlete,
+a legacy of the work you did to lobby for equal pay for women athletes
+So there was that big flash,
+What now are you looking to accomplish
+with The Billie Jean King Leadership Initiative?
+At 11, I wanted to be the number one tennis player in the world,
+and a friend had asked me to play and I said, What s that?
+and they d take a look at the world around them.
+Men fight most wars and women mourn them.
+(Laughter)
+and think that things aren t so bad for you,
+where you get a ranking at the end of the year.
+because I m the best person for the job.
+and I started thinking about my sport and how tiny it was,
+have an evolving effect on technologies we use
+played with white balls -- everybody who played was white.
+in the mid- to late 1990s,
+And that moment,
+I promised myself I d fight for equal rights and opportunities
+for boys and girls, men and women, the rest of my life.
+And that tennis, if I was fortunate enough to become number one --
+and I knew, being a girl, it would be harder to have influence,
+already at that age --
+that I had this platform.
+And tennis is global.
+And I thought, You know what?
+I ve been given an opportunity that very few people have had.
+I didn t know if I was going to make it -- this was only 12.
+so I simply stopped eating as much.
+I just remember I promised myself, and I really try to keep my word.
+I was able to react to the moment
+And we are considered less.
+And so my attentions, where did they have to go?
+It was just ... you have to.
+And learn to stick up for yourself, hear your own voice.
+bigger than that thing that was in Madagascar,
+and I got really lucky because I had an education.
+And I think if you can see it you can be it, you know?
+If you can see it, you can be it.
+You look at Pat, you look at other leaders,
+you look at these speakers, look at yourself,
+because everyone --
+if my knee gives, they ll just have more work to do in the morning.
+can do something extraordinary.
+And that means that eventually, they can understand all of them.
+to show muscle resistance.
+Now with the Billie Jean King Leadership Initiative,
+you re taking on an even bigger cause.
+Because one thing we hear a lot about is women taking their voice,
+working to find their way into leadership positions.
+But what you re talking about is even bigger than that.
+is a source of pattern identification
+And this is a generation that has grown up thinking more inclusively --
+BJK: Isn t it great? Look at the technology!
+It s amazing how it connects us all! It s about connection.
+It s simply amazing what s possible because of it.
+But the Billie Jean King Leadership Initiative
+is really about the workforce mostly, and trying to change it,
+the whole street, into a giant patchwork of color.
+Because most of us have two jobs:
+One, to fit in -- I ll give you a perfect example.
+An African American woman gets up an hour earlier to go to work,
+using his own plans.
+goes to the bathroom probably four, five, six times a day
+to keep straightening her hair, to keep making sure she fits in.
+She s got this other job, whatever that may be,
+but she s also trying to fit in.
+(Laughter)
+and actually found --
+The infrastructure group of Google is the group
+just would not mention it.
+So he made sure they saw he was well-educated.
+And then you see a gay guy who has an NFL --
+which means American football for all of you out there,
+it s a big deal, it s very macho --
+Those are their expectations of who you are, not yours.
+because he was gay and he didn t want anybody to know.
+So my wish for everyone is to be able to be their authentic self 24/7,
+that would be the ultimate.
+And we catch ourselves -- I mean, I catch myself to this day.
+Even being gay I catch myself, you know, like,
+(Gasp)
+feeling not totally comfortable in my own skin.
+So, I think you have to ask yourself --
+I want people to be themselves, whatever that is, just let it be.
+PM: And the first research the Leadership Initiative did showed that,
+that these examples you just used --
+that many of us have the problem of being authentic.
+Ease makes less of an impression on us
+who have benefited from all these equal opportunities --
+which may not be equal but exist everywhere --
+earthquake and tsunami,
+Partnership with Teneo, a strategic company that s amazing.
+That s really the reason I m able to do this.
+I ve had two times in my life
+where I ve actually had men really behind me with power.
+And that was in the old days with Philip Morris with Virginia Slims,
+and this is the second time in my entire life.
+And then Deloitte.
+The one thing I wanted was data -- facts.
+Sometimes we need excuses to do nothing.
+and over 4,000 people now have answered,
+and we re continuing in the workplace.
+And what do the millennials feel?
+Well, they feel a lot, but what they re so fantastic about is --
+you know, our generation was like, Oh, we re going to get representation.
+So if you walk into a room, you see everybody represented.
+That s not good enough anymore, which is so good!
+So the millennials are fantastic; they want connection, engagement.
+and with this hole-punch machine they fuse it together.
+You can take some cards and shuffle.
+and greens are yet another.
+and of course, you ve got the information at your fingertips,
+compared to when I was growing up.
+PM: What did the research show you about millennials?
+Are they going to make a difference?
+that s pediatric endocrinology.
+My wife and I actually moved where we sit for difficult conversations
+is going to be millennials.
+I think they are going to help solve problems.
+I think they have the wherewithal to do it.
+I know they care a lot.
+Now, what s the right response to that?
+I want to stay in the now with the young people,
+I don t want to get behind.
+(Music ends)
+PM: I don t think there s any chance!
+But what you found out in the research about millennials
+is not really the experience that a lot of people have with millennials.
+BJK: No, well, if we want to talk -- OK, I ve been doing my little mini-survey.
+I ve been talking to the Boomers, who are their bosses, and I go,
+ What do you think about the millennials?
+ Oh, you mean the Me generation?
+BG: Great. Good news. (Applause)
+I say, Do you really think so?
+Because I do think they care about the environment
+of someone who s susceptible
+And they go, Oh, Billie, they cannot focus.
+it might be a critique of the killing instrument.
+They actually have proven
+(Laughter)
+They can t focus.
+And they don t really care.
+it s not hard to imagine how you might use this technology to spy on someone.
+a woman owns a gallery and she has these workers.
+She gets a text from one of the workers,
+They observed one another, from the youth, from the middle aged to the old.
+ Oh, by the way, I m going to be late because I m at the hairdresser s.
+(Laughter)
+So she arrives, and this boss says,
+ What s going on?
+And she says, Oh, I was late, sorry, how s it going?
+in an area of the brain, a regional power failure.
+She goes, OK.
+(Laughter)
+No problem!
+PM: Now Billie, that story --
+I know, but that s what scares the boomers --
+I m just telling you -- so I think it s good for us to share.
+(Laughter)
+No, it is good for us to share,
+because we re our authentic selves and what we re really feeling,
+But I have great faith because --
+if you ve been in sports like I have --
+every generation gets better.
+It s a fact.
+With the Women s Sports Foundation being the advocates for Title IX still,
+because we re trying to keep protecting the law,
+so we really are concerned,
+And we ve got to do better. The evaluation, we have to start with kids earlier,
+That s very important to us.
+And I want to hear from people.
+But we really have to protect what Title IX stands for worldwide.
+in the U.S. and the collective West.
+And do you know that every single lawsuit
+that girls, at least in sports, have gone up against --
+has won?
+Title IX is there to protect us.
+And it is amazing.
+But we still have to get the hearts and minds --
+the hearts and minds to match the legislation is huge.
+PM: So what gets you up every morning?
+What keeps you sustaining your work,
+sustaining the fight for equality, extending it,
+always exploring new areas, trying to find new ways ... ?
+BJK: Well, I always drove my parents crazy because I was always the curious one.
+of the Cablegate cables, which is a tool for detecting
+My younger brother was a Major League Baseball player.
+My poor parents did not care if we were any good.
+(Laughter)
+And we drove them crazy because we pushed,
+And, at the end, although it may rise,
+And I think it s because of what I m hearing today in TED talks.
+I think to listen to these different women,
+to listen to different people,
+to listen to President Carter -- 90 years old, by the way,
+and he we was throwing these figures out that I would never --
+I d have to go,
+ Excuse me, wait a minute, I need to get a list out of these figures.
+and look for the pass first and not shoot all the time.
+(Applause)
+BJK: And then you re going to have President Mary Robinson,
+who s a former president --
+Thank you, Irish! 62 percent! LGBTQ! Yes!
+What happens when the music stops?
+so these are things that for some people are very hard to hear.
+But always remember, every one of us is an individual,
+a human being with a beating heart,
+As valuable as that is in Los Altos,
+OK? You don t have to agree with somebody,
+but everyone has the opportunity.
+I think we all have an obligation
+to continue to keep moving the needle forward, always.
+And these people have been so inspiring.
+Everyone matters.
+And every one of you is an influencer.
+You out there listening, out there in the world, plus the people here --
+every single person s an influencer.
+Never, ever forget that. OK?
+So don t ever give up on yourself.
+PM: Billie, you have been an inspiration for us.
+BJK: Thanks, Pat!
+If that seems like some strange, abstruse thing,
+And then the big political and economic question
+(Applause)
+Thanks a lot!
+Well, we all need a reason to wake up.
+For me, it just took 11,000 volts.
+I know you re too polite to ask,
+so I will tell you.
+This isn t likely how you think about the FBI.
+just back from Thanksgiving holiday,
+But I look at that statistic
+They were not the only ones.
+It was just sitting there, with the wires that run overhead.
+We d certainly done stupider things.
+and he put them together in a superflock,
+blew down and out my feet, and that was that.
+No, they are full of misery.
+and appreciate the quality of the light.
+That night began my formal relationship with death -- my death --
+and it also began my long run as a patient.
+It s a good word.
+It means one who suffers.
+So I guess we re all patients.
+Now, the American health care system
+has more than its fair share of dysfunction --
+to match its brilliance, to be sure.
+I m a physician now, a hospice and palliative medicine doc,
+so I ve seen care from both sides.
+how it would recover from its severe crisis.
+home to some of our most famous rivers,
+I d say I m an American and I m a citizen,
+for a system that too often does not serve.
+which was basically the result of bloggers
+The site is located in the Faiyum of Egypt,
+My simple idea is that what s happened is,
+because healthcare was designed with diseases, not people, at its center.
+Which is to say, of course, it was badly designed.
+And nowhere are the effects of bad design more heartbreaking
+or the opportunity for good design more compelling
+than at the end of life,
+You ve all seen that. That s a solar eclipse.
+There are no do-overs.
+My purpose today is to reach out across disciplines
+I mean, the only real product of our life,
+That is, to bring intention and creativity
+to the experience of dying.
+I m going to talk about how to go from a society
+before one of the few universal issues
+doing dinosaur paleontology as an undergraduate,
+to rethink and redesign how it is we die.
+So let s begin at the end.
+We pioneered all sorts of new, flexible work methods:
+like you saw in the previous movies.
+It s a key distinction.
+To get underneath this, it can be very helpful
+to tease out suffering which is necessary as it is,
+from suffering we can change.
+The former is a natural, essential part of life, part of the deal,
+and to this we are called to make space, adjust, grow.
+who possess untold amounts of untapped potential.
+they could move the robot around
+maybe 15 years is, maybe these microbes,
+After my limbs were gone,
+that loss, for example, became fact, fixed --
+Ronnie: Not at four o clock in the morning.
+and I learned that I could no more reject this fact than reject myself.
+It took me a while, but I learned it eventually.
+And they use these burst-pulsed sounds as well as
+that unites caregiver and care receiver --
+This, we are finally realizing, is where healing happens.
+So, you ll see there s a problem here, something that is illogical.
+suffering together.
+splashed in the face with cold water.
+so much of the suffering is unnecessary, invented.
+It serves no good purpose.
+But the good news is, since this brand of suffering is made up,
+well, we can change it.
+have not put national security and people at risk,
+Making the system sensitive to this fundamental distinction
+as making chocolate chip cookies, which I love.
+And never has infidelity exacted such a psychological toll.
+After all, our role as caregivers, as people who care,
+is to relieve suffering -- not add to the pile.
+True to the tenets of palliative care,
+I function as something of a reflective advocate,
+So we were not only thinking about development,
+Quick aside: palliative care -- a very important field but poorly understood --
+while it includes, it is not limited to end of life care.
+It s simply about comfort and living well at any stage.
+to benefit from palliative care.
+Now, let me introduce you to Frank.
+Sort of makes this point.
+I ve been seeing Frank now for years.
+He s living with advancing prostate cancer on top of long-standing HIV.
+We work on his bone pain and his fatigue,
+but most of the time we spend thinking out loud together about his life --
+than answers in the laws of physics,
+They raised more money more quickly for these causes
+In this way, he keeps up with his losses as they roll in,
+so that he s ready to take in the next moment.
+Loss is one thing, but regret, quite another.
+If an artwork is to touch someone,
+ recombobulation area,
+and no fan of regret.
+saying he wanted to raft down the Colorado River.
+Was this a good idea?
+With all the risks to his safety and his health, some would say no.
+Many did, but he went for it, while he still could.
+So we need to think about those kinds of challenges.
+Oftentimes, they know more about our own systems
+wildlife howling off the flaming walls of the Grand Canyon --
+all the glorious side of the world beyond our control.
+Frank s decision, while maybe dramatic,
+is exactly the kind so many of us would make,
+if we only had the support to figure out what is best for ourselves over time.
+you re going to keep doing what s familiar and comfortable.
+After my accident, when I went back to college,
+I changed my major to art history.
+Studying visual art, I figured I d learn something about how to see --
+a really potent lesson for a kid who couldn t change
+so much of what he was seeing.
+Perspective, that kind of alchemy we humans get to play with,
+but getting to a world where women and men are equal
+called the Zen Hospice Project,
+I remember my grandfather revising
+When one of our residents dies,
+the mortuary men come, and as we re wheeling the body out through the garden,
+heading for the gate, we pause.
+Anyone who wants --
+fellow residents, family, nurses, volunteers,
+the hearse drivers too, now --
+shares a story or a song or silence,
+My brain s making amyloid-beta right now,
+It takes a few minutes;
+On the contrary, imagine actually that you start
+rather than repugnance.
+Contrast that with the typical experience in the hospital setting,
+much like this -- floodlit room lined with tubes and beeping machines
+and blinking lights that don t stop even when the patient s life has.
+Cleaning crew swoops in, the body s whisked away,
+and it all feels as though that person had never really existed.
+that we now have
+but hospitals tend to assault our senses,
+and the most we might hope for within those walls is numbness --
+anesthetic, literally the opposite of aesthetic.
+I revere hospitals for what they can do; I am alive because of them.
+But we ask too much of our hospitals.
+I entered the sphere a week before the scheduled air date.
+They are no place to live and die; that s not what they were designed for.
+Now mind you -- I am not giving up on the notion
+that our institutions can become more humane.
+Beauty can be found anywhere.
+I spent a few months in a burn unit
+at St. Barnabas Hospital in Livingston, New Jersey,
+where I got really great care at every turn,
+including good palliative care for my pain.
+And one night, it began to snow outside.
+I remember my nurses complaining about driving through it.
+And there was no window in my room,
+but it was great to just imagine it coming down all sticky.
+Next day, one of my nurses smuggled in a snowball for me.
+She brought it in to the unit.
+I cannot tell you the rapture I felt holding that in my hand,
+and the coldness dripping onto my burning skin;
+the miracle of it all,
+the fascination as I watched it melt and turn into water.
+In that moment,
+just being any part of this planet in this universe mattered more to me
+My journey is a unique journey,
+That little snowball packed all the inspiration I needed
+to both try to live and be OK if I did not.
+In a hospital, that s a stolen moment.
+In my work over the years, I ve known many people
+Not because they had found some final peace or transcendence,
+but because they were so repulsed by what their lives had become --
+and make sure you re releasing such that you get
+and as you go from being normal
+and into ever older age.
+And we are nowhere near ready or prepared for this silver tsunami.
+We need an infrastructure dynamic enough to handle
+these seismic shifts in our population.
+Now is the time to create something new, something vital.
+I know we can because we have to.
+The alternative is just unacceptable.
+And the key ingredients are known:
+policy, education and training,
+systems, bricks and mortar.
+We have tons of input for designers of all stripes to work with.
+We know, for example, from research
+what s most important to people who are closer to death:
+comfort; feeling unburdened and unburdening to those they love;
+Even the milk hasn t escaped the kind of modern-day problems.
+Over Zen Hospice s nearly 30 years,
+we ve learned much more from our residents in subtle detail.
+Little things aren t so little.
+Take Janette.
+She finds it harder to breathe one day to the next due to ALS.
+nearly 170 years
+She wants to start smoking again --
+for there to be equal rights in the United States.
+Not out of some self-destructive bent,
+but to feel her lungs filled while she has them.
+Priorities change.
+Or Kate -- she just wants to know
+her dog Austin is lying at the foot of her bed,
+his cold muzzle against her dry skin,
+and the president of the United States
+she s done that.
+We netted for breast cancer alone, that year alone,
+So much of it comes down to loving our time by way of the senses,
+by way of the body -- the very thing doing the living and the dying.
+Probably the most poignant room
+in the Zen Hospice guest house is our kitchen,
+which is a little strange when you realize
+that so many of our residents can eat very little, if anything at all.
+But we realize we are providing sustenance on several levels:
+smell, a symbolic plane.
+Seriously, with all the heavy-duty stuff happening under our roof,
+one of the most tried and true interventions we know of,
+is to bake cookies.
+As long as we have our senses --
+even just one --
+Now we need everybody,
+your Blackberry, but to create a zone
+Imagine the ripples of this notion
+for the millions of people living and dying with dementia.
+Primal sensorial delights that say the things we don t have words for,
+impulses that make us stay present --
+no need for a past or a future.
+So, if teasing unnecessary suffering out of the system was our first design cue,
+then tending to dignity by way of the senses,
+by way of the body -- the aesthetic realm --
+is design cue number two.
+I re-scored him --
+namely, we need to lift our sights, to set our sights on well-being,
+BG: Do you have an answer in the book?
+can become about making life more wonderful,
+rather than just less horrible.
+Elephant skull from Oxford University, 1988.
+Here, this gets right at the distinction
+between a disease-centered and a patient- or human-centered model of care,
+and here is where caring becomes a creative, generative,
+The third thing I want you to remember
+ Play may sound like a funny word here.
+But it is also one of our highest forms of adaptation.
+Consider every major compulsory effort it takes to be human.
+The need for food has birthed cuisine.
+The need for shelter has given rise to architecture.
+The need for cover, fashion.
+And for being subjected to the clock,
+well, we invented music.
+But on the front step, a person who was sitting there
+They never passed on any of the wealth,
+By play I am in no way suggesting we take a light approach to dying
+or that we mandate any particular way of dying.
+There are mountains of sorrow that cannot move,
+and one way or another, we will all kneel there.
+of each of our parts?
+physical, psychic room, to allow life to play itself all the way out --
+so that rather than just getting out of the way,
+aging and dying can become a process of crescendo through to the end.
+We can t solve for death.
+I know some of you are working on this.
+(Laughter)
+I was educated by television.
+(Laughter)
+We can design towards it.
+Parts of me died early on,
+and that s something we can all say one way or another.
+I got to redesign my life around this fact,
+and I tell you it has been a liberation
+to realize you can always find a shock of beauty or meaning
+in what life you have left,
+like that snowball lasting for a perfect moment,
+all the while melting away.
+and John said,
+then maybe we can learn to live well --
+not in spite of death,
+but because of it.
+Let death be what takes us,
+not lack of imagination.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+instead of living our lives
+And I love to use film to take us on a journey
+and spreading over wider geographic areas than we had ever seen,
+You may be asking yourselves that very question.
+Now, I know of course, we have to make a living,
+psychiatric disorders like autism, depression and schizophrenia
+For folks in this room, the work we do is challenging,
+And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials
+And if we re lucky, it might even be important.
+a local diner in town,
+And I said, I ve got PowerPoint. Let s do a Venn diagram.
+I tell you this to show
+in eight months, and the night before the crash,
+why is it that for the overwhelming majority of people on the planet,
+that get us up and out of bed and off to the office every morning?
+where commemorating someone who s died
+And thus, Malicious Dishes was born.
+More specifically, we created this website,
+Six years later, I returned to the country.
+and when I m grown, I won t have a stutter,
+So for example, states compete very vigorously
+and that all learning from then on would happen through teaching,
+but bubbling in a Scantron does not stop
+that s not what I mean.
+Indeed, it s rather small.
+I call it, idea technology --
+fail to leave these kinds of fears behind as adults.
+In addition to creating things, science creates ideas.
+with the wind on their sails,
+But the most important thing about Romo
+encourages the tyranny of the nasty.
+only animals.
+If you think your poverty is the result of your own inadequacy,
+(Laughter)
+that you cannot simply be curious,
+that you can use for cooking -- an induction machine.
+who move to some other state,
+we re not competing with them,
+the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat
+of the Industrial Revolution, Adam Smith --
+was by incentivizing, by giving them rewards.
+So I traveled to Boston, to Cambridge,
+for a change.
+maybe right about now.
+And this is not the audience to which I m going to preach
+or, worse, as problem cases.
+every time you wash your clothes.
+being a banker better than being an artist.
+black and white, subtitled,
+it s a structural element.
+no matter what theories we have about the cosmos.
+The distinguished anthropologist, Clifford Geertz, said, years ago,
+But that s a different talk,
+palling around and making back-room deals
+as you go back home to run your organizations.
+and a standard sheet material like plywood.
+You d measure how many --
+in the sense that they only exist as experienced
+Thanks.
+and light is also the expression of structure.
+or we saw it by driving in the hour over to the Cape.
+but I was most impressed by the engineering that went into it.
+Behind me you see an amazing view,
+and, yes,
+in countries and cities ripped apart by conflict,
+or just lying in wait.
+until you reach the beginning of the stratosphere,
+and then an amazing thing happens.
+about zero degrees,
+that s the same as a 737 falling out of the sky every working day.
+and that s the top of the stratosphere.
+It is one of the least accessible places on our planet.
+Most often, when it s visited,
+needed to redesign their factories,
+Here s why.
+But the question I asked is, is it possible to linger in the stratosphere?
+into products that we use everyday and relate beautifully and naturally with.
+Why do I feel like I ve got to pretend that I m more than I really am?
+from Paragon Space Development Corporation,
+We re funded by donations from the public,
+is it possible to build
+And on October 24 of last year,
+The arrows indicate peak gray matter volume
+and more than that, come down tomorrow
+they put them into groups, and they gave them very hard problems to solve.
+So in scuba diving,
+You have everything that you could ever need.
+Three years later, this is what we have.
+ILC Dover was the company that made all of the Apollo suits
+Up here we have a parachute. This was all about safety.
+Everyone on the team knew
+and if I do nothing,
+the reserve parachute is going to open because of an automatic opening device.
+It will actually heat water that will wrap around my body.
+Even if I was to get a quarter-inch hole in this suit,
+this system would still protect me from the low pressure of space.
+The main advantage of this system is weight and complexity.
+50 billion dollars in increased aid to Africa,
+And to do a capsule, there s an amazing amount of complexity that goes into it,
+freezing everything inside of it.
+Because I only weighed 500 pounds in this system,
+we could do it with a balloon that was five times smaller than that,
+We had an amazing team that got up in the middle of the night.
+And here s the suit.
+Again, this is using the front loader that you ll see in a second,
+and I want to play you a video of the actual launch.
+but it s a fantastic place to land under a parachute,
+But it s also a tragic history.
+than we are when we are trying to associate
+ What if you just take all that vacant land and you could make it farmland?
+Astronauts get this really nice air-conditioned van
+My team forbade me from using my right hand.
+So the trip up is beautiful. It s kind of like Google Earth in reverse.
+I was mostly trying to relax.
+and I was trying not to use very much oxygen.
+are relatively big at this point,
+and you can see me going up and up.
+(Applause) —
+things that we cannot convey in a lesson plan,
+And I guess that is something that Richard Kelly, here on the left,
+of burning wood versus charcoal.
+And the main thing that I want to do here
+He wraps it around my leg,
+Five. Four. Three. Two. One.
+And there you can see a drogue parachute, which I ll demonstrate in just a second,
+822 miles an hour.
+(Video) Ground control: We lost the data.
+But this is how I get to that object.
+And this is, I think, a perfect example
+I thought I was the only one happy,
+but if you re an older person, that s a switch.
+He flew in another airplane, and he actually jumped out
+This is my landing, but it s probably more properly called a crash.
+I hate to admit it, but this wasn t even close to my worst landing.
+So I want to tell you one thing
+It takes away any material you don t need
+This is some current work I m doing.
+When Japan then invaded China in the 1930s
+But the problem with one of these things
+is right when you release, you re in zero gravity.
+In principle, you could imagine to find sand dunes
+or you can release this drogue late,
+the more likely it is to get cancer or to get metastases.
+and this thing is going to destroy itself
+ You know, you people have a lot of cold and flu.
+and there s no way it will ever tangle with you.
+Now, this is not very pleasant and comfortable.
+The core of this was about 20 people
+But now kids with degrees
+and they were incredible.
+and it was a chance to work with the best experts
+I am instantly an internal storm of contrasting emotions.
+I m delivering; they re not taking.
+and also covering for me in the times that I was away.
+and that s how we ought to be spending our money.
+Yay.
+(Applause)
+and they weren t hearing any of it.
+It was super hard on them,
+(Applause)
+is out of the bottle, but this time it s different.
+and she didn t want to take that away from me.
+where we arrived 30 years ago on foot,
+and we were driving down the road, and she was sitting there,
+And so I listened to her idea and I said, Katelyn, that s impossible.
+And she looks at me
+and she goes, Dad, after what you just did,
+how can you call anything impossible?
+These are Nicole and brother Jonas,
+it s just very, very hard.
+And then I paused for a second, and I said, Katelyn,
+it may not be impossible, it may not even be very, very hard,
+it s just that I don t know how to do it.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+I m actually interested in how the brain learns,
+And then the NSA came calling.
+What was that about?
+Jim Simons: Well the NSA -- that s the National Security Agency --
+they didn t exactly come calling.
+They had an operation at Princeton, where they hired mathematicians
+This persecution has had a long history going back to the late 1800s,
+And I knew that existed.
+And they had a very good policy,
+because you could do half your time at your own mathematics,
+and at least half your time working on their stuff.
+So I believe that lively, enjoyable public spaces
+So that was an irresistible pull.
+So, I went there.
+CA: You were a code-cracker.
+JS: I was.
+(Laughter)
+JS: Well, I did get fired. Yes.
+CA: How come?
+I got fired because, well, the Vietnam War was on,
+we consume natural resources
+about how we would win in Vietnam.
+and you allow diverse groups to participate,
+And I wrote a letter to the Times, which they published,
+saying not everyone who works for Maxwell Taylor,
+if anyone remembers that name, agrees with his views.
+And I gave my own views ...
+CA: Oh, OK. I can see that would --
+You can add pop-ups with live links and custom icons,
+But in the end, nobody said anything.
+Today, we know that women are 70 percent more likely
+and said he was a stringer from Newsweek magazine
+and he wanted to interview me and ask what I was doing about my views.
+and when the war is over, then I ll do mostly their stuff.
+Then I did the only intelligent thing I d done that day --
+I told my local boss that I gave that interview.
+And he said, What d you say?
+but we also have a great environment around us?
+And then he said, I ve got to call Taylor.
+of their four children, ages 10 to 15.
+and when asked afterward,
+CA: OK.
+CA: It wasn t bad, because you went on to Stony Brook
+and stepped up your mathematical career.
+You started working with this man here.
+Who is this?
+JS: Oh, [Shiing-Shen] Chern.
+Chern was one of the great mathematicians of the century.
+So how do we know these trees worked?
+And I had some ideas,
+and I brought them to him and he liked them.
+Together, we did this work which you can easily see up there.
+There it is.
+CA: It led to you publishing a famous paper together.
+when they re designing buildings. Here s a case in point.
+JS: No.
+(Laughter)
+JS: I mean, I could explain it to somebody.
+(Laughter)
+CA: How about explaining this?
+JS: But not many. Not many people.
+We ve used modern production techniques
+three and a half million people have joined up,
+JS: Well, it did, but I ll say about that work --
+it did have something to do with that, but before we get to that --
+that work was good mathematics.
+It even started a little sub-field that s now flourishing.
+But, more interestingly, it happened to apply to physics,
+something we knew nothing about -- at least I knew nothing about physics,
+and I don t think Chern knew a heck of a lot.
+And about 10 years after the paper came out,
+a guy named Ed Witten in Princeton started applying it to string theory
+and people in Russia started applying it to what s called condensed matter.
+Today, those things in there called Chern-Simons invariants
+have spread through a lot of physics.
+And it was amazing.
+We didn t know any physics.
+and these insects have infested over 100 countries,
+into this picture.
+And they would say, Move! Next!
+that may or may not perceive the truth.
+Most gay people are born to straight parents.
+discover two decades later that it s being applied
+to profoundly describe the actual physical world.
+How can that happen?
+JS: God knows.
+(Laughter)
+But there s a famous physicist named [Eugene] Wigner,
+in which a single individual
+Somehow, this mathematics, which is rooted in the real world
+in some sense -- we learn to count, measure, everyone would do that --
+and then it flourishes on its own.
+But so often it comes back to save the day.
+We re ready, because today we have the technology
+ Hey! It s the very thing in which I can cast general relativity.
+So, you never know. It is a mystery.
+It is a mystery.
+CA: So, here s a mathematical piece of ingenuity.
+Tell us about this.
+JS: Well, that s a ball -- it s a sphere, and it has a lattice around it --
+Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
+What I m going to show here was originally observed by [Leonhard] Euler,
+If that subtly nudges you to feel about them identically,
+And it gradually grew to be a very important field in mathematics:
+algebraic topology, geometry.
+That paper up there had its roots in this.
+ Look at you, you re all grown up. Your little sister has a baby.
+The problem was solved in less than a day.
+And if you look at the difference -- vertices minus edges plus faces --
+you get two.
+OK, well, two. That s a good number.
+of carbon being released into the atmosphere
+this has 12 vertices and 30 edges
+I ve been called Kevin all my life.
+And vertices minus edges plus faces still equals two.
+And in fact, you could do this any which way --
+cover this thing with all kinds of polygons and triangles
+who have cancer ever even sign up for a clinical study,
+And you take vertices minus edges plus faces -- you ll get two.
+Here s a different shape.
+This is a torus, or the surface of a doughnut: 16 vertices
+which gives us the information in comparison to something other
+It ll always come out to zero.
+Every time you cover a torus with squares or triangles
+or anything like that, you re going to get zero.
+an asset thought to protect against inflation,
+and it detoxifies the feeling that something
+It s pretty amazing.
+No matter how you do it, you re always get the same answer.
+So that was the first sort of thrust, from the mid-1700s,
+and picked up Ringo on a tour.
+into higher-dimensional theory,
+higher-dimensional objects, and found new invariances?
+It s a really fun way to explore the lecture,
+Pontryagin classes -- actually, there were Chern classes.
+There were a bunch of these types of invariants.
+So for one moment now I m going to take you with me
+and model it sort of combinatorially,
+instead of the way it was typically done,
+because the problems were diagnosed in advanced.
+But if it wasn t for Mr. Euler --
+who wrote almost 70 volumes of mathematics
+and commentaries and all that yucky side stuff.
+You have to stand up in the moment to do that.
+if it wasn t for Mr. Euler, there wouldn t perhaps be these invariants.
+CA: OK, so that s at least given us a flavor of that amazing mind in there.
+up to about 500 in her lifetime.
+that they needed.
+I think you probably didn t buy efficient market theory.
+Somehow you found a way of creating astonishing returns over two decades.
+The way it s been explained to me,
+what s remarkable about what you did wasn t just the size of the returns,
+it s that you took them with surprisingly low volatility and risk,
+of an underwater wheelchair before,
+So how on earth did you do this, Jim?
+JS: I did it by assembling a wonderful group of people.
+When I started doing trading, I had gotten a little tired of mathematics.
+I was in my late 30s, I had a little money.
+I started trading and it went very well.
+I made quite a lot of money with pure luck.
+I mean, I think it was pure luck.
+Again, if you have lots and lots of robots,
+But in looking at the data, after a while I realized:
+it looks like there s some structure here.
+And what I found is that most of these situations
+just the kind of thing we did back at IDA [Institute for Defense Analyses].
+You design an algorithm, you test it out on a computer.
+Does it work? Doesn t it work? And so on.
+They knew they had to focus on cheap, easy-to-use tools,
+Because here s a typical graph of some commodity.
+I look at that, and I say, That s just a random, up-and-down walk --
+Let me just see that a little bit. Ready, and go.
+JS: In the old days -- this is kind of a graph from the old days,
+Not necessarily the very light trend you see here, but trending in periods.
+And if you decided, OK, I m going to predict today,
+by the average move in the past 20 days --
+maybe that would be a good prediction, and I d make some money.
+would enslave us to reasons.
+not beautifully, but it would work.
+You d make money, you d lose money, you d make money.
+But this is a year s worth of days,
+How many brain scientists have the opportunity
+CA: So you would test a bunch of lengths of trends in time
+and see whether, for example,
+a 10-day trend or a 15-day trend was predictive of what happened next.
+JS: Sure, you would try all those things and see what worked best.
+Trend-following would have been great in the 60s,
+and it was sort of OK in the 70s.
+And this is the work by Eve Marder and her many colleagues
+CA: Because everyone could see that.
+So, how did you stay ahead of the pack?
+JS: We stayed ahead of the pack by finding other approaches --
+and create highly sophisticated learning machines:
+The real thing was to gather a tremendous amount of data --
+and we had to get it by hand in the early days.
+and stuff like that, because it didn t exist on computers.
+We got a lot of data.
+And very smart people -- that was the key.
+I didn t really know how to hire people to do fundamental trading.
+I had hired a few -- some made money, some didn t make money.
+I couldn t make a business out of that.
+But I did know how to hire scientists,
+because I have some taste in that department.
+So, that s what we did.
+And gradually these models got better and better,
+and better and better.
+CA: You re credited with doing something remarkable at Renaissance,
+which is building this culture, this group of people,
+who weren t just hired guns who could be lured away by money.
+Their motivation was doing exciting mathematics and science.
+JS: Well, I d hoped that might be true.
+But some of it was money.
+to be able to not react to these heinous crimes in an adverse manner.
+JS: I can t say that no one came because of the money.
+I think a lot of them came because of the money.
+But they also came because it would be fun.
+CA: What role did machine learning play in all this?
+JS: In a certain sense, what we did was machine learning.
+You look at a lot of data, and you try to simulate different predictive schemes,
+until you get better and better at it.
+It doesn t necessarily feed back on itself the way we did things.
+But it worked.
+CA: So these different predictive schemes can be really quite wild and unexpected.
+That s 20 miles between Mount Hope and Mount Kiffin.
+You looked at the weather, length of dresses, political opinion.
+JS: Yes, length of dresses we didn t try.
+CA: What sort of things?
+JS: Well, everything.
+I would have to say: anything goes.
+Weather, annual reports,
+that has partnerships in production in the south
+Whatever there is.
+We take in terabytes of data a day.
+And store it away and massage it and get it ready for analysis.
+Look at TiVo.
+And it felt kind of like being president, actually.
+the efficient market hypothesis is not correct.
+CA: But any one anomaly might be just a random thing.
+So, is the secret here to just look at multiple strange anomalies,
+and see when they align?
+(Applause)
+watching a few crazy guys telling [us] that they would go to the Moon.
+You can see an anomaly that s persistent for a sufficiently long time --
+the probability of it being random is not high.
+But these things fade after a while; anomalies can get washed out.
+So you have to keep on top of the business.
+CA: A lot of people look at the hedge fund industry now
+and are sort of ... shocked by it,
+and how much talent is going into it.
+Do you have any worries about that industry,
+and perhaps the financial industry in general?
+Kind of being on a runaway train that s --
+I don t know -- helping increase inequality?
+How would you champion what s happening in the hedge fund industry?
+JS: I think in the last three or four years,
+hedge funds have not done especially well.
+We ve done dandy,
+but the hedge fund industry as a whole has not done so wonderfully.
+The stock market has been on a roll, going up as everybody knows,
+and price-earnings ratios have grown.
+So an awful lot of the wealth that s been created in the last --
+let s say, five or six years -- has not been created by hedge funds.
+People would ask me, What s a hedge fund?
+And I d say, One and 20.
+Which means -- now it s two and 20 --
+it s two percent fixed fee and 20 percent of profits.
+Hedge funds are all different kinds of creatures.
+CA: Rumor has it you charge slightly higher fees than that.
+JS: We charged the highest fees in the world at one time.
+Five and 44, that s what we charge.
+CA: Five and 44.
+So five percent flat, 44 percent of upside.
+You still made your investors spectacular amounts of money.
+We know it works,
+People got very mad: How can you charge such high fees?
+Just exactly what Al is trying to do, Rick is doing.
+But How can I get more? was what people were --
+(Laughter)
+so that we can harness the collective ingenuity
+we bought out all the investors because there s a capacity to the fund.
+CA: But should we worry about the hedge fund industry
+attracting too much of the world s great mathematical and other talent
+But I know from my work
+JS: Well, it s not just mathematical.
+We hire astronomers and physicists and things like that.
+I don t think we should worry about it too much.
+It s still a pretty small industry.
+And in fact, bringing science into the investing world
+has improved that world.
+It s reduced volatility. It s increased liquidity.
+Spreads are narrower because people are trading that kind of stuff.
+So I m not too worried about Einstein going off and starting a hedge fund.
+CA: You re at a phase in your life now where you re actually investing, though,
+at the other end of the supply chain --
+you re actually boosting mathematics across America.
+at least to me, computer music
+You re working on philanthropic issues together.
+Tell me about that.
+JS: Well, Marilyn started --
+to this wonderful country of ours
+she started the foundation about 20 years ago.
+I think 94.
+I claim it was 93, she says it was 94,
+but it was one of those two years.
+(Laughter)
+We started the foundation, just as a convenient way to give charity.
+Because the old adage that comes from Burundi is right:
+We did not have a vision at that time, but gradually a vision emerged --
+which was to focus on math and science, to focus on basic research.
+And that s what we ve done.
+Six years ago or so, I left Renaissance and went to work at the foundation.
+So that s what we do.
+CA: And so Math for America is basically investing
+in math teachers around the country,
+giving them some extra income, giving them support and coaching.
+Jimmy, you mentioned impartiality being a key to Wikipedia s success.
+At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.
+JS: Yeah -- instead of beating up the bad teachers,
+which has created morale problems all through the educational community,
+in particular in math and science,
+we focus on celebrating the good ones and giving them status.
+Yeah, we give them extra money, 15,000 dollars a year.
+and every couple will determine
+as part of a core.
+There s a great morale among them.
+They re staying in the field.
+Next year, it ll be 1,000 and that ll be 10 percent
+of the math and science teachers in New York [City] public schools.
+(Applause)
+CA: Jim, here s another project that you ve supported philanthropically:
+Research into origins of life, I guess.
+What are we looking at here?
+JS: Well, I ll save that for a second.
+And then I ll tell you what you re looking at.
+Origins of life is a fascinating question.
+How did we get here?
+Well, there are two questions:
+One is, what is the route from geology to biology --
+how did we get here?
+And the other question is, what did we start with?
+What material, if any, did we have to work with on this route?
+Those are two very, very interesting questions.
+The first question is a tortuous path from geology up to RNA
+or something like that -- how did that all work?
+And the other, what do we have to work with?
+Well, more than we think.
+So what s pictured there is a star in formation.
+Now, every year in our Milky Way, which has 100 billion stars,
+about two new stars are created.
+Don t ask me how, but they re created.
+And it takes them about a million years to settle out.
+So, in steady state,
+there are about two million stars in formation at any time.
+That one is somewhere along this settling-down period.
+And there s all this crap sort of circling around it,
+dust and stuff.
+And it ll form probably a solar system, or whatever it forms.
+But here s the thing --
+in this dust that surrounds a forming star
+have been found, now, significant organic molecules.
+Molecules not just like methane, but formaldehyde and cyanide --
+things that are the building blocks -- the seeds, if you will -- of life.
+So, that may be typical.
+And it may be typical that planets around the universe
+start off with some of these basic building blocks.
+Now does that mean there s going to be life all around?
+Maybe.
+But it s a question of how tortuous this path is
+from those frail beginnings, those seeds, all the way to life.
+And most of those seeds will fall on fallow planets.
+CA: So for you, personally,
+finding an answer to this question of where we came from,
+of how did this thing happen, that is something you would love to see.
+JS: Would love to see.
+And like to know --
+if that path is tortuous enough, and so improbable,
+that no matter what you start with, we could be a singularity.
+But on the other hand,
+given all this organic dust that s floating around,
+we could have lots of friends out there.
+It d be great to know.
+CA: Jim, a couple of years ago, I got the chance to speak with Elon Musk,
+and I asked him the secret of his success,
+and he said taking physics seriously was it.
+Listening to you, what I hear you saying is taking math seriously,
+that has infused your whole life.
+It s made you an absolute fortune, and now it s allowing you to invest
+in the futures of thousands and thousands of kids across America and elsewhere.
+Could it be that science actually works?
+That math actually works?
+JS: Well, math certainly works. Math certainly works.
+But this has been fun.
+Working with Marilyn and giving it away has been very enjoyable.
+CA: I just find it -- it s an inspirational thought to me,
+that by taking knowledge seriously, so much more can come from it.
+So thank you for your amazing life, and for coming here to TED.
+Thank you.
+Jim Simons!
+there really is only one place to go,
+Something is very challenging to me.
+Now, you can t get to these sites
+with a normal browser -- Chrome or Firefox --
+is a fairytale begins, Once upon a time,
+I know that seems ludicrous.
+where URLs are a string of meaningless numbers and letters that end in .onion,
+and which you access with a special browser
+called the Tor browser.
+Now, the Tor browser was originally a U.S. Naval intelligence project.
+It then became open source,
+and it allows anybody to browse the net
+without giving away their location.
+And it does this by encrypting your IP address
+and then routing it via several other computers around the world
+that use the same software.
+You can use it on the normal Internet,
+but it s also your key to the dark net.
+And because of this fiendishly clever encryption system,
+was fostered;
+As you can see,
+It is a censorship-free world visited by anonymous users.
+Little wonder, then, that it s a natural place to go
+for anybody with something to hide,
+and that something, of course, need not be illegal.
+On the dark net, you will find
+and it would be like if you went to Starbucks
+for mentally ill and economically desperate people
+You will find libraries of pirated books.
+Only, we don t know that it s a homeless shelter.
+illegal pornography, commercial hacking services,
+and much more besides.
+Now, the dark net is one of the most interesting, exciting places
+because we would all like to believe that the stuff that we write down on paper
+And the reason is, because although innovation, of course,
+takes place in big businesses,
+if they in fact induce new location decisions,
+it also takes place in the fringes,
+because those on the fringes -- the pariahs, the outcasts --
+Over 85 percent of abusers are men, and domestic abuse
+In this part of the Internet,
+If you re multiplying the rig,
+a single pop-up advert anywhere.
+And that s one of the reasons why I think
+many of you here will be on the dark net fairly soon.
+to reimagine Greece, to imagine a Greece
+Not that I m suggesting anyone in this audience would use it
+to go and procure high-quality narcotics.
+But let s say for a moment that you were.
+There s only one little entrance to the entire building,
+The first thing you will notice on signing up to one of these sites
+is how familiar it looks.
+Every single product --
+thousands of products --
+has a glossy, high-res image,
+a detailed product description, a price.
+There s a Proceed to checkout icon.
+There is even, most beautifully of all,
+(Laughter)
+Incredible.
+because you can t say sh in Spanish.
+My councilman even called in and said how they endorse
+you enter an address -- preferably not your home address --
+which it nearly always does.
+And the reason it does is not because of the clever encryption.
+That s important.
+Something far simpler than that.
+It s the user reviews.
+and of the thousands of publicly traded companies today, thousands,
+You see, every single vendor on these sites
+uses a pseudonym, naturally enough,
+but they keep the same pseudonym to build up a reputation.
+And because it s easy for the buyer to change allegiance whenever they want,
+the only way of trusting a vendor
+is if they have a good history of positive feedback
+from other users of the site.
+And this introduction of competition and choice
+You know. (Slurps)
+Prices tend to go down, product quality tends to go up,
+and the vendors are attentive,
+they re polite, they re consumer-centric,
+offering you all manner of special deals, one-offs,
+to think outside a little bit,
+to keep you happy.
+I spoke to Drugsheaven.
+Drugsheaven was offering excellent and consistent marijuana
+at a reasonable price.
+He had a very generous refund policy,
+detailed T s and C s,
+and good shipping times.
+via the internal emailing system that s also encrypted, of course.
+ I m new here. Do you mind if I buy just one gram of marijuana?
+A couple of hours later, I get a reply.
+They always reply.
+ Hi there, thanks for your email.
+Starting small is a wise thing to do. I would, too, if I were you.
+(Laughter)
+ So no problem if you d like to start with just one gram.
+where we re creating our largest location-aware album to date,
+But let s go back to the Higgs field.
+It also shaped Darwin s scientific method,
+You have to put it in a larger European context.
+Now, this kind of consumer-centric attitude
+and he found someone who had designed the Jockey Club in New York.
+that had been left on one of these sites over a three-month period,
+95 percent of them were five out of five.
+I sort of looked at myself standing there, going, Oh, Jimmy,
+Alice s daughter told me
+New power isn t held by a few, it s made by many.
+that means there are more drugs, more available, more easily,
+to more people.
+(Applause)
+But, on the other hand, if you are going to take drugs,
+you have a reasonably good way
+of guaranteeing a certain level of purity and quality,
+it was heavy, it was hard to move around,
+And you can do so from the comfort of your own home,
+without the risks associated with buying on the streets.
+Now, as I said,
+So now we had our constraint.
+And the 20 or so sites that are currently in operation --
+by the way, they don t always work, they re not always perfect;
+the site that I showed you was shut down 18 months ago,
+where we re looking at other forms of waste
+But these markets,
+because of the difficult conditions in which they are operating,
+And the second thing to do, of course,
+are always innovating, always thinking of ways of getting smarter,
+more decentralized, harder to censor,
+So we like the idea of these figures
+So the news came, I applied to school
+And you could hear that little tick, tick, tick, tick.
+of course -- that would lead directly back to you.
+from the contents of prisoners bowels.
+which is easily exchanged for real-world currencies
+15 to 20 years.
+But at the beginning of these sites, people noticed a flaw.
+Some of the unscrupulous dealers were running away with peoples bitcoin
+But this is the result of a very careful branding
+The community came up with a solution, called multi-signature escrow payments.
+Our objective is to be a millennium city, just like many millennium cities around:
+I would send my bitcoin
+to a neutral, secure third digital wallet.
+The vendor, who would see that I d sent it,
+of 5,000 years of continuing history,
+and then when I received it,
+at least two of the three people engaged in the transaction --
+vendor, buyer, site administrator --
+would have to sign the transaction off
+with a unique digital signature,
+and then the money would be transferred.
+Brilliant!
+Elegant.
+It works.
+But then they realized there was a problem with bitcoin,
+because every bitcoin transaction
+is actually recorded publicly in a public ledger.
+So if you re clever, you can try and work out who s behind them.
+and outfitted them with cervical caps containing artificial semen.
+Hundreds of people send their bitcoin into one address,
+they re tumbled and jumbled up,
+and then the right amount is sent on to the right recipients,
+but they re different bitcoins:
+And the marimba, for everybody like me,
+(Laughter)
+to the well-being of others.
+Interested in what drugs are trending right now on the dark net markets?
+Check Grams, the search engine.
+You can even buy some advertising space.
+(Laughter)
+around the world simply by using fertilizers,
+Yeah.
+One vendor will offer you fair trade organic cocaine.
+(Laughter)
+That s not being sourced from Colombian druglords,
+but Guatemalan farmers.
+What was my calling? What should I do?
+into local education programs.
+(Laughter)
+There s even a mystery shopper.
+of accumulated semen.
+and I submit that it s not actually an easy question --
+taking our citizens out of the process
+where nobody knows who anybody else is,
+constantly at risk of being shut down by the authorities,
+is a staggering achievement,
+a phenomenal achievement.
+And it s that kind of innovation
+that s why those on the fringes
+are often the harbingers of what is to come.
+It s easy to forget
+that because of its short life,
+the Internet has actually changed many times
+over the last 30 years or so.
+It started in the 70s as a military project,
+morphed in the 1980s to an academic network,
+co-opted by commercial companies in the 90s,
+200-year story.
+but I think it s going to change again.
+a human brain, or a primate brain.
+creative, secure, difficult to censor --
+I think that s the future.
+(Applause)
+and definitely from my grandmother,
+Surveys consistently show concerns about privacy.
+The more time we spend online, the more we worry about them,
+and those surveys show our worries are growing.
+where he describes adolescence as follows:
+and there are some shocking data.
+Since the revelations from Edward Snowden,
+there s been a huge increase in the number of people
+using various privacy-enhancing tools.
+still gave the Chinese a real chance for 300 million people
+Paris has been a terrific model for urban beekeeping.
+the majority of which use is perfectly legitimate,
+sometimes even mundane.
+And there are hundreds of activists around the world
+working on techniques and tools to keep you private online --
+default encrypted messaging services.
+Ethereum, which is a project which tries to link up
+the connected but unused hard drives of millions of computers around the world,
+to create a sort of distributed Internet that no one really controls.
+And here s the thing.
+We use it for everything from Skype to the search for extraterrestrial life.
+But you add distributed computing and powerful encryption --
+that s very, very hard to censor and control.
+Another called MaidSafe works on similar principles.
+Another called Twister, and so on and so on.
+And here s the thing --
+the more of us join,
+the more interesting those sites become,
+and then the more of us join, and so on.
+And I think that s what s going to happen.
+In fact, it s already happening.
+The dark net is no longer a den for dealers
+and a hideout for whistle-blowers.
+It s already going mainstream.
+Just recently, the musician Aphex Twin released his album as a dark net site.
+Facebook has started a dark net site.
+A group of London architects have opened a dark net site
+for people worried about regeneration projects.
+Yes, the dark net is going mainstream,
+and I predict that fairly soon, every social media company,
+every major news outlet,
+and therefore most of you in this audience,
+will be using the dark net, too.
+So the Internet is about to get more interesting,
+rather than by the sensory modality involved.
+more terrible,
+more destructive.
+That s good news if you care about liberty.
+It s good news if you care about freedom.
+It s good news if you care about democracy.
+It s also good news
+if you want to browse for illegal pornography
+and if you want to buy and sell drugs
+with impunity.
+Neither entirely dark, nor entirely light.
+It s not one side or the other that s going to win out, but both.
+Thank you very much, indeed.
+I will always remember
+the first time I met the girl in the blue uniform.
+I was eight at the time,
+living in the village with my grandmother,
+who was raising me and other children.
+I like to play jazz,
+and we just didn t have enough to eat.
+We were hungry.
+And that s when the girl in the blue uniform
+all this language in English
+to feed the children.
+As she handed me my porridge,
+I asked her why she was there,
+and without hesitation, she said,
+to see the sun shining in my face.
+I had absolutely no idea what she meant.
+I would have stopped to help.
+for a number of years, and this particular episode
+Two years later,
+and a Native American who wanted to give birth on that island,
+My grandmother had no choice but to send me to the city
+to live with an aunt I had never met before.
+The third number is 12:
+I found myself in school for the very first time.
+And there, at the city school,
+I would experience what it was to be unequal.
+we were all equal.
+But in the eyes and the minds of the other kids,
+I was not their equal.
+I couldn t speak English,
+and I was way behind in terms of reading and writing.
+it s more difficult than you think.
+The pink dots represent host properties.
+spent back in the village with my grandmother
+made me consciously aware
+with this same data?
+had created within my own family.
+Suddenly, I had much more than the rest of my village.
+And in their eyes, I was no longer their equal.
+I felt guilty.
+one of the sharp knives,
+as scenes from his release were broadcast nightly.
+ That s who I want to be --
+someone like her,
+someone who uplifts other people.
+This childhood experience led me to the United Nations,
+The more ideas there are in circulation,
+where we are addressing one of the greatest inequalities
+that affects more than half of the world s population --
+doesn t buy a box of cigarettes. They buy one cigarette
+Today, I want to share with you
+a simple idea that seeks to uplift all of us together.
+Eight months ago,
+But how many of these countries do we have to work in?
+head of UN Women,
+we launched a groundbreaking initiative
+Are they going to start having children right away?
+inviting men and boys from around the world
+Give me comfort, give me edge.
+to create a shared vision for gender equality.
+only universities and corporations have access to.
+for women and men,
+and those who don t yet know that they believe.
+The initiative is based on a simple idea:
+than what divides us.
+It s called Bloom, and the surface is made completely
+We all want the same things,
+even when those things sometimes remain unspoken.
+HeForShe is about uplifting all of us,
+women and men together.
+It s moving us towards an inflection point for gender equality.
+Imagine a blank page
+with one horizontal line splitting it in half.
+So it s not easy for us to extricate ourselves from these insects.
+Now, could this plant be the answer
+In our current population,
+HeForShe is about moving the 3.2 billion men,
+one man at a time,
+across that line,
+so that ultimately, men can stand alongside women
+that is actually teaching women
+making gender equality a reality in the 21st century.
+However, engaging men in the movement would prove quite controversial.
+Why invite men? They are the problem.
+(Laughter)
+In fact, men don t care, we were told.
+they were hoping to get clean bombs; they didn t.
+had signed up and committed to be agents of change for equality.
+and she has tried them all.
+stood up to be counted,
+that is when the education process begins.
+HeForShe created more than 1.2 billion conversations on social media.
+that there was no separating it from our character and personality.
+sometimes as many as a thousand a day.
+who, after hearing about HeForShe,
+Or the same idea here, which is for a CNC machine,
+(Laughter)
+hand-picking all of the men that were abusive to their partners,
+you go somewhere else.
+In Pune, India, a youth advocate organized an innovative bicycle rally,
+mobilizing 700 cyclists
+but there d been this massive substitution
+In another impact story,
+a man sent a very personal note
+of something that had happened in his own community.
+He wrote,
+That s why we get there so fast.
+I have lived all of my life
+next door to a man who continuously beats up his wife.
+and objectifies us.
+I was listening to my radio,
+and you spoke about something called the HeForShe,
+and the need for men to play their role.
+Within a few hours, I heard the woman cry again next door,
+I d seen it happen over and over and over again.
+Whatever you want, you can download the data that way.
+I felt compelled to do something,
+we have to know and understand
+Madam, it has been two weeks,
+and the woman has not cried since.
+Thank you for giving me a voice.
+(Applause)
+Personal impact stories such as these
+show that we are tapping into something within men,
+We want concrete, systematic, structural change that can equalize
+the political, economic and social realities for women and men.
+I was to the point where I was using a stopwatch
+calling them to intervene at a personal level,
+and up into the mountains
+It s pulling us to the moon!
+to change their policies.
+We want male leaders to become role models
+and change agents within their own institutions.
+Already, a number of prominent men and leaders have stepped up
+and made some concrete HeForShe commitments.
+In a few early success stories,
+a leading French hospitality company, Accor,
+has committed to eliminate the pay gap
+and the teenagers decided to fight back,
+(Applause)
+The government of Sweden,
+under its current feminist government,
+has committed to close both the employment and the pay gap
+for all of its citizens within the current electoral term.
+In Japan, the University of Nagoya
+is building, as part of their HeForShe commitments,
+what will become one of Japan s leading gender-research centers.
+Now, eight months later,
+a movement is building.
+was the conversation that happened afterwards.
+and from every single corner in the world,
+from the United Nations own Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
+to the Secretary-Generals of NATO and the EU Council,
+from the prime minister of Bhutan
+just like you would travel through a tunnel,
+In Europe alone, all the male EU Commissioners
+and the members of Parliament of the Swedish and Iceland governments
+have signed up to be HeForShe.
+In fact, one in 20 men in Iceland has joined the movement.
+The rallying call of our passionate goodwill ambassador, Emma Watson,
+has garnered more than five billion media impressions,
+He s doing fine. Everything went well.
+to create more than a hundred HeForShe student associations.
+Now this is the beginning of the vision that HeForShe has
+for the world that we want to see.
+Einstein once said,
+Or they like, they hope, to live on
+but he experiences himself,
+his thoughts and feelings,
+as something separate from the rest ...
+This delusion is a kind of prison for us ...
+Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison
+If women and men are part of a greater whole,
+as Einstein suggests,
+Men are still socialized to believe
+that it is not our gender that defines us,
+but ultimately, our shared humanity.
+HeForShe is tapping into women s and men s dreams,
+the dreams that we have for ourselves,
+and the dreams that we have for our families, our children,
+Now this is a real project that we worked on,
+So that s what it is about.
+HeForShe is about uplifting all of us together.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Over the past couple of days,
+as most dermatologists do in Britain.
+And I had a high school science teacher who would say to the class,
+are, on the left, my grandmother, age five,
+I see a very special audience.
+This is Oliver Medvedik. He s not a vending machine,
+I chose not to listen -- but to that statement alone.
+So let me take you to the Andes mountains in Chile,
+500 kilometers, 300 miles northeast of Santiago.
+It s very remote, it s very dry and it s very beautiful.
+And there s not much there.
+There are condors, there are tarantulas,
+At that time, a thousand questions came to mind,
+it reveals one of the darkest skies on Earth.
+It s kind of a magic place, the mountain.
+But was there anything before the Big Bang?
+a victim of my own circumstance,
+Right? As if white people don t have some sort of racial identity
+we really cannot think about reengineering it,
+that Parliament delayed and delayed releasing that data,
+We actually need to do something a little different.
+We didn t know any better. We didn t pause to ask.
+the metabolic rate was static.
+these strong ties in our lives,
+be able to point and look at the sky,
+and that s why we re expanding Stawi s markets from just Kenya
+That preacher bangs on the pulpit for attention.
+So when we say that black lives matter, it s not because others don t,
+And there s not just one of these, there s many of them.
+and arrange treatment.
+a kind of plain-spoken pragmatism to those
+at least five of 11 possible symptoms
+and she loves that flag, talking about the Israeli flag,
+that are visible to us,
+and each one of those galaxies has 100 billion stars within it.
+And this Ideagora that he created, an open market, agora,
+You can think of insulin resistance as the reduced capacity
+it s only one-fiftieth of the size of the full moon.
+So, if you can imagine the full moon.
+ what I do is I assign the lectures for homework,
+to do that kind of investigation.
+The cities that already are there, well established,
+was it had to be passively and intrinsically safe,
+are persistence, gradations in intensity, and valence.
+But the beauty of it is that it s just silk and sticks.
+This tool use ability will have applications
+really is our prosperity, and this explains
+Well, imagine you re walking in the forest and you see a bear.
+What is this technology worth
+We ve even found planets that are orbiting two stars.
+is pretty good odds.
+and you will find the crossword puzzle,
+Even in this state, what he accurately described as
+over this entire 27 feet.
+Injustice is about being wrongfully convicted.
+then I ve done my job.
+But here, in this particular case, we decided,
+as we first discovered in Africa
+I know there s competition in terms of funding, but what about the science?
+Next year, I did four, then eight.
+Okay, it s great to be back at TED.
+ Productivity is not everything, but in the long run,
+I proposed many new ideas to my boss every day.
+There are not that many things on earth that are almost everything.
+But I will in the end urge you
+In the largest European economies,
+productivity used to grow five percent per annum
+in the 50s, 60s, early 70s.
+From 73 to 83: three percent per annum.
+From 83 to 95: two percent per annum.
+Since 1995: less than one percent per annum.
+The same profile in Japan.
+you may decide that you see
+like lightbulbs and, yes, factory redesign.
+and despite all the technological innovations
+one of the first that was hit by the wave.
+the new information and communication technologies.
+When productivity grows three percent per annum,
+you double the standard of living every generation.
+I m very lucky to work with two amazing collaborators.
+When it grows one percent per annum,
+Friends,
+And in this process, many people will be less well-off than their parents.
+And of course sitting still is how many of us get
+smaller roofs, or perhaps no roof at all,
+this competition is going to be successful.
+to everything.
+Think of all the problems that we re facing at the moment.
+All.
+Chances are that they are rooted in the productivity crisis.
+after Heiberg saw it.
+Because the basic tenets about efficiency --
+effectiveness in organizations, in management --
+Everywhere in public services -- in companies, in the way we work,
+the way we innovate, invest -- try to learn to work better.
+Take the holy trinity of efficiency:
+We use levers all the time, in tools, doorknobs, bicycle parts.
+They make human efforts derail.
+There are two ways to look at it, to prove it.
+One, the one I prefer,
+To answer that question,
+a team of 15 people,
+It is to look at a relay race.
+This is what we will do today.
+It s a bit more animated, more visual and also faster -- it s a race.
+Hopefully, it s faster.
+(Laughter)
+World championship final -- women.
+Eight teams in the final.
+The fastest team is the US team.
+They have the fastest women on earth.
+They are the favorite team to win.
+Notably, if you compare them to an average team,
+say, the French team,
+(Laughter)
+based on their best performances in the 100-meter race,
+if you add the individual times of the US runners,
+I said I wanted to meet.
+And this year, the US team is in great shape.
+Based on their best performance this year,
+they arrive 6.4 meters ahead of the French team,
+Chimpanzee: No! [ Academy Award Nominee for Visual Effects ]
+We are going to look at the race.
+new technologies made the distribution of knowledge
+that Torri Edwards, the fourth US runner, is ahead.
+Not surprising -- this year she got the gold medal in the 100-meter race.
+is that it also solved the mystery
+is the fastest woman on earth.
+So, there are 3.5 billion women on earth.
+Where are the two fastest? On the US team.
+And the two other runners on the US team are not bad, either.
+(Laughter)
+and who thought that my ironic oh-so-cool disengagement
+But behind, the average team is trying to catch up.
+Let s watch the race.
+So he wrote that he had seen --
+(Video: Race narration ends)
+Yves Morieux: So what happened?
+The fastest team did not win; the slower one did.
+By the way, I hope you appreciate
+the deep historical research I did to make the French look good.
+and you re thinking, Jeez, Stella,
+But let s not exaggerate -- it s not archeology, either.
+(Laughter)
+But why?
+Because of cooperation.
+When you hear this sentence:
+ Thanks to cooperation, the whole is worth more than the sum of the parts.
+This is not poetry; this is not philosophy.
+This is math.
+Those who carry the baton are slower,
+but their baton is faster.
+1974, we were down to five countries.
+it multiplies energy, intelligence in human efforts.
+It is the essence of human efforts:
+how we work together, how each effort contributes to the efforts of others.
+With cooperation, we can do more with less.
+Now, what happens to cooperation when the holy grail --
+of clarity, measurement, accountability --
+are being released.
+When I think back to my three years away from art,
+Management reports are full of complaints about the lack of clarity.
+is at war with food production.
+the human world,
+It is as though the runners on the team were saying,
+ Let s be clear -- where does my role really start and end?
+Am I supposed to run for 95 meters, 96, 97...?
+It s important, let s be clear.
+If you say 97, after 97 meters,
+people will drop the baton, whether there is someone to take it or not.
+Accountability.
+We are constantly trying to put accountability
+in someone s hands.
+Who is accountable for this process?
+We need somebody accountable for this process.
+So in the relay race, since passing the baton is so important,
+then we need somebody clearly accountable for passing the baton.
+make sure that it had been shot, and then our clients
+now we will have a new dedicated athlete,
+it s as if we re doing nothing
+and passing it to the next runner.
+where he was working at the time.
+Well, will we, in that case, win the race?
+That I don t know, but for sure,
+I stand here thinking and wondering
+We will know who to blame.
+But we ll never win the race.
+If you think about it, we pay more attention
+to knowing who to blame in case we fail,
+than to creating the conditions to succeed.
+You see, late in 2009, eight years after that shooting,
+urban structures, processing systems --
+what is the real goal?
+To have somebody guilty in case they fail.
+We are creating organizations able to fail,
+but in a compliant way,
+with somebody clearly accountable when we fail.
+And we are quite effective at that -- failing.
+Measurement.
+and public opinion started to turn against those tools,
+Look, to pass the baton, you have to do it at the right time,
+in the right hand, at the right speed.
+But to do that, you have to put energy in your arm.
+It will come at the expense of your measurable speed.
+You have to shout early enough to the next runner
+when you will pass the baton, to signal that you are arriving,
+so that the next runner can prepare, can anticipate.
+And you have to shout loud.
+But the blood, the energy that will be in your throat
+will not be in your legs.
+Because you know, there are eight people shouting at the same time.
+And the new wave of innovation
+You cannot say, Is it you?
+Too late!
+(Laughter)
+Now, let s look at the race in slow motion,
+and concentrate on the third runner.
+Look at where she allocates her efforts,
+as this macro-level diplomatic organization
+Not all in her legs -- that would be great for her own speed --
+and so the relationship between
+It s like a big TED, right?
+But when the next runner runs super-fast,
+is it because she made a super effort,
+or because of the way the third runner passed the baton?
+There is no metric on earth that will give us the answer.
+And if we reward people on the basis of their measurable performance,
+they will put their energy, their attention, their blood
+in what can get measured -- in their legs.
+And the baton will fall and slow down.
+To cooperate is not a super effort,
+it is how you allocate your effort.
+It is to take a risk,
+because you sacrifice the ultimate protection
+and then see how she sort of flipped it.
+It is to make a super difference in the performance of others,
+with whom we are compared.
+It takes being stupid to cooperate, then.
+And people are not stupid; they don t cooperate.
+You know, clarity, accountability, measurement were OK
+when the world was simpler.
+But business has become much more complex.
+With my teams, we have measured
+the evolution of complexity in business.
+It is much more demanding today to attract and retain customers,
+to build advantage on a global scale,
+to create value.
+And the more business gets complex,
+the more, in the name of clarity, accountability, measurement
+we multiply structures, processes, systems.
+You know, this drive for clarity and accountability triggers
+a counterproductive multiplication of interfaces, middle offices,
+coordinators that do not only mobilize people and resources,
+but that also add obstacles.
+And the more complicated the organization,
+the more difficult it is to understand what is really happening.
+So we need summaries, proxies, reports,
+key performance indicators, metrics.
+So people put their energy in what can get measured,
+at the expense of cooperation.
+And as performance deteriorates,
+we add even more structure, process, systems.
+People spend their time in meetings,
+writing reports they have to do, undo and redo.
+Based on our analysis, teams in these organizations
+spend between 40 and 80 percent of their time wasting their time,
+but working harder and harder, longer and longer,
+on less and less value-adding activities.
+This is what is killing productivity,
+and citizens are engaged and empowered
+Our organizations are wasting human intelligence.
+They have turned against human efforts.
+When people don t cooperate,
+don t blame their mindsets, their mentalities, their personality --
+look at the work situations.
+Is it really in their personal interest to cooperate or not,
+if, when they cooperate, they are individually worse off?
+Why would they cooperate?
+When we blame personalities
+(Applause)
+We need to create organizations
+in which it becomes individually useful for people to cooperate.
+Remove the interfaces, the middle offices --
+all these complicated coordination structures.
+Don t look for clarity; go for fuzziness.
+Fuzziness overlaps.
+Remove most of the quantitative metrics to assess performance.
+Speed the what.
+Look at cooperation, the how.
+How did you pass the baton?
+Did you throw it, or did you pass it effectively?
+Am I putting my energy in what can get measured --
+my legs, my speed -- or in passing the baton?
+You, as leaders, as managers,
+he must have spent years working with him.
+The future of our organizations,
+our companies, our societies
+the open loops, the half-finished to-do lists,
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Two and a half million people will be permanently disabled or displaced,
+If you can reduce the initial response by one day,
+you can reduce the overall recovery
+(Laughter)
+If the initial responders can get in, save lives,
+A major insurance company told me
+And that s why I do disaster robotics --
+Now, you ve already seen a couple of these.
+for days, weeks, months, that space would get bigger
+And they re used extensively since 2005 --
+We are right now seeing a much larger scale
+So I came to work for California Pacific Medical Center,
+of sculpture and of decorative arts --
+— a charity I ve worked with for years —
+ What makes the difference in the quality of people s lives?
+We are the new editors.
+Because it s an arranged marriage, not a love marriage.
+along that part of Washington State.
+So they needed to understand what was going on.
+We gave them in seven hours data that they could take
+Why is it okay that the government is keeping all of this information?
+and at higher resolution.
+It s a game changer.
+I wanted to do something that was working
+Think about the Japanese tsunami --
+to support a population.
+of what they were seeing.
+and it was going to take the divers two weeks.
+It s about man s best friend. It s about dogs.
+But you know, all the robots I ve shown you have been small,
+Unmanned ground vehicles are particularly small,
+because the sunlight from far above
+a five-year-old would take for granted, the Internet.
+are great for sanctions busting too.
+like the excitement of the work,
+I had to destroy it?
+They assist the responders, the experts, in new and innovative ways.
+The biggest problem is the data, the informatics,
+your railroad transportation engineers,
+have been trained on whatever UAV that particular county happens to have?
+Probably, like, none.
+What the robots give you, what they give the experts, is data.
+and worse yet, it overwhelms the cognitive abilities
+and on the deck, they have splendid entertainment.
+At the end of that process, after doing it for months and months,
+we tried to solve that problem by just recording the data from Bujold
+Is there any relief from some of these pressures
+and they found that they were all
+by putting a book on the scanner.
+Now, we re looking, if we can get the data from the robots to share,
+the strategic vision, for these investments,
+then you ve figured out that you don t need the bank,
+We can t just say, Well, if they re young enough to benefit from these therapies,
+It s not about the robots.
+recovery rates as compared to 50 percent
+we can use brain imaging and look at the impact
+And as the number of people who are older, above retirement age and getting older, as they increase,
+with mild fever, headache, muscle pains,
+followed by vomiting and diarrhea,
+then bleeding from the mouth, nose and gums.
+is the one question everyone always asks:
+Sounds familiar?
+and discovered an injury in her lungs,
+actually, in this case, it s not.
+It s an extreme form of dengue fever, a mosquito-born disease
+front of a health center, people s front gardens,
+That is actually twice the number of people
+in the nearly four decades that we ve known about it.
+My job is to root out and prevent activity that might.
+the death toll is actually tenfold higher.
+Yet for the last year,
+it has been Ebola that has stolen all of the headlines and the fear.
+Clearly, there is something deeply rooted about it,
+more than other diseases.
+some sort of musical gift.
+Well, it s hard to acquire Ebola,
+but if you do, the risk of a horrible death is high.
+Why?
+Because right now, we don t have any effective therapy or vaccine available.
+We may have it someday.
+literature, we will see a biased sample of the true picture
+because it doesn t kill as many people as other diseases.
+In fact, it s much less transmissible than viruses such as flu or measles.
+Neither were they first designed
+We fear the certain inevitability that comes with Ebola.
+Ebola has this inevitability that seems to defy modern medical science.
+But wait a second, why is that?
+We ve known about Ebola since 1976.
+We ve known what it s capable of.
+We ve had ample opportunity to study it
+in the 24 outbreaks that have occurred.
+And in fact, we ve actually had vaccine candidates available now
+for more than a decade.
+Why is that those vaccines are just going into clinical trials now?
+Now the really interesting thing about these reactors
+with vaccine development for infectious diseases.
+It goes something like this:
+Banks used to open and operate between 10 and 3.
+are also the ones least able to pay for vaccines.
+This leaves little in the way of market incentives
+The layer by layer process
+unless there are large numbers of people who are at risk in wealthy countries.
+address and telephone number published to everyone.
+As for Ebola, there is absolutely no market at all,
+so the only reason we have two vaccines in late-stage clinical trials now,
+is actually because of a somewhat misguided fear.
+like your political preference,
+until September 11 and the anthrax attacks,
+So the local news started writing about it,
+as, potentially, a bioterrorism weapon.
+And that s the story that we tell in big history.
+Well, partially, because it was really difficult --
+or thought to be difficult -- to weaponize the virus,
+but mainly because of the financial risk in developing it.
+standardized achievement test scores,
+The sad reality is, we develop vaccines
+not based upon the risk the pathogen poses to people,
+but on how economically risky it is to develop these vaccines.
+Vaccine development is expensive and complicated.
+It can cost hundreds of millions of dollars
+to take even a well-known antigen and turn it into a viable vaccine.
+Fortunately for diseases like Ebola,
+there are things we can do to remove some of these barriers.
+The first is to recognize when there s a complete market failure.
+In that case, if we want vaccines,
+we have to provide incentives or some type of subsidy.
+We also need to do a better job at being able to figure out
+which are the diseases that most threaten us.
+So now I ve got you inside of the frame,
+I spend a lot of time with youth groups,
+to understand the geographic and genetic diversity,
+how these are being changed immunologically,
+and what type of reactions they promote.
+by the way antibiotics are actually used.
+but to do this, if we want to deal with a complete market failure,
+and it s not going to make much difference to this crew.
+We have to stop waiting until we see evidence
+of a disease becoming a global threat before we consider it as one.
+So, for Ebola,
+and when I got here, I looked up Hubert Dreyfus,
+followed by a few cases transported to wealthy countries,
+led the global community to come together,
+and with the work of dedicated vaccine companies,
+we now have these:
+Two Ebola vaccines in efficacy trials in the Ebola countries --
+could do just as good a job,
+and a pipeline of vaccines that are following behind.
+Every year, we spend billions of dollars,
+keeping a fleet of nuclear submarines permanently patrolling the oceans
+to protect us from a threat that almost certainly will never happen.
+And yet, we spend virtually nothing
+to prevent something as tangible and evolutionarily certain
+as epidemic infectious diseases.
+going through to the current day, people like Locke and Hume.
+These bugs are going to continue to evolve
+and they re going to threaten the world.
+And vaccines are our best defense.
+So if we want to be able to prevent epidemics like Ebola,
+we need to take on the risk of investing in vaccine development
+and in stockpile creation.
+and it s got stem cells in it.
+One day, I had a conversation with my mother
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+I m going to start by asking you a question:
+one that is still speculative but hugely exciting,
+and certainly one that s growing very rapidly.
+Quantum biology asks a very simple question:
+that weird and wonderful and powerful theory
+of the subatomic world of atoms and molecules
+that underpins so much of modern physics and chemistry --
+also play a role inside the living cell?
+in living organisms that can only be explained
+with a helping hand from quantum mechanics?
+It s because perception is grounded in our experience.
+it s been around since the early 1930s.
+But it s only in the last decade or so that careful experiments --
+in biochemistry labs, using spectroscopy --
+It turns out the pre-frontal cortex does lots of things,
+that require quantum mechanics to explain them.
+Quantum biology brings together quantum physicists, biochemists,
+I come from quantum physics, so I m a nuclear physicist.
+I ve spent more than three decades
+I did propose that we should spend 21 billion hours a week,
+One of the founders of quantum mechanics, Niels Bohr,
+(Laughter)
+So I sort of feel happy that I m still astonished by it.
+Now working memory capacity
+But it means I study the very smallest structures in the universe --
+the building blocks of reality.
+If we think about the scale of size,
+You have these unbelievable new cities in China,
+and just go down orders of magnitude in size --
+from the eye of a needle down to a cell, down to a bacterium, down to an enzyme --
+you eventually reach the nano-world.
+Now, nanotechnology may be a term you ve heard of.
+(Laughter)
+It s even smaller in scale.
+This is the domain of quantum mechanics,
+and physicists and chemists have had a long time
+to try and get used to it.
+Biologists, on the other hand, have got off lightly, in my view.
+They are very happy with their balls-and-sticks models of molecules.
+(Laughter)
+about diarrheal diseases killing so many kids around the world,
+that s always there when you need it and doesn t really interfere.
+nowadays, they have very powerful computers
+that will simulate a huge molecule.
+This is a protein made up of 100,000 atoms.
+It doesn t really require much in the way of quantum mechanics to explain it.
+Quantum mechanics was developed in the 1920s.
+extremely low-cost, extremely fast,
+that explain the world of the very small.
+And it s a world that s very different from our everyday world,
+made up of trillions of atoms.
+It s a world built on probability and chance.
+It s a fuzzy world.
+It s a world of phantoms,
+where particles can also behave like spread-out waves.
+If we imagine quantum mechanics or quantum physics, then,
+as the fundamental foundation of reality itself,
+I ll show you what I mean.
+So I would need a piano to practice on,
+After all, it gives us the rules that tell us
+how the atoms fit together to make organic molecules.
+Organic chemistry, scaled up in complexity,
+Then a process of dehumanization started that day.
+So in a way, it s sort of not surprising.
+It s almost trivial.
+You say, Well, of course life ultimately must depend of quantum mechanics.
+They had never heard of Mark Zuckerberg or Steve Jobs.
+Ultimately, there s a quantum level
+where we have to delve into this weirdness.
+But in everyday life, we can forget about it.
+Because once you put together trillions of atoms,
+that quantum weirdness just dissolves away.
+Quantum biology isn t about this.
+I only prepared 15.
+Of course quantum mechanics underpins life at some molecular level.
+and we need to keep that carbon in those forests
+the counterintuitive ideas in quantum mechanics --
+and to see if they do, indeed, play an important role
+in describing the processes of life.
+Here is my perfect example of the counterintuitiveness
+you will be able to learn a couple hundred characters,
+This is the quantum skier.
+He seems to be intact, he seems to be perfectly healthy,
+and yet, he seems to have gone around both sides of that tree at the same time.
+you d guess it was some sort of stunt, of course.
+It s actually running at real rate right now,
+Particles can multitask, they can be in two places at once.
+They can do more than one thing at the same time.
+Particles can behave like spread-out waves.
+It s almost like magic.
+Physicists and chemists have had nearly a century
+of trying to get used to this weirdness.
+I don t blame the biologists
+for not having to or wanting to learn quantum mechanics.
+You see, this weirdness is very delicate;
+and we physicists work very hard to maintain it in our labs.
+We cool our system down to near absolute zero,
+we carry out our experiments in vacuums,
+ Ash, have you ever been to the Castro?
+That s very different from the warm, messy, noisy environment of a living cell.
+So we have this paradox,
+seems to have done very well in describing all the processes of life
+in terms of chemistry -- chemical reactions.
+who had nearly died in prison
+So you can imagine that if you are a generic company
+and if we can forget about quantum mechanics in the macro world,
+and ache to go back home.
+Well, one man begged to differ with this idea.
+Erwin Schrödinger, of Schrödinger s Cat fame,
+was an Austrian physicist.
+He was one of the founders of quantum mechanics in the 1920s.
+In 1944, he wrote a book called What is Life?
+It was tremendously influential.
+It influenced Francis Crick and James Watson,
+the discoverers of the double-helix structure of DNA.
+He s okay. His skull is quite strong.
+At the molecular level, living organisms have a certain order,
+a structure to them that s very different
+I love that because there is like a whole demographic: unattached hiccuppers.
+is a somewhat touchy subject.
+In fact, living matter seems to behave in this order, in a structure,
+just like inanimate matter cooled down to near absolute zero,
+The male of this species has a massive brain
+So, Schrödinger speculated that maybe quantum mechanics plays a role in life.
+It s a very speculative, far-reaching idea,
+and it didn t really go very far.
+But as I mentioned at the start,
+in the last 10 years, there have been experiments emerging,
+showing where some of these certain phenomena in biology
+I want to share with you just a few of the exciting ones.
+from an especially attractive male,
+quantum tunneling.
+The box on the left shows the wavelike, spread-out distribution
+of a quantum entity -- a particle, like an electron,
+The system should allow for that,
+It s a wave that has a certain probability of being able to permeate
+through a solid wall, like a phantom leaping through to the other side.
+any medicines for rare and orphan diseases,
+Quantum tunneling suggests that a particle can hit an impenetrable barrier,
+and yet somehow, as though by magic,
+disappear from one side and reappear on the other.
+The nicest way of explaining it is if you want to throw a ball over a wall,
+you have to give it enough energy to get over the top of the wall.
+you can throw it at the wall, and there s a certain non-zero probability
+Fears of my bed,
+This isn t speculation, by the way.
+We re happy -- well, happy is not the right word --
+(Laughter)
+we are familiar with this.
+(Laughter)
+Quantum tunneling takes place all the time;
+It has two big differences
+The particles fuse together,
+and the Sun turns hydrogen into helium through quantum tunneling.
+Back in the 70s and 80s, it was discovered that quantum tunneling also takes place
+inside living cells.
+Enzymes, those workhorses of life, the catalysts of chemical reactions --
+enzymes are biomolecules that speed up chemical reactions in living cells,
+by many, many orders of magnitude.
+And it s always been a mystery how they do this.
+Well, it was discovered
+that one of the tricks that enzymes have evolved to make use of,
+is by transferring subatomic particles, like electrons and indeed protons,
+from one part of a molecule to another via quantum tunneling.
+Those are her daughters, the eggs.
+a proton can disappear from one place, and reappear on the other.
+So hopefully I can improve on that.
+This is research that s been carried out back in the 80s,
+and I don t exclude myself,
+Other groups in the UK have now also confirmed
+have certainly been in that position,
+Research carried out by my group --
+so as I mentioned, I m a nuclear physicist,
+but I ve realized I ve got these tools of using quantum mechanics
+in atomic nuclei, and so can apply those tools in other areas as well.
+One question we asked
+is whether quantum tunneling plays a role in mutations in DNA.
+Again, this is not a new idea; it goes all the way back to the early 60s.
+The two strands of DNA, the double-helix structure,
+are held together by rungs; it s like a twisted ladder.
+And those rungs of the ladder are hydrogen bonds --
+protons, that act as the glue between the two strands.
+So if you zoom in, what they re doing is holding these large molecules --
+nucleotides -- together.
+Zoom in a bit more.
+So, this a computer simulation.
+The two white balls in the middle are protons,
+and you can see that it s a double hydrogen bond.
+One prefers to sit on one side; the other, on the other side
+of the two strands of the vertical lines going down, which you can t see.
+It can happen that these two protons can hop over.
+Watch the two white balls.
+They can jump over to the other side.
+If the two strands of DNA then separate, leading to the process of replication,
+and the two protons are in the wrong positions,
+this can lead to a mutation.
+This has been known for half a century.
+The question is: How likely are they to do that,
+and if they do, how do they do it?
+Do they jump across, like the ball going over the wall?
+Some think it s too many calories consumed.
+Early indications suggest that quantum tunneling can play a role here.
+We still don t know yet how important it is;
+this is still an open question.
+It s speculative,
+but it s one of those questions that is so important
+that if quantum mechanics plays a role in mutations,
+surely this must have big implications,
+but to you, as citizens.
+possibly even those that lead to turning a cell cancerous.
+Another example of quantum mechanics in biology is quantum coherence,
+in one of the most important processes in biology,
+photosynthesis: plants and bacteria taking sunlight,
+It becomes the rainstorm.
+Quantum coherence is the idea of quantum entities multitasking.
+It s the quantum skier.
+And finally, well, there are those who believe
+so that it doesn t just move in one direction or the other,
+but can follow multiple pathways at the same time.
+Some years ago, the world of science was shocked
+when a paper was published showing experimental evidence
+that quantum coherence takes place inside bacteria,
+carrying out photosynthesis.
+The idea is that the photon, the particle of light, the sunlight,
+And I want to tell you now an experiment,
+reporting harassment,
+and I read to them, and I saw that they responded to my work.
+it follows multiple pathways at once,
+to optimize the most efficient way of reaching the reaction center
+without dissipating as waste heat.
+Quantum coherence taking place inside a living cell.
+A remarkable idea,
+I m going to make your lives easy this afternoon
+confirming that this does indeed take place.
+My third and final example is the most beautiful, wonderful idea.
+Thank you very much.
+The European robin migrates from Scandinavia
+down to the Mediterranean, every autumn,
+there s now a new person in town
+they navigate by sensing the Earth s magnetic field.
+Now, the Earth s magnetic field is very, very weak;
+it s 100 times weaker than a fridge magnet,
+and yet it affects the chemistry -- somehow -- within a living organism.
+That s not in doubt -- a German couple of ornithologists,
+Wolfgang and Roswitha Wiltschko, in the 1970s, confirmed that indeed,
+the robin does find its way by somehow sensing the Earth s magnetic field,
+to give it directional information -- a built-in compass.
+The puzzle, the mystery was: How does it do it?
+Well, the only theory in town --
+we don t know if it s the correct theory, but the only theory in town --
+is that it does it via something called quantum entanglement.
+Inside the robin s retina --
+I kid you not -- inside the robin s retina is a protein called cryptochrome,
+which is light-sensitive.
+Within cryptochrome, a pair of electrons are quantum-entangled.
+Now, quantum entanglement is when two particles are far apart,
+and yet somehow remain in contact with each other.
+Even Einstein hated this idea;
+he called it spooky action at a distance.
+(Laughter)
+So if Einstein doesn t like it, then we can all be uncomfortable with it.
+Two quantum-entangled electrons within a single molecule
+dance a delicate dance
+and I m glad to share with you
+in the Earth s magnetic field.
+We don t know if it s the correct explanation,
+but wow, wouldn t it be exciting if quantum mechanics helps birds navigate?
+Quantum biology is still in it infancy.
+It s still speculative.
+But I believe it s built on solid science.
+I also think that in the coming decade or so,
+we re going to start to see that actually, it pervades life --
+that life has evolved tricks that utilize the quantum world.
+(Laughter) (Applause)
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+I was raised by lesbians in the mountains,
+One seventh of the Earth s population
+I ll start with when I was eight years old.
+they generally have one of two reactions.
+And I thought some strange humanoids or aliens in 500 years would find this box
+around 180 billion dollars in today s money,
+Anyway, this is kind of funny,
+Now, at some point I was in Hawaii --
+And I took a dictionary and I ripped it up,
+And so what if you could design and build electronics
+He brought up Facebook, and he said,
+So we need a new fire.
+So what did I do? I built more boxes.
+This time, I started putting electronics, frogs,
+So I started drawing around the objects,
+The Amazon is the lung of the world,
+you realize that in the periods in which we have a lot of money,
+It was really fun; I was just drawing on the layers of resin.
+recovered thanks to this wonder drug, penicillin.
+cyber can make all of these things impossible.
+Let s pick a bit of data from
+And this really worked, because I could stop using the resin.
+So I did this for years,
+but to the officers as well.
+which also makes it an ideal target to go into
+and often, the mind gravitates in the past
+with financial factors into the investment process.
+It s 18 feet long.
+It s kind of weird.
+you guys go on down there.
+Make a wish. (Blowing noise)
+but her bed was still covered with stuffed animals.
+had built up and built up in the Yellowstone Park,
+after spending 20 years in search of these molecules,
+about these buildings as an extension or an expansion of my artistic practice?
+Anyway, this is a lady creature.
+So that s one side of The Triptych.
+It s a little narrative thing.
+it s kind of computer music.
+And instead of applying feeble human minds
+Then she has an 18-foot-long serpent s tail that connects The Triptych.
+Anyway, her tail catches on fire from the back of the volcano.
+and said, That s it.
+Her tail terminates in a cycloptic eyeball,
+of my society.
+killed by Muslim fundamentalists.
+and since not many people tried to cross during the day,
+so that s a really different outcome
+whether it s encyclopedias or dictionaries or magazines.
+And you kind of walk through them. It s taking me years.
+This one has a little cave in his chest.
+That s his head; there s the chest, you can kind of see the beginning.
+who fell kind of between-the-lines --
+rather than a sick-care system,
+That s a body getting split in half.
+This one has two heads,
+You can see the pills coming out,
+and learned more and more complex things
+This brings you to my latest box.
+It s a brick box. It s called Pioneer Works.
+Together, the central banks of the U.S.,
+and you ask them why did they sign up.
+We shake this box up,
+so help if we needed it was nowhere to be found.
+We re all really made up of the same stuff, in the same box.
+a constant state. And here s another thing that happened.
+Thank you very much.
+(Applause)
+For more than 100 years,
+isn t just about stop signs and traffic signals.
+they re beautiful,
+But as in so many other industries,
+In my husband s homeland
+I want that to sink in for a second:
+Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.
+It was the bedtime of my son, Aboody.
+And I was there to study their brains.
+and I went to the doctor.
+The tech industry around the world tends to operate under similar assumptions
+that hacks into the surveillance system of the telephone companies.
+and I worked on many stories.
+For example, many of you might have an iPhone,
+and if you use an iPhone to send a text message
+Likewise, if you use FaceTime to make an audio call
+WhatsApp, which is now owned by Facebook
+and the crazy thing is that everybody just assumes,
+Let s assume you go to the Caribbean,
+So, after 100 years of being able to listen to any telephone call --
+failed Patrick, Debbie and Wael,
+What upsets them the most
+It s the default piece that matters.
+by fecal particles that are on his fingers and feet.
+Now, look -- I m extremely sympathetic to their point of view.
+But those surveillance features come at a cost.
+The reason for that is
+that there is no such thing as a terrorist laptop,
+We all use the same communications devices.
+Pete, you have ALS.
+But as you can also see, projected going forward,
+So choreography can be taught physically over distance
+that are wiretap friendly?
+So the scenario of hacking of surveillance systems that I ve described --
+In 2009,
+By the same token,
+The foreign government or hackers who did that were never caught.
+And really, this gets to the very problem with these surveillance features,
+So I think you can imagine all the cool things that we could do
+We found out that our three roommates -- Nawroz, Jaffar and Shabbir --
+And so for that reason, I think that it s better
+Yes, this means that in the future,
+catching bad guys.
+So what do I say?
+About eight hours later,
+Thank you.
+HG: Indeed! It was the 17.
+you just might not realize how strong and how secure those tools are,
+And so, my message to you is this:
+We need to use these tools.
+We need to secure our telephone calls.
+or a flag of convenience.
+I want you to use these tools.
+I want you to tell your loved ones, I want you to tell your colleagues:
+(Applause)
+This is a painting from the 16th century from Lucas Cranach the Elder.
+It shows the famous Fountain of Youth.
+If you drink its water or you bathe in it, you will get health and youth.
+Every culture, every civilization has dreamed of finding eternal youth.
+There are people like Alexander the Great or Ponce De León, the explorer,
+They didn t find it.
+But what if there was something to it?
+Location information can be very sensitive.
+than your average supermassive black hole.
+in a recent number of studies about growing,
+that animals -- old mice -- that share a blood supply with young mice
+This is similar to what you might see in humans, in Siamese twins,
+But what Tom Rando, a stem-cell researcher, reported in 2007,
+This was reproduced by Amy Wagers at Harvard a few years later,
+But what I m most excited about, and several other labs as well,
+And if we used the same software on the right video,
+I decided I would read poetry from all over the world,
+who has been very well engaged by a criminal organization,
+Three is a hip-hop kind of number.
+And I repeat:
+So when we get older --
+from the city centers and from their jobs,
+And up to around age 50 or 60, these functions are all intact,
+Now, one in three people living in cities today
+The poet Frank O Hara said,
+We know that with age, the connections between neurons --
+Suddenly, infections that had been a death sentence
+so if you were to take the lid off that bottle,
+appreciation and gratitude.
+One big problem we have -- to try to understand how this really works
+trying to be a people-pleaser, a lack of courage.
+This is what neuropathologists do, for example.
+So, how about we think of the brain as being part of the larger organism.
+Small people wandering about.
+how do we think and feel about them,
+Well frankly, I think that s a stupid aim.
+why they had inevitably won
+Blood is the tissue that not only carries cells that transport oxygen, for example,
+like brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch.
+They gave him a car bomb, they gave him an AK-47,
+and musicians around the world.
+We know that as we get older, the blood changes as well,
+It s like, the separation of church and state.
+it s also about the people.
+because you had video discs,
+And what we noticed first
+And the way this looks is shown in this graph.
+So, on the one axis you see the actual age a person lived,
+And what you see is that there is a pretty good correlation,
+You can see here, the person I highlighted with the green dot
+But more importantly: Is this a person who is maybe at a reduced risk
+was back in 2001, and it didn t go so well.
+On the other hand, the person here, highlighted with the red dot,
+and over time, we would hope to develop this
+happened to be right on top of his face area.
+So what I ve shown you so far is simply correlational, right?
+So what I m going to show you now is very remarkable
+And that s where we come back to this model called parabiosis.
+full only of animals and occasionally
+What we found is quite remarkable.
+They re fascinating creatures.
+find new interfaces,
+And there s less of this bad inflammation.
+But we observed that there are no cells entering the brains of these animals.
+Instead, we ve reasoned, then, that it must be the soluble factors,
+Thank you, Boulder. Enjoy your night. (Applause)
+I couldn t agree more. Science couldn t agree more.
+and as a control, saline,
+and asked, can we again rejuvenate these old mice?
+And to do this, we used a test. It s called a Barnes maze.
+five percent of 20,000 is 1,000.
+So we teach them, over several days,
+So building community among those students, very important.
+This is an old mouse that has memory problems,
+It just looks into every hole, but it didn t form this spacial map
+Okay. Next question.
+And as you noticed, it almost looks around, Where am I? --
+if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,
+Let s say that Brazil
+Celebrity is about a lot of people loving you from a distance,
+Young blood factors can reverse aging,
+And most importantly, humans may have similar factors,
+Old human blood, I didn t show you, does not have this effect;
+So, is this magic transferable to humans?
+We test them cognitively,
+And if that s the case, that could give us hope
+Now we at the Walters Art Museum have followed this example,
+Now, I don t think we will live forever.
+But maybe we discovered
+And if we can turn it back on a little bit,
+you re always going to do it.
+Thank you very much.
+Over the past 10 years,
+And I ve noticed an interesting shift.
+For a long period of time,
+we believed in a natural ranking order in the world around us,
+also known as the great chain of being, or Scala naturae in Latin,
+a top-down structure that normally starts with God at the very top,
+And you can look far back into the past,
+The pilot had already turned the plane around,
+which classified all things known to man in a set of opposing categories,
+like the ones you see behind me.
+But over time, interestingly enough,
+this concept adopted the branching schema of a tree
+in what became known as the Porphyrian tree,
+I only realized we weren t there to document the event
+such a powerful metaphor for conveying information
+that it became, over time, an important communication tool
+they re rippling with different frequencies,
+We can see trees being used to map morality,
+with the popular tree of virtues and tree of vices,
+The city has some of the most beautiful architecture in the world,
+take you to the nearest mental institution.
+in the digital age,
+people don t pay, taxpayers don t pay, for your life
+perhaps the most famous archetype of the tree diagram.
+It is protected by the Antarctic Treaty, signed in 1959.
+Many of you probably even have your own family trees drawn in such a way.
+We can see trees even mapping systems of law,
+the various decrees and rulings of kings and rulers.
+And finally, of course, also a very popular scientific metaphor,
+we can see trees being used to map all species known to man.
+because in many ways, they really embody this human desire
+However, nowadays we are really facing new complex, intricate challenges
+that cannot be understood by simply employing a simple tree diagram.
+and it s currently replacing the tree
+It s really providing us with a new lens to understand the world around us.
+We can see this shift in the way we try to understand the brain.
+While before, we used to think of the brain
+where a given area was responsible for a set of actions and behaviors,
+This is a beautiful snapshot created by the Blue Brain Project,
+And this is only mapping 10 percent of a mammalian neocortex.
+to capture the same thing.
+And Llull was actually the precursor,
+the very first one who created the metaphor of science as a tree,
+all the time programming,
+ Biology is a branch of science,
+If you have an idea, you just go and you make it.
+ Genetics is a branch of science.
+But perhaps the most beautiful of all trees of knowledge, at least for me,
+was created for the French encyclopedia by Diderot and d Alembert in 1751.
+This was really the bastion of the French Enlightenment,
+And it actually maps out all domains of knowledge
+where their living standard improvements are going to come from,
+These are two maps of Wikipedia showing the inter-linkage of articles --
+The object even has its own tutu. (Laughter)
+And the same approach can be applied to technology as well.
+arguably one of the largest rhizomatic structures ever created by man --
+we can really understand how human knowledge is much more intricate
+and interdependent, just like a network.
+They do things in small chunks.
+I m assuming many of you have seen a similar chart as well,
+in your own corporations, or others.
+It s a top-down structure
+is a very nice experience.
+But humans sometimes are, well, actually, all humans are unique in their own way,
+I think the Internet is really changing this paradigm quite a lot.
+This is a fantastic map of online social collaboration
+between Perl developers.
+Perl is a famous programming language,
+And here, you can notice that this is a completely decentralized process --
+there s no leader in this organization,
+it s a network.
+We can also see this interesting shift when we look at terrorism.
+One of the main challenges of understanding terrorism nowadays
+they potentially could be
+where there s no leader leading the whole process.
+And here, you can actually see how visualization is being used.
+when groups of young men came forward
+Interestingly, though, it wasn t just
+And what they did here is, they actually segmented the network
+represented by the vertical layers that you see behind me.
+And the blue lines tie together
+the people that were present in that network year after year.
+So even though there s no leader per se,
+these people are probably the most influential ones in that organization,
+I started examining my city,
+We can also see this shift from trees into networks
+in the way we classify and organize species.
+every hydrostatic skeleton
+which Darwin called the Tree of Life.
+There s actually a letter from Darwin to the publisher,
+to make them faster, easier and seamless for the new customers.
+and computer scientists and researchers
+is a dense network of bacteria,
+and these bacteria are actually tying together
+to what scientists are now calling not the tree of life,
+but the web of life, the network of life.
+when we look at ecosystems around our planet.
+No more do we have these simplified predator-versus-prey diagrams
+This is a much more accurate depiction of an ecosystem.
+will reach the same standard as an office secretary in the West.
+mapping close to 100 species that interact with the codfish
+off the coast of Newfoundland in Canada.
+And I think here, we can really understand the intricate and interdependent nature
+But even though recent, this metaphor of the network,
+is really already adopting various shapes and forms,
+It s almost becoming the syntax of a new language.
+And this is one aspect that truly fascinates me.
+And these are actually 15 different typologies
+has a span of about six to seven objects of attention,
+and it really shows the immense visual diversity of this new metaphor.
+And here is an example.
+On the very top band, you have radial convergence,
+a visualization model that has become really popular over the last five years.
+At the top left, the very first project is a gene network,
+Didn t anyone get that? (Laughter)
+followed by a network of Facebook friends.
+yet they are using the same metaphor, the same visual model,
+to map the never-ending complexities of its own subject.
+And here are a few more examples of the many I ve been collecting,
+of this growing visual taxonomy of networks.
+But networks are not just a scientific metaphor.
+And now we want to share. That s the next step.
+they are in many ways influencing traditional art fields,
+like painting and sculpture,
+and influencing many different artists.
+If those workers run away,
+they re immensely gorgeous --
+they are really becoming a cultural meme,
+and driving a new art movement, which I ve called networkism.
+by making a CD of the songs from the tribe, and some drumbeating.
+This is just one of many examples,
+The example on your left side is IP-mapping,
+And on your right side,
+you have Transient Structures and Unstable Networks by Sharon Molloy,
+using oil and enamel on canvas.
+In honoring this commitment,
+some gorgeous, intricate paintings.
+took place on the Sabbath day,
+On your left side, you have Operation Smile.
+It is a computer-generated map of a social network.
+And on your right side, you have Field 4, by Emma McNally,
+using only graphite on paper.
+Emma McNally is one of the main leaders of this movement,
+and she creates these striking, imaginary landscapes,
+But networkism doesn t happen only in two dimensions.
+And I think the title really says it all -- it s called:
+ Galaxies Forming Along Filaments,
+And I just find this particular project to be immensely powerful.
+It was created by Tomás Saraceno,
+and he occupies these large spaces,
+creates these massive installations using only elastic ropes.
+As you actually navigate that space and bounce along those elastic ropes,
+the entire network kind of shifts, almost like a real organic network would.
+This was created by Japanese artist Chiharu Shiota
+in a piece called In Silence.
+And Chiharu, like Tomás Saraceno, fills these rooms with this dense network,
+that people are going to start doing my show next week, so --
+and it doesn t get reported in the press or in the media
+sometimes even including people, in many of her installations.
+But networks are also not just a new trend,
+Networks really embody notions of decentralization,
+of interconnectedness, of interdependence.
+And this new way of thinking is critical
+from decoding the human brain,
+to understanding the vast universe out there.
+On your left side, you have a snapshot of a neural network of a mouse --
+very similar to our own at this particular scale.
+And on your right side, you have the Millennium Simulation.
+It was the largest and most realistic simulation
+It was able to recreate the history of 20 million galaxies
+in approximately 25 terabytes of output.
+And coincidentally or not,
+and the largest scale of knowledge -- the universe itself --
+The Stasi didn t try to arrest every dissident.
+Because as Bruce Mau once said,
+ When everything is connected to everything else,
+for better or for worse, everything matters.
+(Applause)
+When Patrick Henry, the governor of Virginia,
+and it s cooler than in the movies.
+to the labor force.
+Beyond flying, breathing fire,
+and making hot men spontaneously appear ...
+Usually when I say this, someone says, Spotify!
+[Beautiful]
+Fun fact is that I wrote my personal statement to college
+And I did accepted. So, yeah.
+BL: What are you reading? There are no words there.
+I think in pictures, not words.
+a little boy who, when he gets upset,
+There are many people like me;
+Nikola Tesla, for example,
+with, interestingly, another movie
+all of his inventions -- in his mind, accurately.
+(Laughter)
+I am a bit more primitive,
+(Laughter)
+My brain has the ability to hyper-focus on things that interest me.
+For example, once I had an affair with calculus
+that lasted longer than some celebrity marriages.
+and, you know, people might like it.
+There are some other unusual things about me.
+You may have noticed that I don t have much inflection
+That s why people often confuse me with a GPS.
+(Laughter)
+This can make basic communication a challenge, unless you need directions.
+(Laughter)
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+They re all building cities
+Tourism is one of them, but also media and education,
+You find muscular tubes, modified legs, modified fins,
+(Laughter)
+And I had no idea what she was talking about.
+(Laughter)
+She said, Do that thing, you know, with your eyes,
+ What thing? I asked.
+ You know, squint.
+And so I tried, really.
+It looked something like this.
+but the second day, they ll come and they say,
+I looked like I was searching for Waldo.
+(Laughter)
+to shuttle time forward, and now
+what this tinkering ecosystem is about,
+(Laughter)
+I have Asperger s,
+a high-functioning form of autism
+that impairs the basic social skills one is expected to display.
+It s made life difficult in many ways,
+(Laughter)
+My friends would tell jokes, but I didn t understand them.
+We have very good data since 1962 -- 1960 about --
+My personality switched from being shy and awkward
+to being defiant and cursing out a storm.
+Needless to say, I did not have many friends.
+I was also hypersensitive to texture.
+The feel of water on my skin was like pins and needles,
+and so for years, I refused to shower.
+I can assure you that my hygiene routine is up to standards now, though.
+(Laughter)
+I had to do a lot to get here, and my parents --
+and on top of everything, it made a difficult situation worse.
+And I had to travel 2,000 miles across the country to get treatment,
+but within days of them prescribing a new medication,
+that is an art form
+I became paranoid, and began to hallucinate
+that rotting corpses were coming towards me.
+My family finally rescued me,
+but by that time, I had lost 19 pounds in those three weeks,
+So our building block is carbon nanotubes, for example,
+I transferred to a new treatment center that understood my aversions,
+my trauma, and my social anxiety,
+And after 18 months of hard work,
+I see this incredible speed and scale.
+One of the things with Asperger s is that oftentimes,
+these people have a very complex inner life,
+and I know for myself, I have a very colorful personality,
+rich ideas, and just a lot going on in my mind.
+But there s a gap between where that stands,
+and how I communicate it with the rest of the world.
+And this can make basic communication a challenge.
+Not many places would hire me, due to my lack of social skills,
+(Laughter)
+(Laughter)
+Waffle House is an exceptional 24-hour diner --
+(Laughter)
+It s something that so many girls --
+where you can order your hash browns
+the many ways that someone would dispose of a human corpse ...
+as Bahrain but consumes 100 times less per person.
+Sliced, diced, peppered, chunked, topped, capped, and covered.
+(Laughter)
+As social norms would have it,
+So one time, at 2 am, I was chatting with a waitress, and I asked her,
+and that limits what we are capable of imagining.
+And that search has led me to ancient Greece and ancient Rome.
+about what to do with the vacant property,
+I was destined to be.
+Needless to say, Waffle House did not hire me.
+So in terms of having Asperger s, it can be viewed as a disadvantage,
+and sometimes it is a real pain in the butt,
+but it s also the opposite.
+It s a gift, and it allows me to think innovatively.
+At 19, I won a research competition for my research on coral reefs,
+and I ended up speaking
+at the UN Convention of Biological Diversity,
+presenting this research.
+(Applause)
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+And at 22, I m getting ready to graduate college,
+and I am a co-founder of a biotech company called AutismSees.
+(Applause)
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+But consider what I had to do to get here:
+25 therapists, 11 misdiagnoses, and years of pain and trauma.
+And see now, we tried to introduce
+and I think there is: autism-assistive technology.
+This technology could play an integral role
+Oh my God, everybody can see I m stupid. I didn t get invited to the Christmas party!
+or ASD.
+So, we made a section of the mammary gland of the mouse,
+Saying the word God did not turn this volunteer into a Christian,
+In addition to this, it tracks eye contact through camera
+and simulates a public-speaking and job-interview experience.
+And so maybe one day, Waffle House will hire me,
+after practicing on it some more.
+(Laughter)
+And one of the great things is that I ve used Podium
+to help me prepare for today, and it s been a great help.
+But it s more than that.
+There s more that can be done.
+For people with ASD --
+it has been speculated that many innovative scientists,
+researchers, artists, and engineers have it;
+to try and look about whether we could, in fact, involve
+So it s dealing with the fact that if you have AIDS,
+But the problem that s encountered
+And he didn t just leave it,
+And so, many people with autism are being overlooked every day,
+and they re being taken advantage of.
+So my dream for people with autism is to change that,
+kind of histories of very challenging content,
+in order to survive and prosper in the world.
+I responded to a radio call of a possible
+on stuff which your boss doesn t approve of, isn t in the strategy,
+I am at peace.
+I am free from judgment,
+and so I can do whatever I want, you know?
+I m making out with Brad Pitt, and Angelina is totally cool with it.
+for connection.
+But the goal of autism-assistive technology is bigger than that,
+and more important.
+My goal is to shift people s perspective
+as large as the Earth s orbit,
+in three months from now.
+I mean, look at Temple Grandin, for example.
+And by doing so, we allow people to share their talents with this world
+and move this world forward.
+And then, at two and a half,
+in the real world, in real time.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Thank you.
+that if you want to dispossess a people,
+I want you to, for a moment,
+and how to make a movement.
+But for this pill to get to your head, where the pain is,
+it goes through your stomach, intestines and various other organs first.
+Swallowing pills is the most effective and painless way of delivering
+any medication in the body.
+The downside, though, is that swallowing any medication leads to its dilution.
+he broke my neck.
+When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
+But they are also notorious for their adverse side effects,
+but mostly bad, because they get diluted by the time they get to the blood,
+and worse, by the time they get to the sites
+where it matters most: within the HIV viral reservoirs.
+These areas in the body -- such as the lymph nodes,
+where the virus is sleeping,
+and will not readily get delivered in the blood
+of patients that are under consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
+(Laughter)
+the virus can awake and infect new cells in the blood.
+Now, all this is a big problem in treating HIV with the current drug treatment,
+which is a life-long treatment that must be swallowed by patients.
+The biologist Lewis Wolpert believes
+of visualizing a hypothesis.
+without the risk of drug dilution?
+And in fact, in the late 1980s, the early 1990s,
+Lasers, of course.
+If they can be used for dentistry,
+for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
+including transporting drugs into cells.
+you re going to drink a cup of tea.
+to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
+which open and close almost immediately in HIV-infected cells,
+in order to deliver drugs within them.
+ How is that possible? you may ask.
+Well, we shine a very powerful but super-tiny laser beam
+Now today, we re starting to see robots in our lives.
+while these cells are immersed in liquid containing the drug.
+The laser pierces the cell, while the cell swallows the drug
+in a matter of microseconds.
+Before you even know it,
+And that is that those museums are usually passive,
+Now, we are currently testing this technology in test tubes
+or in Petri dishes,
+but the goal is to get this technology in the human body,
+apply it in the human body.
+Just laying there, eyes glazed over!
+Well, the answer is: through a three-headed device.
+Using the first head, which is our laser,
+we will make an incision in the site of infection.
+Using the second head, which is a camera,
+we meander to the site of infection.
+Finally, using a third head, which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
+we deliver the drugs directly at the site of infection,
+while the laser is again used to poke those cells open.
+Well, this might not seem like much right now.
+But one day, if successful, this technology can lead
+to complete eradication of HIV in the body.
+Yes. A cure for HIV.
+Bonuses, commissions, their own reality show.
+in our case, a cure lead by lasers.
+Systems like the ones that we were creating on the fly
+(Applause)
+There s this quote by activist and punk rock musician Jello Biafra that I love.
+He says, Don t hate the media. Be the media.
+I m an artist.
+and I like the power they hold.
+And B, I hate them and I m terrified of the power they hold.
+I remember watching, in 2003, an interview between Fox News host Tony Snow
+and then-US Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld.
+was a song which people used to sing,
+we moved to Botswana.
+ Well, we re hear about our body counts,
+It s actually Bitcoin.
+And Rumsfeld s answer is,
+ Well, we don t do body counts on other people.
+It s estimated that between 150,000 to one million Iraqis, civilians,
+have died as a result of the US-led invasion in 2003.
+That number is in stark contrast with the 4,486 US service members who died
+during that same window of time.
+and he spoke with great passion about his love of the ocean,
+I wanted to create a monument for the individual civilians
+who died as a result of the invasion.
+Monuments to war, such as Maya Lin s Vietnam Memorial,
+interact differently?
+Very powerful and very one-sided.
+I remember when I was a boy in school,
+How does this happen?
+We don t know the needs of the elderly, the mentally ill.
+And we were told, if we wrote a really good letter,
+the children who had died
+we would get back more than just a simple formed letter as a reply.
+come up with a policy, not after the fact, commenting
+What looks like an everyday, yellow legal tablet of paper
+is actually a monument to the individual Iraqi civilians
+that died as a result of the US invasion.
+ Notepad is an act of protest and an act of commemoration
+disguised as an everyday tablet of paper.
+The lines of the paper, when magnified,
+are revealed to be micro-printed text
+that contains the details, the names, the dates and locations
+of individual Iraqi civilians that died.
+So, for the last 5 years, I ve been taking pads of this paper, tons of this stuff,
+and smuggling it into the stationery supplies
+Their contraception rate -- 29 percent.
+(Laughter)
+(Applause)
+I don t have to tell you guys this is not the place to discuss how I did that.
+(Laughter)
+But also, I ve been meeting one-on-one with members and former members
+Native American. Now I just want to change that guy s race.
+And so, whenever I can, I meet with one of them,
+and I share the project with them.
+And last summer, I had the chance to meet
+with former United States Attorney General and Torture Memo author, Alberto Gonzales.
+(Video) Matt Kenyon: May I give this to you?
+This is a special legal tablet.
+It s actually part of an ongoing art project.
+Alberto Gonzalez: This is a special legal pad?
+The second is the nature of the virus.
+but it s in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art; I m an artist.
+MK: And all of the lines of the paper are actually --
+AG: Are they going to disappear?
+MK: No, they re micro-printed text
+that contains the names of individual Iraqi civilians
+who have died since the invasion of Iraq.
+AG: Yeah. OK.
+we should actually be cutting back on public spending
+(Laughter)
+and one question I have for the audience today is,
+(Laughter)
+and so day after day he was punished
+There s an envelope.
+And please open it.
+The paper you re holding in your hand
+contains the details of Iraqi civilians that died as result of the invasion.
+I d like you to use this paper and write a member of government.
+You can help to smuggle this civilian body count
+into government archives.
+The aircraft, while in flight,
+and this is all across the world, of course --
+every letter that is sent in is archived, filed and recorded.
+Together, we can put this in the mailboxes and under the noses of people in power.
+Everything that s sent in
+eventually becomes part of the permanent archive of our government,
+He found telemarketing work,
+Tom Rielly: So, tell me Matt,
+Matt Kenyon: I d just finished a project
+that dealt with the US Coalition side of the war
+which accumulated, in real time,
+Look at the sky.
+of US service members who had died overseas,
+and each time the Department of Defense or CENTCOM released their data,
+it would stab me in the arm.
+And so, I became aware that there was a spectacle
+associated with our own people who were dying overseas,
+live out this phenomenon?
+were the civilian casualties.
+TR: Thank you so much.
+MK: Thank you.
+(Applause)
+I was here four years ago,
+a place with splendid vistas;
+a place where you can drive just 20 minutes
+how did that change during the last century?
+I don t live there.
+But I did journey on a 27,000-mile trip
+for two years, to the fastest-growing and whitest counties in America.
+What is a Whitopia?
+I define Whitopia in three ways:
+Secondly, the majority of that growth comes from white migrants.
+And third, the Whitopia has an ineffable charm,
+a pleasant look and feel,
+(Laughter)
+To learn how and why Whitopias are ticking,
+I immersed myself for several months apiece in three of them:
+first, St. George, Utah;
+and third, Forsyth County, Georgia.
+First stop, St. George -- a beautiful town of red rock landscapes.
+In the 1850s, Brigham Young dispatched families to St. George
+to grow cotton because of the hot, arid climate.
+And so they called it Utah s Dixie, and the name sticks to this day.
+never again.
+I made detailed spreadsheets of all the power brokers in the communities,
+who I needed to meet, where I needed to be,
+and I threw myself with gusto in these communities.
+So I ve connected myself into the speaker.
+I went to poker nights.
+In St. George, I rented a home at the Entrada,
+one of the town s premier gated communities.
+There were no Motel 6 s or Howard Johnsons for me.
+I lived in Whitopia as a resident, and not like a visitor.
+The spiral eddy that trails a paddle on a rafting trip.
+(Laughter)
+(Applause)
+Golf is the perfect seductive symbol of Whitopia.
+When I went on my journey,
+I had barely ever held a golf club.
+like a shell made of concrete
+(Laughter)
+Golf helps people bond.
+And I remember walking through the halls
+Where did this all begin?
+that had no minority members.
+I wish I d had the courage to express my true self.
+(Laughter)
+that use the light from the inside of the building
+how to cast my line and what bait to use.
+I also played poker every weekend.
+It was Texas Hold em with a $10 buy-in.
+My poker mates may have been bluffing about the hands that they drew,
+but they weren t bluffing about their social beliefs.
+which in Chinese, by the way, means the beautiful country.
+during my journey were at the poker table.
+It was a shameful thing for him to carry the rest of his life.
+I love to cook, I hosted many dinner parties, and in return,
+And the purity of the music makes you hear it
+and to their barbecues, and to their pool parties,
+and to their birthday parties.
+how radial they are -- all information that may not be
+Immigration turned out to be a big issue in this Whitopia.
+The St. George s Citizens Council on Illegal Immigration
+held regular and active protests against immigration,
+and so what I gleaned from this Whitopia is what a hot debate this would become.
+It was a real-time preview, and so it has become.
+Next stop: Almost Heaven, a cabin I rented for myself
+When Sami Osmakac attempted to deliver what he thought
+(Laughter)
+So let s give this a try.
+it s a gorgeous paradise for huntsmen, boatmen and fishermen.
+I golfed with retired LAPD cops.
+I m not criticizing this and I m not saying
+fled Los Angeles after the L.A. racial unrest,
+for North Idaho, and they ve built an expatriated community.
+Given the conservatism of these cops,
+So the second thing we learned, and this leads
+In fact, it is said, North Idaho has more gun dealers than gas stations.
+So what s a resident to do to fit in?
+I hit the gun club.
+When I rented a gun, the gentleman behind the counter
+was perfectly pleasant and kind,
+as we shared our innermost thoughts, our fears,
+That s when he got nervous.
+one of them might engage you more than anything else,
+ I know my boyfriend s no good for me,
+that can permeate a community when so many cops and guns are around.
+In North Idaho, in my red pickup truck,
+I kept a notepad.
+And in that notepad I counted more Confederate flags than black people.
+in different countries and at different times.
+on key chains, on cellphone paraphernalia,
+and on cars.
+About a seven-minute drive from my hidden lake cabin
+was the compound of Aryan Nations,
+The entire project cost about 1.6 billion dollars,
+America s Promise Ministries, the religious arm of Aryan Nations,
+happened to have a three-day retreat during my visit.
+So I decided to crash it.
+(Laughter)
+I m the only non-Aryan journalist I m aware of ever to have done so.
+(Laughter)
+Among the many memorable episodes of that retreat...
+(Laughter)
+gives us crucial information
+No texting, no Twitter, no Facebook.
+We don t think we re better than you,
+we just want to be away from you.
+(Laughter)
+Indeed, most white people in Whitopia are neither white supremacists
+or white separatists;
+in fact, they re not there for explicitly racial reasons at all.
+as we started to progressively inject technology
+That s not an improbable sample.
+reasons that they implicitly associate to whiteness in itself.
+Next stop was Georgia.
+(Laughter)
+In Utah, I found poker;
+in Idaho, I found guns;
+in Georgia, I found God.
+If you want to change a person, change the situation.
+and if you can t grow, you can t possibly solve large social problems.
+was to become active at First Redeemer Church,
+I did it for your own good.
+to escort the congregants around its many parking lots on campus.
+I was active in the youth ministry.
+And for me, personally, I was more comfortable in this Whitopia
+than say, in a Colorado, or an Idaho, or even a suburban Boston.
+then there s no reason to believe
+I was less exotic in this Whitopia.
+(Laughter)
+But what does it all mean?
+Whitopian dreaming, Whitopia migration, is a push-pull phenomenon,
+full of alarming pushes and alluring pulls,
+and Whitopia operates at the level of conscious and unconscious bias.
+It s possible for people to be in Whitopia not for racist reasons,
+though it has racist outcomes.
+Many Whitopians feel pushed by illegals,
+social welfare abuse, minorities, density, crowded schools.
+For me, it s all about looking at the Internet in an entirely new way,
+freedom, the allure of privatism -- privatized places, privatized people,
+privatized things.
+We do everything we do, but it seems that driving while black,
+without racists.
+and take a look at what s outside.
+couldn t believe I would go on such a venture.
+And do you mind, can you take some cards and shuffle?
+and that now you re seeing truly.
+are vastly better than in my parents generation.
+Can you imagine me going to Whitopia 40 years ago?
+take a picture, triangulate the location,
+(Laughter)
+And yet, some things haven t changed.
+They often are people who have actually been faithful for decades,
+So you re folding up, you re making yourself small.
+As Americans, we often find ways to cook for each other,
+to dance with each other,
+to host with each other,
+but why can t that translate into how we treat each other as communities?
+It s a devastating irony,
+how we have gone forward as individuals,
+and backwards as communities.
+One of the Whitopian outlooks that really hit me
+was a proverbial saying:
+Okay, maybe they don t think that they will make it
+50 black men is a ghetto.
+One of the big contexts animating my Whitopian journey was the year 2042.
+By 2042, white people will no longer be the American majority.
+and drop it on the ground.
+In looking at this,
+like the prototype you see there,
+and let me tell you that this was the first time
+I ventured on my two-year, 27,000 mile journey
+to learn where, why, and how white people are fleeing,
+but I do think most people want to have some control
+So now, you re going to follow the line all the way from B to E.
+I don t expect I ll be living in a Whitopia --
+or a Blacktopia, for that matter.
+you can rearrange the parts, you can glue them
+(Laughter)
+And I ll just have to leave the guns and megachurches back in Whitopia.
+but I don t think the ants can help us much with this
+(Applause)
+First, a video.
+I ve been studying non-state armed groups:
+armed organizations like terrorists, insurgents or militias.
+this sight
+My goal is to better understand these violent actors
+and to study ways to encourage transition from violent engagement
+to nonviolent confrontation.
+I work in the field, in the policy world and in the library.
+Understanding non-state armed groups is key to solving most ongoing conflict,
+because war has changed.
+It used to be a contest between states.
+No longer.
+For example, of the 216 peace agreements
+signed between 1975 and 2011,
+196 of them were between a state and a non-state actor.
+So we need to understand these groups; we need to either engage them
+(Laughter)
+So how do we do that?
+We need to know what makes these organizations tick.
+but because the molecule that synchronizes them together can only travel so fast,
+but no one looks at what they re doing when they re not fighting.
+Yet, armed struggle and unarmed politics are related.
+It is all part of the same organization.
+We cannot understand these groups, let alone defeat them,
+if we don t have the full picture.
+And armed groups today are complex organizations.
+Take the Lebanese Hezbollah,
+figure out what is the best angle to take and what is the stuff that they want to hear.
+But since its creation in the early 1980s,
+Hezbollah has also set up a political party,
+a social-service network, and a military apparatus.
+Similarly, the Palestinian Hamas,
+known for its suicide attacks against Israel,
+also runs the Gaza Strip since 2007.
+So these groups do way more than just shoot.
+They multi-task.
+They set up complex communication machines --
+radio stations, TV channels,
+Internet websites and social media strategies.
+And up here, you have the ISIS magazine,
+printed in English and published to recruit.
+Armed groups also invest in complex fund-raising --
+not looting, but setting up profitable businesses;
+for example, construction companies.
+Now, these activities are keys.
+They allow these groups to increase their strength,
+increase their funds,
+to better recruit and to build their brand.
+Armed groups also do something else:
+they build stronger bonds with the population
+by investing in social services.
+They build schools, they run hospitals,
+they set up vocational-training programs or micro-loan programs.
+If you need surgery, you want to be operated on
+Armed groups also seek to win the population over
+was that we knew that all over the world,
+safety and security.
+it was a determining factor.
+In fact, they did implode the factory.
+Now, unfortunately, in these cases,
+the provision of security came at an unbearably high price
+But in general, providing social services fills a gap,
+a governance gap left by the government,
+and allows these groups to increase their strength
+and their power.
+For example, the 2006 electoral victory of the Palestinian Hamas
+cannot be understood without acknowledging the group s social work.
+Now, this is a really complex picture,
+yet in the West, when we look at armed groups,
+we only think of the violent side.
+into our country as well, and 90 percent of this energy today
+These groups are hybrid.
+And although a lot of that is about energy,
+and they emerge to be both armed and political,
+engage in violent struggle and provide governance.
+And the more these organizations are complex and sophisticated,
+the less we can think of them as the opposite of a state.
+Now, what do you call a group like Hezbollah?
+as one of the few places where I could organize
+they pick up the garbage, they run the sewage system.
+Is this a state? Is it a rebel group?
+And what about ISIS?
+The lines are blurred.
+We re working on the open-source tools
+the more non-state actors step in and fill that gap.
+This matters for governments, because to counter these groups,
+they will have to invest more in non-military tools.
+Filling that governance gap
+or autistic people to try and make them this normal,
+to shout out some random numbers.
+If we better understand armed groups,
+we will better know what incentives to offer
+to encourage the transition from violence to nonviolence.
+is that because I m walking over the sea,
+military power can win some battles,
+but it will not give us peace nor stability.
+of what Gabby Giffords was like growing up.
+but if you go to an office
+in filling that governance gap
+that allowed these groups to thrive in the first place.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+The most important thing to know about prehistoric humans
+is that they were unimportant.
+Their impact on the world was not much greater than that of jellyfish
+or fireflies or woodpeckers.
+Today, in contrast, we control this planet.
+So today, computer viruses and trojans,
+How did we come from there to here?
+How did we turn ourselves from insignificant apes,
+What happens, though, is people say to me,
+Usually, we look for the difference between us and all the other animals
+on the individual level.
+We want to believe -- I want to believe --
+that there is something special about me,
+about my body, about my brain,
+that makes me so superior to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
+But the truth is that, on the individual level,
+strange liquids that behave in very peculiar ways,
+And if you take me and a chimpanzee and put us together on some lonely island,
+and we had to struggle for survival to see who survives better,
+Interesting idea.
+And this is not something wrong with me personally.
+it s probably because you didn t know what to look for --
+with a chimpanzee on some island,
+the chimpanzee would do much better.
+is not on the individual level;
+it s on the collective level.
+I think this is a really important conversation
+that can cooperate both flexibly and in very large numbers.
+and then letting it cool down and solidifying in a certain state.
+All the while, we also wanted to give back
+It was dinnertime,
+Their cooperation is very rigid.
+not just high, record.
+And, you know, it could have worked.
+MT: So over here is low tide,
+They cannot, for example, execute the queen
+is 10,000 times more calculations.
+or a communist dictatorship of worker bees.
+Other animals, like the social mammals --
+the wolves, the elephants, the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
+they can cooperate much more flexibly,
+but they do so only in small numbers,
+because cooperation among chimpanzees
+is based on intimate knowledge, one of the other.
+I m a chimpanzee and you re a chimpanzee,
+Asma was referring to the rise of religious fundamentalism in the region,
+I need to know you personally.
+don t buy products in bulk.
+and that s why our full sense of self
+Are you trustworthy?
+If I don t know you, how can I cooperate with you?
+The only animal that can combine the two abilities together
+and cooperate both flexibly and still do so in very large numbers
+is us, Homo sapiens.
+One versus one, or even 10 versus 10,
+chimpanzees might be better than us.
+But, if you pit 1,000 humans against 1,000 chimpanzees,
+They re sort of biological windows that light up
+that a thousand chimpanzees cannot cooperate at all.
+And if you now try to cram 100,000 chimpanzees
+into Oxford Street, or into Wembley Stadium,
+or Tienanmen Square or the Vatican,
+Just imagine Wembley Stadium with 100,000 chimpanzees.
+Complete madness.
+In contrast, humans normally gather there in tens of thousands,
+When I say human trafficking,
+What we get is extremely sophisticated and effective networks of cooperation.
+All the huge achievements of humankind throughout history,
+was traveling folk theater that would come through the town
+have been based not on individual abilities,
+but on this ability to cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
+Think even about this very talk that I m giving now:
+I m standing here in front of an audience of about 300 or 400 people,
+most of you are complete strangers to me.
+Similarly, I don t really know all the people who have organized
+and worked on this event.
+I don t know the pilot and the crew members of the plane
+that brought me over here, yesterday, to London.
+I don t know the people who invented and manufactured
+this microphone and these cameras, which are recording what I m saying.
+I don t know the people who wrote all the books and articles
+that I read in preparation for this talk.
+somewhere in Buenos Aires or in New Delhi.
+Nevertheless, even though we don t know each other,
+we can work together to create this global exchange of ideas.
+This is something chimpanzees cannot do.
+in the space during different times of day.
+but you will never catch a chimpanzee traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
+to give them a talk about bananas or about elephants,
+or anything else that might interest chimpanzees.
+Now cooperation is, of course, not always nice;
+well, it exists far beyond the shores of countries
+discuss the ideas, plot revolution.
+all those things are also based on large-scale cooperation.
+Prisons are a system of cooperation;
+slaughterhouses are a system of cooperation;
+(Applause)
+Chimpanzees don t have slaughterhouses and prisons and concentration camps.
+I took this to those same teens, because those teens are
+we control the world because we can cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
+The next question that immediately arises
+in the mind of an inquisitive listener is:
+The laws have some sort of ontological power or clout
+What enables us alone, of all the animals, to cooperate in such a way?
+The answer is our imagination.
+We can cooperate flexibly with countless numbers of strangers,
+because we alone, of all the animals on the planet,
+can create and believe fictions, fictional stories.
+And as long as everybody believes in the same fiction,
+everybody obeys and follows the same rules,
+the same norms, the same values.
+and we evolved a giant medical establishment
+only to describe reality.
+A chimpanzee may say, Look! There s a lion, let s run away!
+Or, Look! There s a banana tree over there! Let s go and get bananas!
+Humans, in contrast, use their language not merely to describe reality,
+but also to create new realities, fictional realities.
+A human can say, Look, there is a god above the clouds!
+With a flip of the switch you create a bubble around you
+in serious places like, you know, the Large Hadron Collider.
+then you will follow the same norms and laws and values,
+and you can cooperate.
+This is something only humans can do.
+All of this superintelligence could develop, and possibly quite rapidly.
+by promising him, ... after you die, you ll go to chimpanzee heaven ...
+you don t fly.
+ ... and you ll receive lots and lots of bananas for your good deeds.
+from Britain, and I said,
+No chimpanzee will ever believe such a story.
+Only humans believe such stories,
+which is why we control the world,
+whereas the chimpanzees are locked up in zoos and research laboratories.
+Now you may find it acceptable that yes,
+It requires effort and investment,
+Millions of people come together to build a cathedral or a mosque
+or fight in a crusade or a jihad, because they all believe in the same stories
+underlies all other forms of mass-scale human cooperation,
+not only in the religious field.
+Take, for example, the legal field.
+Most legal systems today in the world are based on a belief in human rights.
+But what are human rights?
+Human rights, just like God and heaven, are just a story that we ve invented.
+They are not an objective reality;
+they are not some biological effect about homo sapiens.
+Take a human being, cut him open, look inside,
+you will find the heart, the kidneys, neurons, hormones, DNA,
+with computers, only really slowly. (Laughter)
+The only place you find rights are in the stories
+that we have invented and spread around over the last few centuries.
+They may be very positive stories, very good stories,
+and then we are going to get the answer came for.
+The same is true of the political field.
+♪ And it s time for a man to put down roots ♪
+But what are states and nations?
+They are not an objective reality.
+A mountain is an objective reality.
+You can see it, you can touch it, you can ever smell it.
+But a nation or a state,
+like Israel or Iran or France or Germany,
+this is just a story that we ve invented
+and became extremely attached to.
+The same is true of the economic field.
+are companies and corporations.
+Many of you today, perhaps, work for a corporation,
+like Google or Toyota or McDonald s.
+ I was handsome, he said.
+They are what lawyers call legal fictions.
+They are stories invented and maintained
+by the powerful wizards we call lawyers.
+(Laughter)
+And what do corporations do all day?
+Mostly, they try to make money.
+Yet, what is money?
+Again, money is not an objective reality; it has no objective value.
+fight, not on the playground,
+Look at it -- it has no value.
+You cannot eat it, you cannot drink it,
+to the security lanes in airports.
+But then came along these master storytellers --
+the big bankers,
+the finance ministers,
+the prime ministers --
+and they tell us a very convincing story:
+they can now create something together.
+It is actually worth 10 bananas.
+and everybody believes it,
+it actually works.
+I can take this worthless piece of paper,
+I m going to use more vibrato
+give it to a complete stranger whom I ve never met before,
+and get, in exchange, real bananas which I can actually eat.
+This is something amazing.
+You could never do it with chimpanzees.
+Chimpanzees trade, of course:
+ Yes, you give me a coconut, I ll give you a banana.
+That can work.
+But, you give me a worthless piece of paper
+is not progress.
+No way!
+What do you think I am, a human?
+and in the process, it dropped homicide by 70 percent in just over 10 years.
+Money, in fact, is the most successful story
+ever invented and told by humans,
+because it is the only story everybody believes.
+Not everybody believes in God,
+not everybody believes in human rights,
+not everybody believes in nationalism,
+but everybody believes in money, and in the dollar bill.
+What can I do?
+He hated American politics and American religion
+and American culture,
+but he had no objection to American dollars.
+He was quite fond of them, actually.
+(Laughter)
+We humans control the world because we live in a dual reality.
+All other animals live in an objective reality.
+Their reality consists of objective entities,
+to get good clinical outcomes.
+there s something wrong with you,
+In our world, too, there are rivers and trees and lions and elephants.
+But over the centuries,
+we have constructed on top of this objective reality
+a reality made of fictional entities,
+like nations, like gods, like money, like corporations.
+And what is amazing is that as history unfolded,
+this fictional reality became more and more powerful
+so that today, the most powerful forces in the world
+are these fictional entities.
+Today, the very survival of rivers and trees and lions and elephants
+depends on the decisions and wishes of fictional entities,
+ My printer prints a blank page after every document.
+And she kind of looked down the list, and she said,
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Bruno Giussani: Yuval, you have a new book out.
+After Sapiens, you wrote another one,
+Adrianne lost her left leg in the Boston terrorist attack.
+Yuval Noah Harari: I m working on the translation as we speak.
+I ve had enough hearing about competitive countries.
+you argue that the amazing breakthroughs that we are experiencing right now
+not only will potentially make our lives better,
+but they will create -- and I quote you --
+ ... new classes and new class struggles, just as the industrial revolution did.
+Can you elaborate for us?
+YNH: Yes. In the industrial revolution,
+from around the world that are studying that topic,
+And much of the political and social history of the last 200 years involved
+what to do with this class, and the new problems and opportunities.
+Now, we see the creation of a new massive class of useless people.
+(Laughter)
+As computers become better and better in more and more fields,
+there is a distinct possibility that computers will out-perform us
+in most tasks and will make humans redundant.
+of the 21st century will be,
+ What do we need humans for? ,
+or at least, What do we need so many humans for?
+YNH: At present, the best guess we have is to keep them happy
+And he d tell me how he s leaving his wife,
+(Laughter)
+but this doesn t sound like a very appealing future.
+that both society and its lawyers
+that for all the discussion about the growing evidence
+of significant economic inequality, we are just kind of at the beginning
+of the process?
+YNH: Again, it s not a prophecy;
+it s seeing all kinds of possibilities before us.
+One possibility is this creation of a new massive class of useless people.
+Another possibility is the division of humankind
+into different biological castes,
+with the rich being upgraded into virtual gods,
+and the poor being degraded to this level of useless people.
+BG: I feel there is another TED talk coming up in a year or two.
+YNH: Thanks!
+you filed a criminal complaint
+We re going to begin in 1964.
+in my hometown of Gabés, in the south of Tunisia,
+I never thought that graffiti would bring so much attention to a city.
+At the beginning, I was just looking for a wall in my hometown,
+when anyone could become a storyteller in front of the dancing flames.
+And for 18 years, those 57 meters of concrete stayed grey.
+When I met the imam for the first time, and I told him what I wanted to do,
+he was like, Thank God you finally came,
+and he told me that for years he was waiting for somebody
+to do something on it.
+The most amazing thing about this imam is that he didn t ask me anything --
+neither a sketch, or what I was going to write.
+In every work that I create, I write messages
+with my style of calligraffiti -- a mix of calligraphy and graffiti.
+I use quotes or poetry.
+For the minaret, I thought that the most relevant message
+so I picked this verse:
+ Oh humankind, we have created you from a male and a female,
+and made you people and tribe, so you may know each other.
+It was a universal call for peace, tolerance, and acceptance
+coming from the side that we don t usually portray in a good way in the media.
+I was amazed to see how the local community reacted to the painting,
+and how it made them proud to see the minaret getting so much attention
+from international press all around the world.
+For the imam, it was not just the painting;
+it was really deeper than that.
+and there is no amount of free face painting or temporary tattoos
+and attract people to this forgotten place of Tunisia.
+The universality of the message,
+that are good at bringing our talents to bear,
+and the fact that I was writing Quran in a graffiti way
+were not insignificant.
+we re looking at your bloodstream,
+Bringing people, future generations,
+but out of your cells.
+What is funny, actually, is that even Arabic-speaking people
+So I d like you to image a mining industry
+You don t need to know the meaning to feel the piece.
+I think that Arabic script touches your soul before it reaches your eyes.
+Arabic script speaks to anyone, I believe;
+to you, to you, to you, to anybody,
+and then when you get the meaning,
+you feel connected to it.
+I always make sure to write messages
+and the other is through a handheld camera.
+but messages that have a universal dimension,
+so anybody around the world can connect to it.
+and the tsunami in Japan.
+and I started learning how to write and read Arabic when I was 18.
+and particularly in the developing world, it s where women find opportunities.
+One of the reasons this is so important to me,
+is because of all the reaction that I ve experienced all around the world.
+But there s a problem with this,
+and this is the first fact I just talked about.
+It was about giving us the luxury of time
+The local community were really intrigued by what I was doing,
+but as soon as I gave them the meaning of the calligraphy,
+they thanked me, as they felt connected to the piece.
+In South Africa, in Cape Town,
+the local community of Philippi
+offered me the only concrete wall of the slum.
+It was a school, and I wrote on it
+a quote from Nelson Mandela,
+saying, [in Arabic],
+which means, It seems impossible until it s done.
+Then this guy came to me and said, Man, why you don t write in English?
+and I replied to him, I would consider your concern legit if you asked me
+why I didn t write in Zulu.
+In Paris, once, there was this event,
+And when he saw I was painting in Arabic,
+he got so mad -- actually, hysterical -- and he asked for the wall to be erased.
+I was mad and disappointed.
+everything.
+Maybe, to really be happy, we need to stay completely
+So, this guy --
+(Laughter)
+like, was forced to see it every day.
+At the beginning, I was going to write, [In Arabic],
+which means, In your face, but --
+accelerated expansion a name,
+but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur.
+which means, Open your heart.
+I m really proud of my culture,
+and I m trying to be an ambassador of it through my artwork.
+And I hope that I can break the stereotypes we all know,
+with the beauty of Arabic script.
+Today, I don t write the translation of the message anymore on the wall.
+I don t want the poetry of the calligraphy to be broken,
+as it s art and you can appreciate it without knowing the meaning,
+as you can enjoy any music from other countries.
+Some people see that as a rejection or a closed door,
+but for me, it s more an invitation --
+to my language, to my culture, and to my art.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+are connected to each other through the Internet
+So my father might not understand what it is that I do for a living.
+actually, this will go easier if I just put it up here --
+through poetry.
+that the Rwandan genocide
+Decades later, Rand McNally releases a map
+how hundreds of thousands of people
+Well, you can imagine the delight over at General Drafting.
+So I m going to tell you about one of the projects we ve been working on,
+Because people kept going to that intersection of two dirt roads --
+that I felt I had to say something about it.
+was really a celebration
+It s easy enough to say that the world shapes our maps of the world, right?
+But what I find a lot more interesting is the way
+Now for this, I needed a different craft:
+The world is changed by our maps of the world.
+So they ve got great government finances, great private sector debt.
+in his State of the Union address in 2003
+you ve got to go 1,000 times as far as that,
+Their bodies are chopped up with machetes
+the same techniques that Cicero had used to memorize his speeches,
+and changed the project goals and design.
+from which they could tweet
+I heard about a call coming in of a 70-year-old man
+We weren t anywhere close to the top,
+They literally put nooses on themselves,
+That s not a recipe for a happy life.
+(Music)
+And then, when I was in tenth grade, I went to this school,
+There they are in the school fields, but it s good and evil,
+bizarre, intractable delusions.
+highly jet-lagged, not feeling their finest.
+that were literally built hundreds of years
+I learned that correlation shouldn t be confused with causation --
+are using sanitary pads. The rest, they re using a rag cloth,
+Why do so many men rape other men?
+It s, you know, sailing upon some land, and thinking,
+Allow me to help you answer this question.
+But a lot of the learning that I did in high school
+I went to the hospital library.
+And along the way, the map of my life got better.
+There were two big reasons why our campaign had failed big time.
+It wasn t a formal, organized learning process,
+Mike was driving from Petaluma to San Francisco
+that some infinite sets are larger than other infinite sets,
+but I start by assuming the worst will happen.
+some self that experiences them.
+And then I wrote a book.
+if you really don t want the distracted teenager behind you
+Having that criminal record makes it so much more difficult
+of trying to better understand and map the world around us.
+His name is Ze Frank.
+Ze Frank was running, at the time, a show called The Show with Ze Frank,
+we gotta make this sexy.
+But let me warn you, this is not just about Greece.
+Look at the worldview you ve given yourself.
+and that seems to be about as much as they can do.
+of what happened in American corporate life,
+in movement rules at the individual level
+I realize that these are silly ideas, but they are also learny ideas,
+and that was what was so exciting to me,
+and infrastructure, how do we prioritize the relocation?
+Cooperative development is a way forward.
+In World War II, there were many stories
+meaning Harvard, Princeton, MIT, Stanford, Berkeley,
+In particular, the Higgs field helps explain why it s so weak.
+So you can see in a system like this
+On the question of is the U.S. containing China,
+I accumulated a lot of money when I think about it.
+We are ready.
+there is a problem in our community with lack of opportunity,
+(Video) So you re me, and you re in math class yet again,
+I m proud to tell you,
+is being practiced by doctors whose patients aren t human.
+I don t like being patient when systems are broken,
+They all have more than half a million views on YouTube.
+And I said earlier that YouTube is like a classroom to me,
+This is a huge collaboration.
+It says we don t have a right to our bodies.
+She s been responsible for
+And I know that we all hearken back
+frustrated, frustrated, overwhelmed, depressed.
+and was a part of the air police squadron.
+which affects more than 50,000 people
+cat psychologist, dog whisperer, tornado chaser.
+A couple of seconds later, he asked me,
+ So what do you do?
+And I was like, Peacebuilder?
+Every day, I work to amplify the voices of women
+and to highlight their experiences
+[ Give Your Talk: A Musical ] (Music)
+and because of my work,
+I recognize that the only way to ensure the full participation of women globally
+is by reclaiming religion.
+Now, this matter is vitally important to me.
+As a young Muslim woman, I am very proud of my faith.
+It gives me the strength and conviction to do my work every day.
+And it s that choice that I want to focus on,
+not just my own, but all of the world s major faiths.
+which means a spirit that comes back
+has influenced our social and cultural norms,
+our laws, our daily lives,
+to a point where we sometimes don t recognize it.
+I sort of lived with this idea that when I m grown,
+and I am the middle child of 11 children.
+Yes, 11.
+of how widespread they are in animals.
+both religiously devout and spiritual people,
+that I can possibly make.
+namely me of course, but among others. (Laughter)
+They were kind and funny and patient,
+In the North, the boreal is bordered by the tundra,
+And they were fair.
+I was never subjected to religion through a cultural lens.
+I was treated the same,
+the same was expected of me.
+I said, Sure, we ll come in.
+and provider shaped the way I looked at the world.
+So when I got to graduate school,
+To this day, I am asked where I went to school,
+like, Did you go to Kennedy School of Government?
+and I look at them and I m like, No,
+It s extremely exclusive. You would have to talk to my mom to get in.
+Lucky for you, she s here.
+teaches you a lot about power structures and alliances.
+went to his grandfather when he was very young,
+You have to ask questions in the right way to get the answers you know you want,
+and you have to say no in the right way to keep the peace.
+was the importance of being at the table.
+When my mom s favorite lamp broke, I had to be there when she was trying
+to find out how and by who, because I had to defend myself,
+(Exhales)
+and before you know it, you will be grounded.
+and here it is again:
+When I was 15 in 2005, I completed high school and I moved
+from Canada -- Saskatoon --
+a very traditional city.
+Also, they make a reasonable return,
+and as a seven-year-old girl, it was magic.
+It was ice cream and trips to the beach and really excited relatives.
+I very quickly became introduced to the cultural aspect of religion.
+and his colleagues at Harvard.
+and aib -- meaning culturally inappropriate --
+were exchanged carelessly,
+as if they meant the same thing and had the same consequences.
+And I found myself in conversation after conversation with classmates
+with British adolescents.
+beginning to question my own role and my own aspirations.
+And even with the foundation my parents had provided for me,
+I found myself questioning the role of women in my faith.
+literally took their research to the streets.
+who were innovative, who were strong --
+So why weren t we learning about her?
+Why weren t we learning about these women?
+It was oxygen. I was lucky enough to have studied
+who has suffered a severe trauma,
+and they spend less time thinking about food.
+bring peace and national reconciliation?
+is sitting at the table,
+and unfortunately, in every single world faith,
+they are not women.
+Religious institutions are dominated by men
+and driven by male leadership,
+and they create policies in their likeness,
+and until we can change the system entirely,
+the junior woodchucks like me.
+In 2011, the Libyan revolution broke out, and my family was on the front lines.
+And there s this amazing thing that happens in war,
+a cultural shift almost, very temporary.
+and see how she reacts.
+It was demanded.
+Myself and other women had a seat at the table.
+We weren t holding hands or a medium.
+While he was there, he traveled to Madrid,
+Fair enough.
+Similarly, using a randomized control trial in rural Pakistan,
+Of course, criminals can respond.
+yes, let s try and resolve the politics there in the Middle East,
+minor monarchy, democracy is a thing of value
+most of whom cited religious scripture as their defense.
+I thought that would lead to cultural and social change.
+It turns out, it does a little, but not a lot.
+I decided to use their defense as my offense,
+and it would also increase the quality.
+In 2012 and 2013, my organization led the single largest
+in order to actually tell that story.
+We spoke to 50,000 people directly,
+and hundreds of thousands more through billboards and television commercials,
+radio commercials and posters.
+And you re probably wondering how a women s rights organization
+I used verses from the Quran and sayings of the Prophet,
+both on energy —
+and help us go further than we ever knew we could go.
+ Do not let your brother oppress another.
+For the first time, Friday sermons led by local community imams
+promoted the rights of women.
+Policies were changed.
+as saying the International Human Rights Declaration,
+well, those same principles are in our book.
+So really, the United Nations just copied us.
+and while I am not saying it s easy -- believe me, it s not.
+Liberals will say you re using religion and call you a bad conservative.
+Conservatives will call you a lot of colorful things.
+I ve heard everything from, Your parents must be extremely ashamed of you --
+false; they re my biggest fans --
+to You will not make it to your next birthday --
+again wrong, because I did.
+a very strong believer that women s rights and religion are not mutually exclusive.
+But we have to be at the table.
+We have to stop giving up our position, because by remaining silent,
+we allow for the continued persecution and abuse of women worldwide.
+and fight extremism with bombs and warfare,
+we completely cripple local societies which need to address these issues
+so that they re sustainable.
+You will have your fair share of insults and ridicule and threats.
+Grey Poupon came along, with a Dijon.
+not for us, not for the women in your families,
+not for the women in this room,
+not even for the women out there,
+but for societies that would be transformed
+And the only way we can do that,
+our only option,
+is to be, and remain, at the table.
+This is probably the saddest sound
+In the early days of Twitter, it was like a place of radical de-shaming.
+As my New Year s resolution,
+and other people would say, Oh my God, I m exactly the same.
+Voiceless people realized that they had a voice,
+and it was powerful and eloquent.
+If a newspaper ran some racist or homophobic column,
+we realized we could do something about it.
+We could get them.
+We could hit them with a weapon that we understood but they didn t --
+Advertisers would withdraw their advertising.
+When powerful people misused their privilege,
+about engagement
+but need hugs.
+Hierarchies were being leveled out.
+We were going to do things better.
+Soon after that, a disgraced pop science writer called Jonah Lehrer --
+he d been caught plagiarizing and faking quotes,
+like some Earthlings.
+And he had the opportunity
+to publicly apologize at a foundation lunch.
+This was going to be the most important speech of his life.
+Maybe it would win him some salvation.
+So for example, have you ever noticed
+that the foundation was going to be live-streaming his event,
+but what he didn t know until he turned up,
+was that they d erected a giant screen Twitter feed right next to his head.
+(Laughter)
+then we can do something
+I don t think the foundation did this because they were monstrous.
+I think they were clueless: I think this was a unique moment
+when the beautiful naivety of Twitter
+was hitting the increasingly horrific reality.
+And here were some of the Tweets that were cascading into his eye line,
+as he was trying to apologize:
+ Jonah Lehrer, boring us into forgiving him.
+(Laughter)
+And, Jonah Lehrer has not proven that he is capable of feeling shame.
+That one must have been written by the best psychiatrist ever,
+to know that about such a tiny figure behind a lectern.
+And, Jonah Lehrer is just a frigging sociopath.
+That last word is a very human thing to do, to dehumanize the people we hurt.
+It s because we want to destroy people but not feel bad about it.
+Imagine if this was an actual court,
+and secretly I kind of thought I might be able to learn how to fly,
+and the jury was yelling out,
+ Bored! Sociopath!
+(Laughter)
+So, how do you find a buried city
+with the kindhearted defense attorney,
+but give us the power, and we become like hanging judges.
+but they just needed to know what was happening out in the forest.
+We were getting Jonah because he was perceived to have misused his privilege,
+but Jonah was on the floor then, and we were still kicking,
+so they could access our loans.
+And it began to feel weird and empty when there wasn t a powerful person
+who had misused their privilege that we could get.
+A day without a shaming began to feel like a day
+but the material itself suggests a landscape as well.
+Let me tell you a story.
+It s about a woman called Justine Sacco.
+She was a PR woman from New York with 170 Twitter followers,
+and she d Tweet little acerbic jokes to them,
+like this one on a plane from New York to London:
+[Weird German Dude: You re in first class. It s 2014. Get some deodorant.
+-Inner monologue as inhale BO. Thank god for pharmaceuticals.]
+So Justine chuckled to herself, and pressed send, and got no replies,
+and felt that sad feeling that we all feel
+when the Internet doesn t congratulate us for being funny.
+(Laughter)
+all of us who use telecommunications and the Internet.
+And then she got to Heathrow, and she had a little time to spare
+before her final leg, so she thought up another funny little acerbic joke:
+[Going to Africa. Hope I don t get AIDS. Just kidding. I m white!]
+And she chuckled to herself, pressed send, got on the plane, got no replies,
+woke up 11 hours later,
+So if it worked better for traffic, if it was better for mobility,
+and straightaway there was a message from somebody
+that she hadn t spoken to since high school,
+that said, I am so sorry to see what s happening to you.
+And then another message from a best friend,
+ You need to call me right now.
+You are the worldwide number one trending topic on Twitter.
+the more he or she is afraid
+What had happened is that one of her 170 followers had sent the Tweet
+to a Gawker journalist, and he retweeted it to his 15,000 followers:
+[And now, a funny holiday joke from IAC s PR boss]
+And then it was like a bolt of lightning.
+A few weeks later, I talked to the Gawker journalist.
+So now my obsession is printing,
+And then he said, But I m sure she s fine.
+But she wasn t fine, because while she slept,
+Twitter took control of her life and dismantled it piece by piece.
+First there were the philanthropists:
+but he was a window into the extent to which our memories make us who we are.
+join me in supporting @CARE s work in Africa.]
+so this mistake actually led us to think that
+that I still wanted to meet Abed,
+Did Justine s joke overwhelm your Twitter feed the way it did mine?
+It did mine, and I thought what everybody thought that night,
+which was, Wow, somebody s screwed!
+Somebody s life is about to get terrible!
+And I sat up in my bed,
+as the observer, after the observation.
+and then I thought, I m not entirely sure that joke was intended to be racist.
+Maybe instead of gleefully flaunting her privilege,
+she was mocking the gleeful flaunting of privilege.
+On the other hand, I had played the violin my entire life.
+like South Park or Colbert or Randy Newman.
+Maybe Justine Sacco s crime was not being as good at it as Randy Newman.
+In fact, when I met Justine a couple of weeks later in a bar,
+she was just crushed,
+You see, the Netherlands is kind of the biggest of the small group.
+and she said, Living in America puts us in a bit of a bubble
+when it comes to what is going on in the Third World.
+I was making of fun of that bubble.
+You know, another woman on Twitter that night, a New Statesman writer Helen Lewis,
+she reviewed my book on public shaming and wrote that she Tweeted that night,
+ I m not sure that her joke was intended to be racist,
+and she said straightaway she got a fury of Tweets saying,
+ Well, you re just a privileged bitch, too.
+And so to her shame, she wrote,
+she shut up and watched as Justine s life got torn apart.
+You know, one of the things that you probably are thinking about,
+and since most, a very big part of the Internet traffic today is encrypted,
+Then came the calls for her to be fired.
+[Good luck with the job hunt in the new year. #GettingFired]
+It s a mathematical model,
+Even a building made in paper
+is, my lawyer will be calling you
+on the back of Justine s annihilation:
+[Next time you plan to tweet something stupid before you take off,
+make sure you are getting on a @Gogo flight!]
+(Laughter)
+A lot of companies were making good money that night.
+You know, Justine s name was normally Googled 40 times a month.
+That month, between December the 20th and the end of December,
+using villagers, demonstrated that they could deliver
+And what is worse,
+somewhere between 120,000 dollars and 468,000 dollars
+from Justine s annihilation, whereas those of us doing the actual shaming --
+speaks to items one and two on the checklist:
+(Laughter)
+We were like unpaid shaming interns for Google.
+she brought a handbag along as a wedding present.
+the fire in their belly, the passion for the work, to make it.
+[I m actually kind of hoping Justine Sacco gets aids? lol]
+Somebody else on that wrote,
+ Somebody HIV-positive should rape this bitch and then we ll find out
+if her skin color protects her from AIDS.
+And that person got a free pass.
+We were all so excited about destroying Justine,
+And that s a true sí se puede moment.
+that we couldn t also handle destroying somebody
+But basically it s when there is novelty.
+and the impact those have on our behaviors,
+from philanthropists to rape the bitch.
+[@JustineSacco I hope you get fired! You demented bitch...
+Just let the world know you re planning to ride bare back while in Africa.]
+Women always have it worse than men.
+When a man gets shamed, it s, I m going to get you fired.
+When a woman gets shamed, it s,
+ I m going to get you fired and raped and cut out your uterus.
+And then Justine s employers got involved:
+[IAC on @JustineSacco tweet: This is an outrageous, offensive comment.
+Employee in question currently unreachable on an intl flight.]
+And that s when the anger turned to excitement:
+[All I want for Christmas is to see @JustineSacco s face when her plane lands
+and she checks her inbox/voicemail. #fired]
+[Oh man, @justinesacco is going to have the most painful
+phone-turning-on moment ever when her plane lands.]
+[We are about to watch this @JustineSacco bitch get fired. In REAL time.
+He led me to a house of cream stucco, then drove off.
+What we had was a delightful narrative arc.
+We knew something that Justine didn t.
+Can you think of anything less judicial than this?
+Justine was asleep on a plane and unable to explain herself,
+and her inability was a huge part of the hilarity.
+On Twitter that night, we were like toddlers crawling towards a gun.
+Somebody worked out exactly which plane she was on, so they linked
+to a flight tracker website.
+that is the most difficult step.
+A hashtag began trending worldwide:
+# hasJustineLandedYet?
+[It is kinda wild to see someone self-destruct
+weeks before that song made it to number one,
+[Seriously. I just want to go home to go to bed, but everyone at the bar
+is SO into #HasJustineLandedYet. Can t look away. Can t leave.]
+[#HasJustineLandedYet may be the best thing to happen to my Friday night.]
+[Is no one in Cape Town going to the airport to tweet her arrival?
+Come on, twitter! I d like pictures]
+And guess what? Yes there was.
+[@JustineSacco HAS in fact landed at Cape Town international.
+And if you want to know what it looks like to discover
+that you ve just been torn to shreds because of a misconstrued liberal joke,
+(Laughter)
+that okay, yes, this might be going on,
+[... She s decided to wear sunnies as a disguise.]
+So why did we do it?
+I think some people were genuinely upset,
+And why the ant was doing it was because its brain had been infected
+it s because Twitter is basically a mutual approval machine.
+We surround ourselves with people who feel the same way we do,
+So I said to my mom,
+and that s a really good feeling.
+There are two billion young people between 15 and 30.
+And do you know what that s the opposite of?
+It s the opposite of democracy.
+We wanted to show that we cared about people dying of AIDS in Africa.
+Our desire to be seen to be compassionate is what led us to commit
+this profoundly un-compassionate act.
+As Meghan O Gieblyn wrote in the Boston Review,
+ This isn t social justice. It s a cathartic alternative.
+For the past three years,
+I ve been going around the world meeting people like Justine Sacco --
+There s more every day.
+And we want to think they re fine, but they re not fine.
+and around our world.
+They talked to me about depression,
+and anxiety and insomnia and suicidal thoughts.
+One woman I talked to, who also told a joke that landed badly,
+she stayed home for a year and a half.
+Before that, she worked with adults with learning difficulties,
+and was apparently really good at her job.
+and I hadn t seen him for 30-odd years,
+But it was worse than that.
+She was losing herself.
+She was waking up in the middle of the night, forgetting who she was.
+She was got because she was perceived to have misused her privilege.
+is shaped more by their own country s culture and context
+we used to get people for, like having children out of wedlock.
+But the phrase misuse of privilege is becoming a free pass
+to tear apart pretty much anybody we choose to.
+and the process of coming together once a month at a meeting
+and it s making us lose our capacity for empathy
+and for distinguishing between serious and unserious transgressions.
+Justine had 170 Twitter followers, and so to make it work,
+it s not even funny.
+Word got around that she was the daughter the mining billionaire Desmond Sacco.
+[Let us not be fooled by #JustineSacco her father is a SA mining billionaire.
+She s not sorry. And neither is her father.]
+I thought that was true about Justine,
+until I met her at a bar, and I asked her about her billionaire father,
+and she said, My father sells carpets.
+And I think back on the early days of Twitter,
+when people would admit shameful secrets about themselves,
+and other people would say, Oh my God, I m exactly the same.
+These days, the hunt is on for people s shameful secrets.
+You can lead a good, ethical life,
+but some bad phraseology in a Tweet can overwhelm it all,
+become a clue to your secret inner evil.
+Maybe there s two types of people in the world:
+those people who favor humans over ideology,
+and those people who favor ideology over humans.
+(Applause)
+but right now, the ideologues are winning,
+and they re creating a stage for constant artificial high dramas
+where everybody s either a magnificent hero
+or a sickening villain,
+even though we know that s not true about our fellow humans.
+What s true is that we are clever and stupid;
+what s true is that we re grey areas.
+The great thing about social media was how it gave a voice
+to voiceless people,
+but we re now creating a surveillance society,
+where the smartest way to survive is to go back to being voiceless.
+Now, what does all this mean?
+(Applause)
+17th of May, 2013, just two weeks ago,
+Jon Ronson: Thanks, Bruno.
+Good on him, Barney.
+is also the fact that if you Google her name today,
+this story covers the first 100 pages of Google results --
+there is nothing else about her.
+In your book, you mention another story
+of another victim who actually got taken on by a reputation management firm,
+and by creating blogs and posting nice, innocuous stories about her love for cats
+and holidays and stuff, managed to get the story
+off the first couple pages of Google results, but it didn t last long.
+A couple of weeks later, they started creeping back up to the top result.
+Is this a totally lost battle?
+Jon Ronson: You know, I think the very best thing we can do,
+if you see a kind of unfair or an ambiguous shaming,
+CA: What just happened there? We just saw something land?
+was that nobody supported her -- like, everyone was against her,
+and that is profoundly traumatizing,
+to be told by tens of thousands of people that you need to get out.
+But if a shaming happens and there s a babble of voices, like in a democracy,
+where people are discussing it, I think that s much less damaging.
+So I think that s the way forward,
+but it s hard, because if you do stand up for somebody,
+it s incredibly unpleasant.
+BG: So let s talk about your experience,
+because you stood up by writing this book.
+By the way, it s mandatory reading for everybody, okay?
+You stood up because the book actually puts the spotlight on shamers.
+And I assume you didn t only have friendly reactions on Twitter.
+JR: It didn t go down that well with some people.
+(Laughter)
+I mean, you don t want to just concentrate --
+because lots of people understood, and were really nice about the book.
+But yeah, for 30 years I ve been writing stories about abuses of power,
+to an agricultural model,
+or in the pharmaceutical industry, everybody applauds me.
+As soon as I say, We are the powerful people abusing our power now,
+I get people saying, Well you must be a racist too.
+BG: So the other night -- yesterday -- we were at dinner,
+and there were two discussions going on.
+(Applause)
+and that was a nice, constructive discussion.
+On the other, every time you turned to your phone,
+there is this deluge of insults.
+JR: Yeah. This happened last night. We had like a TED dinner last night.
+We were chatting and it was lovely and nice, and I decided to check Twitter.
+Somebody said, You are a white supremacist.
+And then I went back and had a nice conversation with somebody,
+and then I went back to Twitter,
+somebody said my very existence made the world a worse place.
+My friend Adam Curtis says
+that maybe the Internet is like a John Carpenter movie from the 1980s,
+when eventually everyone will start screaming at each other
+and shooting each other, and then eventually everybody
+would flee to somewhere safer,
+and I m starting to think of that as a really nice option.
+BG: Jon, thank you. JR: Thank you, Bruno.
+(Applause)
+massively multiplayer thumb-wrestling.
+Of all my sculptures, it s the most talkative.
+and I started using the tools that are available to me as a filmmaker
+More seriously, insects are essential.
+The dinner plate by which material falls onto the black hole
+And since I study human decision making,
+So in a way, I ve created sort of a genetic network,
+Insects seem like they do everything that people do.
+But what drives their behaviors is really different than what drives our own,
+It s a very powerful principle.
+♪ Shining through ♪
+But heavy artillery is nothing new in terrorist operations.
+and dreamed it and imagined it.
+a futuristic film anymore, so I just couldn t do that. Right?
+In all their simplicity,
+I m looking for one key piece,
+And then Carrie reads all the books in the original Greek and Latin,
+something like negation,
+I m changing the motto now,
+The white blob is the sperm,
+(Laughter) MM: (Laughs) So, it s not magic.
+from wringing tiny savings
+to offer help to another person,
+so that we can monitor the electrical activity
+but, in fact, they are important for what they can do.
+to repurpose one set of vessels, the blood vessels,
+he immediately saw that there was a problem with the making of forged documents.
+You know, the theme today is The World In Your Grasp.
+to teach them what it s going to be like for them
+as a sex partner.
+they re the males.
+under this new regime of thinking computers.
+Every time I would go back,
+very confidently, The teddy bear
+And so this is what I want to emphasize that,
+the story that will make headlines,
+Something totally new has been created here
+and an impetus, to, say,
+85 percent of phosphorus is lost in the soil,
+and I have learned to live without his need of me.
+This back here was my brain cancer.
+Isn t it nice?
+how their designs have the capacity
+as much as possible?
+that when they speak, people don t listen to them.
+(Applause)
+Having brain cancer was really, as you can imagine,
+And there were crickets and birds and frogs making noise,
+Pay-as-you-go was a technology, or an idea,
+Some of those reforms have been good.
+it s as if you disappear in a way.
+Your life as a complex human being is replaced by medical data:
+Your images, your exams, your lab values,
+a list of medicines.
+as living amongst and documenting the lives
+You suddenly become a disease on legs.
+Doctors start speaking a language which you don t understand.
+They start pointing their fingers
+at your body and your images.
+People start changing as well
+because they start dealing with the disease,
+instead of with the human being.
+with the Science and Technology Council
+before even saying, Hello.
+And in the meanwhile,
+of American democracy.
+These are the Can I? questions:
+Can I work while I have cancer?
+is usually an emotional approach to its surroundings.
+And you wonder, What have I done to deserve this?
+You wonder, Can I change something about my lifestyle?
+You wonder, Can I do something?
+Are there any other options?
+And, obviously, doctors are the good guys in all these scenarios,
+We call it Matternet.
+so I d say that they sometimes lose the idea that this is torture for you
+and that you become, literally, a patient --
+ patient means the one who waits.
+(Laughter)
+they tend to not engage you in any way to learn about your condition,
+to get your friends and family engaged,
+because if you get good at this game,
+So they use GPS and other sensors on board
+and then she would eat fruit snacks
+While I was in the hospital,
+that would collect information from its environment
+and I spoke with it.
+a new one last week?
+I talked to it and I said,
+and I shared it over a social network.
+a family that owned 2,000 hives of bees in New Mexico.
+A cure, whichever it is, will have to deal with the whole of me.
+And so, the next day, I left the hospital against medical advice.
+I was determined to change my relationship with the cancer
+and why single notes of music,
+before doing anything as drastic as a surgery.
+I m an artist, I use several forms of open-source technologies
+and open information in my practice.
+So my best bet was to get it all out there, get the information out there,
+and use it so that it could be accessed by anyone.
+So I created a website, which is called La Cura,
+on which I put my medical data, online.
+and so the pursuit of this crazy passion of mine
+and that s a thing which we can talk about in another speech.
+Two hours to install one of our devices,
+I chose this word, La Cura --
+La Cura in Italian means the cure --
+because in many different cultures,
+the word cure can mean many different things.
+In our Western cultures,
+it means eradicating or reversing a disease,
+but in different cultures,
+for example, a culture from Asia,
+who want to bring about change,
+it can mean many more things.
+Of course, I was interested in the opinions of doctors
+and healthcare providers,
+the scariest part is that after a while,
+even at the early stages,
+of, who knows, the musicians.
+on me, and here s part of what I m saying.
+I was interested in the psychological cure,
+I was interested in the spiritual cure,
+This is considered the Five Blessings.
+I was interested in any form of cure.
+And, it worked.
+The La Cura website went viral.
+A monkey trying to fish another monkey from above.
+and I quickly received more than 500,000 contacts --
+most of them were a suggestion on how to cure my cancer,
+but more of them were about how to cure myself
+as a full individual.
+For example, many thousands of videos,
+images, pictures, art performances
+were produced for La Cura.
+For example, here we see Francesca Fini in her performance.
+Or, as artist Patrick Lichty has done:
+He produced a 3D sculpture of my tumor
+for the structure of matter.
+Now you can have my cancer, too!
+(Laughter)
+Which is a nice thing, if you think about it,
+we can share our cancer.
+any fly behaviors that might exhibit some of those properties.
+scientists, the traditional medicine experts,
+And I failed a lot.
+all connected with me to give advice.
+So when we met, Chuck was a senior in high school.
+our femto-camera -- it has some unique abilities.
+traditional doctors,
+oncologists, and several hundred volunteers
+with whom I was able to discuss
+the information I was receiving, which is very important.
+And together, we were able to form a strategy for my own cure
+in many languages, according to many cultures.
+And the current strategy spans the whole world
+and thousands of years of human history,
+In some fragile cities,
+It s that they have violated the very definition of leadership.
+So I was able to take my time and choose.
+I am a meritocrat in that sense.
+I chose the hospital I wanted to stay in,
+and in the meanwhile, I was supported by thousands of people,
+none of whom felt pity for me.
+Everyone felt like they could take an active role
+and this was the most important part of La Cura.
+What are the outcomes?
+I m fine, as you can see, pretty fine.
+(Applause)
+I had excellent news
+We made over one billion house calls.
+I have -- I had a very low-grade glioma,
+which is a good kind of cancer which doesn t grow a lot.
+a kind of gentleman s club
+Everything I did was thoughtfully designed to get me engaged.
+Up until the very last few minutes of the surgery,
+which was very intense,
+a matrix of electrodes was implanted in my brain
+from this side,
+to be able to build a functional map of what the brain controls.
+And right before the operation,
+we were able to discuss the functional map of my brain
+as we had before,
+and if there were any I wanted to avoid.
+Obviously, there were.
+Prospera: For this, be sure, tonight thou shalt have cramps.
+And this openness was really the fundamental part of La Cura.
+A good life --
+Doctors got to talk with people they don t usually consult
+when they think about cancer.
+I m a self-founding, continuous state of translation
+among many different languages,
+in which science meets emotion
+the children of the United States
+[Society]
+The most important thing of La Cura
+was to feel like a part of a really engaged and connected society
+whose wellness really depends on the wellness of all of its components.
+This global performance is my open-source cure for cancer.
+And from what I feel,
+it s a cure for me, but for us all.
+Thank you.
+(Applause).
+Stacey Baker,
+First, I don t have a mobile,
+but certainly the most anticipated year
+Now, at the time I hadn t met Stacey, and I thought this was some sort of
+wealthy oil tycoon and I d struck it rich,
+but it was only later that I found out
+Now, the Big Bang was an era in the early universe
+I took the picture of her parents,
+but I was actually more excited about photographing Stacey.
+feels embedded in the products themselves.
+ended up becoming one of my best-known portraits.
+still an effective cure for malaria to this day.
+every day,
+Not long after, she left her job to study photography in Maine,
+effectively counteracted the superior chess knowledge
+Stacey Baker: In the years since, Alec and I have done
+a number of magazine projects together,
+and we ve become friends.
+A few months ago, I started talking to Alec about a fascination of mine.
+the scientific method has the potential to answer this question.
+This lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States.
+and he told me the story of a high school football game
+where she was 16 and he was 15,
+and he asked her out.
+He liked her purple hair.
+sleep problems that arise; etc.
+was three years in the future.
+exploring this question.
+AS: And I was interested in the question, but I was actually much more interested
+in Stacey s motivation for asking it,
+particularly since I d never known Stacey to have a boyfriend.
+I needed to go deeper.
+So my idea was to have Stacey here go speed dating
+for everybody that uses them.
+(Laughter) (Applause) (Music)
+ The Good Earth is about Chinese peasant life.
+I had 19 dates
+and each date lasted three minutes.
+Participants were given a list of ice- breaker questions to get the ball rolling,
+It was totally contrived
+My first date was Colin.
+He s from England,
+and he once married a woman he met after placing an ad for a Capricorn.
+ Persistence is the number one reason for our success.
+and he said he d kissed a woman in line at one of the concession stands.
+Zack and Chris came to the date-a-thon together.
+This is Carl.
+I asked Carl, What s the first thing you notice about a woman?
+He said, Tits.
+500 mariners held hostage.
+Matthew is attracted to women with muscular calves.
+We talked about running. He does triathlons, I run half-marathons.
+so I knew that yo, bitch
+and I don t think he was attracted to me either.
+Austin and Mike came together.
+Mike asked me a hypothetical question.
+Okay, so that looks like most of you.
+Someone makes a dash for the elevator.
+Do you hold it open for them?
+is copy your brain signals going out to your hand
+(Laughter)
+Cliff said the first thing he notices about a woman is her teeth,
+and we complimented each other s teeth.
+Because he s an open mouth sleeper,
+or a ninja cardiothoracic surgeon poet,
+which they pledged to bring about,
+and he said, Every other day.
+and 30 years after I first saw it,
+Now, as someone who flosses twice a day,
+I wasn t really sure that that was flossing more
+but I don t think I said that out loud.
+Bill is an auditor,
+and we talked the entire three minutes about auditing. (Laughter)
+The first thing Spencer notices about a woman is her complexion.
+critical action that I focused on is to bridge the gulf
+Go faster. Faster please.
+I told him I didn t wear any makeup at all
+and he seemed to think that that was a good thing.
+which is the next Fibonacci number, 13. Right?
+He was also frustrated when I couldn t remember my most embarrassing moment.
+He thought I was lying, but I wasn t.
+I didn t think he liked me at all, but at the end of the night,
+he came back to me and he gave me a box of chocolates.
+William was really difficult to talk to.
+I think he was drunk.
+(Laughter)
+Actor Chris McKenna was the MC of the event.
+He used to be on The Young and the Restless.
+I didn t actually go on a date with him.
+Alec said he saw several women give their phone numbers to him.
+Needless to say, I didn t fall in love.
+I didn t feel a particular connection with any of the men that I went on dates with,
+and I didn t feel like they felt a particular connection with me either.
+AS: Now, the most beautiful thing to me --
+(Laughter) -- as a photographer is the quality of vulnerability.
+The physical exterior reveals a crack in which you can get a glimpse
+at a more fragile interior.
+At this date-a-thon event, I saw so many examples of that,
+but this writer, Rae Armantrout,
+I realized how different photographic love is from real love.
+What is real love? How does it work?
+In order to work on this question and to figure out how someone goes
+and we found ourselves down by the river.
+which is the largest retirement community in Las Vegas.
+Probably the biggest turn-on across the board.
+He arranged for us to meet other couples in their makeshift photo studio.
+SB: After 45 years of marriage, Anastasia s husband died two years ago,
+so we asked if she had an old wedding picture.
+She met her husband when she was a 15-year-old waitress
+He was 30.
+She d lied about her age.
+He was the first person she d dated.
+Dean had been named photographer of the year in Las Vegas two years in a row,
+and this caught Alec s attention,
+as did the fact that he met his wife, Judy,
+at the same age when Alec met Rachel.
+second myth about it being no big thing,
+but he s never questioned his decision to marry Judy.
+targeting those who most need our help?
+And this one s the biggest growth industry of all,
+Like a lot of the couples we met, they weren t especially philosophical
+George said something that really stuck with me.
+He said, When you get that feeling, you just go with it.
+Bob and Trudy met on a blind date when she was still in high school.
+They said they weren t particularly attracted to each other
+SB: The story that stayed with me the most
+was that of George, the photography club president, and his wife, Mary.
+This was George and Mary s second marriage.
+technical configuration,
+He was there alone drinking and she was with friends.
+When they started dating, he owed the IRS 9,000 dollars in taxes,
+and she offered to help him get out of debt,
+so for the next year, he turned his paychecks over to Mary,
+and she got him out of debt.
+George was actually an alcoholic when they married, and Mary knew it.
+At some point in their marriage, he says he consumed
+54 beers in one day.
+Another time, when he was drunk, he threatened to kill Mary
+but they escaped and a SWAT team was called to the house.
+Amazingly, Mary took him back,
+George has been involved in Alcoholics Anonymous
+and hasn t had a drink in 36 years.
+(Music)
+At the end of the day, after we left Sun City,
+I told Alec that I didn t actually think
+What was more interesting
+AS: They all had this beautiful quality of endurance,
+Gamers are virtuosos at weaving a tight social fabric.
+The world is hard, and the singles were out there
+trying to connect with other people,
+and the couples were holding onto each other
+after all these decades.
+My favorite pictures on this trip were of Joe and Roseanne.
+Now, by the time we met Joe and Roseanne,
+we d gotten in the habit of asking couples if they had an old wedding photograph.
+In their case, they simultaneously pulled out of their wallets
+My father, How can people protect
+or the idea of these two people holding onto this image for decades?
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Pat Mitchell: Your first time back on the TEDWomen stage.
+artist and accountant --
+ I m pregnant.
+Not sure what I m going to do yet, I told Polly.
+Without hesitation, she replied, I ve had an abortion.
+Before Polly, no one had ever told me that she d had an abortion.
+I d graduated from college just a few months earlier
+and I was in a new relationship when I found out that I was pregnant.
+When I thought about my choices, I honestly did not know how to decide,
+How would I know what the right decision was?
+and when she points at this image,
+(Laughter)
+On one hand, legal things are invisible to judges.
+I was born in a trailer on the third anniversary of Roe vs. Wade.
+Our community was surfing Christians.
+Year 2000, there was a big expo in Germany.
+If we come back to the same place in 2001,
+and my expectations for what they would learn in school.
+And then I did.
+But Polly had given me a very special gift:
+the knowledge that I wasn t alone
+and the realization that abortion was something that we can talk about.
+Abortion is common.
+According to the Guttmacher Institute, one in three women in America
+But for the last few decades, the dialogue around abortion in the United States
+this method of suicide
+It s political and polarizing.
+But as much as abortion is hotly debated, it s still rare for us,
+to talk with one another about the abortions that we have.
+He said, How did Target figure out
+Between what happens in politics and what happens in real life,
+and then wondered,
+This isn t just about abortion.
+tracking their every movement?
+And so finding ways to shift the conflict to a place of conversation
+But the basic thing is the scriptures are misinterpreted
+One way is to listen closely.
+And the other way is to share stories.
+in a really interesting way. (Laughter)
+We needed a new framework that could hold all the experiences that we were
+hearing on our talk-line.
+The feminist who regrets her abortion.
+The Catholic who is grateful for hers.
+We didn t think it was right to ask women to pick a side.
+We have eight species of vultures that occur in Kenya,
+Beyond abortion, pro-voice works on hard issues that we ve struggled with globally
+It also works on deeply personal topics that might only matter to you
+This is the ancient city of Pompeii.
+Because the most advanced scientists are really
+Listening and storytelling.
+and resistance to in 1998.
+Pro-voice is hard because we are talking about things everyone s fighting about
+I wish I could tell you that when you decide to be pro-voice, that you ll find
+where listening and storytelling creates wonderful a-ha moments.
+of experiences and contacts.
+or that there s a long-lost sisterhood of people who are just ready
+Logically, then, if you want to treat insulin resistance,
+when it feels like nobody cares.
+we will hear things that demand that we shift our own perceptions.
+There is no perfect time and there is no perfect place
+to start a difficult conversation.
+There s never a time when everyone will be on the same page, share the same lens,
+SR: And the technique that lets us do that is optogenetics.
+For credit, a farmer needs to earn the trust of a bank,
+There s lots of ways to be a good listener and I m going to give you just a couple.
+One is to ask open-ended questions.
+You can ask yourself or someone that you know,
+ How are you feeling?
+ What was that like?
+If someone is talking about their own personal experience,
+use the words that they use.
+If they say fetus, you can say fetus.
+If someone describes themselves as gender queer to you,
+you can say gender queer.
+If someone kind of looks like a he, but they say they re a she -- it s cool.
+Call that person a she.
+When we reflect the language of the person who is sharing their own story,
+So, I ll never forget being in one of the Exhale counselor meetings,
+listening to a volunteer talk about how she was getting a lot of calls
+from Christian women who were talking about God.
+Now, some of our volunteers are religious, but this particular one was not.
+At first, it felt a little weird for her to talk to callers about God.
+So a place like The Intercept was set up to protect journalists
+And she stood in front of her mirror at home, and she said the word God.
+ God.
+ God.
+ God.
+in order to clean up the fake viruses,
+ God.
+ God.
+coming out her mouth.
+Now, if the number of connections that we can make
+So, another way to be pro-voice is to share stories,
+and one risk that you take on, when you share your story with someone else,
+they might actually make a different decision.
+For example, if you re telling a story about your abortion,
+realize that she might have had the baby.
+She might have felt relief and confidence, even though you felt sad and lost.
+This is okay.
+and he used the chokehold
+It doesn t mean we all have to end up in the same place.
+It s not agreement, it s not sameness that pro-voice is after.
+Now, the way my microscopes work is, normally
+The people entering his life were virtuous and caring:
+And this way of thinking allows us to see our differences with respect,
+the size of all fonts by an order of magnitude.
+Stigma, shame, prejudice, discrimination, oppression.
+Pro-voice is contagious, and the more it s practiced
+What s the opposite of terrorism?
+So, last year I was pregnant again.
+that music was the bridge that connected my world and his.
+And while pregnant, I had never been asked how I was feeling so much in all my life.
+that they seek to replace.
+And however I replied, whether I was feeling wonderful and excited
+of the creative process.
+It was awesome.
+It was a welcome, yet dramatic departure from what I experience
+when I talk about my mixed feelings of my abortion.
+Pro-voice is about the real stories of real people
+making an impact on the way abortion
+and so many other politicized and stigmatized issues
+are understood and discussed.
+From sexuality and mental health to poverty and incarceration.
+our experiences can exist on a spectrum.
+Pro-voice focuses that conversation on human experience
+and it makes support and respect possible for all.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+Hi. So I d like to talk a little bit about the people
+I had been seeing her for a few months, when she looked at me one day and said,
+we have nuclear families living in separate houses
+Seemed like a weird question. I said, My parents.
+And she said, I don t think that s actually the case;
+because if it were,
+a stand-up comedian and a teenager.
+It sounded like the setup to a joke, but I knew she was serious.
+Because when I first started seeing her,
+Something to do with words, I assume.
+and whenever I tried to make a joke, she would look at me and say,
+(Video) (Music)
+(Laughter)
+It s terrible.
+The thick walls are great for insulation. It keeps the interior
+who had actually raised me until I was three?
+And to my surprise, they said
+He is introduced to this young woman.
+I had called her my auntie.
+and the title was The Happy, the Unhappy and the Bulgarians.
+it felt like she had been part of my life when I was much older.
+I remember the thick, straight hair,
+Whoop-de-do.
+when she bent to pick me up;
+her soft, southern Thai accent;
+the way I would cling to her,
+even if she just wanted to go to the bathroom
+and we are handed number 59.
+I loved her, but [with] the ferocity that a child has sometimes
+before she understands that love also requires letting go.
+But my clearest and sharpest memory of my auntie,
+is also one of my first memories of life at all.
+I remember her being beaten and slapped by another member of my family.
+I remember screaming hysterically and wanting it to stop,
+as I did every single time it happened,
+for things as minor as wanting to go out with her friends,
+or being a little late.
+of the total global burden of disease.
+that eventually, she was just beaten behind closed doors.
+Things got so bad for her that eventually she ran away.
+As an adult, I learned later
+that she had been just 19 when she was brought over from Thailand
+to the States to care for me, on a tourist visa.
+She wound up working in Illinois for a time,
+before eventually returning to Thailand,
+which is where I ran into her again, at a political rally in Bangkok.
+I clung to her again, as I had when I was a child,
+and I let go, and then I promised that I would call.
+I never did, though.
+Because I was afraid if I said everything that she meant to me --
+that I owed perhaps the best parts of who I became to her care,
+and that the words I m sorry were like a thimble
+to bail out all the guilt and shame and rage I felt
+over everything she had endured to care for me for as long as she had --
+I thought if I said those words to her, I would never stop crying again.
+the Latin alphabet barely was their language,
+And I had not saved her.
+I m a journalist, and I ve been writing and researching human trafficking
+actually start with a drill incision through the skull.
+and even so, I never put together this personal story
+[ India ]
+I think this profound disconnect actually symbolizes
+most of our understanding about human trafficking.
+Because human trafficking is far more prevalent, complex and close to home
+which can be delivered by anyone with minimal training.
+interviewed hundreds of survivors and law enforcement, NGO workers.
+And when I think about what we ve done about human trafficking,
+I am hugely disappointed.
+to find they had been beaten to it by a Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen,
+(Laughter)
+You probably think about a young girl or woman,
+who s been brutally forced into prostitution by a violent pimp.
+That is real suffering, and that is a real story.
+That story makes me angry
+for far more than just the reality of that situation, though.
+and the way we tell that story, with all the gory, violent detail,
+the salacious aspects -- I call that look at her scars journalism.
+We use that story to convince ourselves
+become as rich and famous as Bill Gates,
+That story lets us off the hook.
+It takes away all the societal context that we might be indicted for,
+What was amazing to me also
+or the barriers to migration.
+We let ourselves think
+I want to tell you about another disorder.
+when in reality,
+human trafficking is embedded in our everyday lives.
+Let me show you what I mean.
+Forced prostitution accounts for 22 percent of human trafficking.
+Ten percent is in state- imposed forced labor.
+but a whopping 68 percent is for the purpose of creating the goods
+and delivering the services that most of us rely on every day,
+in sectors like agricultural work, domestic work and construction.
+That is food and care and shelter.
+this creative intelligence,
+are also among the world s most underpaid and exploited today.
+which is 77 degrees Fahrenheit hotter at the surface.
+to compel another person s labor.
+And it s found in cotton fields, and coltan mines,
+But I got emails from people that said,
+so it will really save a lot of money with very simple tricks.
+It s found in Thailand s fishing industry.
+That country has become the largest exporter of shrimp in the world.
+that the beetles can see.
+behind all that cheap and plentiful shrimp?
+Thai military were caught selling Burmese and Cambodian migrants
+onto fishing boats.
+Those fishing boats were taken out, the men put to work,
+and they were thrown overboard if they made the mistake of falling sick,
+or trying to resist their treatment.
+Those fish were then used to feed shrimp,
+The shrimp were then sold to four major global retailers:
+Costco, Tesco, Walmart and Carrefour.
+Human trafficking is found on a smaller scale than just that,
+on both sides of the conversation
+Traffickers have forced young people to drive ice cream trucks,
+or to sing in touring boys choirs.
+Trafficking has even been found in a hair braiding salon in New Jersey.
+The scheme in that case was incredible.
+The traffickers found young families who were from Ghana and Togo,
+and they told these families that your daughters are going to get
+a fine education in the United States.
+They then located winners of the green card lottery,
+We ll get you a plane ticket. We ll pay your fees.
+All you have to do is take this young girl with you,
+say that she s your sister or your spouse.
+Once everyone arrived in New Jersey, the young girls were taken away,
+and put to work for 14-hour days,
+seven days a week, for five years.
+They made their traffickers nearly four million dollars.
+This is a huge problem.
+So what have we done about it?
+We ve mostly turned to the criminal justice system.
+But keep in mind, most victims of human trafficking are poor and marginalized.
+They re migrants, people of color.
+No longer about statues, no longer having to take that
+prison is their only destination.
+the criminal justice system is too often part of the problem,
+rather than the solution.
+In study after study, in countries ranging from Bangladesh to the United States,
+Because of this romantic ideal,
+said that they had been raped or assaulted by the police in the past year alone.
+People in prostitution, including people who have been trafficked into it,
+regularly receive multiple convictions for prostitution.
+that has lasted so far
+if that person so desires.
+Workers outside of the sex sector --
+if they try and resist their treatment, they risk deportation.
+In case after case I ve studied, employers have no problem
+but it s actually a continuous stair-stepping.
+their striking trafficked workers.
+they risk becoming part of the great mass of undocumented workers
+who are also subject to the whims of law enforcement if they re caught.
+Law enforcement is supposed to identify victims and prosecute traffickers.
+But out of an estimated 21 million victims of human trafficking in the world,
+they have helped and identified fewer than 50,000 people.
+coming into that world
+to get this to a state where we think it s actually ready.
+proportionally speaking.
+As for convictions, out of an estimated 5,700 convictions in 2013,
+fewer than 500 were for labor trafficking.
+Keep in mind that labor trafficking
+What was interesting is, by videotaping on a bus,
+I m as dumb as a box of hammers.
+I ve heard one expert say that trafficking happens where need meets greed.
+Because obviously energy s a problem with this product.
+Trafficking happens in sectors where workers are excluded from protections,
+and denied the right to organize.
+Trafficking doesn t happen in a vacuum.
+It happens in systematically degraded work environments.
+You might be thinking,
+oh, she s talking about failed states, or war-torn states, or --
+I m actually talking about the United States.
+Let me tell you what that looks like.
+I spent many months researching a trafficking case called Global Horizons,
+If you don t see my gayness, then you don t see me.
+They were sent all over the States, to work in Hawaii pineapple plantations,
+and Washington apple orchards, and anywhere the work was needed.
+They were promised three years of solid agricultural work.
+So they made a calculated risk.
+They sold their land, they sold their wives jewelry,
+that multiple choice was not such a bad strategy.
+But once they were brought over,
+their passports were confiscated.
+Some of the men were beaten and held at gunpoint.
+They worked so hard they fainted in the fields.
+This case hit me so hard.
+the victim as a real person
+I was wandering through the grocery store, and I froze in the produce department.
+this is now not a software graph, but a people graph,
+would make for me every time I showed up to interview them.
+They finished one meal with this plate of perfect, long-stemmed strawberries,
+ Aren t these the kind of strawberries you eat with somebody special
+And don t they taste so much better
+when you know the people whose hands picked them for you?
+As I stood in that grocery store weeks later, I realized I had no idea
+of who to thank for this plenty,
+and no idea of how they were being treated.
+So, like the journalist I am, I started digging into the agricultural sector.
+And I found there are too many fields, and too few labor inspectors.
+I found multiple layers of plausible deniability
+which automatically translates
+with unshakeable utopias
+on a temporary guest worker program.
+That guest worker program ties a person s legal status
+to his or her employer,
+and denies that worker the right to organize.
+Mind you, none of what I am describing about this agricultural sector
+or the guest worker program is actually human trafficking.
+It is merely what we find legally tolerable.
+And all of this had been hidden to me, before I had tried to understand it.
+I wasn t the only person grappling with these issues.
+Pierre Omidyar, founder of eBay,
+is one of the biggest anti-trafficking philanthropists in the world.
+And even he wound up accidentally investing nearly 10 million dollars
+in the pineapple plantation cited as having the worst working conditions
+Today we would say something like,
+When he found out, he and his wife were shocked and horrified,
+and they wound up writing an op-ed for a newspaper,
+saying that it was up to all of us to learn everything we can
+about the labor and supply chains of the products that we support.
+I totally agree.
+that we are no longer going to support companies
+if they don t eliminate exploitation from their labor and supply chains?
+If we demanded laws calling for the same?
+If all the CEOs out there decided
+that they were going to go through their businesses and say, no more ?
+If we ended recruitment fees for migrant workers?
+If we decided that guest workers should have the right to organize
+including global warming.
+These would be decisions heard around the world.
+This isn t a matter of buying a fair-trade peach
+and calling it a day, buying a guilt-free zone with your money.
+That s not how it works.
+This is the decision to change a system that is broken,
+and that we have unwittingly but willingly
+allowed ourselves to profit from and benefit from for too long.
+We often dwell on human trafficking survivors victimization.
+But that is not my experience of them.
+Over all the years that I ve been talking to them,
+they have taught me that we are more than our worst days.
+Each one of us is more than what we have lived through.
+Especially trafficking survivors.
+These people were the most resourceful and resilient and responsible
+in their communities.
+They were the people that you would take a gamble on.
+You d say, I m gong to sell my rings, because I have the chance
+to send you off to a better future.
+So these basic concepts of multitasking in time
+These survivors don t need saving.
+They need solidarity, because they re behind
+some of the most exciting social justice movements out there today.
+The nannies and housekeepers who marched with their families
+and their employers families --
+their activism got us an international treaty
+on domestic workers rights.
+The Nepali women who were trafficked into the sex trade --
+they came together, and they decided
+that they were going to make the world s first anti-trafficking organization
+actually headed and run by trafficking survivors themselves.
+These Indian shipyard workers were trafficked
+to do post-Hurricane Katrina reconstruction.
+They were threatened with deportation, but they broke out of their work compound
+and they marched from New Orleans to Washington, D.C.,
+to protest labor exploitation.
+They cofounded an organization called the National Guest Worker Alliance,
+and through this organization, they have wound up helping other workers
+bring to light exploitation and abuses in supply chains
+in Walmart and Hershey s factories.
+And although the Department of Justice declined to take their case,
+a team of civil rights lawyers won the first of a dozen civil suits
+this February, and got their clients 14 million dollars.
+These survivors are fighting for people they don t even know yet,
+(Applause)
+This is our chance to do the same.
+This is our chance to make the decision
+that tells us who we are, as a people and as a society;
+that our prosperity is no longer prosperity,
+as long as it is pinned to other people s pain;
+that our lives are inextricably woven together;
+and that we have the power to make a different choice.
+I was so reluctant to share my story of my auntie with you.
+Before I started this TED process and climbed up on this stage,
+I had told literally a handful of people about it,
+because, like many a journalist,
+I am far more interested in learning about your stories
+than sharing much, if anything, about my own.
+I also haven t done my journalistic due diligence on this.
+I haven t issued my mountains of document requests,
+and interviewed everyone and their mother,
+and I haven t found my auntie yet.
+I don t know her story of what happened, and of her life now.
+And, you know, if we think about it this way, it starts to change everything.
+But I think it mirrors the messy and unfinished situation we re all in,
+when it comes to human trafficking.
+We are all implicated in this problem.
+But that means we are all also part of its solution.
+Figuring out how to build a more just world is our work to do,
+and our story to tell.
+So let us tell it the way we should have done,
+from the very beginning.
+Let us tell this story together.
+Thank you so much.
+This summer I was back in Ohio for a family wedding,
+and when I was there,
+there was a meet and greet with Anna and Elsa from Frozen.
+Not the Anna and Elsa from Frozen,
+as this was not a Disney-sanctioned event.
+Why is this happening?
+Your kid is turning five?
+They ll come sing some songs, sprinkle some fairy dust, it s great.
+and how I d like to memorialize my life, you know,
+that was the phenomenon and that was Frozen.
+So they get hired by a local toy store,
+at the same moment as the bird s-eye view.
+buy some Disney swag, get their picture taken with the princesses,
+call it a day.
+(Laughter)
+And my three-and-a-half-year-old niece Samantha was in the thick of it.
+She could care less that these two women were signing posters and coloring books
+as Snow Queen and Princess Ana with one N to avoid copyright lawsuits.
+(Laughter)
+because it wasn t going to be Eat, Pray, Love,
+this was the Anna and Elsa from Frozen.
+We get there at 10 o clock, the scheduled start time,
+where I sat in silence for several moments.
+Our brain, not the largest one around.
+finds something compelling about war,
+So, by 12:30 we get called:
+ 56 to 63, please.
+And as we walk in, it is a scene I can only describe you
+as saying it looked like Norway threw up.
+I was a hemiplegic, and back home in New York,
+glitter on every flat surface, and icicles all over the walls.
+And as we stood in line
+in an attempt to give my niece a better vantage point
+And then, there are those of us who don t have the privilege
+and she was instantly riveted by the sight of the princesses.
+And as we moved forward, her excitement only grew,
+With a little bit of practice,
+and number 58 unfurled her poster to be signed by the princesses,
+I could literally feel the excitement running through her body.
+And let s be honest, at that point, I was pretty excited too.
+(Laughter)
+I mean, the Scandinavian decadence was mesmerizing.
+(Laughter)
+So we get to the front of the line,
+a prediction of exactly what my muscles will do
+ Hi, honey. You re next!
+Do you want to get down, or you re going to stay
+on your dad s shoulders for the picture?
+and for destroying the environment.
+(Laughter)
+It s amazing that in an unexpected instant we are faced with the question,
+is actually filled with nanoparticles
+Am I an aunt? Or am I an advocate?
+in relatively short order.
+and there one was, right in front of me.
+At the same time,
+there s nothing more important to me than the kids in my life,
+torn between two things, two impossible choices.
+Would I be an advocate?
+And it s a beautiful idea.
+that I was in fact her aunt, not her father,
+and not to jump to gender conclusions based on haircuts and shoulder rides --
+(Laughter) --
+and while doing that,
+miss out on what was, to this point, the greatest moment of my niece s life.
+Or would I be an aunt?
+Would I brush off that comment, take a million pictures,
+and not be distracted for an instant from the pure joy of that moment,
+burst forth again and start to harm us.
+some are clearly more profound,
+So I like this about interactive video sculpture,
+Who was I?
+Which one was more important? Which role was more worth it?
+Was I an aunt? Or was I an advocate?
+And I had a split second to decide.
+of the most obese cities in the country.
+that we are living in a world of constant and increasing polarity.
+It s so black and white, so us and them, so right and wrong.
+There is no middle, there is no gray, just polarity.
+Polarity is a state in which two ideas or opinions
+are completely opposite from each other;
+a diametrical opposition.
+It s going to happen. Wait for it. Wait for it.
+Thousands of people use them
+pro-war, pro-life, pro-death penalty,
+a believer that the Second Amendment is absolute,
+So for example, in the 11th century,
+That is polarity.
+We do so, remember, intuitively, effortlessly.
+it eliminates the individuality of our human experience
+and that makes it contradictory to our human nature.
+despite the widespread acceptance
+polarity is not our actual reality --
+where do we go from there?
+What s at the other end of that spectrum?
+I think the opposite of polarity is duality.
+(Laughter)
+ Aw, I can t believe Pixar made a princess movie.
+in simultaneous existence.
+and the same lesson of honor to her sons.
+is saving my father s cows and the lions,
+We take this and we build, basically, a sphere of a world that you inhabit.
+basically everything that keeps us alive from one day to the next,
+he s going to do a study.
+If this seems a startling idea at first,
+Once I m finished taping, then I put it in my computer,
+pooping in the foreground — (Laughter) —
+So long as the questions are standardized,
+Now, what we were careful to do was,
+And in the course of his childhood,
+ I m going to destroy Android because it s a stolen product.
+about how our solar system formed?
+that affects our health on a permanent basis.
+such as tool use and walking upright
+And it rivals climate change in importance.
+Look at that font there. My wife was so pissed.
+and it s fitness, and not reality as it is,
+in one of the most dense cities in the world,
+that is unique to my human experience because I am gay, then you don t see me.
+This is one of the experiments in which that robot was able to walk autonomously.
+is raising the minimum wage costs jobs. Right?
+You have to wait until you see how we interact with one another.
+but also the negatives?
+not who has little but who hankers after more.
+That s the tune we re all covering today, all of us.
+but your doctor may not know the answer, at least not yet.
+not only for ourselves,
+as individuals and as a species.
+When you re a child,
+dip both hands into holy water,
+When I was 13, a close family friend who was like an uncle to me
+not HAL.
+to take addicts and punish them and make them suffer,
+because we believed that would deter them; it would give them an incentive to stop.
+enjoy themselves in open-air
+and there s a certain almost mystical resonance to it.
+like, what really causes addiction?
+that I want to share with you this afternoon:
+and is there a better way out there that we could try instead?
+you must do extremely well
+And the many get to vote once every couple of years.
+almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong,
+and if we start to absorb the new evidence about addiction,
+I think we re going to have to change a lot more than our drug policies.
+But let s start with what we think we know, what I thought I knew.
+Let s think about this middle row here.
+Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went off and used heroin three times a day.
+(Laughter)
+Imagine you did that, right?
+as you took it for a while,
+your body would become dependent on those hooks,
+you d start to physically need them,
+and at the end of those 20 days, you d all be heroin addicts. Right?
+Diamorphine is heroin.
+It s actually much better heroin than you re going to buy on the streets,
+because the stuff you buy from a drug dealer is contaminated.
+This has been studied really carefully.
+but decided to muster up my courage.
+is kind of crawling over these objects, and if you look
+are small solutions.
+to say the least,
+But of course, with the use of technology.
+They ve got loads of cheese, they ve got loads of colored balls,
+Crucially, they ve got loads of friends. They can have loads of sex.
+or three-time world champion, Angelo Savoldi.
+In Rat Park, they don t like the drug water.
+They almost never use it.
+the fastest way around that track.
+None of them ever overdose.
+You go from almost 100 percent overdose when they re isolated
+to zero percent overdose when they have happy and connected lives.
+Now, when he first saw this, Professor Alexander thought,
+into the exact same principle happening at the exact same time.
+It was called the Vietnam War.
+In Vietnam, 20 percent of all American troops were using loads of heroin,
+But these things evolved over many years, and what we re trying to do --
+Now, those soldiers who were using loads of heroin were followed home.
+Ninety-five percent of them just stopped.
+Now, if you believe the story about chemical hooks,
+Five million people have taken it.
+What if addiction is about your cage?
+What if addiction is an adaptation to your environment?
+Looking at this,
+Human beings have a natural and innate need to bond,
+and when we re happy and healthy, we ll bond and connect with each other,
+but if you can t do that,
+because you re traumatized or isolated or beaten down by life,
+you will bond with something that will give you some sense of relief.
+Now, that might be gambling, that might be pornography,
+but you will bond and connect with something because that s our nature.
+That s what we want as human beings.
+And at first, I found this quite a difficult thing to get my head around,
+I can see, I ve got over by my seat a bottle of water, right?
+where individuals have a long horizon
+How we design, how do we organize, for more wisdom?
+are engaging to me in their multiplicity, but as I ve presented them
+is that left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people,
+but we re not.
+You wouldn t end up homeless.
+You re not going to do that, and the reason you re not going to do that
+It s because you ve got bonds and connections
+And a core part of addiction,
+I came to think, and I believe the evidence suggests,
+that press conference was about.
+The most obvious implications are for the War on Drugs.
+to bring the column out of the computer.
+who were made to wear t-shirts saying, I was a drug addict,
+and go out on chain gangs and dig graves while members of the public jeer at them,
+and when those women get out of prison, they re going to have criminal records
+that mean they ll never work in the legal economy again.
+And it goes together without any bolts.
+and I went there to see how it worked.
+that not a lot of people talk about.
+but you re not engaging your global responsibility.
+and he said, Sit down next to me.
+and every year, the problem got worse.
+But a later response, and much more useful,
+The Laughing Audience.
+and spend it instead on reconnecting them with society.
+And that s not really what we think of as drug treatment
+in the United States and Britain.
+So they do do residential rehab,
+they do psychological therapy, that does have some value.
+But the biggest thing they did was the complete opposite of what we do:
+and microloans for addicts to set up small businesses.
+So say you used to be a mechanic.
+When you re ready, they ll go to a garage, and they ll say,
+In less developed countries, it s estimated that 300,000 people
+injecting drug use is down in Portugal,
+Overdose is massively down, HIV is massively down among addicts.
+Addiction in every study is significantly down.
+their legitimate gripes.
+Now, that s the political implications.
+I actually think there s a layer of implications
+to all this research below that.
+We live in a culture where people feel really increasingly vulnerable
+to all sorts of addictions, whether it s to their smartphones
+doesn t mean I m going to lie. It s common sense,
+Don t give them 24 white pills.
+But I increasingly began to think that the connections we have
+or think we have, are like a kind of parody of human connection.
+And I hope it continues to move ahead.
+and a real surprise to me to be debilitated to that degree.
+He looked at the number of close friends the average American believes
+they can call on in a crisis.
+That number has been declining steadily since the 1950s.
+or the Neanderthals?
+has been steadily increasing,
+because it didn t sound the way I d heard from other kids --
+This is work that we re doing to try to highlight places
+and the result is we are one of the loneliest societies there has ever been.
+And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did the Rat Park experiment, says,
+we talk all the time in addiction about individual recovery,
+and it s right to talk about that,
+but we need to talk much more about social recovery.
+Now that to me is wisdom in action.
+and we ve created a society where, for a lot of us,
+(Laughter)
+and a whole lot less like Rat Park.
+If I m honest, this isn t why I went into it.
+I didn t go in to the discover the political stuff, the social stuff.
+I wanted to know how to help the people I love.
+And when I came back from this long journey and I d learned all this,
+that was the size of California,
+and there s going to be lots of people who know in this room.
+and I think one of the reasons why this debate is so charged
+is because it runs through the heart of each of us, right?
+Everyone has a bit of them that looks at an addict and thinks,
+you have to confront the problem that
+on the streets and in the home.
+it s a pretty simple premise.
+And I began to think, I began to see why that approach doesn t work,
+and I began to think that s almost like the importing of the logic of the Drug War
+into our private lives.
+So I was thinking, how could I be Portuguese?
+And what I ve tried to do now, and I can t tell you I do it consistently
+and I can t tell you it s easy,
+is to say to the addicts in my life
+that I want to deepen the connection with them,
+to say to them, I love you whether you re using or you re not.
+I love you, whatever state you re in,
+and if you need me, I ll come and sit with you
+because I love you and I don t want you to be alone
+or to feel alone.
+And I think the core of that message --
+for a Facebook page that you can join now
+has to be at every level of how we respond to addicts,
+socially, politically and individually.
+For 100 years now, we ve been singing war songs about addicts.
+I think all along we should have been singing love songs to them,
+because the opposite of addiction is not sobriety.
+The opposite of addiction is connection.
+Thank you.
+(Applause)
+You may be wondering
+by sharing a poem
+written by my friend from Malawi,
+Eileen Piri.
+and after I ll speak.
+but when we were going through the collection of poetry that we wrote,
+Rabbi David Wolpe, who I gather is referred to as America s rabbi,
+so motivating.
+no TV, no chatting, no eating, no reading.
+She entitled her poem I ll Marry When I Want.
+600,000 less people a year are getting HIV
+there s an unprecedented revolution happening.
+My mother can t force me to marry.
+the accompanying guilt?
+My uncle, my aunt,
+my brother or sister,
+cannot force me to marry.
+Hold down the Shift key to scroll back up again.
+can force me to marry.
+I ll marry when I want.
+Even if you beat me,
+even if you chase me away,
+which is best medical practice.
+In some countries, we have long waiting times
+that have these reflective markers on them.
+but not before I am well educated,
+and not before I am all grown up.
+and I graduated from Brooklyn College.
+This poem might seem odd,
+collaboration and crowdsourcing,
+but where I and Eileen come from,
+this poem, which I have just read to you,
+is a warrior s cry.
+I m a digital immigrant.
+that complied with some new requirements,
+to be able to represent the community that I serve.
+where gender equality is questionable.
+is that the beehives are quite hidden,
+I couldn t make my own choices in life.
+I couldn t even explore
+You know what the growth in per-person income has been
+I will tell you a story
+of two different girls,
+two beautiful girls.
+These girls grew up
+under the same roof.
+They were eating the same food.
+It s a bit too big, and it hasn t actually allowed
+and even shoes.
+But their lives ended up differently,
+in two different paths.
+The other girl is my little sister.
+And there s about 4,000 projections
+when she got pregnant.
+how much of the world is used to grow food,
+and he was killed because of his refusal to release the fund.
+And you heard of this example,
+As it is in my culture,
+once you reach puberty stage,
+talking about income distribution,
+In these initiation camps,
+you are taught how to sexually please a man.
+it broke online.
+as big problems we had imagined technology would solve,
+where a man who is hired by the community
+comes to the camp
+and sleeps with the little girls.
+go through every day.
+Once that structure is developed,
+They even contract HIV and AIDS
+and other sexually transmitted diseases.
+For my little sister, she ended up being pregnant.
+Today, she s only 16 years old
+So if we inhibit a particular type of neuron,
+Her first marriage did not survive,
+nor did her second marriage.
+It is how I have learned to see through my blindness,
+because they re the ones
+which, you know, as we ve heard from other people,
+(Applause)
+I call her amazing because she is.
+She s very fabulous.
+with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus,
+When I was 13 years old,
+I was told, you are grown up,
+you have now reached of age,
+you re supposed to go to the initiation camp.
+I was like, What?
+I m not going to go to the initiation camps.
+You know what the women said to me?
+from harming themselves or others.
+You do not respect the traditions of our society, of our community.
+I said no because I knew where I was going.
+I knew what I wanted in life.
+He survived the Middle Passage,
+I wanted to get well educated,
+to find a decent job in the future.
+I was imagining myself as a lawyer,
+seated on that big chair.
+paralyzed in a spinal ward, we didn t know what each other looked like.
+And I knew that one day,
+I would contribute something, a little something to my community.
+But every day after refusing,
+women would tell me,
+What about you?
+That was the music that I was hearing every day,
+and that is the music that girls hear every day
+when they don t do something that the community needs them to do.
+ Isaac, how did you do this?
+I said, Why can t I do something?
+Why can t I change something that has happened for a long time
+So this space we converted into what we call Black Cinema House.
+So there s a huge economic challenge in taming malaria.
+just like my sister, who have children,
+who have been in class but they have forgotten how to read and write.
+I said, Come on, we can remind each other
+how to hold the pen, how to read, to hold the book.
+It was a great time I had with them.
+Nor did I just learn a little about them,
+and he would probably not even recognize them.
+what they were facing every day
+That was when I was like,
+ Why can t we take all these things that are happening to us
+and present them and tell our mothers, our traditional leaders,
+that these are the wrong things?
+It was a scary thing to do,
+it probably looks something like this.
+they are already accustomed to the things
+that have been there for ages.
+A hard thing to change,
+but a good thing to try.
+So we tried.
+It was very hard, but we pushed.
+And I m here to say that in my community,
+it was the first community after girls
+pushed so hard to our traditional leader,
+and our leader stood up for us and said no girl has to be married
+before the age of 18.
+(Applause)
+In my community,
+that was the first time a community,
+the first bylaw that protected girls
+wants to buy a girl that has brown or black skin,
+and improves your performance on I.Q. tests.
+and I pulled into a lot by a gas station
+but even in other communities.
+When the child marriage bill was being presented in February,
+we were there at the Parliament house.
+Every day, when the members of Parliament were entering,
+we were telling them, Would you please support the bill?
+And we don t have much technology like here,
+but we have our small phones.
+So we said, Why can t we get their numbers and text them?
+So we did that. It was a good thing.
+(Applause)
+So when the bill passed, we texted them back,
+ Thank you for supporting the bill.
+(Laughter)
+And when the bill was signed by the president,
+making it into law, it was a plus.
+(Applause)
+It s a good thing to know that the bill passed,
+but let me tell you this:
+There are countries where 18 is the legal marriage age,
+but don t we hear cries of women and girls every day?
+Every day, girls lives are being wasted away.
+This is high time for leaders to honor their commitment.
+it means keeping girls issues at heart every time.
+We don t have to be subjected as second,
+but they have to know that women, as we are in this room,
+we are not just women, we are not just girls,
+Will democracy flourish? What scares you most?
+We can do more.
+And another thing for Malawi,
+and not just Malawi but other countries:
+The laws which are there,
+you know how a law is not a law until it is enforced?
+The law which has just recently passed
+and the laws that in other countries have been there,
+I advocate that you do,
+(Laughter)
+Girls face issues, difficult issues, at the community level every day.
+So if these young girls know that there are laws that protect them,
+they will be able to stand up and defend themselves
+because they will know that there is a law that protects them.
+And another thing I would say is that
+girls voices and women s voices
+are beautiful, they are there,
+but we cannot do this alone.
+Male advocates, they have to jump in,
+to step in and work together.
+It s a collective work.
+What we need is what girls elsewhere need:
+good education, and above all, not to marry whilst 11.
+And furthermore,
+I know that together,
+and this doesn t only apply to my country --
+But so could a superintelligent agent,
+that denies girls of their rights.
+we re asking these kids to walk the thinnest possible line --
+and declaring that we can end child marriage in a generation.
+This is the moment
+where a girl and a girl, and millions of girls worldwide,
+will be able to say,
+ I will marry when I want.
+(Applause)
+Thank you. (Applause)
+It is very fashionable and proper to speak about food
+They are these huge collections of galaxies,
+If the day is sunny, I think,
+Texting:
+What is complex?
+So whether it s basketball or baseball, or football or the other football,
+with whatever great fact I had just read about --
+This one weighs three tons.
+They d have to be bookable in about the next minute.
+The problem is a machine can t see the game with the eye of a coach.
+So, we started simply.
+Events like post-ups, and pick-and-rolls, and isolations.
+put fewer people behind bars, not more,
+So how have we been able to do this?
+at this military school,
+The pick-and-roll happens to be this dance in basketball between four players,
+But it doesn t sound so much,
+So there s the guy on offense without the ball
+it was obvious:
+of situations that at first seemed cut and dried,
+which tells you that some time in the next 20 years,
+So, if the player who s the interferer -- he s called the screener --
+Or if he does stop, but he doesn t stop close enough,
+Or, if he does go close by and he does stop
+Now, there s all kinds of things to say about
+Or I could be wrong, they could all be pick-and-rolls.
+and even their salaries.
+This is one that I loved.
diff --git a/dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_zh.txt b/dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_zh.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9695bc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dataGenerate/corpus/sentence_zh.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20000 @@
+在实习结束前我去了澳大利亚
+很好，再检查一遍，
+因为我还能和世界各地数以百万计的人们分享这一切
+你那曾经的笑容
+和其它的十年比尤其如此
+他已经独自生活了两年了。
+（视频）电磁元件，和含铁的纸
+他们得像这个小男孩儿一样，
+不仅是对于Alex和她的爱情生活
+全是EMT(急救技师),
+我家现在也是这样。
+也能让我回忆起一整天的事情。
+所以，你得将它们转换成一个共同的中间标准
+但是他们的需求仍然没有达到，所以
+以及Arthur Olson做了一个项目。
+死囚并没有使用律师的权利，在这个故事的第二章
+这就是个简单的逻辑门
+而她的情况非常的糟糕。
+他们把蝙蝠看作
+全部结合在一起
+在我的职业生涯里，我非常幸运的
+千禧病毒，互联网泡沫
+会用非常不同的语言交谈。
+同时，你进行化学过程
+我感到自己有东西要说，要分享。
+这就和你遇到404页面时是一样的感觉吧？
+但是世界其它地方，
+当然，在非洲种的东西都长得很好。
+这就是美国债务占经济总体（GDP）的
+经过成人期。
+我的工作就是充分利用这个效应，
+我们没有要求任何一个人的应允来做这件事
+数字就像音符，
+你马上想到的就是敌对模式。
+每年全世界因恶劣的卫生条件
+大概是1997年，时任馆长菲利普·蒙特贝罗
+在野狗泛滥的地区，狂犬病就像定时炸弹一样
+但是我们不太可能将电流精确定位于
+所以很明显，当你看到这些数据
+这是今天的数据
+多样而大量的人类组织模型有助于实验室测试的变革
+更有甚者，
+那么，我们能从猛犸身上了解到什么呢？
+它的运作方式很像电子游戏。
+你们的脑岛现在正在活动
+挨家挨户上门推销的人
+确保其车况良好，确保其安全，
+并且使之更快、更好。
+存在毒品滥用问题
+比平均表现还低，社会差距很大。
+这最后一个原因——你一定早已耳闻
+去参观它们。 你可以在它们周围走一走
+你的生活突然停滞了
+问题就在于我的朋友都不太热衷于
+接着就得用一个垃圾桶
+我们觉得我们的能力被忽视了
+谈到我们的发展方向的时候，
+Cameron Russell讲了欧洲各地相互联系的图像和美。
+甚至有时候还会太随心所欲了
+这是社会脑的第一个层面，
+不同训练,不同方法去思考以及不同经验
+如果你只改变其中的一个字母，
+这个研究被提交给了协商议院——
+攻击者得到许可进入汽车的
+还有很多国家
+这些骨架有一系列特殊的行为
+要抛开报复，抛开竞争，
+把气象气球发送到平流层
+[新的科学体制]
+它的意义之于我已经不能用语言表达。”
+我写了怎么玩游戏的博客
+大部分的社会道德问题。
+和优雅撤退的故事
+我只是热衷于将一些技术汇集在一起，
+（笑声）
+他们说， 那你想什么时候飞？”
+你想要的话，你也能拥有一个蜂巢
+如果我们来看一看技术，
+那么我们会设计出怎样的造型呢？
+你也不能用数学来度量历史。
+去年，我搞了一场个人表演。
+2009年，我第一次听说 DIY(自己动手)生物学”
+叫做蔬菜旅游 信不信由你
+经济面临崩溃边缘的时刻。
+人人生来都是艺术家。
+那就是一切的发明创造皆已完成
+如果我弯下腰，他也会跟着我转。
+是我们不希望看到的趋势。
+要告诉我你们研究骨小梁是因为这种骨骼的网状组织
+克里斯.安德森：我们这里有一些
+甚至仅四年以前，让陌生人留宿在你的家理
+设定目标，提出假说，
+有时，我做小工
+邀请马拉松选手们来黎巴嫩
+你会全身都是癌细胞。但是你不是。
+仿佛吸干了一切。
+在监狱中培养锻炼出的灵活头脑
+每个患者每年一万美元
+我想与他们一起感受痛苦，
+和物件间的关系
+这些组合产生的效益
+去除了所有个人符号。
+所以我们必须找到一种新的机制
+他母亲在他15岁时就被杀害了
+说的还是同样的事：
+如果现在朝科罗拉多河下游前进
+彼此间忽然就能沟通抒情
+掌握难度就会越大， 同样就象任何一门口语一样．
+你的注意力有多集中决定了你能多快
+进入超过 10 亿人的全球市场
+从2003年开始，
+不过，现在有很好的项目
+投票在很大的程度上完全的沿着左和右两个轴，
+再说到手机
+我一出去，他们就喊：
+会愿意拼乐高，即使回报少一点，
+这里确实有些证据可以表明
+就谈不上教育
+因为它们帮助我们造就了 绿色布鲁克斯机”，
+我们把堵点的交通流量降低了20％，
+视频中是我们最好的理疗师
+ 聪明”在这里仅仅表示你没有准备好去学习
+出身显赫者的
+在我跟康纳两年半的婚姻生活中，
+被盗版了，而他们自己的牌子却没被盗版
+看看这个人在1956年写的，
+对政府有很高的期许。
+我的本科生导师
+我们为什么要研究其他的动物？
+他被尊为时代之声
+这只是一幅平常的画像
+我们都是童年经历的产物
+生物学和科学研究的方式
+有些人不喜欢。如果我们认可某些目标，我们要决定
+不过只有百分之三十的人表示
+政府出资协助伊莱克斯建设
+样本来自Lou Gehrig症(肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症) 的病患
+仅仅是赞比亚乡下的一个地区
+也许有一些研究，一些跟踪研究
+包括淡红色碎片，黑色碎片
+除了速记外，但这又局限了交流。
+我并不是想告诉大家
+误用过时新闻
+压力反应中，最受忽视的部份
+就是在艺术学科范围内也有等级制。
+更重要的是，当你把大一点的孩子们混在一起的时候，
+我们还远未到达这趟旅程的终点，
+因此，在最后一刻, 有人可以-
+当今世界正在发生着什么。
+这种压力激素可强化心脏
+是为了能够提出细致、有趣的问题，
+跟之前一样，很多令人惊奇的事情发生了。
+他们是我们
+我们照顾好自己并且控制好自己的倦怠”
+我不得不确切的指出，
+洛杉矶南区，
+这些计划就会有难以抗拒的吸引力。
+还是它会保持目前的状况，在这个世纪末仍然是20亿呢？
+那么 如何设计运算法则
+使我的作品不但能够打动观众的内心
+2011年，Brent在You Tube上看到一个视频。
+程度由弱到强
+为什么 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 和 8 的平方
+我会被遣送回朝鲜，
+与下丘脑外侧，脑侧室前视核互动。
+ 共享 这个理念稍微好了一点，
+它其实已经落到了你的肩膀上。
+也就是9·11事件纪念博物馆
+我们的姿势，它们甚至邀请我们
+不知道这种机械限制是在
+毫不令人意外，心理坚强的人往往
+我和校方不时有些摩擦
+我能从他们留言和录像中看得出来
+我们就要问，哪些地方适合市场
+说明了两个问题。
+我必须每天同一时间起床，然后笨拙地，勤恳地工作
+对我来说，国际听声组织(IHVM)的成就
+如果你还没有在你的工作重心里
+我和细菌们合作。
+店面只有10平米左右
+时不时地把含有我们个人信息的 面包屑”
+1 加 1, 等于 2
+就是像这个20分钟的神经学测试
+现在，我们可以将手机正对着报纸
+甚至晕船也是不确定的结果。
+因其中一个被击垮，已经重建
+像99%曾经存活过的动物一样
+然后继续下去并证明它，
+都会花大约30%到70%的时间
+我们先看看正确的方面
+你知道这将会怎样发展.
+采用普通的3G通信网络传送数据，
+所以在座的只吃你们的巧克力的，你可能需要尝试一下。
+叫做 前存者”的真人秀节目。
+通过移动网络
+到国家治理方式上，
+知道你要停车
+所站位置背后的光照强度。
+伟大的成就而牺牲这些。”
+一个是他的带着笑容的嘴巴与留恋的眼睛
+而美国和马来西亚
+然而，与创业者打交道有个秘诀。
+停止他的治疗工作。这发生在
+根本不像你今天所见到的这般辉煌。
+我认为答案是肯定的
+它们就能降低
+任何人都可以下载
+这个应用使用手机内置的相机给
+而她不断地念叨： 妈妈，您忘了拿粉红宝宝
+非常感谢（肯尼亚语）。在我的语言里，它的意思是：非常感谢！
+然后把人变成油画
+冬天日内瓦的孩子们课间在操场上玩。
+这个红点表示
+它就不会害怕。
+但说实话，做为家长的我们为此很庆幸。
+因为我正在全心投入，所以想到它很容易使我情绪波动——
+其中两个关键的航行系统
+不渴望长寿。
+之后，就开始充气
+我们一起战斗的故事
+ 有的，法官大人，我希望你站在原地
+我想让大家花一点时间
+想象一下自己正在玩大富翁游戏
+只不过在这个游戏里面
+那些帮助你赢得游戏的因素，比如技巧，才能和运气
+在此无关紧要
+就像对于人生一样
+因为这个游戏被操纵了
+而你已经占了上风
+你有更多的钱
+有更多在棋盘上移动的机会
+以及更多获得资源的机会
+在你想象这个经历的时候
+我想让大家问一下自己
+我在刚果的家人。
+作为优势玩家的经历
+会如何改变你思考自己和
+而那石棺，覆盖在
+在加州大学伯克利分校，我们做了一个试验
+来研究这个问题
+我们招募了100多对
+陌生人到实验室
+通过投掷硬币的方式
+随机选定一对中的一个
+作为这个游戏中占上风的玩家
+他们拿到了两倍的钱
+当他们途径起点的时候
+他们拿到两倍的工资
+但我是这样理解比特币的:
+换句话说就是美国处于工作年龄的人口中
+（笑声）
+才会开始重建的进程，
+我们通过隐藏的摄像头观察了现场情况
+你插上电，开始打字，然后绿色文本就会出来。
+我想和大家分享一下我们观察到的
+有的时候音质可能不太好，还请大家原谅
+闭上眼睛。
+所以我们加上了字幕
+富玩家：你有多少张500块？
+因为它有变速器
+富玩家：真的吗？！ 穷玩家：是啊。
+富玩家：我有三张。（笑声）
+不知道为什么他们给了我那么多。
+保罗-皮夫：所以，玩家们很快就意识到
+这个游戏明显有点奇怪
+一个玩家比另一个玩家
+我是说，这是一个非常复杂的系统。总得有人来管才行啊。”
+随着游戏慢慢展开
+我们观察到两个玩家
+开始有一些
+明显不同的表现
+富的玩家
+在棋盘上移动的声音更大
+移动的时候
+几乎是在狠狠砸棋盘
+我们看到了富玩家们更多的
+”霸主”信号、肢体动作
+权力的显露
+以及互相庆祝
+所以，我之前提得问题
+就在右下角
+这使得我们可以观察玩家吃椒盐卷饼的行为
+我们就是看看玩家吃了多少椒盐卷饼
+富玩家：这些椒盐卷饼有什么猫腻么？
+类似于死亡地带或是荒芜地带的话， 那你就大错特错了
+保罗·皮夫：好吧，不出所料，大家觉得有问题。
+起先他们好奇那一碗椒盐卷饼
+为什么会在那里
+就像你刚才看到的，其中一个甚至问：
+这碗椒盐卷饼有什么猫腻么？
+我们把他们的照片上传到一个云计算节点上，
+整个现场的主导形势还是不可避免
+我们有个项目叫 自我折叠蛋白质 。
+富玩家：我爱椒盐卷饼。
+（笑声）
+这次恐怖袭击的特殊之处在于
+我们发现了一个很明显的
+而我们明确知道如果我们能提供这种网，
+就是富玩家
+开始对另一个玩家表现得不友好
+对那些可怜玩家的贫穷困境
+越来越不敏感
+开始越来越频繁的炫富
+只需拿个模型，然后从直升机上丢出来，再拍摄
+更喜欢展示他们正在做的一切
+富玩家：我什么都买得起
+穷玩家：你有多少钱？
+富玩家：你还欠我24块
+你很快就要输光了
+我要买它，我太多钱了
+那么多花都花不完的钱
+富玩家2：我要把整个棋盘都买下来
+你们只需几百英镑就搞定
+我已经差不多不可战胜了
+保罗-皮夫：下面是我觉得
+一个非常非常有意思的现象
+在15分钟要结束的时候
+我们请玩家谈论他们在游戏中的经历
+当富玩家谈论
+他们在这个被操纵的游戏里面
+为什么必胜的时候
+（笑声）
+他们提到了自己
+为了买到不同地产
+和赢得游戏所做的努力
+而他们忽略了
+这个游戏一开始的不同形势
+也就是投掷硬币
+随机决定了他们
+哪一个获得优势
+而这对我们理解大脑如何看待优势
+提供了非常好的启发
+这些是我引入新领域的招式。
+来理解我们的社会以及社会分层
+也就是有的人
+有大量的财富和地位
+另外一个是鸟呀。
+他们仅有很少的财富和地位
+以及很少获得宝贵资源的机会
+我和我的同事在过去的7年里一直在做的
+就是研究这些不同层次的影响
+全国范围内的
+大量研究都表明
+当一个人的财富增加时
+他们的同情心和同理心下降
+而他们的优越感增加
+我需要面对的是，有一些地方
+在调查中，我们发现
+富有的人更可能
+把贪婪定义为好的
+把对个人利益的追求
+定义为有利的，道德的
+今天我想谈的就是
+这种个人利益思维的影响
+谈谈为什么我们应该关注这些影响
+以及我们能做些什么
+我们在这一领域最初做的一些研究
+观察了助人行为
+社会心理学家称之为
+已褪变为一个救星
+我们很想知道什么人更倾向于
+给其他人提供帮助
+富人还是穷人
+其中一个研究，我们把一个社区的富人和穷人
+都带到了实验室
+给了每个人10美元
+我们告诉他们
+他们可以把这10块钱给自己用
+也可以把其中一部分拿出来分享
+如果他们愿意的话
+跟一个陌生人分享
+一个永远不会再相遇的陌生人
+我们观察人们给了多少
+那些年收入为25000
+现在，当我们学会专注通常会发生就是
+和那些年收入为15万
+甚至20万的人比起来
+多给了44%
+多给了44%
+他们甚至认为 天才”居住在艺术家工作室的墙壁中，就像小精灵多比一样
+看看什么人更可能
+为了赢得一个奖品而作弊
+其中一个游戏，我们其实操纵了电脑
+使得某些数字
+不可能出现
+这个游戏里面，你不可能超过12
+然而，越富有的人
+越有可能在这个游戏中作弊
+去争取那个最终能够赢取50美元现金的分数
+可能性甚至高达3到4倍
+我们还做了另一个实验
+观察人们是否会
+从糖罐里面拿糖
+糖罐上清楚地写着：给小朋友预留……
+（笑声）
+随时随地都可以？当然了，这样的创举
+我知道这听上去像我在讲笑话
+我们明确地告诉了参与者
+这一罐糖是给隔壁发展中心的
+小朋友准备的
+他们在实验中，这是给他们的
+然后我们观察这些参与者拿了多少糖果
+那些感觉富有的参与者
+的方法。
+多拿了两倍的糖果
+我们还研究了汽车
+不只是汽车
+而是不同类型汽车的司机
+谁更倾向于做一些违法的事情
+其中一个实验，我们观察了
+司机在碰到行人（我们安排的）过马路时的
+停车行为
+在加州，大家都知道
+因为我相信我们都有这样做
+法律规定碰到行人要过马路，我们必须停车
+下面我告诉大家我们是怎样做的
+左侧是我们的研究人员
+装作一个行人
+必须关心解决这个问题
+当然这是在加州
+很快一辆巴士呼啸而过，差点要撞倒我们的行人
+（笑声）
+这是一辆比较贵的车
+一辆普锐斯开过来
+一辆宝马车也一样
+几天内
+我们测试了几百辆车
+记录谁停了谁没有停
+我们发现
+随着车价的增加
+司机违法的倾向
+也增加了
+家庭支持服务在全国范围内开展。
+没有一辆车
+做出违法行为
+但你们是能够对此行动起来的。
+并让他们照此采取措施的方式。
+都违法了
+我们还做了其它研究并发现
+越有钱的人越有可能在谈判中说谎
+赞同工作中的不道德行为
+比如从收银台偷现金
+受贿，忽悠顾客等
+但时间不是数据。
+只是有钱人
+会表现出类似的行为
+完全不是。事实上，我觉得我们每个人
+在我们日常的分分秒秒中
+都要跟这些动机作斗争
+什么时候以及是否把我们的利益置于
+他人的利益之上
+这很容易理解
+因为美国梦告诉我们
+每个人都有同等的机会
+可以成功、发达
+只要我们足够努力
+而这也意味着有的时候
+你需要把自己的利益
+置于你周边人的利益和幸福之上
+但是我们的发现是
+你越有钱，则越有可能
+去追求一种个人的成功
+个人的成果和成就
+这可能是建立在对旁人的损害之上
+最终将必须包括某种生物燃料
+在过去20年里
+每个1/5和最高5%人口的平均家庭收入
+1993年
+每个1/5之间的收入差异
+和他的旧驾照
+我们不难看出其中的差别
+但是在过去的20年里面
+这种巨大差异最终成为了
+顶层人群与其他所有人之间的鸿沟
+当屋子难闻的时候，我们发现
+拥有整个国家接近90%的财富
+我们正在经历史无前例的
+经济上的不平等
+而这不仅意味着财富
+更多地聚集在为数很少的一群人手里
+还意味着美国梦
+成为名人意味着有很多人从远方爱你，
+都变得越来越遥远
+如果事实果真如我们发现的那样
+一沙一世界
+就越发觉得这些财富是你应得的
+越会把自己的利益
+置于他人的利益之上
+越会做那些利己的事情
+那么没有理由可以相信
+这个现状会有所改变
+事实上，我们有更多的理由认为
+情况会变得更糟糕
+这是在接下来的20年内
+保持和原来一样、相同线性速率的情况
+不平等，经济上的不平等
+是我们每个人都要关心的问题
+不仅是因为社会底层的人
+不仅是因为社会底层的人
+请代我恭喜你们的孩子们。”
+会让个人和集体都变得糟糕
+不仅仅是底层的人，是每一个人
+有很多来自世界各地顶级实验室的
+非常有说服力的研究
+展示了日益增加的经济不平等
+造成的影响范围
+造成的影响范围
+社会流动性，那些我们非常关心的东西
+如身体健康、社会信任
+在一个森林中寻找一个特定的猎物,
+同样的，社会中消极的东西
+同样的，社会中消极的东西
+比如肥胖、暴力
+徒刑和惩罚
+这是我的合作伙伴Ryota Kanai。
+而这些后果
+不是少数人所经历的
+而是会影响社会的各个阶层
+即使是在顶层的人也要遭受这些后果
+那我们该怎么办呢？
+这些带有延续性的
+有害的消极影响
+看上去像是什么东西失控了
+而我们无能为力
+特别是作为个人更是无能为力
+但是事实上，我们发现
+在我们自己的实验室研究中
+小小的心理干预
+价值观的小小改变
+某些特定的微小暗示
+就可以将平等和同理心恢复
+比如，提醒人们
+合作的好处
+或者社区的优点
+就能够让富人和穷人一样关注平等
+就能够让富人和穷人一样关注平等
+其中一个实验中，我们让参与者看一短片
+46秒，关于儿童贫困
+以此提醒大家周围人的需要
+以此提醒大家周围人的需要
+看过这个视频后
+我们观察了他们
+为实验中一个压抑的陌生人
+提供帮助的积极性
+我现在知道他的为人了
+富人变得和穷人一样大方
+他们愿意花时间帮助别人
+帮助那些陌生人
+这意味着这些差别不是
+与生俱来或一成不变的
+它们很容易改变
+只需要价值观的微小变化
+同情心的一点点推动
+和同理心的轻微触碰
+在实验室之外
+我们也开始看到社会上的改变
+比尔-盖茨，我们国家的富豪之一
+在哈佛的开学典礼演讲中
+说到这个社会所面临的问题
+他说不平等是我们目前面临的最严峻挑战
+他谈论了我们应该如何战胜它
+他说： 人类最伟大的进步”
+ 不在于它的各种发现”
+ 而在于如何将这些发现”
+用于削弱不平等”
+还有捐赠承诺
+承认乐观偏见
+最富有的人
+正在承诺将他们一半的财产捐赠给慈善事业
+还有很多草根运动的出现
+还有很多草根运动的出现
+比如 我们是那百分之一”
+ 资源一代”
+ 共同的财富”等
+在这些组织中
+那些最有优势的成员
+那些1%的人
+我认为当我们见此的健康保障是，
+其中有成人有青少年，这是最让我震惊的
+他们正在利用自己的优势
+他们正在利用自己的优势
+利用自己的经济资源
+与不平等抗争
+通过倡导社会政策
+社会价值的改变
+人类行为的改变
+这有悖于他们自身的经济利益
+但却会最终重建美国梦！
+谢谢！
+（掌声）
+这是我所生活的地方，肯尼亚，
+从时间分配来看也是最少的,
+他刚到的时候，没有什么机遇
+它们已经出现几十年。
+当我们看到出版杂志的标题：
+我们的房子里到处躺满了爵士乐的老唱片。
+我不是唯一一个这样想的人。
+我们先来问问谁做得比较好。
+还有看世界，是直接地看到世界上…
+我还发现他们在家里安装了
+边界的一部分。
+奥兹的世界——长大，而不是打来打去的世界，
+又无所不在，
+当Abed为他的伤势喋喋不休时
+看, 这是我小时候生活的必需品: 粮票.
+海绵状勃起组织
+假如他们实现彼此对话又会发生什么呢?
+当时我并不知道，
+我们不得说，这太棒了！看看这些可爱的结构。
+好了，准备好了吗？
+这是一个糟糕的网站，页面很丑。
+或者品味糕点的时刻、
+再到土地 准私有化”,
+你可能已经听过其中的一部分
+ 他长得真像孟加拉人”（笑声）
+可以自由自在的变幻
+他在爬坡， 哦 ！有人也喜欢来这里飚车 — —
+很不容易被恶心到。（笑声）
+知道何时使用何种特性
+随后我们的客户就可以放心的使用这条素材了。
+它是一个支持希望和促进合作的平台
+因为，我想说，大家面对现实吧
+没错。据科学家所言，奶酪三明治
+很高兴见到你们。
+任何人去这一网站都可以下载
+电影不曾涉及
+而且他还和其他的50起强奸案有关。
+所以在医院病床上
+让我们看下我最喜欢的一个.
+或是福利国家，当然还有近年来的
+这场比赛在墨西哥的比赛非常
+当公共债务水平低的时候，
+真的有只松鼠在咀嚼我的因特网(笑声)
+真的才0.05%？
+相同大小车型当中最低的。
+这里的白色泡泡的国家是不能被归类的
+海豚可敲的每个按键都代表一个符号
+他们期望能够追随，
+我登录到更多社交网站，我写博客，
+否则即便它没什么效果，也是完全无妨害的
+就像我被逼到角落里，只有一个出路，
+其中一个是关于感恩的。
+但我想，他们可能运用了
+你就改变了世界。
+社会倾向于批判这些父母
+但是让我们再来谈一谈安全性，因为每个人，
+为这个收购而努力，
+我们语言学家称之为 口头禅”。
+电子和正电子
+市长科勒克聆听着这些领袖们的争论，
+当在20年前我开始在罗马利亚工作时，
+演讲快没时间了，我得快一点儿。
+同时
+在其他四个实验社区中的一个社区
+——一个系统其中医生可以
+超过25 公斤。
+把它踢走。把它丢给观众。喔
+有力的人类情绪
+执导《暴风雨》戏剧
+你会看到教学质量和公平性的改进。
+在所有我们改变的地方？
+打印他们自己的生物病毒，
+那么我们去指责这些替罪羊又有什么好处呢？
+（音乐）
+Tommy Mizzon: 今晚我们要给大家演奏两首曲子
+一个典型的蓝领，移民工薪阶层，
+新的心理习惯、 新的思维习惯。
+世界各地成千上万的人
+为了让这个系统运作，
+很多的房间却没有这么好。
+并且和这些作品互动。
+每个人都说我变了，他们问我：
+重达7.5磅。
+很差的就业前景——
+之后才会少生孩子
+他们都无法坚持兑现自己的承诺。
+如图所示－当然，当你将视线拉远
+它揭示了我们对他人行为的理解程度
+MT：对，但我想我的牌更好。我们战胜了机率！
+他们认为可能有生命存在的星球比例
+沃尔夫冈·阿马德乌斯·莫扎特
+因为我们都能理解。
+当我听到那小昆虫机器人敲击蜂音器。
+政府为这起爆炸事件
+比方说湿地或者沙滩？
+现在，总观这些关于任务转换的不同实验，
+这些小男孩怎样呢？
+我们都看过3D打印机，
+喜欢和有创意的人一起工作。
+看我们目所能及的地方和心所能及的地方
+（音乐）
+这是在柏林举办的Kickstarter赞助者派对。
+像二进制码一样下载到电脑里
+早上好. 还好吗?很好吧,对不对?
+你们一定听说过可持续发展可以拯救我们的生活
+能有第二次站在这个台上的机会，我真是非常感激。
+第一件作品我将它的设计称之为高度理性主义
+所以大家以为我对世界有些了解
+已经理性到了荒唐的境界
+特别是在大的城市，比如纽约
+关于我上次演讲的精彩评论
+你们并不只是通过学习原理就学会语言，
+不管是公共还是私人部门
+我仍被搁置 我正聆听着寂静之声♪
+创新，可持续的设计可以真正在人们生活中起到作用
+因为来听课的都是瑞典大学的优等生
+我不是来这里激励你们的。你们显然已不需要激励。
+我觉得你不明白 我认为你们的电话线无人值守♪
+它已经长成了一只大狗，比我想象的要大
+并没有署名
+它刚刚来的时候，我们正在抗议计划建于东河海滨的巨型垃圾处理场
+完全不知道
+我坐了8年的空军二号。
+我对教育感兴趣
+已经处理了整个纽约市超过40%的商业垃圾
+很多人说： 我在生活”。其实不是，你不是在生活——那只是活着。
+如果你参加一个晚宴,你说
+发出了寂静之声♪
+还有其他行业每周有超过6万辆的柴油车开到这里
+土耳其，波兰，俄罗斯，巴基斯坦和南非
+这里也是纽约市公园占地率最低的地区
+(笑声) 所以你不会被问及你是做哪行的。
+你永远不会被问到，很奇怪。
+但是如果你被问及，
+我们驱车从纳什维尔的家开到
+我一生都住在这个地区，但是却不能到河里去
+我们在东边50里外的一个小农场--
+自己开车
+我说： 哦~~~等等，你的意思是：
+我知道这对你们来说是小事一桩，但是 --（笑声）--
+(掌声)
+但我真的想知道的，是什么在驱动着你。
+ 见证曾是百老汇伴奏的TED演讲者
+比如宗教信仰,薪水等
+当我在六年前得到纽约时报专栏的工作时
+在两个选项旁边各放一根香蕉，就有一半的几率答对。
+而且我也知道这将是令人自豪的开始
+有社区发起的使新South Bronx焕发生机
+每周都会被送到你家
+的情感联系。
+玩厌了再把它们送回去
+你还可以拿到工资 好好想想吧
+他们每年负责颁发诺贝尔医学奖
+的观点。
+然而这工作有个小缺点 那就是
+我的email地址会出现在每个专栏底部
+ 是什么决定了人们的生活品质？”
+决定其非同寻常。
+我们从出口下来，开始寻找一家--我们找到了Shoney餐馆。
+我们都认同一个观点--
+他的队伍现在领先五分
+（笑声）（掌声）
+是有关挫折的
+人们感到 -- 唔
+并不是只有宗教中
+我的屏幕上刚弹出一个通知 好在你们看不到
+然后她的声音变得非常小以至于我要竖起耳朵才能听到她在说什么
+其实这些教科书上都是丁丁历险记（带有殖民主义思想的漫画）的人物
+但我觉得在支持体系上还做得不够
+而我们却无情地扼杀了他们的才能。
+而享受更少的福利
+不幸的是，种族和阶级成了最可靠的指示剂
+有一次我写了篇专栏
+记录了我呼叫戴尔技术支持的经历
+所以这两方面我们应同等对待。
+不到12小时 纽约时报的网站上就出现了
+身为美国的一个黑人，我有两倍于白人的可能性
+第二天，继续一个完全真实的故事。
+从每人1，2，3，4胎，到8胎
+我登上G-5就飞到非洲的尼尔利亚做演讲去了，
+老实说 懂得在这种挫折上动脑筋
+我出生于--说错了（笑声）
+但人生中的另一个课程却很少被人们掌握，那就是 满足的艺术”
+比如肥胖、糖尿病和哮喘
+那为何这问题越来越严重? 一方面的原因是
+的故事讲了一遍。
+或者和杂志区长得差不多
+我妻子和我自己开车，Shoney s餐馆，低成本家庭连锁餐厅
+而她的老师评价她几乎从不
+他们家庭大，寿命也相对短些
+随着时间推移它变得更易于使用
+接着我就在飞机上睡着了，直到三更半夜才醒来，
+如果你看待某人好比你已为他付出一切，他的生命会有什么不同？
+飞机在亚速尔群岛降落加油。
+我醒了过来，走出飞机去呼吸点新鲜空气，
+这就是好的地方 -- 整个操作系统只有211k
+我们50%的居民生活在贫困线或贫困线以下
+他一边挥舞着一张纸，一边大喊，
+未来发生的可能性
+和良好背景，却荒废生命，时常进出戒毒所。
+这些绿色的拉丁美洲国家 正朝向小家庭的方向移动
+实际上他那会儿在哪都四岁（笑声）
+现在，为了让图书管理员认识到这一点
+（笑声）
+社会责任和媒介的作用一样重要
+这在短期内不能危害到有色人种低收入社区的生活
+你们记得那部剧的情节吗？应该记不得，情节太长。
+但是结果证明原来是我的员工的极度烦躁
+那些通话 -- 你知道他们是怎么说的
+你们也许看过，叫《基督诞生II》。我儿子James在那部舞台剧里演Joseph,
+因为尼尔利亚有一家通讯社已经把我的演讲写成一个故事
+唔唔 您的通话可能会被录音
+于是他们就能够收集最好玩的小白用户故事
+并且已经印出来在全美发行了
+(笑声)
+-- 我查过了是在蒙特利尔印刷的，而写的故事则是这样开头的，
+我有份拷贝
+(笑声)
+”前副总统艾尔·戈尔前天在尼尔利亚声明，
+然而却不去应用它，不付诸行动。
+我亲眼看见我邻居的近半个房子被烧成灰烬
+我征战越南战场的大哥哥Lenny
+而且是有我们自己经营的。
+技术人员问 女士, 您的鼠标在吱吱叫是什么意思?
+观众： 明白”
+戴维莱特曼和杰伊莱诺已经开始在搞这些生意了
+第二个孩子说： 我带来了没药精油。”
+-- 他们中的一个人还让我戴了个很大的大厨帽呢，
+但是我所提到的那些共同点把我和我社区的其他大多数人区分开来
+三天后，我从我的朋友兼伙伴兼同事比尔克林顿哪里收到一封
+(笑声)
+我有足够的勇气去为了另一个世界争取正义
+那么，世界是如何把我们变得不一样的？
+（笑声）
+他的电脑宕机了 他告诉技术人员
+他无法重启电脑 不管他输入多少次11
+我们喜欢在对方成功的时候互相祝福
+技术人员说 啥? 您为啥要输入11? 他说,
+ 提示里讲, 错误输入（类型）11.
+跟其他寻找美国梦的人一样
+我要谈一谈信息生态学。
+但是我又在想也许我可能计划把TED演讲当作我毕生的习惯，
+（掌声）
+那就会使他们也变得惧怕错误的尝试。
+包括我们的，都成了投资的禁区
+克里斯 安德森： 一言为定！
+教育体系成为
+因为我们消费者希望东西更小 更小 更小
+不管前租客死了还是受伤
+对于气候危机你可以做什么呢？我想从这点开始谈--
+因此行业正不断面临挑战
+我要给你们展示一些新的照片，当然还有四五张也需要要重新展示
+最让我恼火的是：这意味着我不是处女座。
+如果你运用了情绪，人性化的情绪，就在前天
+无论书的数量怎样扩张
+现在看幻灯片，我每次都会更新这些幻灯片的。
+于是每年 他们都会说
+ 我们加入了更多功能, 只卖$99.
+现在我已经搬到了洛杉矶。
+我认识有人多年来单在Photoshop上就花了$4000
+就像那些在潮汐间隔的海滩中找宝物一般，
+（笑声）其实，
+60万人无家可归
+当时给人们的印象就是，只有皮条客、非法推销员和妓女才来自这个地区
+莎士比亚父亲的出生地。你有过灵感吗？我曾经有过。
+当你增强一个软件足够多次
+你没把莎士比亚和他的父亲联想在一起，对吗？
+因为你忽略了
+莎士比亚也曾经是个孩子，对吗？
+还要追溯到艾森豪威尔
+(笑声)
+英语课，想想他在上英语课--多么不可思议
+--只是个玩笑-- 但这些只是重述幻灯片，
+让我们做一个单纯的文字处理器
+来自老师、教练和朋友们一路上的帮助，这就足够了
+简单, 纯粹, 不编辑网页, 不是数据库.
+首先，这是我们估计到的关于美国对全球温室效应的贡献，
+如果你够创意，够幽默，够有趣，
+在普通情况下对于电力和能源的最终使用的效率
+它被打入冷宫 没人买过它
+我称之为 运动器械原则. 人们喜欢将自己包围在
+为即将到来的环境不公平打下了基础
+就像踮脚就能够着的果实，非常低的。 效率和对自然环境的保护：
+老旧的街区划分和土地使用政策一直沿用到今天
+他们告诉我们说我们没有资源，但最终，
+这不是医生告诉我们的；
+不是负面效应，而是正面的。这些都是为自己支付的投资。
+（笑声）
+你会把它们放在哪里? 你有那么多设计工具
+谁有受益了？对于当地居民正经受的苦难有任何正义可言吗?
+汽车和火车--我在上次幻灯片的时候谈到过，
+这是个很特别的公共图书馆
+但是我希望你们能够先思考一下。
+这是我要在这里强调的，如果决定塑造命运，左右我们资源的则是
+这应该是我们所忧虑的目标里比较容易和显而易见的一个了，
+我先前提到的小公园只是
+但是相对于汽车和货车，对于全球温室效应的污染则更多
+那时世界的问题就在于亚洲的贫穷
+我们要搬家时他们已交往了4年。
+有许多购物广场，你避雨的时候可以去
+后来随着人口的增长
+这样的话我们应该解决这个问题，但是这又是个伤脑筋的难题。
+其他交通工具的效率当然也应和汽车货车一样！
+有那么多特性和选项 你不得不做出2维的
+那听起来很沉重，但过去的5或10年，
+世界再也不是贫富悬殊的，大多数人拥有中等的收入
+当然这是指数幂分布的图
+关闭选项就在某处
+你们中的许多人直接参与其中
+一旦这条道路修建起来，它就把South Bronx
+--这个楔形的成长要比我们目前所预计的要迅速的多。
+如果你周游世界
+碳捕捉及封存技术--就是CCS代表的意思
+我还回去是因为我不希望任何人认为
+只有4个选项
+但为何是在弹出菜单里?
+我们世界的历史其实就是这些决定。
+世界上所有国家都是如此。
+然后，来自我们社区的人们就具有去竞争这些高薪工作的技能
+他们其实可以把选项放到外面
+这是苹果的同一个对话框
+(掌声)
+今天我结束工作比较晚。本来想昨天就到这里来的，
+特别当你是个骑单车的运动员。
+为什么不是每天安排舞蹈课呢？我认为舞蹈课很重要。
+我认为舞蹈课和数学课同样重要。
+即使是在交通高峰期，它实际上也没有被利用起来
+尽可能的购买绝缘，更优设计和绿色电力的产品。
+我们都有体会，对吗？
+于是这些向导变得到处都是
+经济适用房和当地经济发展服务
+成为一个环保消费者，对于你买的所有东西都要选择，
+示范项目，它位于我们办公楼的顶层
+不过，我不想和这些男孩争辩语义，
+(掌声)
+关于公办教育的目的，我想你会得出这样的结论
+都以培养大学教授为目的。难道不是吗？
+关于如何让人知道这是关乎大多数人的利益。
+我倾慕大学教授的学识，但
+我们不应该用这样一个头衔作为衡量一个人成功与否的分水岭。
+打破这些规则 如果它们抵触了最大一条规则
+我会举一些例子 说明智能让某些事物
+失去一致 但却更好
+而且偏重于大脑的一侧。
+以及你所在的国家 好了
+世界上有200多个国家. 我们常说互联网是地球村
+大脑的载体而已，难道不是吗？
+对不起 它还不是
+主要是美国 欧洲和日本
+(笑声)
+一代代的传承下去，600年之后
+当我四年前站在这里的时候
+然后我就走了，或许还吃了顿晚饭或者其它什么
+（笑声）在那你会看到，成年男女
+控制所有人？学一门技能？放弃？吸一根烟？
+我们被最多的忽略、诽谤和滥用，最糟糕的是
+看在上帝的份上 为何每次打印时你都会看到这个?
+接下来，关于如何使你的商业碳中和化，当然，我们中的许多人已经做到了。
+看这里底部的按钮 还不是 打印
+其实这不是你想的那么难，只要把气候危机解决方案融入到所有的革新当中。
+是为了满足工业化发展的需要。
+(掌声)
+现在可以选择
+或设计行业和社区建筑。
+像South Bronx曾经那样因渴望而苦恼等上几十年吗？
+或者是向草根活动家的自身资源那里学习，主动采取行动
+Palm也是 尤其是在过去 精于此道
+这些草根活动家都是从像我居住的社区一样的地方，在绝望中产生的
+别玩音乐了，你成不了音乐家；
+现在听着，我们并不需要个人
+他说 很精彩 我说 谢谢, 你是做什么的?
+他说 我是点击计数员
+我说 你是啥? 他说 我们的CEO Jeff Hawkins说
+今天的演讲仅仅代表了我经历的一小部分
+任何在Palm Pilot上的任务如果需要超过3次点击
+很小的一部分。你找不到任何线索
+那就太长了, 需要重新设计. 所以我是点击计数员.
+基于他们投资的多少而获得多少的话。
+照明可以分开
+根据短期回报率，你必须做出短期决策。
+这是Microsoft Word. 当你需要创建一个新文档
+并不受重视甚至还受到蔑视。
+-- 这是能做到的!
+(笑声)
+开发商、政府和项目所在地的社区
+全世界毕业的学生将超过
+目前，纽约市还没有实施这个
+除了电影比较更具娱乐性，电影在五月份发行。
+我们谈论的许多话题--
+没有
+谁知道接下来有什么会发生？真是有点令人感到兴奋。
+South Bronx发展大型商场和体育馆
+但是，市政部门直接缺乏合作
+然后在告诉别人有关Xenu，银河系最高霸主的事情
+有一个按钮会创建新文档
+它听起来极其的自私，以自我为中心。
+说实话，我那时候就是这样。（笑声）
+工作机会的方式如此跛脚，而不仅仅是好笑那么简单
+其中的一些明显的个人故事只好用一般方法代替了。
+(笑声)
+(掌声)
+因为爱太可怕了。他们不想受伤害。
+我们将如何使用它呢？
+现在，我们也只有少于先前提供给你们的数据
+但是健康水平起点较高的国家
+而且你会再次受到伤害。
+这些项目还是包括了成千上万新的车位
+第一，多样化。我们认知世界的角度不同
+仅仅是给庞大的交通系统提供一点活力
+每个星期我们也会为他们更新这些幻灯片
+(笑声)
+来保证资料都处在最前沿。
+和拉里·莱斯格一起工作，那会是，在过程中的某个阶段。
+有时代码是垃圾 但媒体都已被忽悠♪
+大脑发育具有关联性。
+个性的需求...
+我们居住的是一个城市，而不是一个野生动物保护区。而且我信奉资本主义
+人们都是从哪里得知应该跟政治保持距离呢？
+这年头你无法独享好点子♪
+大脑本来就是
+这也迫使我们去思考
+据我所知这在我们这个团体里面的确是如此的。变成政治活跃人士。
+而且先前有足够多的例子显示可持续发展的
+帮助社区发展的开发是可以挣到很多钱的
+现在，我再也不觉得他们青春洋溢和可爱了，
+我们看这里
+我妻子在家做饭时--
+我们已进入行星统治模式♪
+你依然可以进入天堂，与家人团聚，直到永远。
+但是这又不是个封闭的体系。
+和孩子们说说话，给天棚刷刷漆，
+--这里有多少人是公司里面的董事会成员呢？
+最贫穷的在左下边 如果把南非分解开
+而那使命能感动他人。在我自己的生命中，
+(掌声)
+感恩节，没有钱，没有食物。我们并不须要挨饿，
+所有的这些……
+但事实上 我相信有两个微软
+然而，这个城市在二十世纪90年代受惠于
+如果我们能够实现它的话那么市场先生将会自己去解决这个问题。
+我知道他做了什么决定。他的注意力放在 这是慈善。”
+ 这表示什么？这表示我毫无价值，我该怎么办？”
+从今年春天开始的大众劝说运动的帮助。
+如果你是市长，你当然能做一些事情
+你知道，圣经里面有一个关于摩西的故事。
+世界的发展一定要因地制宜来分析
+这种无线手表可悲地在市场中受挫
+但是摩西，如果你看过电影 十诫”就知道，
+和自行车道，修建公共广场
+这样说吧 你会买个手表
+每个月付$10 每晚都要跟你的手机一样充电
+我想我的回答是：不着急，不着急
+或者直接就是：别再回来了。之后他们离开了
+让我们把全球变暖这个品牌重新包装一下，就如许多人建议的那样。
+放在第一位，不可思议的事情发生了
+我采访了一位很优秀的女士，也许很多人
+还有希望吗? 屏幕正变得更小
+街道因为大家而生机勃勃
+他的政策一次性解决了很多典型的城市问题
+新事物出现得越来越快
+而且使用一个第三世界国家的财力解决的
+我们在这样一个国家没有任何借口。对不起
+是在离开了12年之后 在MacWorld展会上
+有一次，我和Gillian 吃午饭，我问她：
+ Gillian,你是怎样成为舞蹈家的？她回答说：
+他做了这个动作. 人群沸腾了
+而是让所有的波哥大人参与进来
+老师给她家长写信说： 我们认为
+Gillian患有学习障碍症。”她无法集中注意力，
+今天来的共和党人们，这不应该是党派性的。
+（笑声，掌声）
+谢谢
+我告诉你这些不是为了吹嘘，我告诉你因为我为人类
+然而，你受益于影响的恩惠
+乔治：我说 是的，那是拜辰，那是我女儿”
+用你的影响力来支持各地全面而持久的改变
+我们是整体。
+谢谢感谢，我非常的感激。
+（掌声）
+和一个叫Woz的兄弟一起♪
+正如你所知的，政治是个人的
+你试试跟 车库 押韵!
+如果有些想法自然地出现在你的脑袋里
+她总是晚交作业，等等，
+帮助我为了环境和经济的正义而进行的斗争
+我知道了内情 找到了诀窍♪
+哦，是一根牧羊人的棍子。现在跟着我这样来想这个故事。
+ 你在这儿等一下，我们马上谈完。”
+别为我哭泣 库比蒂诺. 我仍有动力和远景♪
+天哪，很高兴我还有点时间
+或听从他们的家庭，不过他们有不一样的地图。
+我问他如何把环境正义活动家
+我尝试跟几个大型统计机构交涉
+它们是古资牌的♪
+(笑声)
+(掌声)
+我不认为他明白，我不是为了寻求拨款
+Lynne太太，Gillian没病，她是个舞蹈天才。
+我是向他伸出了机会的橄榄枝。（掌声）
+话说到这，我问Gillian： 后来怎么样了？”
+下边是公众资助采集的数据
+(笑声)
+而Windows有95%
+在英语里边有相应的文字来形容它们，
+后来证明我错了 因为iPod上市了
+它打破了所有常识
+其他的产品更便宜 其他的产品有更多特性
+有录音和FM调频
+猜一猜人们感受过多少种情绪？少于12种。
+我们会用全新的视角 来看收入的分配
+我大老远跑过来以这种方式与你们见面
+有家小公司在简单和优雅方面做得非常好
+我相信对于未来，我们的唯一出路
+中国在增长，再也不像以前那样平等了
+当911事件发生时...我会用这结束我的演讲...我在夏威夷。
+我和来自45个国家的2000人在一起。
+我们可能从生命中不同的站点来到了这个会场
+不管怎样你都有损失. 而我要做的是
+是宇宙中的随机出现的产物
+正如我们开采地球的方式--以功利为目的。
+[非英语]
+你甚至能辨识出海上的渔船队
+我最享受的事之一就是
+都跟 万物为何 这个话题有着多多少少的关系
+（笑声）
+了解一下生命的崎岖
+和我们自身的关系
+是为了自身利益
+（笑声）
+未来表明
+并不存在时间
+只不过是我们在记忆影像中的生活
+轰然崩塌而已
+（笑声）
+虽说是常识
+但也还是很重要的
+（笑声）
+在这种情况下我们感到恐惧
+恐惧无所不在
+也有抗恐惧法子
+很难设想或衡量
+背景辐射过于静态
+普通光谱分析根本无法检测出来
+但有些时候我们也会觉得
+当许多人 -- 你们懂的
+但是呢 -- 你们懂的
+就 嘻哈音乐那种范儿 你们都懂的
+TED赞爆了 -- 就这意思
+我写了首歌
+希望大家喜欢
+这是一首有关人们
+和长毛野人的歌曲 --
+（笑声）
+-- 还有些法国科技的玩意
+没错 法国科技
+好 开唱
+♫我一直内心在争斗♫
+♫ 我知道我身陷囫囵 ♫
+♫但每次它困扰我 ♫
+♫ [听不清] ♫
+（音乐）
+♫ 我一直努力成为你信任的那个人 ♫
+♫为了你 我才愿意变得这么挑逗♫
+♫正是你，我才想[听不清]，宝贝 ♫
+♫ 你可以做任何的事♫
+♫只要事后你不会受到伤害 ♫
+♫若我能生存下来 会告诉你哪里出了问题 ♫
+♫因为假若你是 [不确定] ♫
+♫ 我认为你看起来像[不确定] ♫
+♫我给予你我所能做到的一切 ♫
+（音乐）
+这些东西 你想用多少用多少
+（掌声）
+那些计算机虚拟建模
+不管你做了多少
+用了多少人
+结论永远不同
+四年前我在布鲁金斯学院跟一些人合作
+得出了一个结论
+（笑声）
+明天是新的一天!
+（笑声）
+不是随便哪一天
+但反正就是一天
+明天一定会到来 这是毫无疑问的
+重要的是要记住
+这次模拟是成功的
+真实可信 触手可及
+你可以伸手触碰 -- 这些东西都是有形态的
+你可以把东西从这儿移到那儿
+你能感觉到自己的肢体
+你可以说 我想走到那个位置”
+然后你就能很随意地把这么一大坨分子
+穿过这段空间移到那儿去
+（笑声）
+这就是我们每天的经历
+现在随着这种分配
+和对缺少理解的认知
+我们进入了一个全新的科学范畴
+对此我们感到
+只能说
+那些在科技本身中，
+当代的或非当代的，
+会被象征性地包括进
+我们不理解和半理解
+的折叠当中
+对于我们汲取源头
+和得出结论的网络
+（笑声）
+所以 就像我在最后一首歌前说的
+不要只觉得地球只是我们生存的地方
+它其实是一个广袤无垠的平原
+有着带领你溯本追源的幻觉
+乔治敦机场官方还愿意帮忙
+一旦我们了解天空中的那些空间
+都仅是广袤无垠的平原
+就会觉得 原 来如此了 哈哈哈
+这是我最后一曲
+记住
+你的一切 --
+最重要的是认识到
+负空间
+正如音乐仅是空间的一部分
+我们所聆听的空间被分割成这样
+传达给我们信息
+相比于其它的
+告诉我们想传递哪些想法
+想产生哪些想法
+好了 不罗嗦了
+（掌声）
+谢谢
+（掌声）
+这首很有趣
+是这么唱的
+（音乐）
+我要唱的最后一曲
+跟这首很相像
+我希望你们等会能听出来
+开始吧
+好 还老当益壮 很好
+好 来了啊
+（笑声）
+（音乐）
+走着
+（音乐）
+♫ Yeah, yo, yo, yo ♫
+（音乐）
+谢谢大家 请尽情享受接下来的活动 谢谢
+（掌声）
+（吸气，呼气）
+是人际关系中 互动”的核心内容
+自从我五年前
+从一所正派的文理学院毕业起
+这是我白天的工作。
+我是一座个体经营的、名为 8英尺新娘”的活雕像，
+我喜欢告诉别人这是我的工作。
+因为大家都想知道，
+这些怪人在真实生活中到底是什么样的？
+土壤相当好 (笑声)
+我每天把自己涂白，站在一个盒子上，
+在脚边放一顶帽子或者一个罐子，
+如果有路过的人向里面投钱
+我递给他们一朵花，并且和他们进行强烈的眼神交流。
+如果他们没有收下花，
+我就表现出悲伤和充满渴望的样子
+看着他们慢慢走远。
+（笑声）
+要想不感染砂眼，
+尤其是那些看起来
+好几个星期都没有与人交流的孤独者
+我们共享一个美好的时刻
+城市街道上可以发生的一次漫长眼神交流，
+我们都感觉好像有点爱上对方。
+我的眼睛会说， 谢谢。我看到你了。”
+他们的眼睛则会说，
+ 从来没有人在意我的存在。谢谢你。”
+有时候我会被骚扰。
+开车路过的人从车里对我大喊。
+ 找份工作去！”
+我的反应是 这就是我的工作。”
+但是这让我很伤心
+因为这让我感觉我的工作不正经
+像天花的根除，
+我没想到站在这个盒子上以音乐谋生的经历
+竟会是有如此深刻的教育意义。
+经济学家们你们可能会对这一点感兴趣，
+而是说你开到有冰的路面上了
+因为我没有固定的顾客
+这一点让我自己也非常吃惊
+我一般周二挣60美元，周五挣90美元。
+我的收入是稳定的。
+同时，我还在本地巡演
+与我的乐队the Dresden Dolls一同在夜店演出。
+这是我在弹钢琴，旁边是一位天才鼓手
+我还搞歌曲创作，
+我们的收入逐渐增加，最终，我不需要再做活人雕塑赚钱了，
+我们开始巡演之后
+我依然不想失去这种
+与人直接交流的感觉，因为我喜欢这种感觉。
+所以我们在表演结束之后一定会签名
+拥抱我们的歌迷，和人交流互动，
+我们将请求他人给予帮助或加入我们的过程
+变成了一门艺术，我会找来当地的音乐家和艺术家
+母亲们从路上抓住他们的孩子并说道 别盯着看！”
+他们会传递一个帽子，
+随后他们进入演出场馆和我们一起登上舞台
+也就是说，我们有着不断更替的、各种各样的、随机的、古怪的表演嘉宾。
+后来，微博（Twitter）的出现
+让事情变得更加神奇，因为
+这种安静并不是例外的。
+我可能会需要一架钢琴练习，
+一个小时之后，我就在歌迷的家里弹琴。这件事发生在伦敦。
+在世界各地都有人
+把自己做的食物送到我们的后台并和我们一起吃。这是在西雅图。
+注意英语中需要很多的元素来表示事件发生的时间。
+在博物馆、商店或者任何其它公共场所工作的歌迷
+就会向我们发出邀请。
+这是奥克兰的一家图书馆。
+周六我发微博希望有人为我提供木板箱和帽子，
+因为我不想把它们从东海岸带到这里，
+最终来自纽波特比奇（Newport Beach）的Chris
+为我提供了这两样道具，他也向大家问好。
+我曾经发微博问墨尔本哪里有卖洗鼻壶（neti pot）？
+一位在医院工作的护士开车
+直接把它送到了我在的咖啡馆里，
+我给她买了一杯沙冰
+我们坐在一起聊护理和死亡。
+我喜欢这样幸运的、随机的亲近感觉
+因为我常常做沙发客。
+在大房子里，我们的每一位团队成员都有自己的房间，
+但是没有无线网，在朋克乐迷占据的废弃房屋里，
+所有人都睡在一间房间的地板上，没有卫生间
+但是有无线网，这一优势第二种方式成为了更好的选择。
+（笑声）
+我的团队曾经把车
+停在一个非常贫穷的迈阿密社区
+我们发现当晚招待我们的是一个
+依然与父母同住的18岁女孩，
+他们一家人都是来自洪都拉斯的非法移民。
+那天晚上，他们一家人
+都睡沙发，她和她妈妈挤在一起
+让我们睡他们的床。
+我就躺在那里想，
+这些人拥有的东西这么少。
+这样公平吗？
+早晨，她妈妈教我们做
+但是我们现在要认识到的是我们已经
+她把我叫到一边，用支离破碎的英语对我说，
+ 你的音乐对我女儿的帮助很大。
+谢谢你能住在这里。我们都很感激。
+然后我想，这就公平了。
+是这种过程。
+几个月之后，我在曼哈顿
+发微博希望找一个过夜的地方，午夜时分
+我在下东区（Lower East Side）按一户人家的门铃，
+然后我突然意识到我从来没有一个人借宿过。
+我以前一直和我的乐队或者团队在一起。
+这是不是愚蠢的人做的事情？（笑声）
+愚蠢的人是不是就是这样死的？
+我还没来得及改变主意，门就打开了。
+她是一位艺术家。他是路透社的一位金融博客写手，
+他们给我倒了一杯红酒
+让我洗澡
+我经历过成千上万个这样的夜晚。
+所以我常常做沙发客，也经常人群冲浪（从舞台上跳下，被观众接住）。
+我认为做沙发客和人群冲浪
+其实是一个概念。
+落入人群中
+和信任他人。
+最终效果图
+他们愿不愿意到人群中去，传递帽子
+筹一点额外的钱，我经常这样做。
+这就意味着在一个疟疾基本得到控制的人群中
+但是其中有一位成员告诉我
+他没有办法说服自己这样做。
+拿着帽子站在那里感觉实在是太像乞讨了。
+我意识到这种恐惧就是我想到 这公平吗？”和听到 找份工作去！”的时候的感受。
+同时，我的乐队发展得越来越好。
+我们和一家主流厂牌签约。
+我们的音乐是朋克和卡巴莱(cabaret)的集合体。
+不是所有人都能接受。
+也许你会喜欢的。
+签约之后，公司举办了大量的宣传活动为我们的新唱片造势。
+唱片推出之后仅仅几周就卖出两万五千张，
+但是我们的厂牌认为这是一张失败的专辑。
+我当时就说， 两万五千张，不是很多吗？”
+他们说， 不，销量在下降。这是一张失败的唱片。”
+随后他们就抛弃了我们。
+与此同时，一次演唱会结束之后，我为歌迷签名与他们拥抱的时候
+一个人走上前来
+给了我一张10美元的纸币，
+他说：
+ 不好意思，我从朋友那里翻录了你的CD。”
+（笑声）
+ 不过我读了你的博客，我知道你不喜欢你的厂牌。
+我希望你收下这笔钱。
+这样的事情现在常常发生。
+我们的演唱会结束之后，我变成了那个收集钱币的帽子，
+我就站在那里，接受人们的帮助，
+和之前开场乐队的那个成员不同
+我在这方面拥有丰富的经验。
+谢谢。
+那一刻我决定
+我要抓住可能的机会
+在网上免费共享我的音乐。
+当时Metallica正在声讨（音乐分享网站）Napster
+而我Amanda Palmer却在唱反调，鼓励
+原因是 80%的死囚
+因为这种方式在街头是行得通的。
+所以我和厂牌斗争，结束了合作，
+并与我的乐队the Grand Theft Orchestra，
+我开始在人群中融资。
+我纵身一跃，跳入我建立的成千上万的联系之中
+我请求人群接住我。
+我的目标是十万美元
+我的歌迷们为我提供了一百二十万，
+这是历史上规模最大的音乐人群募资。
+（掌声）
+可以看出有多少人参与了募款。
+大约两万五千人。
+媒体会问， Amanda，
+音乐产业在衰亡，而你鼓励盗版。
+你是如何让这么多人为音乐付钱的？
+我真正的答案是，我并没有逼迫他们，我所作的是请求他们。
+通过请求他人帮助
+我与他们建立了联系
+情感相通之后，人们就愿意帮助你。
+对于很多艺术家来说，这似乎不合逻辑。
+他们不愿意请求帮助。
+不过这并不容易。开口提出请求是一件不容易的事情。
+很多艺术家都不愿这样做。
+请求帮助可能会让你很脆弱。
+Kickstarter（为创意项目募资的平台）上的项目发展壮大之后
+我继续在人群中募资的行为
+在网络上招来了很多批评。
+尤其是邀请喜欢我们音乐的音乐人
+上台与我们一同演唱几首歌曲
+换取门票、啤酒，加深感情
+这是某网站刊登的一张
+处理过的我的照片。
+这种受伤的感觉很熟悉。
+人们说，”你现在已经没有资格
+再这样请求帮助了，”
+这让我想起那些在车里对我大喊 找份工作去。”的人们
+他们没有和我们一起站在人行道上
+他们没有见过
+我和人们的交流，
+一种我们认为公平，他们却从未体验过的交流。
+这是一项不宜在工作场所进行的工作。
+派对结束之前，我脱光了衣服让人们在我身上画画。
+我用亲身经历告诉你们，如果你想体会
+信任陌生人那种发自内心深处的感觉
+我推荐这种方式，
+尤其是这些陌生人都是醉酒的德国人的时候。
+这是与歌迷交流的最高级别，
+因为我真正传达的信息是，
+我就是这样信任你们。
+进入牛头怪的迷宫，却没有带线团。
+在人类历史上的大部分时期，
+音乐人、艺术家是社群的一部分
+他们促进沟通，开拓新领域，不是无法触及的明星。
+然而因特网
+和我们在网络上自由共享的内容
+拉近了名人和支持者的距离。
+现在则是一小部分人近距离的
+为你提供足够的支持。
+很多人不理解没有标准定价
+这个概念。
+他们认为这些事情不可预料的冒险，但是我所做的事情
+Kickstarter，在街头募款，按陌生人的门铃
+我不认为这些事情是风险。
+我认为它们是信任。
+现在，网络工具让这种交流
+像在街头请求帮助一样简单和自然，
+共7百多人，涵盖140个国家。
+然而如果我们无法直面彼此
+无所畏惧的给予和接受
+完美的工具也无法帮助我们，
+然而，更重要的是
+不因请求帮助而感到羞愧。
+做音乐的过程中，我一直希望
+能像我站在盒子上的时候一样
+与不同的人相遇
+所以我的博客和微博上不仅有我们的巡演日期
+我们的新音乐录音带，还有我们的作品、我们的艺术
+我们的恐惧、宿醉和错误
+这样我们就能真正感受到彼此的存在。
+当我们真正建立这种联系时，
+我们就希望互相帮助。
+我认为人们花了大量的精力试图解决错误的问题，
+也就是 我们如何强迫人们付钱购买音乐？”
+我们应该问一个新的问题，
+ 我们如何让人们主动为音乐慷慨解囊？”
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+是我在1998年在雨中捡到的被遗弃的小狗
+你设身处地为我想想！
+ 诗词歌赋傻子写，
+尽管事实上我们这个区域
+（笑声）（掌声）
+世界上最大的食品分销中心
+在座的各位，我们都有很棒的头脑。
+我父亲说， 我们信仰天主教
+用1万美元的种子启动资金来开发海滨时
+但我们也都知道有时候那是一派胡言。
+你会发现他们涨红了脸,那意思好像是
+一天早上，我和我的狗去慢跑
+就像是拽我到这里的这条狗一样，被遗弃了，而且是值得拯救的
+后面竟然没有车队。
+你连续地确认一系列点，并对它们进行设计
+你们听过幻肢痛么？
+大家想想,今年入学的小孩
+我一直都是个技术控 这工作太棒了
+对此我的体会是 -- 首先 你会收到无数email
+你们有些人也许不知道，这是家低成本的家庭连锁餐厅
+就去找份纽约时报专栏的工作 因为你会收到成百
+跟我们那个年代所有人一样
+她写单后走到我们旁边亭子里的一对情侣边，
+人们感到在被淹没 他们觉得有太多技术 更新太快
+（笑声）
+设计易用和人们乐于使用的产品
+我就想，那好啊，是吧。
+而演讲开始我则把前一天发生在纳什维尔州
+(笑声)
+不让我们受到代表欢乐的圣诞老人拒绝访问我们家的羞辱。
+就如同刚刚我给你们讲的故事一模一样。
+为了使产品更易于使用
+老师饶有兴趣地走过去
+与环境相关的健康问题发出了高昂的代价，
+更可恨的是，为监禁这些年轻的黑人和拉美人说支付的开支
+这些人拥有着说不清的未开发的潜能
+然后我自己在那思考，三更半夜在大西洋的中心
+接线员给了我一个旁听的耳麦
+在座的每位...如果你相信这种理论
+我们以为那是个主要角色。
+我们给观众们发了T恤：
+他们真的做了
+(笑声)
+里面有你的声音
+‘我与我妻子Tipper开了一家低成本家庭连锁餐厅，名为Shoney s,
+我的七岁生日不是真的在九月十号。
+她的鼠标在吱吱叫 -- 发出嘎吱嘎吱的响声
+我让它在屏幕上动得越快它就叫得越响
+技术人员又问 女士, 您把鼠标贴在屏幕上动?
+感到非常不安与生气
+没有...时间。没有...技术。你也听过的,
+越南人的平均寿命仍有提高
+还有减轻灾难带来的影响和应对国家政策。
+我们把他们放进了五个部分
+超级高效，我们预算很低
+为什么我会提出这个观点？
+白人大迁徙在South Bronx和全国其他城市成了一种常态
+因此我们必须承认我们无法指责用户
+我只是在它上面过80年而已，就这么简单。
+那样的话也许我可以在其他的时候讲-指信息生态学（鼓掌）
+我现在主要想谈一谈你们最关心的问题
+这条消息真的很让我郁闷，
+不是因为我不得不告诉我所有要好的女朋友
+强制发布越来越多的版本
+则更像是加入俱乐部 每年缴纳会费
+South Bronx，位于两者之间，当然无法幸免
+（掌声）
+刚刚在昨天，我们就得到了新的一月份的温度记录。
+现在，我知道你想要更多的关于环境的坏新闻
+ 等等. 每个人都抱怨说我们加入了太多特性
+现在，为何这个故事如此重要？
+他父亲又说： 放下笔，
+我想说的是，对于这次搬家，
+当我们意识到这一点，我们决定是时候制定自己规划的时候了
+但在英国，他有个女友，是他的最爱，叫Sarah.
+我写信申请一项一百二十五万的联邦交通拨款
+并使用多个 操控点，事实上是属于一种尖端科技
+另外一些人却陷入贫穷，这就是今天的世界
+可以大大的改变现状， 而且还有维诺德和约翰·多尔等等
+这是Lafayette大道——由Matthews-Nielsen景观设计师重新设计
+我说真的 就在某处
+同超过四百英亩的Randall的内陆公园连接起来了
+单单是在印度，我就有15万的朋友跟我一起
+通常学校把美术课和音乐课看的较重要
+微软达到简单的方法是
+他开始捧回七个大赛冠军；患癌之前他一次都没有赢过，
+你们知道 新版本的Windows今年秋天推出
+让你在一层楼
+来重新设想一下这28英亩的土地更好地为公共用地、
+(掌声)
+那么当你看到我们的教育体系产业化的发展，我相信，你就会明白
+这些都可以用来替代石油为主的屋顶材料
+后者吸收热量，造成城市的 热岛”效应，然后在太阳底下
+如何才能将所有这些特性以简单 智能的方式包装起来?
+我也曾是一名大学教授，也是塔尖上的人。（笑声）
+ 真实对等 使用回收站 使用标注
+其实大学教授只是360行中的一行，
+每个人都是坏人，邪恶的人。每个都是。
+已经影响他们的是什么。
+于是我们结婚后的第一年捐11%，
+具体什么意思可以看 climatecrisis.net 网站上的说明。
+其次，当你知道驱动着你的目标是什么
+但这显得智能. 另一个老故事
+看在上帝的份上 为何关闭一台Windows PC时
+非常友好的碳排放计算器.
+另一个我经常说的故事: 你有一台打印机
+笑声
+但讽刺的是，当你获得完全的确定性，
+譬如说，如果你对你的健康，或儿女，或金钱感到不确定，
+你不会去理天花板是否牢固，
+(笑声)
+所以有两点基本的等级原则。
+不管你是处于科技领域或娱乐事业，
+现在我们会让墨西哥沿岸
+听着，如果你必须要和一个他的报酬是基于
+我曾在90年代Palm鼎盛时去作过演讲
+年度绩效的经理人的话。
+最后能激励其他人
+能产生持续性的发展
+成为一个促进改变的人，教导其他人，学习它，讨论它。
+如果你没有背景，没有文化，没有信仰和资源，
+过去的总和。
+你们中的许多人有机会可以让更多的人去看这个电影。
+David Pogue: 当然
+当然不只只是这些幻灯片，而是它们蕴含的意思以及如何使他们联系起来。
+这是整个教育体系
+给那帮获得提名的人们上一课。
+我把我的软件和IBM绑在一起♪
+我拿利润 他们拿亏损♪
+建设性的，可持续性的改变
+昨天所看到的演讲中演示的，
+其实我认为应该创造性地把大脑看作一整套工序--
+生产有价值的原创想法的工序--
+我们也需要共和党人。这是个两党连立的问题，
+这个连接部分叫胼胝体（医学名词）。女性大脑中的这个部分比男性的要厚。
+因为它又大又慢 你没有其他选择 我不是为了受赞扬而工作♪
+使我们的民主照着原本应该的方式来运作。
+支持关于二氧化碳排放和全球温室效应污染的理念，
+各方面都平庸♪
+都是这方面的楷模——都展示了你确实能在这里挣到钱
+因为我们要为我们创造的一切负责任
+那样的话每个人都成为董事会成员了
+一旦它成为一个封闭的体系，你将背负法律上的责任如果你不督促你的CEO
+让我们看看波哥大，一个平穷的拉丁语地区，到处都是枪支犯罪
+我会这样对我妻子说： Terry，我在煎鸡蛋，请你别打扰。”（笑声）
+他是多么的糟糕。然后有人来到我们门前
+用拉丁文写道：
+和其他公司的东西都被锁在了1982年的底盘里
+他把主要的市内车道从五车道变成了三车道
+在一个现代化国家，逻辑和理性的作用已不再只包括
+现在已经是短的，热门的，30秒，28秒的电视广告的重复播放。
+对生拇指和新皮层的组合是否是
+我们相信上帝让一个年轻的女孩
+一种可以实行的组合。
+但我在想 我在哪里见过这个? 我刚看过电影 贝隆夫人 --
+这不会简单. 你会认为我奇怪♪
+这也是为何你在此，来评估我们所交换的信息的原因
+我们有很好的视觉软件 还将有更多的问世
+她妈妈带她去的，
+医生让她坐在椅子上，
+灵感来自伦敦地铁（他们提醒乘客 小心列车与站台间的缝隙”）
+(笑声)
+别为我哭泣 库比蒂诺♪
+我们正尝试解放联合国的数据库
+(笑声)
+他是一个牧羊人。它是他自己职业的象征：
+再把数据发布到全世界 外界对这个设想的反应如何呢？
+医生对她妈妈说：
+同时也建造当代艺术博物馆
+谢谢. 史蒂夫乔布斯一直都信仰简单
+当主体物分建到中层时
+人们不认同它的价值
+不管怎么赶。
+从皇家芭蕾舞学校毕业后
+那就不要再浪费我们的智慧
+她给数以万计的观众带来了艺术享受，
+而不是苹果的私有标准
+高帝·霍恩：不用谢。那这些怎么办？
+我们怎样改进50十亿人民的生活标准？
+内容是关于生态学以及Rachel Carson（注：美国海洋生物学家）引发的那次环境保护运动。
+但这种方式对于未来将不再适用。
+插进电脑 卸下照片 再放回相机里
+我没有任何损失
+开源建筑就是我们要走的路。
+DP: 拿好不要放手. 你可能见过这个:
+这是苹果的新笔记本. 这是电源线. 这样把它钩上
+都做过这样的事. 你在走路
+是他们结成联盟进行罢工并
+对马赛族来说，牛羊是最值钱的物品。
+这不是我真正想强调的
+达到这个目的唯一的方法
+自由，人际网络，机会，
+统计学家们不喜欢这样子
+你在怎么对待
+顺便说句--我们可能活不到未来那天
+但你给了我最好的礼物，因为我就要死了”
+他们能在未来有所作为。谢谢大家。
+我还会使用一项称为语音宏的特性 句号
+在书里面，我讲到你是怎样被搭建去做某些事情，怎样被塑造的。
+就是拥有知识共享许可证的第一个建筑。
+ 亲爱的，从今以后，每一天都全心付出，爱你身边所有的人。”
+好吧 这不是个理想的环境
+这也解释了100美元电脑的重要性 但这是很好的趋势
+世界各国的差距将会缩小，不是吗
+这些国家的互联网普及速度 超过了经济的发展速度
+(笑声)
+显然，这就是我们今日的世界。
+它不会给你带来任何好处
+进行测试。原因很重要的一点是
+10秒钟。
+（掌声）
+经常看孩子们睡觉。
+谢谢。我必须告诉你们我同时感到挑战与兴奋。
+让我感到兴奋的是，我有一个付出回馈的机会。
+这个会议真是让我感到惊叹不已，我还要谢谢你们留下的
+你们的软件不但宕了我的Mac♪
+不过现在上飞机前我则要脱掉我的鞋子
+因此都有了存在的必要
+因为当我们加入情绪的因素，
+她拖着我往河里走，我想这仅仅是又一次非法的倾倒垃圾
+到处都是野草和成堆的垃圾以及其他的东西，这里我就不想说了
+谢谢 晚上好 欢迎来到 --
+个人的隐私,对吗?
+我对教育特别感兴趣,我认为我们都是如此
+你要试用它们 把玩它们 评估它们
+五年后的样子。这就是为何我们要让这些孩子
+我们在40号洲际公路上，要在238出口下到田纳西州的黎巴嫩市
+如果你感到孤单
+我们花了很大力气去说服图书管理员
+那个男的接着说， 他已经非常努力了，不是吗？
+已经算是有些显灵了。
+超过700条读者留言。有人说 我也是!
+ 这是我的伤心往事 。我称之为软件焦虑
+非常感谢。（笑声）还剩15分钟。
+追溯到它的早期特征
+在首都拉各斯，主题则是关于能源。
+数据误差相当小。Y轴是平均寿命
+这些是发达国家，他们家庭小，寿命长
+注意听讲，但在绘画课上她却听得很认真。
+演讲完后就开到飞机场飞回老家了
+比如说你给了他说他需要的一切资源。
+然后我看到有个人跑过飞机跑道
+”打电话给华盛顿！打电话给华盛顿！
+接下来我记起来原来还是有很多事情的。
+我指的是那种 我们就是我们的过去”的思想倾向。
+一位女性向苹果抱怨说
+Tipper还说, 再来一个汉堡包加薯条！
+在South Bronx的Hunts Point街区买了房子
+到了90年代 越南由计划经济转为市场经济
+我的父亲并不孤单
+比如，这也是为什么我相信要保护环境。
+今天（2003）越南人的平均寿命和家庭规模
+但是为何技术超载危机
+复杂度危机 正在加速呢? 在硬件行业中
+他们宁可领取保险金，也不愿意在这种情况下卖掉房子——
+但我们的手指还是原来大小
+如果你买了个花瓶 或是块糖
+你可以拥有它. 但如果是软件
+我每次更新的时候都会加新的图片进去，其中也许到了许多新的。
+我们看看收入的分配情况
+你会找到更多的贝壳。
+我称之为 软件升级佯谬 --
+父母可以教导孩子他们认为最重要的宗教信仰
+如果在你还小的时候被告知你的社区没有什么好东西
+最贫穷的20%那部分人 只得到2%
+但替代方案在哪? 微软实际做过这个实验. 他们说
+就像微型天窗
+那让我心烦。但事实就是那样...情绪发生了作用。
+其实中间这部分才是世界人口的主体 而他们仅得到全部收入的24%
+但我想先说明下这些东西。
+我们能让自己做任何事。我们能完成任何事。
+这就是那幢建筑
+这次负投资开始于二十世纪六十年代
+他们在这边，很小一部分与非洲重叠
+任何一个组件多多少少都可以挂在墙上当艺术品。
+这是张未加修饰的 -- 不是笑话 -- 未加修饰的Microsoft Word的照片
+现在，你必须决定你要把注意力放在什么地方。
+我是非常真诚的，部分原因是因为--(模拟呜咽)--我的确非常需要！（笑声）
+其中之一就是人类创造力的伟大例证
+我总是对社会负责感的设计
+还一直挂起和破坏 -- 擦除了我的ROM! 现在那Mac♪
+我站在这里，因为我相信情绪是生命的力量。
+我给你讲个小故事来形容我现在是什么样的
+几乎所有的事都能在那里发生
+就在我和Tipper（戈尔妻子）离开白宫稍后不久 --（模拟呜咽） --（笑声）
+5题中平均答对的只有1.8题
+(笑声)
+这辆福特Taurus是租来的，这时刚好是晚饭的时候
+我接着说： 爸爸妈妈，那圣诞老人呢？
+现在我来谈一下，我打算建造西雅图中央图书馆
+你们可以看到五六个图表
+我们就开始找吃饭的地方
+我们作了一个软件，每一个小球代表一个国家
+我跟Tipper引起了一阵骚动。（笑声）
+当我接到一个电话，要求改变某某人的表现，这是一个方面。
+创造力。我认为
+这是原始的Mac操作系统
+这些数据都来自于联合国
+寿命在变长但家庭规模不变
+虽然不总是如此，但常常，这些人会成为那些
+非洲国家是下面的绿球，他们一直在下面
+而当我押赌注的时候，我碰巧相信
+故事太长。梅尔.吉布森演过那部剧的续集。
+我们为此很兴奋。
+在离我家几个街区远的地方被枪杀
+第一个孩子说： 我带来了黄金。”
+他们会告诉你什么？他们没有...他们懂的不够多，
+银行被拉了红线，市里的特定区域
+这种情况也存在于公司经营方面。
+因此那些小玩意儿也变得越来越小
+Hunts Point以前是一个步行上班的社区
+ 孩子们是天生的艺术家”
+软件行业则面临另一个问题
+如果你让我感受到那种最深层次的情绪，
+这仅仅是美国的，一月份的历史平局记录是31度。
+莎士比亚七岁时什么样？我从没想过--他七岁时
+你们中没人知道它 因为它已死
+来自于建筑物。
+汽车和货车是非常明显的，因为我们的标准是全世界最低的。
+知道么？我曾经和他们一起工作甚至约会
+设计一个简单界面的艺术 部分在于
+这是Windows 2000的注销对话框
+我们去精心呵护自然环境，她会回报给我们更多
+--很有可能变成杀手级的应用
+我们运作了一个称为 Bronx生态管理训练”的项目
+它在生态恢复方面提供了工作培训
+使得你需要折叠选项
+她不只影响了她的人生。那个决定塑造了我们的文化。
+天天安排舞蹈课
+我们已经看到苹果和微软
+对于软件设计有着相当不同的方法
+如同我提到的汽车--购买混合动力或者坐轻轨。
+在我接触过的三百万人中，我见到那种差别。
+而且略微偏重大脑的一侧。
+还是小
+考虑这点，下决心去拥有一个碳中性的生活。
+我希望可以从你们那里得到建议和帮助
+这些设施恰好在环境正义的社区就能看到，比如说我居住的社区
+这比你想象的要容易些，真的。
+你们中的许多人已经做出了合适的决定，这真的是相当容易。
+在做各种选择前尽量选那些可以减少二氧化碳排放量的，
+乌干达则需要发展援助 在加纳可以进行投资了
+比如你在网上购物 你需要输入你的地址
+而且还要对那些没做到的决定作出合适的补偿
+无论如何——（笑声）（掌声）
+你得要滚动7个屏才能找到它
+如果你想亲身体验
+根据碳排放的计算公式设计出这个
+--学术研讨会，
+现在我提的不是目标或愿望，这些是很普遍的需求。
+(笑声)
+或至少过得舒适。那你怎么获得确定性？
+在后Katrina时代，我们还是有很多相同点
+然后还会给出如何减少碳排放的建议.
+等五月份电影出来的时候,这个版本也会升级到2.0.
+更新中包括能够购买碳排放抵消的功能
+无论是对第九区的破坏还是South Bronx都是必然的
+(笑声)
+而不仅仅是城市萎缩的民族象征
+我不是说苹果是唯一一家
+结束后 我遇到一位员工
+公司或政府来把世界变得更好，仅仅是因为它的正确的或是道德上的
+别再抱怨季度报告里关于首席执行官的管理
+但是如果你确实想了解，我待会儿告诉你
+关于这个有太多需要说了。
+对于这样的情况不会存在大的争议。
+很快，文凭就不再有含金量了。是这样吧？
+考虑送一些人去纳什维尔看。
+你们知道 我不想只是站在这里取笑微软
+呆在家里打电脑游戏，
+这样的话我就会在今年夏天带一个课程
+有的从听觉角度，有的从美学角度
+他们从这里出发 一个资源型国家
+因为如果你走开两分钟，五分钟后回来，
+我向每个人收专利费♪
+用工具和限量使用版权来张贴，
+你买硬件 我卖代码♪
+这无关你是否是共和党人然后我要说服你变成一个民主党人士。
+这里大家看到各国的数据 基本上都是平均数
+我的代码适用于今天的世界♪
+我接下来谈谈运筹帷幄的大脑。
+我们将用到一些工具不同寻常的组合。
+它们是博弈论和神经科学。
+利用它们来理解：当有利益冲突时，人们在社交上是如何相互影响。
+博弈论是最原始的的应用数学的一个分支，
+常常在经济和政治科学领域被使用，在生物学领域也有所涉及。
+这让我们有了一个数学分类法，去分类社会生活。
+博弈论可以以此预测：人们有可能做什么，
+以及揣测别人会做什么，
+在所有人的行为相互影响的情况下。
+这里有许多的情况：比赛，合作，谈判，游戏
+比如捉迷藏和打扑克。
+这里我们做个简单的游戏
+每个人在0~100中选择一个数字
+我们将会计算出这些数字的平均值，
+如果谁的数字最接近平均值的三分之二，就获胜。
+如此一来，你就会想要比平均值稍微低那么一点，
+但又不能小很多，然而每个人都想要
+比平均值小那么一点。
+想想你会挑什么数字。
+正如你所想的那样，这正是一个
+在牛市的股票市场抛售股票的微缩模型，对吧？
+你不会想过早的抛售，因为这样你有可能错失很多利润
+但你也同样不会想等得过晚，
+以至于等到每个人都抛售了，引发了股市的崩盘。
+你只是会想要比这个竞争稍微领先一点，又不想提前太早。
+好吧，这里有两个关于 人们如何思考这个问题”的理论，
+然后我们将会看到一些数据。
+他们中的一些也许听起来比较耳熟，因为你很有可能
+就是这样思考问题的。我现在利用大脑理论来解释。
+许多的人说： 我真的不知道人们会如何选择，
+所以我认为平均值也许会是50。
+他们这样的想法是没有战略性的。
+”然后我要选择50的三分之二，那就是33。 然后这就开始了。
+然而经验更老道的人
+会利用更多的实践经验，
+他们会说：”我认为人们会选择33，这是他们对50做出的反应，
+所以我要选择33的三分之二，也就是22。
+他们只是多做了一步思考，也就是两步。
+这就相比较好很多了。当然，原则上，
+你可以三思而后行，甚至更深入，
+但是这会相对比较困难了。
+就像是在语言或者其他领域，我们知道深层剖析
+有复杂成分和递归结构句子的语法就比较艰难。
+顺便提一下，这被叫做认知层次理论。
+我曾经拿这个理论在一小部分人身上试验过
+试验指明了一种层次
+它假设出多少人会停留在不同的思考步骤
+以及各个不同的思考步骤是如何
+被许多的有趣的变量和善变的人们所影响的，我们等一下会看到
+人们害怕从事自己命中注定的工作？这符合逻辑吗？
+一个大部分是由于”美丽心灵 的John Nash名声而引发的理论，
+也被叫做均衡分析
+所以，如果你曾在不同的层面尝试对策论，
+你将会对这个有些许领悟。
+均衡法则是是一种数学陈述
+能让每个人都精确计算出别人将要做的。
+这是一个很有用的观点，但在实际实践中，
+这可能并不能准确解释出人们会做什么
+尤其，他们第一次将这些运用于经济活动
+或者是脱离常规的情况
+这种情况下，均衡论则会是一种十分冒险的预测
+让每个人都想比别人低
+因此他们会演变为零
+让我们看看什么会发生。这个实验已经被做了许多次了
+最早的实验事在90世纪
+由我和Rosemarie Nagel和其他一些人做的
+这个基于9000个为三份报纸和杂志写作的人得到的数据
+也有争议
+该争议是，给出你的数字
+谁的更接近平均值的三分之二将会胜出
+你可以看到，这里有十分有力的数据，有一些明显突出的柱状
+一个是在33，这些人只动用了一步思考
+其余的集中在22
+并且可以发现，大部分的人都集中在这两块地方
+他们并不是一定要选择33或者22的
+其他的选择分布于周围
+有更深层次的理解。
+这里也有另一组人
+他们貌似比较熟悉均衡论的应用分析，
+因为他们选择了0或1
+但是他们失败了
+因为过于小的数字明显不是个明智的选择
+整个情况变得让人无法忍受，
+他们很聪明，也很可怜
+（笑声）
+这些思想发生于大脑的哪一个区域呢？
+Coricellli和Nagel所作的一个研究给出了一个很犀利也很有趣的回答
+所以他们让人们玩这个游戏的同时
+也在用磁共振扫描他们的大脑
+并且发现两种情况：在一些试验中
+人们被告知正在和其他的人一起玩这个游戏
+并且最后会根据你的行为
+判定你是否胜出并给与奖励
+在另一试验中，他们被告知，他们正在和一台电脑玩
+他们可以很随意地选择
+所以你可以看到，
+在大脑活动最发达的地方出现了差值
+当你与人竞赛和与电脑竞赛时是不同的
+我们今天所看见的一些区域的活动情况
+多集中于中间额叶前部皮质层，向背中线的区域，也就是这儿
+腹正中额叶前部皮质层
+前部有色带这些区域。
+在许多不同类型相互冲突地结论中，就像如果你正在玩 西蒙说”
+也同样会感觉到偏左或右的皮质感觉性失语。
+这些区域这是相当可信的
+人们都认为这是一种循环的 思维理论”的一部分
+或者也可以说是 心智循环”
+这就是会所，这是一种习惯于思考别人会如何做的循环性思维
+这里有一些初步研究
+来看这种思维是如何与对策论紧密联系的
+不只是为了让孩子们用一种不同的方法来看待科学
+我们把人们根据他们的选择而分类，
+然后我们观察与人类竞赛和与电脑竞赛
+究竟有什么不同
+哪部分大脑区域有不同的活动。
+从上面图片的玩家，你可以看到思考了一步的人们
+这里没什么区别
+原因是，他们把别的人都当做了电脑，大脑也是
+下方图的玩家，大多数的大脑活动都集中在向背中线的PFC处
+所以我们知道这两个步骤思考的人们会做些不同的事。
+现在，你退后一步想， 这些信息对我有什么帮助？”
+你也许可以观察到大脑活动，并且说
+课程,而且也无法支付那些课程的
+或者说 这个人是比较单纯不更事的”
+我们也有可能了解到
+大脑青春期的大脑发育情况
+一旦我们对这个循环的思想存在于哪里有了想法
+那就好了，准备好。
+我正在留住你的大脑活动
+因为你不需要你的大脑觉察细胞
+你必须用这些细胞去仔细思考这个游戏
+这是一个交易的游戏。
+两个玩家谁被扫描了脑电图电极
+将会进行一到六美元的交易，
+你真的会去找你的甜心然后说，
+如果10秒钟过去了，他们还没有解决，他们什么都得不到。
+这是一个错误
+使人烦恼的是，左边的玩家
+会被提示每个试验里会有多少钱。
+他们每次会有不同的时间去进行许多试验
+在这个情况下，他们知道这里有四美元。
+而另一部分玩家并不知情，
+他们知道知情的玩家知道什么
+所以不知情的玩家的挑战是
+ 这个人会不会真的公平
+或者他们会不会给我一个很低的分数
+以至于让我认为这里只有一个或者两个可获得的美元去分离给我们
+在这种情况下，他们会抵制它，并且不去处理。
+所以这里会因为想得到更多的钱而焦虑不安
+想试着刺激其他的玩家给你更多的钱。
+在迈阿密，这个数字是每5个人当中有3个。
+从零到六的数轴，
+更容易被恶心到。
+知情的玩家则将获得剩下的
+所以这就像是一个管理工人的协商
+在这个协商里工人并不知道
+这个私营企业的盈利是多少，对的
+他们想尽可能坚持到更多的钱
+给她的车做个无线电扫描。
+没有更多的利益可以分割的假象”我给了你我所能给的大部分
+首先是一些行为，所以许多情况下，他们面对面的进行交涉。
+我们有另一些数据当他们通过电脑交涉时的情况。
+你也许会想到，这是一个很有趣的差别。
+但是许多的面对面的玩家们
+每一次都同意平分钱。
+这很无聊。这是一个很没趣的思维。
+对他们来说这是好的，他们由此赚了很多钱。
+但我们更感兴趣的是，我们能否说些什么
+当冲突发生时，而不是什么都没发生
+所以这就是这个项目的另一组，经常发生冲突的
+他们有更多的机会去斗嘴和争执
+最后以更少的钱结尾。
+他们会有资格参加电视剧《绝望主妇》
+你所能看到的在左边，
+当可以分割的数量是一美元、两美元或者三美元时
+他们要争执一般的时间，
+但当数量为四美元、五美元、六美元时，他们更容易达成一致。
+这就成了原先所预料的
+要用非常复杂的对策论了
+失去了双腿
+这个现在解释起来会有点复杂，
+但是这个理论告诉你这种情况会发生
+因为如果你走过一片有东西吃的地方
+现在，我将要给你展现脑电图记录的结果
+非常复杂。右边的大脑图解
+是未知情者的，左边的是知情者的
+要知道我们是同时对他们的大脑进行了扫描，
+所以我们要求完全同步的进行活动
+同时地，在相同或者不同的区域，
+就像如果你想要研究一个会话
+你要同时扫描对话双方的大脑
+并且你希望这是一个用地域语言的普通对话
+在他们听着并交流着的时候
+所以箭头将会同步标记出哪块区域比较活跃
+箭头指向的出发点的区域
+是最早有大脑活动的区域
+箭头所指向的地方则是活动相对较晚的区域
+所以这种情况下，如果你观察够仔细，
+就会发现，大部分的箭头都从大脑右边指向左边
+这也就是说，有没有可能是未接受信息的大脑
+活动发生的相对早，
+然后再转移到已接受信息的大脑区域
+背景里有两棵树。
+这是在最早的两秒钟看出来的
+我们还没完成这个数据的分析，
+我们依旧在观察，但希望还是非常大的
+因为我们可以从第一个两秒中看出
+他们是否将会作出反应
+这对考虑避免诉讼来说将会有很大的用处
+包括一些讨人厌的离婚案件或者其他一些诸如此类的事
+这是一些由于耽搁或者打击
+而丧失了很多价值的案列
+这里有个起冲突了的案例
+你可以看到这个看上去和之前的有所不同
+这里有了更多的箭头
+这就表示大脑正因为一系列的同步事件
+高速同步着。
+并且箭头的指向也很明显地从左边转到右边
+这也就是，接受到信息的大脑看上去正在决定着
+ 我们也许不会有结果的”
+然后是未接收到信息的大脑区域的活动
+接下来我将向你介绍一些相关连的元素。
+他们是多毛的，有气味的，敏捷的，也是强壮的。
+你也许会联想到你的上一个感恩节
+可能你有一个黑猩猩陪着你
+在5百万年前，Charles Darwin和我们
+砍断了黑猩猩的赖以生存的树
+但他们始终是我们最为亲密的祖先。
+我们有98.8%的基因是相同的。
+应该有更多的有意义的练习性问题
+并且我们还是他们最亲密的亲属
+因此请允许我再次强调
+但是人类和黑猩猩的行为差距如此之大
+也同样告诉我们大脑是如何进化的
+所以这是一个神奇的记忆测试
+来自于日本名古屋的；灵长类动物研究所
+他们做了许许多多相关的研究
+这个要追溯到另一种探索了。他们对记忆的研究十分感兴趣
+黑猩猩已经开始非常仔细的观察东西了。
+他们已经可以看清200毫秒间的事物运动
+——这是很快的，相当于八个帧的电影片段——
+一个、两个、三个、四个或五个事物的200毫秒运动
+这些事物由方块来代替
+他们需要按方块
+来与从低到高的数字达成一致
+这样才能得到一个苹果的奖励。
+我们来看看他是如何做的
+这是一只幼年黑猩猩，
+比较的年轻的猩猩会比老的更优秀，这点和人类一样
+他们常被用来做实验，所以他们做了这个
+时间一分一秒的过去了，
+很明显，正如你可想象的，这儿有过一个很重大的训练影响着猩猩。
+（笑声）
+你可以看到的是，他们很厌烦并对此不费吹灰之力
+他们可以不仅仅做得很好，他们还会偷懒着做这个
+嗯，这是火箭科学 ；
+这是错的。（笑声）
+我们可以尝试。我们会尝试，也许。
+好吧，所以下面我要快速过一遍的
+这个研究的下一部分
+是基于Tetsuro Matsuzawa的想法上的
+他有一个大胆的想法——他称之为认知贸易——就是远离假设
+我们知道黑猩猩有着敏捷的速度和强壮的体魄
+他们也会被困境难住
+（嘀嘀声）它会发出嘀嘀声，因为它毕竟是个闹钟
+并且他们还不断地实践发展他们
+这点对他们来说是十分十分重要的
+要去扭转局势并取得胜利，
+这就好像是比赛中战略性的思考
+所以我们要求证一下
+通过让黑猩猩们
+玩触屏机器的游戏
+这些黑猩猩会在电脑上和大家玩的不亦乐乎
+他们将要按左边或右边
+一个猩猩被叫做配对员
+他们一直按左边就会胜出
+就像是捉迷藏里的找的一方，或者是右边
+而非匹配员要做的就是不匹配
+他们要按猩猩按的屏幕的另一边
+因为一图胜千言，
+所以这些是理论者观察到的数据
+这是一个时间百分率的图标
+右边的配对员是X轴
+预计右边玩家的非匹配者
+他们时间的百分率在y轴
+所以重点就是这对玩家的行为
+一个去匹配一个不去匹配
+中间那个NE的方块——也就是NE，CH和QRE
+这是三个不同理论的纳什均衡论，或者其他
+这些告诉你这个理论所预计的
+也就是他们应该将50和50配对
+因为如果你一直在左边，举个例子
+我可以判断我是不是右边的非匹配员
+并且你可以看到，每一个黑猩猩是一个三角
+在整个预测中呈现环形围绕着
+现在我们移动结果
+我们将匹配员的左边的结果弄得高一些
+现在他们有三个苹果方块了
+从对策论原理上来说，这将会加快非匹配员的行为
+因为这将会使非匹配员认为
+噢，这些家伙想要获得最大的奖励
+然后我要来到右边，确保他并没有得到
+就像你可以看到的，他们的行为
+随着纳什均衡论中说的趋势的变化而改变着
+最后，我们再次改变了结果
+这次是四个苹果方块
+然后他们的行为再次向着纳什均衡论的方向发展了
+周围也有一小部分例外，但如果你取了这些猩猩的平均值
+会发现这些数据非常非常相近，差距仅在0.01之内
+数据相近度超过了任何一个我们曾观察过的物种
+那么人类呢？你认为你是比猩猩聪明的吗？
+这里有绿色和蓝色两组人
+他们所匹配的十分接近50—50，他们并没有获得如此相似的结果
+并且如果你知道他们在游戏中的想法
+会发现，他们对这些奖励并不敏感
+黑猩猩比人类表现得更好
+对对策论更为贴近，有更直观的感受
+这是两组不同的人
+来自日本和非洲。他们的反应就相对比较乐观
+其中没有一个人相近，就好像猩猩一样
+自我得到提升以后，这些东西
+人们所用到的利用的思维理论进行的
+战略性思维十分有限
+我们有一些关于协商谈判的初步数据证明
+大脑警示系统被用来预测
+是否这里会有一个耗钱的冲突
+大都柏林区域的地图。我放大一点
+从对策论上可以这么判断
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+我永远忘不了那天
+2006年的春天。
+我还是一个外科住院医生
+在约翰霍普金斯医院
+应对急救电话
+大约凌晨两点左右，我被急诊室叫去
+看一位女病人，她得了因糖尿病而引起的
+足部溃疡。
+我至今还能记得当我拉开帘子看到她之后
+闻到的那种肉类腐烂的味道。
+显而易见这位女士病得很重
+她需要住院治疗。
+这是毫无疑问的。
+但那时我考虑的是另一个问题
+那就是，她需要截肢吗？
+现在，回想起那夜，
+我很后悔那天夜里面对那位女士时
+心中没有带着同样的同情与悲悯
+就像我平时面对其他病人那般
+三天前的夜里一位27岁的新娘
+因为下背疼痛来看急诊
+后来她被诊断为晚期胰腺癌。
+虽然我知道我对她无能为力
+没办法救她。
+癌症已经是末期了。
+但我还是尽我所能的
+做了所有能让她
+舒服一点的事情。我帮她找了条毛毯
+端了杯咖啡。
+给她父母送咖啡。
+更重要的是，我一点也不觉得这姑娘有错
+很明显她对自己的病
+事实上，记得首次进行这种会议时， 我不断思索
+但是为什么，仅仅过了几夜
+当我站在同一个急救室并且决定
+我的这位糖尿病病人需要截肢手术时
+为什么我的心中带着蔑视呢？
+你看，跟那位新娘不一样
+这位女士有II型糖尿病
+她很胖。
+而且我们都知道肥胖源自 无节制的饮食和缺乏运动，对吧？
+而且我们都知道肥胖源自 无节制的饮食和缺乏运动，对吧？
+我的意思是，节食和运动很难吗？
+我看着她躺在床上，我心说
+哪怕你稍微注意一点儿自己的身体
+你也绝不会落到这步田地
+跟一个即将给你截肢的陌生在一起
+粉色点表示可以租赁的房屋。
+为什么当时我能心安理得的责备她呢？
+我希望我不知道原因。
+但是说真的，我知道。
+你看，我那时年少轻狂
+我自以为是的觉得 她肯定就是我想到那样。
+她饮食无度，她运气不好
+她得了糖尿病，基本就是这个情况。
+讽刺的是，就在那会儿
+我正在参与癌症的研究
+黑色素瘤的细胞免疫力疗法，具体来说
+在那个领域里，我被教着去质疑一切
+挑战一切固有的理论成果
+并且在研究中严格遵守最高的科研准则。
+但当我面对糖尿病
+这种致死几率高于黑色素瘤八倍的疾病时候
+我从未质疑过传统的理论。
+我当时真的认为糖尿病的发病机理
+早有定论。
+三年以后，我发现我错了。
+但是这次，我自己成了病人。
+尽管我每天运动三四个小时
+严格遵守健康食谱
+我还是体重激增并且得了
+代谢综合征。
+你们也许有人听说过它。
+我的身体对胰岛素产生了抗性。
+你们可以把胰岛素想象成一种荷尔蒙
+它能控制我们的身体对摄入的食物做出反应
+消耗或是储存它们。
+在术语中称之为燃料分区。
+缺乏足够的胰岛素是很要命的。
+胰岛素抵抗，就像字面上意思一样
+意味着你的细胞变得越来越不受
+胰岛素的指挥正常运作。
+一旦你出现胰岛素抵抗的情况
+你离患糖尿病就不远了
+我不确定我们是否应该称呼年轻人为 数字原住民”。
+你无法制造足够的胰岛素。
+你的血糖开始升高
+一系列的病例症状
+这个邮件是从杰克·盖格博士发来的，
+癌症，甚至老年痴呆症
+或者截肢，就像几年前的那位女士一样。
+我很害怕，我很快改了食谱
+做了一些让大家觉得
+不可思议的改变。
+得益于新的食谱 尽管我锻炼得少了，我还是减掉了40磅
+你们可以看到，我现在没有超重
+更重要的是，我没有胰岛素抵抗症了
+比如说我为什么要消失，我消失在这儿
+三个亟待解决的问题
+所以如果摄影师就在这里
+我已经尽力做到无懈可击了。
+如果传统的营养理论在我身上失效了
+在其他人身上会怎样呢？
+通过对考虑这些问题
+我着了魔一样的
+希望找到肥胖和胰岛素之间
+我总是在思考 Google 视频与 YouTube 的差异。
+很多时候， 是业余爱好者而非专家，
+肥胖导致了胰岛素抵抗。
+依逻辑来说，如果你想治疗胰岛素抵抗
+你必须减肥，对吧？
+先对付肥胖。
+但是如果我们反过来想一下？
+假如肥胖并不会导致胰岛素抵抗？
+实际上，假如它只是一个征兆
+一个更深层次的问题的冰山一角？
+这听起来很疯狂 因为我们很正身处
+一个肥胖症泛滥的时代，不过请耐心听我解释。
+假如肥胖是身体的某种应对机制
+用来对付一个潜藏在细胞深处
+更加凶险的问题？
+我不认为肥胖是无害的
+但是我觉得肥胖在两种新陈代谢疾病中
+是比较次要的那个。
+大家可以把胰岛素抵抗症看作
+我们身体燃料箱变小了
+就像我刚刚假设的那样
+正常情况下我们摄入的热量
+会被适量消耗并且适量储存。
+当我们得了胰岛素抵抗的时候
+这个平衡就会偏离正常情况。
+于是乎，当胰岛素告诉细胞
+我需要你消耗一些能量，假如
+细胞认为消耗太大，那些细胞就会回应到
+ 不了，我更想把这些能量储存起来。”
+因为脂肪细胞不同于其它细胞
+它没有那么多复杂的结构和组织
+所以能量都被储藏在那。
+因此对我们中许多人，大约7500万美国人来说
+胰岛素抵抗应被视作
+肥胖的成因，而非相反的，
+将胰岛素抵抗归因于肥胖。
+这虽然是个相当微妙的区别，
+但是它的含义却是相当深刻的。
+举个例子来说，
+想象一下你小腿上的乌青，
+那是你不小心撞上咖啡桌时留下的。
+毫无疑问，这乌青疼得要命。
+而且你肯定不喜欢腿上多个斑，但是我们都知道
+乌青本身并不是个问题。
+恰恰相反，这是对外伤的一个正常生理反应。
+所有的免疫细胞都会迅速前往受伤的部位
+去清理坏死细胞的碎片并且防止
+感染扩散到身体其他部位。
+好了，想象一下如果我们把乌青当作一个问题，
+我们发展出了一个庞大的医疗体系
+以及文化来对待乌青：
+遮蔽霜，止疼药，等等。
+在这世上每个医生,每个医院主任
+那就是人们依旧会撞到咖啡桌
+如果我们可以从问题的根源入手
+告诉人们注意一下
+从客厅走过的时候小心咖啡桌
+这会比处理撞伤来的有效果的多
+正确理解事情的表象和本因
+将使这个世界产生巨大的不同。
+即使治标不治本，制药行业
+依旧可以为股东们带来利润，
+当我完成了,
+原因及结果。
+所以我想指出的是
+在我们讨论肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的问题时 把原因和结果弄反了。
+在我们讨论肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的问题时 把原因和结果弄反了。
+也许我们需要问问我们自己了，
+有没有可能胰岛素抵抗导致了体重增加
+以及随肥胖带来的并发症，
+至少对于大多数人来说
+有没有可能肥胖只是胰岛抵抗的一个代谢反应
+相较于其他更大的威胁，
+例如一些相关的疫病，
+它们才是我们真正应该去担心的。
+让我们来看些有暗示性的建议。
+我们知道在美国有3千万肥胖症患者
+并未患胰岛素抵抗。
+同时，没有证据显示他们
+比非肥胖症患者更容易贻患其他疾病。
+恰恰相反，在美国有6百万非肥胖症患者
+存在胰岛素抵抗，
+而他们却被证实
+易患那些我之前提到的糖尿病并发症，
+同时几率较肥胖人士来的更高。
+虽然现在我还不知道为什么，但是一个可能的原因是，
+对他们而言，他们的细胞无法正确的
+对体内多余能量做出反应。
+你可以是肥胖症患者，却没患胰岛素抵抗，
+或者你可以不肥胖，却患有胰岛素抵抗，
+这都表明肥胖只不过是一个表征
+而胰岛素抗拒才是根源。
+所以如果我们斗争搞错了对象，
+去解决一些紧迫的、 复杂的问题。
+而且更糟的是，如果指责过胖者
+其实确是在指责胰岛素抵抗的受害者？
+如果我们对于肥胖症的一些基本认识本身
+就存在误差？
+就我个人而言，我没有办法继续保持傲慢的态度，
+让我把那种过剩的确信感放在一边。
+对于这些问题的核心为何，我有我自己的认识，
+同时我也愿意将它与其他人分享
+我的假设是这样的，因为老有人问我
+一部分的原因是发达国家和发展中国家
+试问，一个细胞到底在畏惧什么
+当它处于胰岛素抗拒状态时。
+问题的答案可能不是摄入过多的食物。
+答案更有可能是摄入过量葡萄糖而导致血糖过高。
+精制的谷物和淀粉
+将在短时间内抬到你的血糖含量，
+而且我们有理由相信
+糖分将直接导致胰岛素抵抗症。
+所以如果把这些生理过程也列入考虑，
+我认为是大量的不断摄入
+精制谷物，糖类以及淀粉类食物导致了
+肥胖症和糖尿病的流行，
+但其病因是胰岛素抵抗症
+而不是由于暴饮暴食以及缺乏运动。
+在我几年前减去40磅时，
+我只是简单的限制了精制谷物，糖，和淀粉的摄入，
+诚然这也表明我存在一些偏见，
+而这些主要源自我的个人经验。
+但是这并不意味着我的偏见是错误的，
+更重要的是，所有这些偏见都是可以被科学验证的。
+但是第一步就是要接受一种可能性
+那就是我们当前关于肥胖症，
+糖尿病以及胰岛素抗拒症的理解可能存在偏差
+并需要被验证。
+我把我的事业都赌在了这个可能性上。
+现在，我把所有的时间花在了这个问题的研究上，
+而且我将不会停止知道找到真正的答案。
+我已经决定有一件事是我不能也不会再做的，
+那就是在我不知道答案的时候却假装知道。
+对所有我不知道的事情，我都相当谦虚。
+在过去一年里，我很幸运
+可以和国内最优秀的糖尿病和肥胖症专家团队一起研究
+可以和国内最优秀的糖尿病和肥胖症专家团队一起研究
+同时最好的事情莫过于，
+就如亚伯拉罕•林肯将自己 置身于由对手组成的团队中
+我们也做了一样的事情。
+我们找来了另一个科学家团队作为竞争对手，
+他们也都是极为优秀的科学家，
+但却对这个流行病的核心成因有着不同的假设
+有一些认为是过量的卡路里摄入
+有一些认为是过量的脂肪摄入
+也有些人为是过量的精制谷物和淀粉摄入。
+这个由多学科，
+具有高度怀疑精神以及相当聪明的研究者团队
+至少同意两件事情。
+其一，这个问题相当重要，
+以至于我们不能再假装我们知道答案而对它视而不见。
+其次，如果我们愿意去犯错误，
+如果我们愿意通过科学实践探究去挑战传统观念
+如果我们愿意通过科学实践探究去挑战传统观念
+我们终将解决这个问题。
+我知道我们都希望现在就能得到一个答案，
+一些可以参照行为方式或者规则，一些饮食菜单
+告诉我们该吃什么，不该吃什么，
+但是如果我们想找到一个正确的答案，
+我们就不得不进行严谨的科学尝试，
+不然我们是给出真正的答案的。
+简而言之，为了找到这个答案，我们的研究项目
+主要围绕着三个方面或者问题展开。
+首先，我们摄入的各种各样的食物是如何
+影响我们的代谢，激素和酶的，
+其二，基于这个视角，
+人们有没有办法对他们的饮食做出必要的调整，
+使它更安全且更易实践
+最终，一旦我们找到既安全、
+又能安全应用到饮食中的方法
+我们又如何改变他们的习惯，
+使之变得更为自然，
+而非一种刻意行为？
+你知道应该去做什么并不意味着
+你可以坚持这么做。
+有时我们不得不给人们一些诱因
+使这种坚持变得更简单，不管你信不信
+这都可以经过科学研究
+我不知道这个研究最终会将我带向何处，
+但是对我而言，至少有一点是可以肯定地：
+我们不能继续指责肥胖症和糖尿病患者
+IBM公司的情况来总结
+他们中的大部分其实都想做正确的选择，
+但前提是他们必须知道到底什么是正确的，
+你们想看到战争结束，贫困消失。
+我们梦想有一天当我们的患者可以
+减去多余的重量
+治好胰岛素抵抗症，
+因为作为医学专家，
+我们已经抛开了多余的思想包袱，
+并完全治好了自己的新观点抵抗症
+从而使我们回归我们最初的理想：
+开放的思维，抛弃那些不再有效的陈旧观念的勇气
+开放的思维，抛弃那些不再有效的陈旧观念的勇气
+相信科学的真理没有终点，
+只有不断的进化。
+天啊。
+忠于这条追求真理的道路 对患者和科学来说都是更好的选择
+如果肥胖只是
+代谢疾病的一个替罪羊，
+我有时会回想到七年前急救室的那个夜晚
+我有时会回想到七年前急救室的那个夜晚
+我希望我可以再和那位女士聊聊。
+我想向她道歉。
+我想说，作为一个医生，我提供了
+我所能提供的最好的治疗，
+但是最为一个人，
+我让你失望了。
+你需要的不是我的判定和我的鄙视。
+你需要的是我的同情和怜悯，
+而且无论如何，你需要的是一个医生
+愿意相信
+也许你没有辜负我们的医疗系统。
+也许是医疗系统，包括我在内的这个医疗系统，
+辜负了你。
+如果你现在正在看这个演讲，
+我希望你可以原谅我。
+（掌声）
+非常谢谢，克里斯。的确非常荣幸
+之前的20年我一直在非洲研究饥饿问题
+我们一定听说现实中的可持续发展议程并没有可行性
+我并没有夸大。我在周末办研讨会，而我的做法是...
+这次会议有三个主题
+我热衷于沉浸式学习法。你们是怎么学会语言的？
+这些例证已经体现在之前的演讲当中
+因此数据本身的不确定性可以忽略不计
+这是个真实的故事--每一点都是如此。
+有人这样对我说: 你会拿到最酷 最热门 最华丽的新玩意儿
+和我心爱的人结婚。谢谢大家
+书和其他技术的进化过程
+是他一直在背后支持着我，他一直这样。
+我们走进去后坐在小亭子里，女服务员也走了过来。
+但是，我们这些生活在环境正义社区里的人们
+接着她说”是的，他们就是前副总统艾尔·戈尔和他的妻子Tipper。
+创造力和文化知识在教育中占同样比重，
+上面的图表
+我来举个例子
+饭店那个男人的话--然后观众笑了
+能够了解这 理性的年龄”的概念；第二，他们还没有到七岁。
+大家看到没有？
+讽刺就在于 当这些东西变得更易于使用
+这就造成纳税人上缴了很多，却没有相应比例的获利
+那么华盛顿能有什么出错呢？
+我认为他们应该按顺序出场，
+老天。我在街对面的一个危房里长大
+是的，我是从贫民窟来的一个贫穷的黑人小孩
+(笑声)
+我介于两个世界之间
+以上例子的共同点就是孩子们愿意冒险。
+父母虽然是孩子的监护人
+你最终会毁了它
+上个一月份是39.5度。
+因为从规划的角度讲，经济恶化就
+但这不是人们告诉我们的故事，对吗？
+当制定土地政策的时候，有把这些因素考虑在内吗？
+但是它们在转移我们思想的时候也是非常有效的。
+这就是所谓的 规划”——加上引号——根本就没有考虑我们的利益
+我儿子并不愿意。
+我们去看一下阅览室，错了，是大厅
+我们已进入了界面矩阵时代
+但是我很乐意听到任何对这件事上的评论--但请等我讲完
+设想一下自行车商店、饮料摊
+事实上，个人亲身经验，我从来没有遇到一
+它将使我们能够继续安全的使用矿物燃料。
+OK,现在，你在家里可以做什么来减少排放呢？
+大多数这些支出也是有利可图的。
+拆分 采用更多的步骤
+我们不断的开展调查，并且找到了
+儿童生存率和经济之间 联系非常紧密
+带着这样的问题： 公办教育的目的是什么？”
+可是⋯让我想想。
+世界上所有的公办教育
+对于你们中那些熟悉品牌运作的人，
+但我请求在场的设计师们
+那就是 智能 . 什么意思呢?
+但是我们必须引起你们的注意：我们需要投资。修改完之后
+然后那9名优秀者被分派到遍及整个区域中去，
+按照页码顺序排列
+你不会去想太多其他的东西。
+我们提供能解救我们自身的有价值的课程
+我们得到什么？当你很确定的时候你感觉到什么？
+都被卷入了工业革命的热潮。
+但是——我知道这是本质，或者是一个人的见解
+在他的后花园里发现了埋藏的金器
+造成的后果就是许多很有天才的
+在显示器的另一端 出现了一个任务栏
+来应对日益严重的交通、污染、固体废料
+不，我不相信，我这么回答到
+这里有谁曾经在一段亲密关系中受到过伤害的？说 明白”
+全体的，在全国各地的社区，
+需要培训卫生工作者 还要教育民众
+那样的话年轻人就可以用他们自己的方法重新制作。
+每个软件公司都在做微软的研发♪
+而且你们可能也是，如果你不是的，那你需要那样做
+脑部特征可能使女性更善于应对头绪纷乱的事情。
+但我对于那些去在政治弱势群体身上盈利
+虽然她不擅厨艺但很擅长其他一些事--
+但是一旦它变成了封闭的体系，不管美国是否参与，
+但是我时常提醒我自己的一件事就是，最大可能的从其他城市的愿景规划中学到东西
+旧的一个 要为Windows和Office负责
+或者说如果你是盲人，你就会重获视力
+但也有一家新的微软
+我们必须去改变美国人民的观念。
+当你离开你的区域代码时就会罢工么?
+激发我写这本书的原因是一次对话
+我将要做什么呢？我要做一些事
+相对于气候崩溃我更喜欢气候危机这个叫法，
+老调重谈一下，如果你们谁对品牌运作方面相当在行的话，我需要你们的帮助。
+而公众在上面（太阳）互联网在这里（地平线）并未得到有效的使用
+胚胎干细胞
+非常神奇，
+它们像是人体自带的修理包。
+胚胎干细胞具有多向分化的特性，也就是说，
+它们可以变成人体中的各种细胞。
+其实我们很快就能使用干细胞
+替代坏死或发生病变的细胞，
+甚至於几年后
+我们正在就干细胞开展
+非同寻常的研究工作，
+其结果将彻底转变
+我们对于疾病的看法、建模的方式、
+对于疾病起因的理解
+以及我们开发药物的能力。
+看看效果会怎么样
+应对老年痴呆症、糖尿病等重大疾病
+就像我们现在应对小儿麻痹症一样，
+可以找到预防之道。
+干细胞研究这个神奇的领域
+对人类而言，蕴涵着无限的希望。
+但是干细胞研究正如35年前的体外授精技术，
+在第一例试管婴儿Louise诞生之前，
+体外授精一直遭受政治和资金方面的压力。
+目前，干细胞方面的关键性研究缺少支持，面临挑战，
+我们意识到必须建立私密安全的实验室
+继续开展这项工作，
+使之不受干扰。
+因此，我们在2005年
+建立了纽约干细胞基金会实验室，
+使得我们可以有一个小小的组织
+进行相关研究，对其提供支持。
+我们很快意识到，医学研究
+以及药物和疗法的开发，
+正如你所想，都是被大机构主导的。
+但是大机构在涉足新领域时，
+有时很难跳出其固有模式，
+因而看不清事情的重点。
+与此同时，学术研究与
+制药公司和生物技术之间的鸿沟
+却仍在扩大。
+但是，要想将所有药物以及很多疗法付诸应用，
+恰恰要靠制药公司和生物科技，因此我们意识到，
+要想加快疾病的治愈和治疗，
+我们必须解决两个问题：
+新技术和新的研究模式。
+因为如果不填补这一鸿沟，
+我们永远都会原地踏步。
+这是我今天要讲的内容。
+几年来，我们一直都在思考这一问题，
+并且列出了一个任务清单，
+中国在这过去的15年里
+这是一种软硬件，
+能够生成数以百万计的干细胞系，
+涵盖全球各种基因阵列，
+是参观艺术展览馆得来的
+我们开发这一技术的原因在于，
+我们认为这能发挥人类基金组测序成果的潜能，
+使其蕴涵的希望转变为现实，
+而且通过这一过程，我们可以在试验皿中
+对人体细胞而不是动物细胞进行临床试验，
+从而使我们开发的药物和疗法
+效果更好、安全性更高、
+见效更快、成本更低。
+我想给大家介绍一下相关的背景，
+帮助大家了解来龙去脉。
+这是一个非常前沿的领域。
+1998年，人类首次发现胚胎干细胞。
+仅仅9年之后，
+日本的一个研究小组就成功地采集皮肤细胞，
+植入强力病毒，对其进行基因重组，
+将其转变成一种多能干细胞，
+这种干细胞被称为诱导性多能干细胞，
+也就是俗称的IPS干细胞。
+这项进展极为重要，
+因为这种干细胞虽然达不到
+人类胚胎干细胞的 金本位”标准，
+但是对疾病建模有极大帮助，
+对药物发现可能也会有很大意义。
+于是，几个月之后，在2008年，
+我们的一位科学家在此基础上，
+采集了渐冻人症，也就是英国所说的
+运动神经元疾病患者的皮肤活组织，
+将其变成了IPS干细胞，
+也就是我刚才说过的那种干细胞，
+随后，他将这些IPS干细胞变成了运动神经元，
+也就是在渐冻人症中逐渐死亡的细胞。
+因此简单说来，他取了一个健康细胞，
+将其变成一个病变细胞，
+并且在培养皿中反复再现这一病变过程。
+在她所做的工作中，没有快乐，
+因为这是我们第一次使用活人细胞
+对疾病进行建模。
+而且，这位科学家在观察病变过程时发现，
+在这种疾病中，运动神经元的死亡过程
+与此前学术界推想的情况并不相同。
+其实是有另一种细胞
+释放出一种毒素，
+而我想，这就完了？因为，你知道，
+之前无法发现这一点，
+但有一件事没有发生，
+所以真的可以说，
+研究人员试图理解疾病起因、
+却没有人类干细胞模型，
+就像是调查人员试图查明
+坠机事故原因、
+却找不到黑匣子或飞行记录仪，
+这是关于分享和善意的投资
+但真的没有办法断定
+惨剧究竟是怎么发生的。
+而干细胞就像是一个研究疾病的黑匣子，
+它也创造了空前的机遇。
+干细胞真的意义非凡，
+因为我们可以在培养皿中再现多种疾病，
+可以看到细胞互相接触时出现问题的过程，
+其时点可以远远早于
+患者出现症状。
+这也赋予了我们一种能力，
+一种有望在近期内
+发展成为常规操作的能力，
+那就是在药物测试中使用人体细胞。
+现在的药物测试法相当麻烦，
+要想将一种成功开发的药物推向市场，
+平均需要13年，这还仅仅是一种药物，
+此外还会产生40亿美元的沉没成本。
+而且计划通过这一流程投放市场的药物中，
+只有百分之一能够完成这一目标。
+你很难想像还有哪个行业，
+是你愿意涉足的，
+却有这么高的失败率。
+这种商业模式非常糟糕，
+但它作为一个社会模式的危害可能更大，
+因为它牵涉面广，给所有各方都带来很大成本。
+因为，我们现在开发药物时，
+测试有望成功的合成物时是使用⋯⋯
+我们以前没有使用人体细胞建模，
+因此我们一直使用老鼠细胞进行测试，
+正是因为资料好找
+但是我们想要治愈的疾病
+在这些细胞上未必会显现出来。
+大家知道，我们不是老鼠，
+但也不能随便找一位活着的患者，
+简简单单地取出几个脑细胞或心脏细胞，
+然后就到实验室里胡来，
+测试一种有望成功的药物。
+但是现在有了人类干细胞，
+我们就可以为患者创造阿凡达，创造细胞，
+不管是活态的运动神经元细胞，
+认为那逻辑便是答案。
+或者其他类型的细胞，
+都可以造来测试药物或有希望的复合物，
+测试的对象就是你想要改变的细胞，
+这一点现在就可以做到，绝对意义非凡。
+而且你从一开始，
+从检测的非常早期的阶段就能知道结果，
+不会出现等了13年，
+终于将一种药物推向市场，结果却发现
+这种药物根本没用，甚至对人体有害的情况。
+但是仅仅观察
+几个人或者一小组人的细胞还不够，
+因为我们需要退后一步，
+综合考虑。
+环顾四周，大家就会发现，我们各不相同，
+我可能患上的疾病，
+例如老年痴呆症或者帕金森氏症，
+对我的影响很可能不同于同一疾病
+对你的影响。
+况且，如果我们都患上了帕金森氏症，
+使用同样的药物，
+但由于我们的基因构成不同，
+我们的治疗结果很可能也不相同。
+很有可能一种对我非常见效的药物
+对你却毫无效果，反过来，
+也有可能一种对你有害的药物对我却很安全。
+这一点似乎显而易见，
+但很遗憾，这却不是
+制药行业一贯用以开发药物的指导思想。
+因为直到现在，相关的工具才到位。
+因此，我们需要跳出
+这种一刀切的思维模式，
+我们一直以来开发药物的方法
+就像是走进一家鞋店时，
+没有人问我们穿多大号，
+买鞋是为了跳舞还是爬山，
+只知道说： 哦，你们有脚啊，那给你们鞋。”
+这样买鞋是行不通的，而我们的身体
+又比我们的脚要复杂很多倍。
+所以我们必须改变这一做法。
+在这方面，本世纪初有一个非常悲伤的事例。
+当时有一种效果很好的药物，其实是有一类药物，
+但其中我要讲的是Vioxx，
+对那些因为关节炎而遭受剧烈疼痛的患者来说，
+这种药物绝对是根救命稻草，
+但很不幸的是，对于另外一个亚型的患者，
+这种药物却会引起心脏方面的严重副作用，
+有些患者的副作用非常严重，
+并最终死于这种副作用。
+但是我们来设想一下另一种情形，
+如果我们之前能有心脏细胞的各种基因阵列，
+并且已经实际测试过这种药物，
+在培养皿中实际测试过Vioxx，
+知道某一种遗传类型的人会出现
+心脏方面的副作用，而另一些遗传亚型
+或遗传 鞋号 的人——大约有2万5千个，
+不会出现任何问题。
+这样的话，那些将Vioxx视为救命稻草的患者
+本可以继续使用，
+而那些会因Vioxx发生事故甚至丧命的患者，
+永远也不会拿到Vioxx的药方。
+不难想像，制药公司本来也可以有很不一样的结局，
+不需要将Vioxx撤出市场。
+由此可见，干细胞技术真的意义非凡，
+我们觉得，好吧，
+我们要想解决这个问题，
+显然需要考虑遗传学的问题，
+需要考虑人体细胞测试。
+但是，有一个基本问题，
+因为现在干细胞系
+尽管非同寻常，
+究其实质仍然只是成组的细胞，
+是靠手工逐个完成的，
+每个干细胞系都会耗时好几个月，
+无法批量操作，而且由于是靠手工完成，
+即使是在最好的实验室，
+操作技术也不可能完全稳定。
+此外，从事制药工作的人必须知道，
+预备周一从瓶子中取出来的阿司匹林
+和预备周三取出来的阿司匹林，
+必须是一样的。
+我们明白这一点，我们想，好吧，
+手工制作有时候是件好事，
+例如在制作服装、面包和工艺品的时候，
+但对于干细胞来说，手工制作实在不适合，
+我们必须解决这一问题。
+但即便如此，还有一个很大的障碍，
+这就还得说回到
+人类基因组测序这一话题，
+因为我们各不相同，
+而人类基因组测序工作
+已经揭示出构成人类基因代码的
+A、C、G、T全部四种碱基序列。
+但是这种代码本身，也就是我们的DNA，
+就像计算机代码中的1和0 一样，
+必须使用电脑加以识别，
+否则就像下载了app应用程序，却还没有智能手机，
+我们必须想办法运用生物知识，
+解读这种神奇的数据，
+而其方法就是
+找一个替身，一个生物替身，
+替身必须包含所有遗传信息，
+但它的基因序列必须排列得
+能够整体解读，
+（掌声）
+我们需要收集所有遗传亚型的干细胞，
+代表我们特性的干细胞。
+这就是我们迄今的工作成果，
+这是一项自动的技术，
+能够生成数以百万计的干细胞系。
+按基因阵列排列，
+具备强大的平行处理能力。
+我们希望这将改变我们发现药物的方式，
+而且我认为其最终结果是
+我们会希望对药物进行再次筛选，
+按照已有的这种基因阵列筛选
+目前已有的全部药物。
+（全场继续打响指）
+和接受的治疗都将是经过副作用测试的，
+测试将涵盖所有相关细胞，
+包括脑细胞、心脏细胞和干细胞。
+干细胞技术真的已经使我们
+离药物个性化技术近在咫尺。
+这种技术已经进入了我们的生活。
+我的儿子患有I型糖尿病，
+这仍然是一种绝症。
+我的父母死于心脏病与癌症，
+可是我想，你们可能会觉得我的遭遇听起来有些耳熟，
+因为你可能也有过类似的经历。
+在我们生命的某些时刻，我们所有人，
+或者我们所关心的人，都会患上疾病，
+正是因为如此，我认为，干细胞研究
+对我们所有人来说都极其重要。
+谢谢。（掌声）
+（掌声）
+我们面临全球性的医疗挑战
+今时今日，
+我们目前发现并开发
+新药物的方式
+太昂贵，耗时太长
+研究结果失败多而成功少
+很多情况下完全无用，这意味着
+当病人急切地需要新的疗法时
+却无法获得药物，
+疾病也无从治疗。
+似乎我们花的钱也越来越多。
+在研究中我们每花费十亿美元，
+我们的健康，
+花更多的钱，研究出更少的新药。嗯。
+那么到底问题在哪？
+希格斯玻色子不具备
+但我认为主因之一是
+我们目前的工具，
+测试新药是否可用，
+是否有疗效，
+是否是安全的药品，
+在开展人体临床试验之前，
+这些工具都无法满足我们的要求。这些工具
+不能预测药物将对人体产生何种作用。
+我们有两大主要工具
+可供使用。
+在英国内部，健康也是有梯度的
+首先让我们讨论一下第一种工具，培养皿中的细胞。
+一般，细胞在我们体内快乐的工作。
+我们取出细胞，将它们从原生环境中
+剥离出来，放进一个培养皿中，
+并希望它们能照常工作。
+猜怎么着。它们不工作了。
+它们不喜欢新环境
+因为新环境
+和它们生长的身体环境大不相同。
+如果病人能独立完成这个测试呢？
+好，动物们确实可以提供
+其噪音水平在过去数年翻番增长，
+和生产环境结合起来。
+在复杂的有机体中药物如何作用。
+我们学到更多关于生物学本身的信息。
+但是往往，
+动物体实验不能预测人类
+在使用特定药物时会发生的情况。
+所以我们需要更好的工具。
+我们确实需要人类细胞，
+但是我们需要找到一个方式在体外
+保持细胞活性。
+人类身体有着动态的环境。
+我们在不断的运动中。
+细胞也是如此。
+当然，还有名声不怎么样的人——他叫什么来着？
+为什么事情不能变得好起来？
+所以如果想让细胞，
+在身体外存活，
+我们就必须成为细胞建筑师。
+我们需要设计、 策划和建造
+细胞在身体以外的家。
+而在哈佛大学维斯研究所（Wyss Institute），
+我们已经这样做了。
+我们叫它芯片上的器官。
+我这里有一个。
+它很美丽，不是吗？但它是相当令人难以置信。
+就在我的手中，细胞就在这里呼吸生活，
+一个生活在芯片上的人类肺细胞。
+那时我开始感到害怕了。
+它可以做大量的事情。
+我们将活细胞放入那个小小的芯片，
+在动态环境之中的细胞
+与不同的细胞类型进行交互。
+有很多人
+尝试在实验室里培养细胞。
+他们尝试了许多不同的方法。
+甚至试图在实验室里培育小型迷你器官。
+但这不是我们想做的。
+我们只想在这个小小的芯片里
+重新创建
+一个最小的功能单位
+它能模拟细胞的生物化学环境，
+功能和在身体中经历的
+机械拉力。
+它是如何工作的？让我展示给你看。
+我们使用芯片技术
+和制造技术
+按照细胞及其环境情况
+建造具有相应规模的结构。
+我们有三个流体通道。
+在芯片中心，我们有一个多孔的、 可渗透的膜
+在膜上，我们可以添加人体细胞
+比如说说，人类的肺细胞，
+然后在肺细胞下，加入毛细血管细胞，
+一种我们的血管中的细胞。
+我们然后可以对芯片施以机械力
+来伸展和收缩膜，
+所以细胞能受到与我们呼吸时
+感受的相同机械力。
+细胞经历着与在身体中相同的环境。
+顶部通道有空气流过，
+（观众;Pulpit,讲坛） Baba Shiv：哇！
+流过血液通道。
+现在，这张芯片是真的很美，
+都会很平均地分布在城市中
+我们可以使用这些小芯片
+获得惊人的功能。
+让我来展示下。
+比如说，我们可以模仿感染，
+然后再添加人类白细胞。
+白细胞是人类身体的防御者
+专门针对细菌入侵者，
+当白细胞感觉到这种炎症感染，
+我说的是5个小小的2 紧密排列
+并吞噬细菌。
+现在你能通过芯片上的活生生的人类肺细胞
+观测到这种情况的发生。
+我们已经标记过这些白细胞，所以你可以看到它们流过，
+当白细胞发现感染，
+就会粘在细胞壁上。
+白细胞聚集在感染处，然后试着从血液通道一侧
+各位准备愤然离席之前，
+你可以看到，我们其实使每个白细胞
+可视化了。
+这个白细胞粘住后，扭动并通过
+细胞层，通过孔洞，
+从膜的另一边出来
+而在膜的这边，它将会去吞噬
+标记为绿色的细菌。
+在那小小的芯片里，你刚刚目睹了
+当我们的身体受到感染时做出的
+一种最基本的反应。
+这就是我们身体回应的方式 — — 免疫反应。
+这是很令人兴奋的。
+现在我想跟你们分享这张照片，
+不只是因为它特别美丽，
+而是因为它告诉了我们大量的
+关于细胞在芯片中活动的信息。
+它告诉我们，这些
+从我们的肺气道里提取的细胞
+其实有一些绒毛般的结构
+就像人们常常在肺里看到绒毛一样。
+这些结构被称为纤毛，
+它们的作用是将肺里的痰清除出来。
+是这样的。痰。恶心。
+但痰其实是非常重要的。
+痰液捕获大气尘、 病毒、
+潜在过敏原，
+这些小纤毛移动
+并将痰液清除。
+当纤毛被损坏时，比如说
+被香烟烟雾损坏时，
+它们就停止正常工作，也不能清除痰液。
+就会导致支气管炎等疾病。
+纤毛和痰液清除
+也会与可怕的疾病有关，比如囊胞性纤维症。
+但现在，通过使用这些芯片的功能，
+我们可以开始探索
+潜在的新疗法。
+我们并没有止步于芯片上的肺细胞。
+我们有肠细胞芯片。
+大家可以看到我这里就有一个。
+我们已经把人类肠道中的细胞
+放在在芯片上，
+它们生活在不断的肠道蠕动下
+有条滴流通过肠细胞，
+例如 … …
+大家能想到的
+我们的领导人们正不辞辛劳地寻求省钱之道。
+但我现在才明白
+如肠易激综合症。
+因为她的脸上，有一块小小的胎记。
+影响许多病患。
+此病会使人衰弱，
+确实还没有很多好的治疗方法。
+现在，我们研发出了一整套
+家和社会是比辐射
+用在实验室中对该疾病进行研究。
+这项技术的真正力量
+是从这一事实衍生而来：
+我们可以将细胞通过液体连接起来。
+有流体流过这些细胞，
+卡路里消耗等等数据
+多个不同芯片
+以形成我们称之为虚拟的芯片人体。
+现在我们真的很兴奋。
+就和我们这些生活在温带地区的人们看待
+我们的目标是要能够重新创建
+足够的细胞功能
+使我们能够更好的预测
+人体反应。
+例如，现在我们可以开始探索
+当我们使用气雾剂药物时，身体将如何反应。
+那些像我一样有哮喘的人，使用吸入器时
+我们可以研究药物如何进入肺细胞，
+如何进入人体，
+它会改变心脏的跳动吗？
+有没有毒性吗？
+会被肝脏清除吗？
+它是通过肝脏代谢吗？
+我们首次实验结果
+我们可以开始研究
+药物对身体的动态反应。
+这是一项创举，
+并将改变游戏规则，
+不管是制药业，
+还是其他不同的许多行业，
+包括化妆品行业。
+我们可能会使用皮肤细胞芯片，
+我们目前正在实验室中开发，
+并测试您使用的化妆品中的成分
+是不是对皮肤安全，
+而无需动物试验。
+我们可以测试我们接触到的
+化学品的安全，
+比如基于我们的日常生活环境的，
+在普通家用清洁剂中使用的化学品。
+我们也可将芯片器官
+应用在生物反恐中
+或测试辐射暴露上。
+我们可以用它们来了解更多关于
+疾病的特点，比如埃博拉病毒，
+或其他致命的疾病，如非典型肺炎(SARS)。
+芯片器官也可以改变
+来照顾他们自己的孩子。
+现在，一般参与
+临床试验的被测者都是平均值。
+往往是中年人，往往是女性。
+临床试验并不多，
+能够深入的探索了叙利亚的协调网络，
+然而日常生活中，我们给孩子用药，
+使用药物的安全数据
+却是从测试成年人时取得的。
+儿童不同于成人。
+儿童对药物的反应也可能与成人不同。
+还有其他的影响因素，像不同人群间的
+遗传差异
+可能会导致一部分高危人群，
+承受药物不良反应的风险。
+现在想象一下， 我们是否可以从不同人群中提取细胞
+把它们放上芯片，
+并在芯片上创建这些人群。
+这真的可以改变
+我们做临床试验的方式。
+这正是我们团队和成员正在做的事。
+我们中有工程师，有细胞生物学家，
+有临床医生在一起工作。
+在 VIS 研究所我们确实观察到了
+一些很不可思议的东西。
+这真是一门综合学科，
+生物学正在影响我们设计的方式，
+策划的方式，和建造的方式。
+这很令人兴奋。
+我们要建立重要的产业合作
+他们让软件技术传播到那里，
+大型数字化制造的公司合作。
+他们会帮助我们制造，
+不是一枚，
+而是数以百万计的芯片，
+这样，我们可以让尽可能多的研究人员
+使用这些芯片。
+这是该技术至关重要的潜能。
+现在让我给大家看看我们的仪器。
+这是一台我们的工程师
+正在实验室中建造的样机，
+这台仪器能使我们
+工程控制需要实现的功能，
+那就是将 10 个或更多器官芯片连接在一起。
+这台机器做的事情是非常重要的。
+它将创建一个简单的用户界面。
+所以像我这样的细胞生物学家可以来
+拿起一块芯片，把它放在盒子里
+像你看到的原型一样
+将盒子放入机器里，
+这就像你放 C.D.一样
+然后就好了。
+即插即用。很容易。
+现在，让我们想象一下
+未来可能会是什么样子
+但总有一部分人心存恶毒。
+放在芯片上，
+或者把你的干细胞，放在一个芯片上。
+它将只为你一个人创造一枚个性化的芯片。
+今天在座的各位都是单独个体，
+而那些个体差异意味着
+我们对药物的反应方式有可能非常不同，
+有时甚至无法预知身体反应的方式。
+就我自己来说，过去有两年，头痛得真的很厉害，
+完全不能摆脱它，我当时想， 嗯，我要试点不同的药方 ，
+我吃了几片雅维。十五分钟后，
+我就在去急救室的路上了，
+哮喘全面发作。
+现在，当然没有致命，
+但不幸的是，有些
+药品的不良反应确是致命的。
+所以我们如何防范呢？
+嗯，我们可以想象一下有一天
+在芯片上，载有杰拉尔丁细胞
+在芯片上，载有丹妮细胞
+有你的细胞在芯片上。
+个体化用药。谢谢。
+（掌声）
+假若你今天有幸来此--我对你的到来亦是甚喜－－
+这是因为大多数的决策者们
+我开设了一门本科生课程 全球健康”
+这第二件作品
+在我二年级的时候，玛丽凯文姐姐曾经随口和我提起过
+(笑声)
+我们的一万元的启动资金，增加了超过300倍，变成了一个价值300万的公园
+我们的第一步是重新组合它们
+ 为保证服务质量，您的通话可能会被录音
+所以，一旦我们把这个重新给他们看
+就在你的礼物包里。不不
+四岁的小家伙们头上戴着擦杯子用的毛巾，
+在我回到美国本土前，
+手写，精美兼很长的一封信，内容是，”艾尔，祝新餐馆开张！”
+我今天之所以在此，其中一个原因，是因为一只狗
+我敲打了每个提示的按键♪
+对你们实施报复♪
+瑞典大学的优等生们对世界的了解
+她在孩提时代时没显得与众不同。
+是我们在整个当代图书馆里看到的
+我们有1962年之后的各国家庭大小的可靠数据
+不是成本，而是利润。 信号是错误的。
+废物和其他类型的处理厂
+不过技术上还不是非常的成熟。
+如果有允许，孩子们会不停地跳舞，我们也一样。
+它们对这件事毫不知情
+因为他们来找我们，说
+ 哦，那听起来很荒谬” 这很简单。什么塑造了阿姆斯特朗？
+他们的蔗糖和纺织品的贸易协定 与欧洲和北美一样
+我今天的演讲的内容
+也许你们中间的一些人已经听说过了。
+它就是阿拉伯之春。
+有没有人听说过？
+（鼓掌）
+在2011年，权力发生了转移，
+从少数人手中到多数人手里，
+从椭圆形办公室转移到了中心广场上，
+假若每人每天少用一张
+到开发的网络。
+但是在Tahrir广场成为解放的符号之前，
+已经有有代表性的调查
+给了人们一个表达自己的话语的机会
+用一种无声的，但是有力的方法。
+我在Gallup公司研究世界各地的穆斯林社会。
+从2001年开始，
+我们采访了成千上万的人们——
+各个年龄的，男的和女的，
+受过教育的，和没有受过教育的。
+我今天的演讲利用这些研究
+来揭示为什么阿拉伯人会起来反抗
+和他们现在想要什么。
+现在这个地区非常多元化，
+所以每个国家都很独特。
+但是那些起来反抗的人们
+都有同意的苦难
+并且有同样的诉求。
+我会在我的演讲中很大程度上集中讲述埃及。
+当然，这并不是因为我出生在那里。
+而是因为它是最大的阿拉伯国家
+而且它有很大的影响力。
+但是最后我会把视角放大到整个地区
+来讨论更广泛性的话题
+针对阿拉伯世界的宗教和政治
+和它们如何影响妇女，
+这个过程中会讲到一些令人意外的发现。
+在分析了成堆的数据之后，
+我们发现：
+仅仅是失业率和贫困本身
+并不是引起2011年大规模阿拉伯世界反抗的唯一原因。
+如果说一个突尼斯水果商贩的铤而走险
+直接导致了这次革命，
+那么就是阿拉伯人所经历的
+和他们的期盼之间的差距
+是这次革命的内因。
+为了说明我的意思，
+请大家考虑在埃及的这种趋势。
+从纸面上看，这个国家的状况非常好。
+事实上，
+国际组织都对它给予了很高评价
+因为它的经济发展。
+但是表面之下的，是非常不同的现实。
+在2010年，就在革命之前，
+即使从国民生产总值看
+已经连续数年以5%的速度增长，
+埃及人从来没有感到生活如此的糟糕。
+这非常反常，
+因为从全球看，我们发现，一点儿也不出意料的是，
+当他们的国家变得富裕的时候，人们的感受应该更好。
+那是因为他们有更多的工作机会
+并且他们的国家也会提供更好的社会服务。
+但是在埃及情况正好相反。
+当国家的情况变好的时候，
+失业率而发是上升的
+人们的满意度
+对于像住房和教育这样的事物直线下降。
+但是这并不仅仅是针对经济不公平的愤怒。
+这也是人们对于自由的长久的诉求。
+阿拉伯人并不轻视西方式的自由，
+他们非常渴望它。
+早在2001，
+我们问阿拉伯人，和全球的穆斯林，
+关于西方，他们最渴望的是什么。
+在最常见的答案中
+是自由和公正。
+以他们自己的语言回答一个开放式的问题时，
+我们听到这样的话， 他们的政治体制更透明
+ 并且真正实现了民主。”
+另一个答案是： 解放和自由
+和它们的完全相溶。”
+高达90%以上的人
+埃及，印度尼西亚和伊朗
+在2005年告诉我们
+他们将要起草新的宪法
+对于 一个理论上的新国家
+它能保证言论自由
+作为一项基本的自由，
+尤其是在埃及。
+88%的人说，向着更为民族的方向发展
+会有助于穆斯林的发展——
+在所有的国家中这是最高的比例了。
+但是（民众）表达这种民主的诉求
+却是另外一种情况，
+尤其是在埃及。
+一方面，对于民主非常的渴求，
+他们又是世界上最不可能
+向官方表达自己的意见的人群
+上个月
+这个数据是仅仅4%。
+所以一方面，经济发展让一些人先富起来，
+却让更多的人状况更差。
+当人们感到越来越不自由，
+他们也感受到得到的越来越少。
+所以，人们并没有把以前的政权看作是
+慷慨的过度保护自己的长辈，
+他们把他们视作是监狱的典狱长。
+所以现在埃及人终止了穆巴拉克长达30年的统治，
+他们可以成为
+这个地区的一个榜样。
+如果埃及可以成功地
+建立一个法治之上的社会，
+它可以成为一个榜样。
+如果，然而
+导致革命的核心问题不能被解决，
+后果可能是灾难性的——
+不仅仅是对埃及，
+而是对整个地区来说。
+迹象看起来并不好，有些人说。
+在信息饥荒中，又会发生什么呢？
+赢得了议会的大多数。
+军方
+已经镇压了平民的抗议
+并且这个国家的经济还在继续遭受打击。
+单独从这个基础上考查埃及，而且，
+忽视了真正的革命。
+因为埃及人更加乐观
+和过去的数年相比，
+宗教差别造成的分离远远比
+我们想象的要小
+而且表现出了渴求民主的姿态。
+不管他们是支持伊斯兰份子，还是开明派，
+埃及人对于政府优先考虑的问题的看法非常一致，
+那就是工作，稳定和教育，
+并不是道德上的管制。
+但是归根结底
+在过去数十年中，首次
+他们想活跃地成为参与者，而不是旁观者，
+在他们国家的事物中。
+我曾经和一群刚刚当选的议员们见面
+埃及和突尼斯的，
+在几个周之前。
+真正使得我对于他们感到惊奇的，
+是他们不仅仅乐观，
+世界的渴求。
+他们中的一个人对我说，
+ 我们的人曾经习惯于聚集在咖啡馆看足球比赛”——
+或者是我们北美叫的所谓英式足球——
+ 现在他们聚集在一起看议会会议。”
+（笑声）
+ 他们真的在看我们，
+我们不由自主的担心
+我们不能达到他们的期望。”
+真正让我震撼的
+是在不到两年之前，
+真正让人们感到紧张的
+是担心他们被他们的政府监视。
+他们有那么多期待的原因
+正是因为他们有一个刚刚建立起来的，对于未来的期望。
+所以就在革命发生之前
+我们说，埃及人对于自己的生活从来没有感到如此的糟糕，
+但是不仅仅是那样，他们认为他们的未来也不会更好。
+当穆巴拉克被赶下台之后，真正发生改变的，
+不是生活变得容易了。
+实际上更困难了。
+但是人们对于未来的期许
+在明显的变好。
+这种期待，这种乐观，
+在一年的动荡中一直在延续着。
+他们如此乐观的一个原因
+是因为，和很多人说的不同，
+大多数埃及人都认为，事情在很多方面都真得在发生变化。
+所以，以前埃及人
+参加选举的投票率是个位数
+在革命之前，
+上次选举的投票率是在70%左右——
+男人和女人。
+2010年选举的时候，仅仅有大概25%的人相信选举的可信度——
+我很惊奇是四分之一——
+90%的人认为上次选举是可信的。
+这一点很重要，
+是因为我们发现了一种联系：
+在人们对于他们民主进程的信念
+和他们对于被 压迫的人们
+可以改变他们的处境的这种信念之间
+这种改变仅仅是通过和平的方式。
+（鼓掌）
+现在我知道你们中的一些人在想什么。
+埃及人，
+和其他的那些站起来，处在变革中的阿拉伯人，
+他们是长期的独裁统治的受害者，
+向往着一个父亲般的国家
+能解决他们所有的问题。
+但是这样的结论忽视了
+正在埃及发生的一次上层建筑的变革
+而不仅仅是在Tahrir广场摄像机拍摄下的景象。
+那就是，埃及人对于他们自己提出了更高
+的希望。
+在一个一直以来被认为是非常顺从的国家，
+在那儿，事情变得很糟糕，
+只有4%的人向公众的官方表达他们的不满，
+今天，90%的人告诉我们
+如果他们的社会中有问题，
+将由他们来决定解决这些问题。
+（鼓掌）
+四分之三的人
+相信他们不仅仅有责任，
+而且有能力做出改变。
+这种情况
+也发生在女性身上，
+她们在变革中的角色
+不能被低估。
+她们中有医生，持不同政见者，
+艺术家和组织者。
+多达三分之一的和坦克和催泪弹作斗争的人
+争取埃及自由和公正
+的是妇女。
+（鼓掌）
+现在人们开始认真的关注
+伊斯兰派别的兴起对于妇女意味着什么。
+我们发现,关于宗教在法律
+和社会中的角色的结论
+是妇女的地位的不一致。
+我们发现妇女在一个国家
+看起来更像是男人在另外一个国家
+而不是像那个国家里的女性。
+这一点给我们的启示是
+女性如何看待宗教在社会中的角色
+更多地是由她们自己的国家的文化和环境塑造的
+而不是由单一的观点
+这种观点是，宗教就是简单地对女性不利。
+女性们认为，
+她们自己的角色
+必须是起到关键作用，并且是主动的。
+这是我们看到的在一个国家里，性别的差距最大的地方——
+手术更复杂的部分
+现在，女性对于女性权利的感觉
+对于这个地区的将来是很重要的。
+因为我们发现了一种关联
+在男性对于女性就业的支持率
+和多少妇女实际被雇佣之间
+在那个国家的职业领域。
+问题就变成了，
+什么导致了男性对于女性权利的支持？
+男人对于宗教和法律的观点是怎么样的？
+一个人
+对于整治中宗教的角色的观点
+是不是塑造他们对于女性权利的看法？
+答案是不。
+我们没有发现任何关联，
+无论如何没有任何相互影响
+在这两个变量之间。
+决定男性对于女性就业的支持的
+是男人的就业，
+他们受教育的水平
+和
+联合国人类发展指数的高分数。
+这意味着
+人类的发展
+而不是把宗教从教育中分离
+是女性参与的关键
+在中东变革中。
+这种变革还在继续。
+从华尔街到Mohammed Mahmoud大街
+理解普通人的理想理想
+从来没有如此的
+重要过。
+谢谢。
+（鼓掌）
+(笑声)
+一路上我们得到了很多的支持
+书本就是技术
+环境正义对于你们而言，可能是并不太熟悉的名词
+1962年的时候 的确有一群国家在上面
+我们无法判断它未来20，30，40年的发展
+但那不是决定性因素。
+在纽约州，Robert Moses成立了一家有野心的公路发展公司
+然后我将会谈论关于你能做什么的新内容。
+这些决策会产生哪些开销？谁又会为此买单？
+这是主阅览室，书螺旋是整座建筑最独特的地方
+想出一些其他更好的替代方案，这是非常重要的。
+比较哪个产品对于全球气候危机的影响大
+我信仰 保持一致
+只不过他们比较好求知，
+我相信这由三个部分组成。
+不管怎样，我知道Chris告诉我们不要再上面做修改
+但为何美国在 U 字部?
+要点 开始 按钮?
+你可以非常精确的计算出你的碳排放量.
+希望你早已经忘记它的情节，那也是你追求多样化的表现。
+我来举个例子 如果一个公司没有
+你可以搬来巨大的东西，事实上
+因为整个拉玛奈特族的故事让我有些生气
+他们靠石油大把赚钱 但健康绝不是超市里的货物
+他们希望在市中心
+现在，让我澄清一下。我并不是一个反对发展的人
+(掌声)
+和毒品走私：跟South Bronx的名声差不多
+但他们不能. 他们被锁住了 因为那么多插件
+那应该不算犯错吧？”（笑声）
+但这不是因为它的设计简单和美观
+上帝会逼你把鼻子弄回到原来的样子么？
+神的旨意纵使不合情理，降伏的人也会服从。”
+(笑声)
+人们正在启蒙 把手册放进盒子里
+他站到台上 穿着那套黑色圆领毛衣和牛仔裤
+这是真的。上次我也说过了，但是我现在再重复一次：这不是政治问题。
+现在，18年后，我很自豪的说，去年
+她老是坐不安生。用现在的话讲，那意思就是
+这不止是个很好的机会，更可以把今天我们在这里的想法连接到
+所有关于商业的
+并把他们在中心整合，就像四通八达的地铁图
+她在学校不安生，
+(笑声)
+(笑声)
+Gillian站起来，随着音乐跳起舞来。
+让她去上舞蹈学校吧。”
+但这正是我们期望看到的，不是吗？
+（笑声）
+你拖它们或者戳它们，不管用什么方法。
+(笑声)
+戈尔先生提醒我们，我们每天浪费了90%的能量
+和很难才获得的经验（掌声）
+有迹象表明整个行业正在接受这个信息
+这是1970年美国的收入分配
+请不要辜负我。通过一起协作
+我这里有些例子. 近期出现的真正酷
+也就是说我们应重新定义
+把记忆卡拿出来 对折 露出USB头
+在临近结束时我停下来...我已计划好要讲什么，
+再见（掌声）
+都从地球上消失的话，
+然后星期五我在北京。你看看我们是如何做到的。
+那么50年之内，其他物种会活得更好。”
+他说的很对。
+我要把它拉到地上 没关系 这是借来的
+当她的新男朋友想要和她结婚，她拒绝了。
+我们的初衷是 数据免费下载且易于查找
+避开那些按部就班的规则
+...真实的故事...她的男友在世贸中心顶层工作。
+那样大家就可以 立刻看明白这些数据了
+做准备的兴奋之中。
+应对住房危机带来的问题
+我又问 什么是西方世界？”
+嗨，多哈。嗨，大家好（阿拉伯问候语）
+我喜欢来多哈。这是个如此国际化的地方。
+这就像----似乎联合国就在这里。
+当你到达机场后，是个印度女士来迎接你的
+他把我从第一天起
+菲律宾女士把你转托给一位南非女士
+南非女士把你带给一位韩国人，而这位韩国人把你和行李带
+给一个巴基斯坦家伙。
+巴基斯坦人连同一个斯里兰卡人把你带上了车
+你到达了酒店并办理了入住。（前台）是个黎巴嫩人。
+而且还浑然不觉。
+我说 卡塔尔人呢？”（笑声）
+（掌声）
+他们说 不，不，现在太热了，他们晚点出来，他们比较聪明”
+窗户前装着厚厚的防爆窗帘
+当然多哈发展如此迅速，有时也有成长的烦恼
+你们知道，比如，你对这个城市很了解
+1960年，地球上有30亿人口
+我的印度司机出现在W
+我让他送我去希尔顿酒店
+他说 没问题，先生”
+然后我们就在原地呆了2分钟
+我说 怎么不走？”他说 有个问题，先生”
+我说 什么问题”。他说 那地方在哪？”
+（笑声）
+我继续说 你是司机，你应该知道”。他说 我不知道，我刚到不久，先生”
+我说 你刚到W吗？”（他说） 不，我刚到多哈，先生。
+我从机场回家的路上，得到了这份工作
+我已经在工作了
+他说 先生，你干嘛不开车呢？”
+我说 我不知道我们要去哪”
+ 我也不知道，这将是个探险之旅，先生”
+这确实是场探险之旅。中东在过去数年一直在探险。
+中东因为阿拉伯之春运动，改革和所有这些事情
+而变得疯狂。这里今晚有黎巴嫩人吗？
+黎巴嫩人请鼓掌下。（鼓掌）。黎巴嫩人。
+是的，中东正在变得疯狂。
+你们知道中东正在变得疯狂。
+而黎巴嫩是这个地区最安静的地方。
+（笑声）（鼓掌）
+谁曾想到过呢？哦，我的天啊。
+不。这个地区有着很严重的问题。
+一些人不愿意谈论这些。我今晚就要在这谈下他们。
+中东的女士们先生们。
+给予他们支持与鼓励。
+问他们一个很简单但基础的问题，
+每个国家都不一样，这很困惑人，不是吗？
+在黎巴嫩，他们亲3下。在埃及，他们亲2下。
+我在黎巴嫩时，我习惯了亲3下。
+当我去埃及后，我去和一个埃及人问好。
+我去了，（亲了）一下，两下。当我要亲第三下时，他退回去了
+（笑声）
+我告诉他，我说”不好意思，我刚从黎巴嫩过来
+他说”我不介意你从哪过来。你就用你们的习惯好了。就用你们的习惯
+我去了沙特阿拉伯。在沙特阿拉伯，他们亲1下，2下。
+然后他们在同一边---3，4，5，6
+7，8，9，10，11，12，13，14，15，16，17，18
+（笑声）
+下次你看到沙特人，近点看。他们只是有一点倾斜。
+”阿卜杜勒，你还好吗？ ”额，我只是半小时一直在问好
+”我会好的
+卡塔尔人，你们用鼻子和鼻子来问好
+因此在我们设计NeoNurture的时候,
+书籍保存、
+Habibi，Habibi，别动。请就保持这样的姿势。
+我需要休息
+每个国家----伊朗人，有时候亲2下，有时候3下
+我的一个朋友这么像我解释，在79改革前，
+是2下。在改革后，变成了3下
+所以对于伊朗人，你可以更具他们的轻吻次数
+辨别他们是支持哪一方的。
+是的，如果你亲了一下，两下，三下。。。”我无法相信你是支持这个政体的
+因为你亲了3下。”
+言归正传，朋友们，很激动能站在这里，
+就像我说的，你们在做着很多关于文化的东西，
+你们知道，这是很神奇的事情，它有助于改变
+所以就它了。我14岁；我要做个杂耍家。
+不是很了解我们，不是很了解中东。
+我是个伊朗人，也是个美国人。我住在美国，然后我知道，我是来这里旅游的。
+这种（缺乏了解的）事情太多了，我们会笑，对吗？
+当我做邪恶坐标轴喜剧巡演的时候，（我发现）人们不知道我们会笑，
+这部喜剧在喜剧中心（美国一个频道）出版，我上网
+去看看网友们的评价，我进了一个保守派网友。
+一个网友对另一个网友写道 我从不知道这些人还会笑。”
+想一下。在美国电影很电视剧中，你们从没见过我们中东人在里面笑，对吗？
+可能更多的是像个魔鬼，就像 Whahahaha，Wuhahaha
+我要以真主阿拉的名义杀死你，Wuhahahaha”
+但从没有像 哈哈哈哈哈哈”
+我们喜欢笑，我们喜欢歌颂生命。
+卓越、进步和改变的可能性
+去那里旅行吧，看下中东，那里有很多值得看的东西，还有可爱的人民。
+反过来也一样，它有助于阻止因误会以及
+陈旧观念产生的问题。
+例如，我不知道你们是否听过这个故事，
+不久前，在美国，有个穆斯林家庭
+正走下飞机的通道，
+谈论着飞机上最安全的位置。
+一些在他们上方的乘客，不知为何，将这误解为
+恐怖分子的谈话，把他们踢下了飞机。
+这是一家人，妈妈，爸爸，孩子，在从通道走下来
+在谈论座位的问题。现在作为一个中东男性，
+我知道有一些事情不应该在美国的航班上讨论
+对吧？
+当我走下通道时
+我似乎不应该说，”嗨，杰克 ，”因为这并不酷
+即使我在这里，我称呼我的名叫Jack的朋友，我说
+ 你好，杰克，你好，杰克
+从不”嗨，杰克
+（大笑）
+但是现在很明显我们甚至不能谈论
+飞机上最安全的座位。
+所以我给我所有中东的以及穆斯林的朋友的建议
+以及所有看上去像中东或者穆斯林的人
+例如，印度人，拉丁人
+每个棕色皮肤的人
+这是我给我棕色皮肤朋友们的建议
+下一次你再在美国乘坐飞机，
+就讲母语好了。
+这样的话，没人知道你在说什么。该怎么样就怎么样。
+但是，一些母语对于一般的美国人
+听上去会觉得有些恐怖，不是吗？
+当你走下通道时说着阿拉伯语，
+你可能会吓坏他们，如果你一边走着，一边”巴拉巴拉巴拉 。
+他们会说”你们在谈论什么？
+所以（我给予）我阿拉伯兄弟姐妹们的解决方法就是
+当你走下通道时，你就随便胡乱说点好词
+来让别人放轻松。
+就像你走下来时”巴拉巴拉巴拉（阿拉伯语）
+我也以神经生理学取证专家的身份参与其中。
+（大笑）
+用类似的成像扫描技术——
+”巴拉巴拉巴拉（阿拉伯语）--水果冰淇淋”
+ 我想他大概想劫持一架装满冰淇淋的飞机”
+非常谢谢你们。愿你们有个美好的夜晚。
+谢谢，TED。（欢呼）（鼓掌）
+拨了911 祈祷叫到专业医师 但却叫到了我♪
+哪里能找到不好的东西，比如发电厂和垃圾处理厂
+40年代后期，我的父亲——一个帕尔曼酒店的服务生，奴隶的儿子——
+很多房东坚信烧掉他们的房子更加有利可图
+ 好, 我要升级, 因为我或许有一天会需要它!
+来规划一处海滨休闲空地，配有专用的自行车道
+身体上的改善帮助宣传关于交通安全的公共政策
+这些将提供更多的机会，利于健康
+可再生能源目前水平的技术效率
+所以——（笑声）——相当酷
+虽然把美国放在第一位会不一致
+我 感兴趣的是，我所称呼的 三重盈利”
+选了 新建 后会发生什么? 你得到新文档了么?
+然后我个人也会训练一些人去做这个演讲，重新利用.
+比尔盖茨之歌!
+所以我对 开发商挣钱没有任何异议
+TED的朋友Bill Mcdonough和Amory Lovins
+那对于我们大家而言都是一件可耻的事情
+他们渴望将旧东西扔掉 从头再来
+很少的波哥大人拥有汽车，但是很大比例的城市资源是专为他们服务的
+以前所做的关于财富和权力的调解。
+由于他出色的政绩，她差点被调查
+我们必须要买许多这样的广告。
+让城市恢复活力。发展不应该以牺牲
+你甚至比在我们这里的有些共和党人更加具有影响力。
+我在皮克斯发了财♪
+听着——那天早饭后我跟戈尔先生说话
+他的回答是一个拨款计划
+一直困扰着我的是，这个至上而下的方法一直都还在周围萦绕
+别误会我了，我们是需要钱（笑声）
+我还不明白沮丧的含义
+和优雅的点子
+我们有胆量和勇气相信我们真的能改变这个世界
+我们没有什么可以失去，却可以获得一切
+我并不是从传统的医学院出来的
+正当我看着后视镜的时候，突然感到非常惊奇。
+我认为重要的是，当我们首次展示这个建筑
+问题是 当你加入更多特性 它们会在哪儿?
+你的生命将完全的不同？你能想到多少个这样的决定？
+我是一名城市规划师和设计师
+曾经的艺术倡导者
+好。这些举手的观众中，
+但是我今天想聊的跟设计无关
+我要跟大家聊聊美国
+关于美国经济如何能够更加富有弹性
+如何更健康
+以及美国怎样可以
+但她对海洛因上瘾
+我知道这是一个全球性的论坛
+不过我觉得我需要说一说美国
+我认识的每一个父母，也包括我自己，
+在某些地方
+美国的经验常被借鉴
+它们都来自我们在温哥华和纽约的工作室
+（这样的例子）全球都有
+我知道的其中最坏的一个
+便是郊区蔓延 (suburban sprawl) (译注:对于郊区范围没有止境大幅度扩张的现象)
+它被很多地区借鉴和模仿
+郊区蔓延，我指的是对景观道路建筑
+进行重新规划和建设
+以满足汽车使用的需要
+汽车曾经是象征自由的工具
+如今成了排放废气
+轻而易举就能应用这些成熟的科技，
+假肢设备
+大多数美国人依赖汽车
+仅是为了他们的日常生活而已
+汽车其实并非不可替代
+全世界有一半人在城市中生活
+在美国，许多人
+在城市里生活，却同样的
+依赖他们的汽车
+而我的工作目标
+就是使城市变得适宜步行
+但是我个人并没有
+身为人类的一员，我深感恐惧
+我只是学习了
+来自于经济学家，流行病学家
+和环境学家的设计方案
+今天天我将会阐述
+三个不同的设计论点
+我生长于70年代
+那时人们一般会把十分之一的收入
+花在交通上
+从那时起，我们的公路数量翻了一倍
+而我们现在要把五分之一的收入
+花在在交通上
+劳动家庭，这里是指
+年收入在两万至五万美元的
+美国家庭
+花在交通上的开支
+甚至略微多于住房开销
+蝙蝠用喉咙发出声音经过嘴巴
+家被安置在离市中心和工作
+越来越远的地方
+他们陷在了每天两个，三个
+甚至四个小时的通勤上
+例如，在加州的中央山谷中
+那个时候，这群人的领袖就是奥萨马本拉登。
+在房产泡沫破碎和汽油价格上涨的冲击下
+不仅仅是规模减小
+而是彻底消亡了
+事实上，你可以看到
+有很多入住率不足一半的社区
+想象一下你用所有的家当和贷款买了房
+房价不断缩水，你却要花
+是现在两倍的时间在开车上
+现在我们知道了这对于社会的影响
+以及我们为了使用自己的汽车
+需要花费的额外的代价.
+因为这才是中国大陆学生从小到大使用的世界地图。
+转移到别的地方会是什么样子?
+俄勒冈州的波特兰可能是目前
+美国最好的一个例子
+波特兰在1970年代做了一系列决定
+这些决策逐渐地将这个城市
+同其他的美国城市区别开来
+所以她可能在客厅有个沙发床想要出让，
+千篇一律地顺着轮胎印蔓延开来
+他们制定了城市增长的边界
+当大多数城市为了不断拓宽道路
+移走平行车位和行道树
+以增加车流量时
+他们却开始将机动车道变窄
+当大多数城市增加道路投资
+建设高速路时，他们投资在
+自行车路和人行道上
+他们在自行车设施上投入了六千万美元
+看起来是很多
+但这是30年的总和
+大约每年200万，其实并不多
+只相当于他们决定要重建的
+一条立交桥的开销的一半
+这些变化改变了
+波特兰民众的生活方式
+他们的驾车里程
+平均到每个人
+在1996年达到峰值
+我在活着两个完全不同的人生，
+有点像物质科学的超级英雄
+他们开车频率少20%
+一个典型的波特兰市民
+与以前相比，每天少开车4英里
+或是11分钟
+经济学家 Joe Cortright 计算过
+发现这四英里
+加上这11分钟
+谁人若能胜她，她便以身相许；
+当地居民收入的3.5%
+如果他们不把这些钱花在开车上
+顺便说一下，花在开车上的钱
+只有15%会贡献给本地经济
+如果他们不把钱花在开车上
+他们会花在哪里呢？
+从人均占有量上看, 波特兰有很多第一
+人均拥有的车顶行李架是最多的,
+人均拥有的书店是最多的,
+连脱衣舞俱乐部数量都是最多的.
+这些有一点点夸张, 或者夸大了
+但波特兰人的确
+在各种娱乐活动上的花费
+多于美国其他地区
+事实上，俄勒冈人在酒精饮料上的消费
+也比其他州来的多
+这可能是好事也可能是坏事
+但是好在他们开车也比较少
+（笑声）
+实际上，他们将交通省下的钱大多花在了他们的家里
+家居开支是最能
+留在本地的消费
+还有另一个的波特兰故事
+并不在预料之中
+那就是年轻的受过教育的人们
+纷纷涌入波特兰
+我从来不相信这些鬼话，
+受过大学教育的人
+增加了50%
+这是其他所有地方的5倍
+或者说是全国平均数的5倍
+一方面，通过更适宜单车和步行的规划
+一个城市可以帮其居民省钱
+另一方面，这会使它成为一个很酷的
+大家都喜欢搬来的城市
+所以最好的经济策略
+作为一个城市来说
+不是想方设法吸引大的公司
+努力拥有生物产业
+或是医疗产业
+又或是航天工业
+而是变成一个大家喜欢生活的城市
+有才华的年轻人，作为经济的发动机
+他们中的64%会先决定
+住在哪里
+然后搬过去，再找工作
+他们会来到你的城市
+下一个关于健康的论点有一点吓人
+同样，回到70年代，很多已经发生改变
+在70年代，10人中只有一人肥胖
+现在3人中便有一人肥胖
+三分之二的人群超重
+25%的年轻男性
+和40%的年轻女性因为体重过重
+而达不到参军的要求
+根据疾病控制中心的数据
+三分之一的2000年后出生的孩子
+将来会患上糖尿病
+这是美国第一次，这一代的孩子
+预期寿命要短于他们的父母
+我相信这次美国的健康危机
+就如我们刚刚提到的
+其实是一个城市规划的危机
+可我们的城市设计却仍保持固有的模式
+我们讨论了太多次饮食
+我们都知道饮食影响体重
+体重当然会影响健康
+但我们才刚刚开始重视缺乏运动
+我们的城市布局使我们生来缺乏运动
+缺乏运动的主因来自于我们生活在
+自闭症是脑部神经错乱引起的
+他们吓坏了，他们想要放弃
+我们终于开始相关的研究
+一个英国的叫做 暴食与懒惰”的项目
+通过观察体重对应饮食
+和体重对应运动的关系
+发现了后者之间拥有
+更加紧密的关系
+James Levine医生在
+恰如其名的蛋黄酱诊所
+将测试仪器放置在电子内衣里
+先保持稳定的饮食
+然后开始增加卡路里的摄入
+有些人体重增加
+有些人体重没有增加
+考虑到一些新陈代谢或基因的影响
+他们吃惊地发现
+他们唯一能够发现的区别
+便是他们运动的多少
+对大量的电信公司解除管制。
+以及自动武器。
+多坐两个小时
+这些研究把体重和
+缺乏运动联系起来
+我们还有研究把体重和居住地联系了起来
+还是生活在一个不适宜步行的城市？
+或者你生活在城市的哪个部分？
+在圣迭戈，他们有种步行指数
+步行指数给每个美国地址
+很快会给全世界的地址打分
+取决于它有多么适宜步行
+他们通过步行指数指定适宜步行的社区
+和不适宜步行的社区
+猜猜发生了什么？如果你生活中适宜步行的社区
+你会有35%的可能超重
+但如果你生活在不适宜步行的社区
+你将会有60%的可能超重
+我们有越来越多的研究
+将你生活在哪里
+同你的健康联系起来
+我们拥有的最大的健康危机便是
+如何阻止这种由环境诱导的缺乏运动的现象
+我上周学到了一个新词
+他们叫这种社区 肥胖社区”
+我可能拼写不准，但你知道是什么意思
+现在，有一件事，当然
+简短地被提到过，哮喘在这个国家
+逐渐流行
+你可能没有想过太多
+每天有14个美国人死于哮喘
+比90年代多了三倍
+这几乎完全归结于汽车尾气的排放
+美国的污染来源不再是工厂
+而是来自于汽车的排气管
+你的城市中开车的人数
+以及车辆行驶里程能够很好的
+推测你的城市的哮喘问题
+最后一点, 由于汽车驾驶问题
+引发的车祸, 已经成为(美国)健康成人的
+最大死亡威胁, 同时也是(美国)公民
+最大的死亡威胁之一.
+我们认为车祸是不可避免的
+把它当做开车在路上的
+天然风险
+事实上，在美国，每10万人中
+每年有12个人
+死于汽车事故
+我们还是很安全的
+可是在英格兰，十万人中只有7人
+在日本，十万人中只有4人
+他们需要获得复杂的债务抵押债券
+纽约市
+旧金山，一样，波特兰，也一样
+所以城市更加安全
+因为我们更少开车？
+萨尔塔：十万人中有14人
+奥兰多：十万人中有20人
+这并非取决于你是不是在城市中
+而是你的城市是如何设计的
+它是围绕车还是人来设计的？
+因为你的城市是围绕车来设计的
+那么它会很擅长于使汽车撞在一起
+这属于健康论点的一部分
+最后，这个环境论点相当有趣
+因为环境学家们大约在10年之前
+做了个急转弯
+美国的环保运动
+历史性地被作为反城市运动
+从杰弗森开始
+ 城市是人类健康，
+自由和道德的瘟疫。
+如果我们继续将自己同欧洲那样
+堆积在城市里，那么我们也会变得
+如同欧洲那样堕落
+如同他们那样吃掉彼此。”
+他很明显有一些幽默
+美国的环保运动
+成为了经典的田园运动
+为了变得更环保，我们搬到了乡村
+我们同大自然交流，我们建设了郊区
+但是，我们看到了这些的结果
+美国的二氧化碳
+排放的地图
+那么反响如何呢？
+强烈敲打着这一论点
+如果你看着碳排放地图，因为我们用平方英里作为单位
+任何一张美国碳排放地图
+看起来都像是美国的夜间卫星图
+城市里最多，郊区少一些
+还有完全干净的乡村
+直到一些环境学家指出
+这种测量二氧化碳的正确方式吗？
+在一个时间段里一个国家的人口数量是一定的
+随便乱交朋友。科技虽然覆盖了
+我们对环境影响更小的地区
+然后他们说，让我们来测量每家的碳排放量
+当他们这么做的之后，碳排放地图彻底反了过来
+市区最少，郊区更多
+乡村那些
+ 一直把车开到能买得起房的郊区”的社区排放最多
+所以这是一个根本的转变，我们现在有
+Ed Glaeser这样的环境学家和经济学家
+说我们是破坏性的物种
+如果你热爱自然，你最应该做的是
+离它远些
+搬到城市，越密集越好
+像曼哈顿这种约密集的城市
+会表现越好
+而是一些艺术专业或音乐专业的学生 他们觉得自己不会写作
+在其他地区20年代以后便再也没有见到过
+人均电力消耗仅是达拉斯的一半
+但是当然，我们可以做的更好
+加拿大城市的人均汽油消耗是美国城市的一半
+欧洲城市消耗的是这一半的一半
+所以很明显，我们可以做到更好
+我们想做的更好，我们努力生活得更加绿色
+那个微弱的联系帮她在那里找到一份工作。
+我们通往绿色的路走错了
+我是这类人其中的一个
+迷恋一些机械小玩意儿
+喜欢各种装饰品
+我可以给我的房屋加装什么
+我可以在我现有的装备加些什么
+以使我的生活方式更加绿色环保?
+这些占据了几乎所有的讨论
+所以我也不能对此免疫
+我太太和我在华盛顿的废弃土地上
+建造了一栋新房子
+我们尽可能地买下了环保店
+所有的东西
+我们买了太阳能电池系统
+太阳能热水器，双冲水马桶
+竹地板
+燃烧木头的德国高科技火炉
+相对于丢弃在森林任其自我降解
+应该能够减少对大气的
+碳排放
+所有这些创意
+都被他们写在宣传手册里
+（笑声）
+然而，在这个过程中，我成为
+对环境的贡献是非常微小的
+能够统计上分析所有的噪音
+通往市中心的地铁站的社区内相比
+我们把所有的灯泡换成了节能型
+你也同样应该这么做
+但换掉所有的灯泡
+一年所节省的能源
+只相当于搬进步行社区一周的效果
+但我们并不想宣传这样的论点
+政治家和商人害怕
+把绿色作为”生活方式之选 来宣传
+他们不想告诉美国人，上帝保佑
+你们必须改变生活方式
+但如果生活方式真的是生活质量的体现
+听听他们，听听你自己。
+一些东西比我们现有的更好
+生活质量排名的黄金标准
+被称作美世调查
+你可能已经听说过
+他们给全世界数百个国家排名
+对他们认为跟生活质量相关的十个要素
+进行评比：健康，经济，教育
+住房, 等等
+还有其他六个，但来不及说了
+（笑声）
+他微笑，我们热情洋溢
+排名最高的美国城市是火奴鲁鲁
+排在了28位，跟着的是预料中的
+西雅图，波士顿等所有适宜步行的城市
+阳光地带的驾车城市
+达拉斯，凤凰城和亚特兰大
+并没有出现在名单之中
+那谁做得更好？
+加拿大城市比如温哥华
+再说一遍，他们只消耗我们一半的燃料
+还有说德语的城市通常表现不错
+像是杜塞尔多夫或维也纳
+他们同样消耗我们一半的燃料
+你看看这些排序，这些奇怪的排序
+都是关于环境的可持续性的
+什么能够给你更高的生活质量？
+我会说是那些能让你
+可持续发展的东西
+可以给你更高的生活质量
+那就是生活在适宜步行的社区里
+可持续发展，包含了我们的财富
+和我们的健康
+可能不是一道直接的函数
+但尤其是在美国
+我们制造了太多污染
+因为我们把我们的时间，金钱
+和生活浪费在高速路上
+这两个问题有一个共同的解决方法
+那就是使我们的城市
+更加适宜步行
+这并不容易，但一定可行
+也曾经被实现过
+在世界上和我们国家的
+多个城市实现过
+我想从丘吉尔得到一些安慰
+他这么说
+美国人可以被指望
+做正确的事情
+但是仅当他们别无他法时.(笑声)
+谢谢
+（鼓掌）
+你们都有的版本 打开了所有的工具条
+如果他们继续这么做 没人知道
+它们是硅土做的。为什么汽车结构不能这样呢？
+哪里有个碳排量计算器。可以计算你的碳排放量。
+相同的宗教 却有巨大的差异
+你就去参加一次会议
+这意味着艺术导演
+理由就是
+好吧。为什么你会这么做？因为你很确定那是部好电影
+是暴力。如果我拿支枪指着你的头
+关于电影发行--其实电影只是这个幻灯片我2天前演讲的的电影版本
+在这些链接之中 -- 不是在顶部 顺带一提 --
+打打电话，
+照顾我们。这使我相信： 陌生人关心我们，这代表什么呢？”
+-- 麦当娜主演. 你知道 我得为史蒂夫乔布斯唱上一曲
+（掌声）
+在告诉媒体苹果的未来一片黑暗之后♪
+并一致的带给其他人。
+(笑声)
+你妈妈跟我说了很多
+同样的对重要性的需求，不是吗？他们想要追寻上帝
+因为我已经讲完了。最后一个方面是情绪。
+第二，它不仅仅是他的身份的象征，
+遇到了Andrew Lloyd Weber（注：歌舞剧《猫》的编曲者）。她负责
+乔治：有许多事触动了我。
+其他产品有微软的开放标准支持
+也许曾认为她有多动症命令她
+去年，我应邀到NBA全明星赛演讲。
+要么是把USB线拖来拖去 要么是买个读卡器搬来搬去
+是不是像个鬼一样
+如果你有过这样的经历，当你做了一件事
+由于我积极的参与其中，全球最棒的软件设计师
+我有机会和三百万来自80个不同国家的人们交流。
+我竟然做了那种事，真是愚蠢...谁有这样的经历？
+用书面语来说就是--他们脑体分离。
+那时候如果你没工作，那是因为你不想找。
+都比过去合理的多
+并且补偿这一切，这是因为，由于美国在这个世界体系之外，
+为那些没有影响力的人说话。
+从减少和补偿可以避免的碳排放方面获得最大的收入。
+因为现在的政治不允许去做一些需要做的事。
+你不会相信我♪
+我们称之为 数据与图样的联结” - Gapminder
+我从未离开你们♪
+持续的投资，姆吉拉提及过这个。
+我们评价好学生的标准。
+你可以发现他的不同和其内在的美。
+你觉得你一切都在掌握之中
+这根棍子在摩西的生活中代表三个东西。
+不可能像其它数据那样检索的出来
+优雅 与美. 事实上
+因为Mac只有3%市场份额
+如果你看过那部电影 十诫”就知道，
+但是iPod赢了! 这是人们想要的
+Sonos -- 它正在赶上
+当你有台数码相机 你会如何将照片放回电脑中?
+你是一个NBA球员。它也代表了你的收入。
+能当下我的电源插座么?
+我觉得这也是我今天来到这里的主要原因，
+就是运用创造力
+不知道为什么，但我一直惊叹于
+来吧，举起手来。
+又有多少人现在在查看？
+（笑声）
+资金账户呢？有人今天查看了没？
+信用卡，投资账户？
+这个礼拜查看了么？
+那么家庭能源使用情况呢？
+在它的顶部又有差不多一百个小洞
+这个礼拜？上个礼拜呢？
+这个房间中有一些能源极客。
+但是剩下的我们，这是一个全是人的房间，
+这些人对这个星球的未来充满热情，
+但是甚至我们都不关心
+导致气候变暖的能源消耗
+这张照片中和我在一起的女性是Harriet。
+在我们第一次家庭度假的时候，我们见到了她。
+Harriet正在关注她的能源使用情况，
+当我去年在 TED愿望”时
+如果我们可把生物和化学网络做成像搜索引擎一样，
+这是煤炭，
+这个星球上最常见的电力能源，
+这些煤炭中有足够多的能量，
+可以让这个灯泡亮一年还多。
+不幸的是，在从这里到这里过程中，
+这种能量大部分都因为，
+传导流失和放热而丢失了。
+事实上，只有10%的能量最后以光能的形式释放。
+所以这块煤炭最多只能够维持一个月多一点。
+如果你想要让这个灯泡照明一年，
+你需要这么多煤炭。
+坏消息是，我们每用一成的能量，
+我们就会浪费九成。
+这也意味着有好消息，
+就是我们每节约一成的能量，
+我们就节约了剩下的九成。
+问题是，我们如何让在这个房间里的人们
+以及全世界的人们开始关注
+我们所使用的能量，
+并且开始减少浪费？
+答案来自于一个行为科学实验，
+是十年前一个炎热的夏天进行的，
+然后它们全部都消失无踪。
+在California的San Marcos。
+研究生们在某个街区的每一扇门上做了留言条，
+告诉人们关掉空调
+打开电扇。
+四分之一的家庭收到了一条留言说，
+你知道吗？这个夏天你可以每月节约54美元
+只要关掉空调，使用电扇。
+接下来的事，让我疯狂。
+第三组得到的留言是
+做一个文明公民，防止停电。
+大部分人认为节约开支的留言将会最有效应。
+事实上，没有一条留言起到作用。
+他们对于能源消耗没有任何影响。
+就好像研究生们并没有贴过这些留言条一样。
+但是有第四条留言，
+这条留言简单地写着，
+ 调查发现，你们77%的邻居们说
+我从那时起开始从事相关的研究，到现在已经二十五年了
+请加入他们。关掉空调，
+打开电扇。”
+你们信不信？他们做到了！
+收到这条留言的人们
+显著地减少了能源消耗。
+以后每年我们才好一直这样逍遥法外。”（笑声）
+这告诉我们什么呢？
+好吧，如果某些事情有些不便，
+你可能患上登革出血热，或者登革休克综合征。
+道德劝说，经济鼓励，并不会让我们行动起来，
+但是社会压力，是强悍的。
+正确地利用的话，它可以成为强大的正能量。
+事实上，它已经是了。
+受此启发，我和我的朋友Dan Yates开始
+筹划一个公司，叫”Opower 。
+则代表着的这些问题的传统解决途径
+这些公司也想要帮助他们的客户节约能源。
+我们发表个性化的家庭能源报导，
+向人们展示他们的消耗量
+与住房大小相似的邻居比较。
+就像那些有效的挂在门上的留言条一样，
+我们让人们把他们自己与邻居相比，
+然后给出目标性的建议。
+帮助他们节约。
+我们从纸张开始，然后是手机应用，
+网络，现在甚至是可控恒温器，
+在过去的五年中，我们已经开始
+♪ 所有秘密 ♪
+它起效了。
+但是我已经论证约翰很久以前已经离开句子了。
+节约了超过250美金
+我们才刚刚开始。
+就今年，与超过80个公共机构的合作，
+分布于六个国家，我们正在努力省下
+再两个太瓦小时(1亿度）的电量。
+重新 组合”出健全的鸟？
+但是对于剩下的我们而言，
+两个太瓦小时可以足足让
+St. Louis和Salt Lake City的每户人家
+用上一年还多。
+两个太瓦小时，大约是去年
+美国太阳能工厂年产量的一半。
+两个太瓦小时，换成煤炭的话，
+在这部电影成为电影俱乐部经典之后不久
+因为一象限代表着这些国家的教育业绩很好，学习机会分配均等。
+才能得到两个太瓦小时的能量。
+然而我们并不在燃烧任何东西，
+我们只是激发人们关注
+并且改变他们的行为。
+但我们只是一家公司，
+这些都还只是杯水车薪。
+一户人家中有20%的能量是被浪费掉的，
+当我说浪费的时候，我并不是指人们
+装了一些没用的灯泡。他们可以有。
+我是指我们让没人的屋子里亮着灯，
+我们仍然在家里没人的时候开着空调。
+那每年浪费的400亿美金
+并没有为全面建设小康社会作出贡献，
+但是会导致气候改变。
+那是400亿美金，yì~~~亿
+单单在美国。
+我们一半的煤炭被用在那儿了。
+现在，十分的庆幸，一些世界上最好的材料科学家们
+正在寻找代替煤炭的可持续能源。
+像这些，
+这是令人惊奇的也是必须的。
+但是大部分的被忽视的资源带领我们
+来到可持续能源的未来，并不在这个银幕上。
+在这个房间里，是你们，也是我。
+我们可以利用这种资源
+不必使用最新的材料科学技术。
+只需要简单地使用行为科学。
+我们今天就可以做到，我们知道它是如何运转的，
+它可以立即节约我们的金钱。
+那我们还在等什么？
+好吧，在大多数地方，调节利用
+自从爱迪生时代并没有改变太多，。
+公共事业机构一直因为客户浪费能源
+而受到奖励。
+而他们应该因帮助客户们节约能源而被奖励。
+但这个故事远不止是关于家庭的能源使用。
+看看这辆丰田普锐斯。
+它十分地高效不单单是因为丰田投资了材料科学，
+而是因为他们投资了行为科学。
+仪表盘告诉驾驶员们
+他们实时节约了多少能量。
+使之前的速度魔鬼
+变得更像谨慎的祖母。
+这把我们带回到Harriet的故事中。
+我们在第一次家庭度假的时候遇见了她。
+你会突然发现在调查报告中
+她很高兴地了解到我女儿的名字
+也是Harriet。
+她问我是什么工作的，
+我告诉她，我与公共事业单位一起工作
+来帮助人们节约能源。
+就在那时她的眼睛发亮了。
+她看着我说，
+ 你正是我想要与之交流的人，
+你看，两个礼拜前，我丈夫和我收到了一封信，
+从我们的公共事业机构那儿。
+告诉我们使用的能源是我们邻居的2倍多。”
+（笑声）
+ 在过去的两个礼拜中，所有我们思考的，
+讨论的，甚至争论的，
+都是我们应该做什么来节约能源。
+我们做了信件告诉我们的每一件事，
+我知道一定还有更多。
+现在我和一个真正的专家站在这儿。
+告诉我。我该做什么才能节约能源？”
+有很多专家可以回答Harriet的问题。
+我的目标是确保
+人人都在这么问。
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+因为这些学生发现他们的专长在学校
+有个科学家告诉我，有人说我们现在面对的检验是，
+他们跳芭蕾，跳踢踏舞，跳爵士舞，
+因此我有些沮丧. 后来我听了阿尔戈尔的演讲 我意识到
+掌声
+教训是: 至简畅销
+几乎没有重叠 后来呢？
+Chris Anderson: 哦好
+对于失明、小儿麻痹症，同样是早发现早反应
+干嘛我要去中国? 真的。
+但是这只是一个意见上的分歧
+她回答： 已经结束了” 当我结束那晚的课程，她给他打电话、留言，
+最大限度地发挥创造力，而且
+因为这软件很怕生
+然后我找到了这个--”所有生物学提供的证据
+但孩子们会。而我们要做的就是帮助
+她把这个留言播放给我们听。
+她后来上了拉里.金的节目，她的男友说：
+嗯，就要结束了。
+ 我只能跟你说，这一定是上天给你传达的信息”
+它是一个用所有语言创造教科书的尝试。
+ 千万别让任何事阻止你付出你的爱”。她说完后，一个男人站起来
+我又读了一遍
+说： 我来自巴基斯坦，我是个伊斯兰教徒（穆斯林）”
+还是在主张【创造论】？”
+很长一段. 如果有人发给我一封粉丝信 我会说
+我也希望大家都可以 自由使用公众资助采集的数据
+因为在大洪水之前神从地底下浇灌地球。”
+所以他的感受可以在半岛电视台展示
+我不想要等下一个卡特里娜飓风来验证我的房屋是否有效。
+我会说 滚蛋
+就10秒钟。我要尊重你们的时间。10秒钟。
+(笑声)
+就只是看着他们小巧的身体一起——，一伏——，
+(掌声)
+当你看见一个建筑师的脸时，大多数人认为是一个满头白发的家伙。
+在他们的掌上型电脑里划出死者的名字。...有个金融交易员，一个刚强的女人...
+我看到的不是这样。我看到的是世界的脸。
+而我只是问他们： 我们要把注意力放在什么地方？”
+ 这意味着什么？我们要做什么？”
+没有新特性 这在软件史上从未发生过!
+他们没有加入新特性 他们只是说
+或者忏悔，诸如此类。
+因为多年来人们买了这套软件 尝试使用 --
+然后我发现她不是来自纽约，也不是美国人。
+在过去的二十年里，印度已经成为
+全球软件开发以及
+离岸后台服务的中心
+我们希望了解的是
+这个庞大的产业
+自二十年前在印度崛起
+由于离岸软件开发和后台服务
+白领工作岗位也因此
+从发达国家转移到印度
+加上制造业岗位
+外包到中国，正如你所知道的，造成了相当程度的
+来自西方社会的焦虑
+事实上，调查数据显示
+在西方，对自由贸易的支持者人数正在下降
+但是，如今，西方的精英指出
+这是一种错位的恐惧
+我举个例子，如果你读过，我想很多观众都
+看过，Thomas Friedman的书
+书名是《地球是平的》，其中谈到
+对于自由贸易的恐惧是错误的
+因为这个观点来自一个错误的假设
+而实际上，作者说，西方社会领先发展中国家的优势
+来自于创新
+当更复杂，更新颖的任务
+在发达国家完成以后，那些较简单
+或者说辛苦的工作
+就被转移到发展中国家
+那我们想搞清楚的
+就是，这个的观点正确吗？
+印度能否成为创新的源泉或全球中心
+就像成为
+后台服务和软件开发的中心一样？
+过去的四年里，我和合著者 Phanish Puranam
+就在研究这个课题
+开始是，正如你们所知到的，人们会说
+特别是支持西方创新理论模型的拥护者
+他们说
+”印度的Googles, iPods,和Viagras在哪里
+如果印度人真有那么聪明的话？
+所以起初，在最开始的研究阶段
+我们去拜访数位高管，向他们提问
+”您觉得，印度是否可能从
+软件和后台服务的目的地转型
+成为创新的目的地呢？
+他们笑了，并把我们请出门
+有的会说”你知道吗？印度人不会创新
+比较有礼貌的版本是”印度人
+有当出色的程序远和会计师的天赋，
+但他们没有创造力
+有时候，表达方式更委婉一些
+人们会说”不是印度人的问题
+是僵化的教育体系的错
+是条条框框抹杀了创意
+所以他们建议，如果要了解创造力
+要去硅谷，去参观
+Google (谷歌), Microsoft (微软)和Intel(英特尔)这样的公司
+所以我们就开始研究
+硅谷的研发中心和创新实验室
+有意思的是，在那里
+我们发现通常创新实验室
+或者研发中心的一把手
+往往就是一个印度人
+当然我们的第一反应是”您一定不是
+在印度接受教育的吧？
+您一定是在这里上的学吧？”
+结果，每一次
+他们其实都是印度教育的产物
+于是我们意识到我们没有问对问题
+正确的问题其实是， 印度的印度人
+可以创新吗？
+于是我们飞往印度
+我们多次到班加罗尔(Bangalore), 孟买 (Mumbai), 古尔加翁(Gurgaon)
+德里(Delhi), 海得拉巴(Hyderabad)等地， 探寻
+这些城市的商业创新程度
+我们的发现是，随着研究的深入
+看来提出的问题本身的确是不对的
+当有人问 印度的谷歌
+iPods和伟哥在哪里？ 时，提问者的立场
+是站在终端用户角度而言的创新
+是看得见的创新
+因为这正是我的乐趣所在，一直都是，
+也许你们读过著名的经济学家熊彼得(Schumpeter)的著作
+他说 创新是
+用新的方式创造和分配价值”
+它既可以是新的产品和服务
+也可以是不一样的制造产品的方法
+还可以是崭新的企业和行业的组织形式
+按照这种理论，创新就不仅仅局限于
+受益于创新的终端用户
+当你从广义角度定义创新时
+你就会发现，印度其实处处
+有创新，只是印度的创新形式
+并不是人们所预期的，我们把它称之为
+隐形的创新
+具体地说，印度式创新又可分为
+四个类别
+其一
+是对商业顾客的创新
+这是由跨国企业引领的
+在过去二十年里
+由跨国公司在印度建立的研发中心达750个
+雇佣了超过40万名专业人士
+当我们考虑到
+跨国公司的研发中心历来
+都设在公司总部，或者初始国
+所以位于印度的750所
+跨国公司的研发中心
+这个数字是惊人的
+当我们去到这些研发中心并对里面的工作人员进行访谈
+询问他们在做什么时
+他们回答 我们做的是全球性的产品”
+他们并不是在本地化全球性产品
+来适应印度市场，这通常就是地方性研发中心的角色
+他们做的是真正的全球性产品
+而诸如微软，谷歌，阿斯利康制药厂(AstraZeneca)
+通用电器，飞利浦这样的企业
+已经肯定的回应他们在班加罗尔
+和海德拉巴的研发中心足以胜任
+为全球市场开发产品和提供服务
+当让，作为终端用户，这是你看不到的
+因为你看到的仅仅是公司的名字
+而不是产品的研发地
+也有人对我们说 即便如此，这些来自印度
+研发中心的产品
+还是比不上那些
+来自美国研发中心的产品。”
+有鉴于此，我的合著人Phanish Puranam，他刚好也是
+我所认识的最聪明的人，他说
+他要做一个研究
+对象是在美国和印度
+同时拥有研发中心的公司
+看看那些在美国提交的专利申请
+和同一公司在印度分支机构提出的
+类似专利申请
+这样来比较同一公司位于美国
+和印度提交的专利申请
+希望评估印度提交的专利申请的质量
+以及跟美国提交的那些
+申请的含金量的差异
+有趣的是，他发现
+顺便一提的是，我们比较专利质量的方法是
+引用前人(forward citations): 就是看后来的专利
+放射X射线。
+他的发现非常有意思
+我们的数据表明
+在同一家公司，
+来自美国研发中心的专利申请的被引用次数
+和印度研发中心的
+是一模一样的
+在这儿，山景城 （加州城市），我们正在看
+印度和美国分公司的专利引用率
+是一样的
+这是第一种印度式创新
+他们根本无法获得那些故事，
+我们称之为外包创新
+如今很多公司都把
+产品开发的主要部分外包给印度公司
+服务于他们的全球性产品
+再卖给全世界
+电话响了，是纽约时报
+其中的很大一部分
+是在印度完成的
+比如XCL Technologies公司
+他们为波音公司新的787客机开发
+一个防止飞行相撞
+另一个用于实现零能见度着陆
+当然，当你登上波音787客机时
+是不可能觉察到这些隐形的
+来自印度的创新的
+第三种印度式创新
+是基于印度公司的才智
+而产生的过程创新
+过程创新和产品创新是不一样的
+它是关于新产品开发，创造或生产的
+流程的创新
+而不是产品本身
+只有在印度才有上百万的年轻人
+向往在呼叫中心工作
+在西方，这样的工作是没有出头之日的
+是中学辍学者才做的事
+使骨骼有非同寻常的行为
+聪明年轻又雄心勃勃的年轻人
+放在一个呼叫中心里，会出现什么情况呢？
+不用多久，他们就感到无聊开始想新的点子
+然后就开始跟老板说如何能更好地完成工作
+而这个流程地创新则带来了产品地创新
+再被推广到世界其他地方
+其中的例子如24/7 Customer (全天候客服公司）
+传统的呼叫中心公司，沿用的是固有
+的形式。而今天他们开发的
+分析工具可以进行模型预测
+或预计这通来电的内容
+这都是由于对西方长期认为没有前景的行业
+的流程加入了有智慧的改进
+最后一种印度式的隐形创新
+我们称之为管理创新
+它不是产品和流程的创新
+而是工作安排的创新
+而来自印度的最著名的管理创新
+是由外包行业提供的
+全球服务模式
+在这个模式下，可以实现
+把从前受地理位置局限的任务
+细化再分发给世界各地的
+专业人士手上或者成本结构适宜的地区
+再列明重新整合以上服务的方式
+缺了这个模式，今天的其他任何一个隐形创新都
+无法实现
+所以我想说的是，我们的研究发现
+如果说终端用户手中的产品是
+创新之中看得见的冰山一角的话
+那印度的创新则是隐没在水下的
+更为巨大的部分
+当然这个也带来了启示
+我们归结为三点
+第一, 下降的技能阶梯
+让我回到对话的开头
+谈到岗位流失的时候
+当然，一开始，跨国公司
+决定要外包服务到印度的研发中心时
+我们是把业务中最低端的部分
+外包出去，那些都是最简单的工作
+跟Tom Friedman预测的是一样的
+当你把最底下的工作
+外包到印度进行创新和研发后
+不久，未来的某个时刻将要
+面对一个问题
+往上一层的员工
+在公司内部从何而来呢？
+有两个选择
+要么把印度的人才
+提拔到发达国家
+通过移民
+不然你也可以说既然在印度有这么多
+从事底层职位的人员等待升迁
+何不干脆把提升的职位也转移到印度去？
+我们想说的是
+一旦职业阶梯底层的工作外包出去
+由于阶梯下移，自然而然
+跟其他简单的逻辑一样
+要成为投资银行家
+就要先当一个分析员
+要当教授就要先做一回学生
+要当咨询师就必须有当研究员的经历
+所以简单的工作被外包后
+某个时刻，它上面的职位就要跟随这个趋势
+此外，我们想提一下
+TMT (高级管理团队)的亚洲化
+假设未来研发中心将设在印度
+和中国，而增长最快的市场
+也将是这两个国家的话
+你要面临的问题是
+未来你的高级管理人员
+必然来自印度和中国
+因为那是产品领导力
+市场领导力的来源
+对吧？最后我想说的是
+这里还有一个警示
+印度拥有全球最年轻的人口
+这个人口红利是巨大的 但相对的
+也造成强劲的劳动力市场这个幻境
+印度的教育机构和教育体系
+大部分无法培养
+足够数量的合格人才
+来满足持续创新的需求
+所以企业也在寻找解决这个问题的新路子
+但终究，教育结构的创新是政府
+不可推卸的责任
+最后，我希望通过
+很多人都知道，IBM一直是
+在过去一个世纪以来
+最具创新意识的公司之一
+实际上，如果翻看专利申请数量的历史
+我想他们是位居榜首或前几名的
+专利申请公司，在美国的私人企业当中
+这个是该公司
+过去十年的员工构成表
+2003年，他们有30万名员工
+或者说33万员工里面13.5万
+在美国9千在印度
+到2009年 他们有40万名员工 此时
+美国的员工数字变为10.5万
+而印度的数字则升到10万
+到2010年他们决定不再公布
+这个统计，所以我自己做了点估算
+在各种数据的基础上
+这是我能做的最佳估算。这并不是
+确切的数字 而是我的最佳估算
+让你能感知发展趋势
+现在IBM有43.3万名员工 其中
+9.8万仍在美国
+而15万在印度
+请你告诉我，IBM是一家美国公司
+还是印度公司(笑声)
+女士们先生们 谢谢各位(掌声)
+对残疾人而言，在世界上任何一个地方
+生活都很不容易
+但如果他们生活在像美国这样的国家
+至少可以得到很多切实的让生活更便利的辅助
+比如在建筑物里，你可以乘电梯
+过马路时，你可以走专门的人行道
+如果你想要去很远的地方
+你可以坐现成的车
+这些金属会以矿物质的形式
+你依然可以选择公共交通
+然而在发展中国家，情况就非常不同
+有4千万人急需轮椅，却得不到
+这些人大多数住在乡村
+他们只能在崎岖的路上
+通过自己的努力行走很长的距离
+才有机会进入社区，获得工作，接受教育
+更糟糕的是，这些人的代步工具并不合适当地的环境
+它们容易损坏
+他们都是年轻、 默默无闻的学者，像马丁 · 布
+从2005年起，我开始关注了发展中国家的轮椅问题
+我花了一个夏天在坦桑尼亚考察科技状况
+我与轮椅使用者，轮椅制造商，残疾人团体进行了交谈
+结果我发现
+现有的工具
+都不是专门农村地区设计的
+它不能在多种地形上高速高效地行进
+因此，作为一个机械工程师
+在麻省理工我拥有许多可用的资源
+我想我要尝试做点什么
+当你们谈到在崎岖的路上
+长距离行进时
+我立刻想到了山地自行车
+山地自行车很擅长做这件事
+你可以调到低档来爬坡
+或者穿越泥浆和沙地
+力矩变长，但是速度很慢
+如果你想骑得快一点，比如在人行道上
+你可以调到高档
+力矩变短，但速度加快
+顺着这个逻辑
+只需要在轮椅上加装山地车的零件
+特斯拉： 太好了，我发现我可以用最棒的方式 看见”我的发明！”
+但美国市场上的两款产品
+想进入发展中国家都很困难
+因为他们太贵了，太贵了
+我所说的背景是
+你需要的是一个低于200美元的产品
+而且这个理想的产品还能够每天行驶五公里左右
+这样你才能去上班，上学
+以及在许多许多不同地形上使用它
+但当你到家了或者工作时需要进入室内
+它足够小足够灵巧，从而能在室内使用
+此外，如果你想在乡村长时间使用它
+那它必须是可修理的
+可以使用当地的工具，材料和知识来修理塔
+所以问题的关键在于
+怎么制造一个系统
+既简单，又能带来很大的好处
+怎样为自己的双臂制造一辆山地车
+却比真正的山地车便宜而且简单呢
+答案常常就在眼前
+那就是杠杆
+我们一直在利用杠杆，工具，门把手，自行车部件
+灵感和关键发明来临的那一刻
+我正坐在我的设计手册前
+我设想有人在拉一根杠杆
+如果他们在靠近杠杆末端的地方拉
+他们就可以获得一个有效的长杠杆
+已经被电子扫描过了
+以及一个低速齿轮
+当他们把手顺着杠杆滑下去
+他们推的杠杆长度变短
+但是每次推动的角度更大
+这产生一个更高的旋转速度和一个高速齿轮
+这个系统令人兴奋之处在于
+它的机械结构真的，真的非常简单
+就像我刚才所说，海藻产生氧气，
+来制造它
+看实际运行状况
+这就是杠杆化自由轮椅
+经过几年的研究实验后
+我们即将要生产的新一代轮椅
+这是一位需要一直使用轮椅的危地马拉人，
+他已经瘫痪了
+你可以看到他能够穿越相当崎岖的路面
+这项科技的核心创新点在于
+当他想走的快点，他可以握住靠近抽心的位置作大角度的推动
+当进入较糟的路面，他只需要握住握杠的上部
+就可以推动较大的扭力
+让他自己推离不平地地形
+这种设计最大的重点在于
+操作者是整个系统中的复杂机器
+使用者移动他自己的手来精密控制轮椅
+因此机制本身很简单
+它是...iPhone (苹果手机)，iPhone。
+因为自行车零件
+非常常见，所以他们的造价很便宜
+中国和印度的许许多多的工人都可以制造这些零件
+我们可以在世界上任何地方买到需要的零件
+在任何地方制造轮椅，并且最重要的是
+有哪一个不是在不断地
+我们的世界来共享、 交换、 租赁、 易货或贸易
+当你需要在室内使用时杠杆化自由轮椅时
+你只要把杠杆从传动系统中拔出来
+放在支架内，它就变成了普通轮椅
+那就是活着。
+我们按照普通轮椅的尺寸来打造它
+它的宽足以通过标准的走廊
+它的高足以从桌子底下通过
+它小而灵巧，足以在浴室中使用
+这重要性在于让使用者可以靠近马桶
+从轮椅坐过去
+就像他，在一般轮椅也能做到的
+我想强调三点
+这三点触及到了这个项目的精髓
+第一点是项目成功的原因在于
+我们有效地把严谨的工程科学
+与以用户为中心的设计分析结合起来
+聚焦于社会，利用和经济因素
+他们中的一部分人。现在，拟人机器人
+我是麻省理工学院的学者，我也是一个机械工程师
+我可以通过观察你所行进的路面的类型
+计算出它会产生多大的阻力
+通过了解我们已有的零件，混合并拼凑它们
+想出我们可以使用哪一种变速器
+通过考虑上肢可以产生的能量和力气
+分析出当你把手臂在杠杆上面上下移动时
+能以多快的速度行进
+根据这些，我的菜鸟学生们很兴奋地
+制造了一个样品
+在2008年把这个初样带到了坦桑尼亚，肯尼亚和越南
+发现它非常糟糕
+因为我们没有得到足够的使用者的反馈
+所以我们与轮椅使用者，轮椅制造商
+一起进行测试，收集他们的建议
+不仅仅是采集他们的问题，而是采集了他们认为好的解决方法
+然后我们回来重新画了设计图
+09年，我的团队把经过修改的样品带到了东非
+新一代样品在崎岖路面上的行进效果比普通轮椅要好得多
+但在室内行进效果仍然不好
+因为它太大，太重，难以转动
+得到了使用者的回馈，我们再次回到了试图板上
+想出了一个更好的设计。新设计比之前轻了20磅
+跟常规轮椅一样窄。我们在危地马拉进行了一次路面测试
+这项产品
+进展到了现在我们能开始量产的状态
+同时作为工程科学家
+刮着我的喉咙
+这是几张我们在瓜地马拉做试验的照片
+我们在农村里测试杠杆是轮椅
+也测量人们的生物力学产出
+氧气消耗量，进行速度
+及他们推动轮椅所消耗的力量
+与一般轮椅以及杠杆式轮椅比较
+我们发现在这些环境里
+杠杆式轮椅比起一般轮椅快了百分之八十
+比起一般的轮椅，也多了百分之四十的效率
+也由于杠杆的机械特性
+你可以多产生百分之五十的扭力
+让你可以走过非常崎岖的道路
+第二，我们学到了
+设计上的限制也推动了创新
+因为我们必须降低价格
+因为我们要做出一样可以适应很多地形
+能在室内使用
+设计简单易于修理的轮椅
+我们最后发明了全新的产品
+工农权利组织（MKSS）将政府开支
+过去一百从未出现的创新
+这些优点不只能套用在开发中国家
+也可以带到像美国这样的国家
+我们与Continuum合作
+这是一家在波士顿当地的制造商
+打造了一款高阶版本
+我们会在美国及欧洲
+贩卖给高收入的顾客
+最后我想说的
+这项计划能成功
+是因为我们结合了所有参与计划的人
+将这项科技从概念
+到创新，验证，商用，推广
+这链结于使用者紧密相扣
+他们有对这项科技的需求
+最终他们举起了大拇指称赞
+而且说 这很好用，刚好符合我们的需求”
+像我一样在学术界的人
+我们可以做一些像创新，分析，测试
+建立资料，设计实验阶段的原型机种
+但你要如何将原型机种带入到商业产品
+我们需要像Continuum可以帮助我们跨越屏障的公司
+我们成立了一个非政府组织 Global Research Innovation Technology
+来将我们的轮椅带到市场上
+并于印度的大型制造商 Pinnacle Industries 合作
+想象一下，假如我们可以了解工人们的真实想法。
+下个月
+第一批将在在印度推出
+最终，为了把它大量地提供给人们
+我们与全球最大的身障组织
+Jaipur Foot 一同合作
+这个模式的好处
+是当你结合所有
+参与这个链结的人
+从概念的发想
+到现实中的实作
+神奇的事发生了
+你可以找到一个像我一样
+做分析，测试，设计的人
+并且量化它的性能有多好
+同时也连结赚钱的制造商
+跟他们面对面
+整合他们的制造程序，客户
+在与我们的工程知识结合
+做出一个比我们各自单独能做的还要好的东西
+你也必须拉进使用者一起参与设计过程
+不只是问他们所需要的
+也问他们认为什么是行得通的
+这是我们最后一次在印度做实验时拍的照片
+有九成的人从一般轮椅
+更换到使用我们的杠杆式轮椅
+特别是Ashok
+我从我朋友那儿听到一个很有趣的故事
+以前他是个裁缝师，自从受伤后
+他没办法坐在一般轮椅上
+从一公里远的家里移动到市集
+因为路程太颠簸了
+然而，拿到杠杆式轮椅的同一天
+他就走过那一公里，开始营业了
+并且很快地拿到了学校制服的合约
+开始赚钱，再次养家活口
+Ashok: 你鼓励我去工作
+我在家休息一天后
+隔天我就去工作
+现在一切都恢复正常了
+Amos Winter: 感谢你们来听我演讲
+（掌声）
+让我们一起来想象一下，
+它是一个从来没有被制造出来的机器
+人们聚井而居
+教育程度相同，工作也差不多。
+他俩都去当地的急诊室，
+说他们有严重的胸部疼痛
+急诊室给拉胡做了心脏检查，
+却让拉吉回家。
+是什么原因让这两个几乎一样的人
+有着不同的遭遇？
+因为拉吉患有精神疾病。
+得不到同等质量的医疗服务，
+是导致精神疾病患者寿命
+短于不罹患精神疾病的人
+的原因之一。
+即使是在世界上资源最为丰富的国家，
+这一寿命差距也有20年之多。
+而在发展中国家，
+两者的寿命差距更大。
+然而，精神疾病当然也可以更直接地导致死亡。
+最常见的例子就是自杀。
+也许在座的一些朋友会感到吃惊，我那时也是，
+因为我发现，自杀在引起青年死亡的主要原因中
+排在第一位。
+在每一个国家都是如此，
+包括世界上最贫穷的国家。
+不过，除去健康状况对寿命的影响，
+我们还关心
+生活质量。
+现在，为了让我们准确的知道
+健康对寿命和生活质量的全面影响
+我们需要用到
+一个叫做DALY的度量单位，
+DALY是伤残调整生命年的缩写(Disability-Adjusted Life Year)。
+当我们这么做时，我们发现了精神疾病的一些令人震惊的事实，
+而这些事实是世界各国普遍存在的。
+例如，我们发现了精神疾病是
+引起生活不能自理的主要原因。
+比如，抑郁正是第三大原因，
+相机和SD储存卡。
+腹泻和儿童肺炎。
+当把所有精神疾病看成一个整体，
+全球15%的疾病负担
+是由他们造成的。
+事实上，精神疾病对人们的身体将抗具有很大的破坏性，
+除了疾病负担，
+让我们全面的了解一下精神疾病的破坏性。
+世界卫生组织统计到
+全世界有
+接近四亿到五亿的人
+受到精神疾病的影响。
+你们中有一些人
+对这个数字赶到震惊，
+但是，仔细想一下，精神疾病有数以万计的种类，
+从儿童时的自闭症、智障
+到成年的抑郁、焦虑、
+滥用药物和精神病，
+再到老年的痴呆，
+我敢肯定的说，今天在座的每一个人
+都能想到至少一个人，
+在我们最熟悉的人中，至少有一个人
+受到精神疾病的影响。
+我看到一些人在点头。
+除了这些令人震惊的数字，
+从全球健康的角度来看，
+真正重要和真正令人担忧的是，
+在受影响的这些人中有很大一部分
+没有接受治疗
+然而，这些治疗确实可以改变他们的生活，请注意，
+我们有充分的证据表明，
+一些干预、药物治疗、心理辅导和社会干预
+确实对精神疾病的治疗有很大的作用。
+但是，即使在资源丰富的国家
+例如欧洲也有大约50%的人
+不能接受治疗。
+在我工作的一些国家，
+甚至有90%的人
+不能接受治疗。
+因此，当你与
+患有精神疾病的人交谈时，
+你一般总是能听到他们说起
+几乎在他们所有的生活领域，
+他们都会有隐藏的痛苦、羞耻和被歧视的感觉。
+但是，或许在他们的描述中，
+最令人痛心的就是
+对最基本的人权的践踏，
+就像这张照片中的女子
+这样的事情每天都会发生，
+悲哀的是，即使是在本应该治疗人们精神疾病的
+医院中也存在这种现象。
+这是这一点让我感觉到我应该
+试着做一点努力来改变
+遭受精神疾病折磨的人们的生活，
+我做的一个主要的工作就是在
+我们所拥有的改变生活、有效治疗的知识与
+把知识运用到日常生活中之间
+搭建一所桥梁。
+我所要面对的一个重要挑战就是
+极度缺乏像精神病专家和心理学专家这类的
+精神健康专家，
+而这一现在在发展中国家尤为严重。
+现在，我在印度学习了医学，
+我选择了精神病治疗作为的专业，
+这让我妈妈和我的亲戚觉得很失望，
+因为在她们严重神经外科医生才
+配得上他们聪明的儿子。
+我始终坚持着做精神病治疗不论遇到什么病例，
+并且我让自己在英国一些最好的医院得到了锻炼。
+我十分的幸运。
+我与一些十分有天赋、有工作热情的人一起工作，
+但是最重要的是，他们也是接受了严格训练的、
+拜托，别告诉我那里的人们不渴望和平
+在我学习完不久，我首先在津巴布韦工作，
+之后到了印度，
+我又需要面对一个新的事实。
+根本就没有精神病专家。
+例如，在津巴布韦，只有大约十来个精神病医生，
+并且他们中的大部分居住在哈拉雷（津巴布韦首都），
+使得只有几个精神病医生
+负责生活在乡下的9百万人的
+艾达路易斯，纽约时报的批评家
+印度的情况不比津巴布韦好到哪里去。
+具体地说，如果我把
+英国精神病医生的人口比例
+应用到印度
+印度大约需要15万精神病医生。
+然而事实又是怎样呢？
+实际上，印度只有3千精神病医生，
+只是15万的百分之2。
+我很快的意识到，在像印度或津巴布韦这些国家，我不能
+我不能再遵循我所学的那种精神病治疗模式了，
+因为那种模式的精神病治疗，
+只能在一个人有能力获得专业的、昂贵的精神病专家的治疗
+的情况下才能成功。
+我必须打破思维定势，
+寻找其他方式。
+那时，我接触了这些书，
+在这些书中我发现了
+全球健康任务转变这一观点。
+这一想法十分的简单。就是，
+当你缺少专业的健康专家时，
+可以找社区中有空闲时间的人
+教给他们一些保健干预的知识，
+这些书中就有一些鼓舞我的例子。
+例如，书中有写到怎样使普通人学会
+接生、诊断并治疗早期肺炎，
+这些都十分的有效。
+于是，我想到，如果我们可以训练普通人去
+完成这些复杂的保健干预，
+或许他们也能进行
+精神疾病治疗。
+今天，我十分高兴的告诉你们
+在过去十年，发展中国家有许多
+精神疾病治疗任务转移的实验，
+我想和你们分享3个特殊的实验
+的成果，
+这三个实验都是关于最普遍
+的精神疾病——抑郁症。
+在乌干达的郊区，Paul Bolton 和他的同事
+对该村村民进行实验，发现他们可以
+进行抑郁症的人际关系精神疗法，
+Paul 和他的同事进行了一些随机控制实验，
+他们发现接受这种干预的90%的人恢复健康，
+而与之相比在对照组，只有
+大约40%的人恢复了健康。
+类似的，Atif Rahman和他的同时在
+巴基斯坦的郊区也进行了随机控制实验，
+该实验表明在巴基斯坦保健系统
+的社区女工作者
+在对患有抑郁的母亲进行认知行为治疗时
+也同样在康复比例上取得了显著的提高。
+大约75%的母亲获得了康复，而
+对照组中只有45%
+恢复了健康。
+我在印度果阿的实验再一次证明
+从当地社区中寻找的普通人
+在经过培训后可以对抑郁、焦虑进行心理干涉，
+这些健康顾问可以让70%的人恢复健康，
+而即使在主要的健康中心，
+这一数据也只能达到50%。
+培养出来的已满是乳汁，
+当我试着寻找
+成功的任务转换的
+关键所在时，
+我将其总结为这样一个缩略语：SUNDAR。
+SUNDAR是什么意思呢？在印度语中是 诱人的意思”。
+在我看来，对于一个有效的任务转换，
+有五个关键之处，
+请看幻灯片。
+第一，我们需要简化信息，
+将医学中的专业术语
+剔除。
+我们需要将复杂的，未经加工的保健干预
+变成短小的内容，只有这样我们才能简单的将其
+教授给缺乏专业训练的人员。
+我们提供的健康治疗，并不是在一些大型的机构中提供，
+而是在人们家附近提供，并且
+我们用的是当地社区有空闲时间且有能力
+我们只是志愿者 它仅仅只是一项实验。
+重要的是，我们要将有时间的仅有的几个专家
+也重新划定角色，
+例如，让他们做一些能力培养和监督的工作。
+对我来说，任务转换是一个
+在全球都有重要性的想法，
+即使，这一想法是在发展中国家
+这些缺乏资源的条件下产生的，
+它对资源充足的国家同样有
+许多重要意义。为什么是这样呢？
+把泰坦尼克号从一种状态
+正在呈现螺旋式的发展，而这一趋势已经控制不了了，
+其中，人力资源的耗费占很大一部分。
+还有一个同样重要的原因就是，随着健康治疗
+变得越来越专业，
+它与当地社区的距离也就越来越远。
+对我来说，任务转变这一思想真正吸引人的地方
+不是它可以使更多的人接受
+健康治疗，而是
+它的最基本的激励作用。
+它激励普通人在治疗
+本社区患者时变得更加有效，
+同时，他们也成了患者们更好的
+健康卫士。事实上，对我来说，任务转变是
+医疗知识民主化的最终范例，
+因此他也是医学力量民主化的最终范例。
+仅在30年前，世界各国聚集在
+阿拉木图发表了如图这个图标式宣言。
+我认为，你们都能想到
+12年后，我们离那个目标还是很遥远。
+然而，今天，我们有条件
+在充足的监督和支持下，
+使得社区中的普通人通过接受训练
+可以进行一系列有效的健康干预，
+或许那个承诺已在我们的能力范围之内。
+事实上，为了贯彻实现所有人健康这一口号，
+我们需要所有人
+对此的参与，
+在精神健康方面，我们格外
+需要患有精神疾病的患者和
+他们的护理者的参与。
+几年前，正是因为这个原因，
+全球精神卫生运动成立了，
+作为一个虚拟平台，
+许多像我一样的专家和被精神疾病困扰着的人们
+团结起来，肩并着肩，
+倡导精神疾病患者获得
+可以改变他们生活的治疗的权利，
+让他们活的有尊严。
+最后，我希望当你们空闲时或
+在这不忙的几天或者以后的任何时候，
+你们可以替你们认识的
+患有精神疾病的
+人或人们想想，
+并尽可能的照顾他们。谢谢。（鼓掌）
+（鼓掌）
+在我生命中非常长的一段时间内，
+我感觉我在过着两种不同的人生。
+一个是每个人都看见的人生，
+另一个是只有我能看见的人生。
+在每个人都能看见的人生里，
+我的角色是一个朋友、
+儿子、兄弟、
+喜剧演员和一名青少年。
+这是每个人都看到的人生。
+如果你要问我的朋友和家人来形容我，
+这是他们会告诉你的。
+这是很大一部分的我 这是我在这社会上的角色
+如果你要我自己来形容我，
+我可能会说一些与上相同的东西。
+我不会说谎，
+但也不会完全会告诉你真相，
+因为事实是，
+这就是其他人看到的人生。
+另外一个人生只有我自己能看到 我是谁
+我其实是
+一个与抑郁症激烈斗争的人。
+在生命中的近六年来 我与抑郁症斗争
+应有尽有
+对于从未经历过抑郁的人
+或不太知道这是什么意思的人，
+他们听到这些也许会感到诧异，
+但在表扬你自己之前，
+抑郁症只是在当你生命中出了什么差错的时候
+会难过，
+当你和你的女朋友分手
+当你失去心爱的人，
+当你找不到理想的工作的时候。
+但这只是悲伤。这是一件很自然的事情。
+这是自然的人类情感。
+真正的抑郁不是
+例如，一个分销公司说，
+真正的抑郁是
+当你生活中的一切都好的时候悲伤。
+我从中看到的是一个并不招人待见的名号
+坦诚说，
+当我们想到沟通，我们就想到互动
+我很难去把它诉说，
+这似乎也很难让每个人去谈这一点，
+以至于没有人去谈它。
+没有人会去谈抑郁， 但我们需要去谈论它
+因为现在它一个很大的问题。
+这是一个巨大的问题。
+但我们并没有看到它出现在媒体上，对吗？
+我们没有在 Facebook 上看到它 我们也没有在 Twitter 上看到它。
+我们也没有在新闻上看到它，因为它不是快乐的，
+是不有趣的，也不是光明的。
+于是，正因为我们看不到它， 所以我们没有意识到它的严重性。
+然而它的确很严重：
+每隔 30 秒钟，
+每隔 30 秒，在某个地方，
+在这个世界上的某个人就在
+因为抑郁而自杀，
+它有可能是在两个街区之外， 它也可能在两个国家之外，
+它可能是两个大洲之外， 但它正在发生，
+帝国已逝，
+作为一个社会 我们有一种趋势，
+看着这种情况会说， 那又怎样?
+因为我们认为我们能够重新
+这是他们的问题。”
+但我们还说， 那又怎样?
+好吧，两年前，它是我的问题，
+（掌声）
+曾坐过千百万次的床边
+想着要自杀。
+我有自杀倾向， 但如果你从表面上看我的生活，
+你不会看到一个自杀倾向的孩子。
+你会看到一个篮球队队长、
+今年戏剧班的学生、
+今年学习英语的学生、
+一个经常出现在荣誉榜上的
+和一个经常出现在任何派对上的人。
+所以你会说我不是抑郁，你会说
+我不是自杀，但你就错了。
+你就错了。所以我那天晚上坐在床上
+旁边是一瓶药，我手上拿着纸笔
+我想着要终结自己的生命
+我差一点点就做了
+我差点就这样做了。
+然而我没有 所以我成为了幸运的一份子，
+一个人从边缘中走下来的人
+我从我的人生大楼向下看但并没有跳下去，
+我是幸运活下来的人之一。
+嗯，我活下来了，那让我跟我的故事并存，
+我的故事是：
+简单的四个字，患抑郁症。
+我患上抑郁症，
+在很长时间，我想，
+一个总是害怕别人的人。
+我害怕人们会看到我真实的样子，
+并不是一个每个人都认为我是的样子： 高中的风光小孩，我其实并不完美
+在我的微笑下面是斗争，
+当时，人们和我说，这事不可能。
+维持高速发展。
+但德国电信拒绝了，说
+有些人可能害怕鲨鱼。 有些人可能会害怕死亡。
+但对我来说， 我生命中的很大一部分是害怕我自己。
+我们从非常非常小的单细胞变形虫
+这种恐惧让我感觉到
+就像我被被逼迫到一个角落里，
+于是，我每一天都这样想。
+对我个人而言，我巴不得年把两年就能重做一次，
+老年痴呆症研究的数据孤岛
+我告诉你我有再次想过，因为这就是疾病，
+这就是斗争，那是抑郁，
+抑郁症不是水痘。
+你不是抗争一次过，它就永远离开了。
+它跟你相依为命。它是你生命里的东西。
+它是你不能踢出去的室友。它是你不能忽视的杂音。
+它是你不能逃脱的情感，
+最可怕的是过了一段时间，
+你变得麻木。它对于你来说已经很正常了，
+你真正最害怕的
+不是你内心的痛苦。
+这是在别人眼里的耻辱
+它是耻辱，是尴尬，
+它是朋友脸上不赞成的表情，
+它是走廊的低语， 轻声说你太懦弱，
+它是你疯了的评语。
+或并不是＂原始储备＂
+这就是让你它控制它和隐藏它的原因。
+因为这是一种耻辱。 所以你控制它和隐藏它，
+你控制它个隐藏它，
+即使它让你每一天待在床上
+它让你的人生感到空虚无论你怎样努力地去填补它，
+你隐藏它，因为在我们的社会中
+有关抑郁症的耻辱感是非常真实的。
+它很真实，如果你认为它不是，问问你自己：
+你想让你的下一个 Facebook 状态是
+说你很难下床
+因为你背有伤
+还是你很难下床
+是因为你抑郁？
+这是耻辱，因为不幸的是，
+我们生活在一个如果你的胳膊伤了，
+大家都跑过去要在你的石膏上签名，
+但如果你告诉人们你抑郁， 每个人跑向了另外一边。
+但事实上，那个问题
+可以去除祈祷书的文字。
+除了我们的大脑。 这是一种无知。
+纯粹的无知，制造这种无知的是
+一个不了解抑郁症的世界
+并将引擎内不同的组件标记好
+对于我来说这很讽刺， 因为抑郁
+是我们这世界上最有迹可循的问题之一
+然而它是最少被讨论的话题之一。
+我们只是把它放到一边， 放到角落里
+假装它不存在，并希望它就好了。
+它不会、它没有、也不即将要，
+因为那只是一厢情愿，
+一厢情愿不是一个游戏计划，它是拖沓，
+它们从不会被堵在路上，甚至可以走人行道。
+解决任何问题的第一步
+是认识到这一问题的存在。
+我们还没能做到，所以我们不能期待
+当我们还在害怕问题的时候找到答案。
+我不知道该解决方案是什么。
+我希望我知道，但我不知道 但我认为，
+我认为它已经在这里开始。
+它和我一同开始， 它与你一同开始，
+它与遭受过的人们一同开始，
+那些被隐藏在阴影中的人们。
+我们需要说出来打破沉默。
+我沐浴在阳光里，心想，
+因为如果有一件事是我认识到的，那就是，
+如果有一件事是我知道是最要紧的问题，
+它并不是创造一个
+我们消除他人的无知的世界。
+您可能会发现是真的不安分的心-
+接受我们真实的自己，
+因为当我们诚实面对的时候，
+我们会看到我们所有的斗争和所有的苦难。
+无论是抑郁症，还是别的事情，
+我们都知道什么是痛苦的。
+我们都知道我们的心中有苦
+我让他们移动，通过给他们一些建议：
+但是现在，抑郁症是社会的伤口
+我们习惯于把创口贴贴上就假装它不存在。
+而它是存在的。而且你知道么？它并没什么。
+抑郁症没什么。因为如果你克服了它，你就知道你没事。
+知道虽然你病了，但你并不脆弱，
+它是一个问题，不是一个身份标签，
+因为当你经历过你过去的恐惧和嘲笑
+别人对你的看法和耻辱，
+你就可以看到抑郁症真实的身份，
+它只是生活的一部分，
+只是生活的一部分，虽然我讨厌，
+就像我讨厌的一些地方，
+我生活的某一部分已经被抑郁症拖垮，
+但在很多方面上我是非常感激的。
+因为它是让我经历低谷，
+但只是为了向我证明有高峰，
+是的，它将我拉进了黑暗，
+但只是为了提醒我有光。
+我的痛苦，比我在生活的十九年的任何事都能
+给我看待事情的角度，而我的伤口
+让我有了希望
+有希望，有信念，对我自己的信念
+对其他人的新年，可以更好的信念，
+我们可以改变这一点，我们可以把它说出来
+说出来与对抗无知，
+反击不容忍，
+还有一件比什么都重要的是，那就是，
+学会爱自己，
+学会接受我们自己，
+我们不是别人想要我们成为的那个人。
+因为我相信在这个世界上
+所以孩子们给了这些文字，我把他们改成了叙述文，
+我相信的世界是一个我们被评判的标准是
+使它飞回被抛出的位置。
+我相信的世界是一个我可以看着某一个人的眼睛
+并说， 我正在过着地狱般的生活，
+他们可以也看着我跟我说， 我也是” 这是可以接受的，
+这没关系因为抑郁没什么。我们都是人。
+我们是人，我们斗争、我们遭受痛苦
+我们流血、我们哭， 如果你认为真正的力量
+代表从未有任何弱点，那么我在这里
+要告诉你你错了。
+你错了，因为它是相反的。
+我们是人，我们会有问题。
+我们不是完美的，而这没什么。
+所以我们需要停止无知，
+停止不容忍，停止蔑视，
+和停止沉默， 我们需要打破禁忌，
+真视真相，并开始说话，
+因为唯一处理
+人们单独作战的问题
+就是坚强的站在一起，
+坚强的站在一起。
+它的评价并不那么正面
+我相信我们可以。非常感谢。
+我的梦想成真了。谢谢。（掌声）
+谢谢。（掌声）
+我想告诉你们两场象棋比赛。
+一场发生在1997年，卡斯帕罗夫，
+一个人类， 输给了‘深蓝 ，一部机器。
+对许多人来说，这是一个新时代的黎明，
+一个人被机器统治的时代。
+但现在的我们，20年已经过去了，而最能改变
+我们与电脑之间关系的是IPAD，
+不是 HAL。
+第二场是自由式国际象棋锦标赛
+在2005年，人类与机器可以一起进入比赛
+以合作伙伴的身份，而不是敌人，如果他们这样选择。
+起初，结果是可以预测的。
+即使是一台超级计算机也会输给特级大师
+和一台相对较弱的便携式计算机。
+可结局令人惊讶。谁赢了？
+不是使用超级计算机的大师，
+而实际上是两个美国业余选手
+和他们使用的三台相对较弱的笔记本电脑。
+那是因为如果你把大脑从头盖骨里拿出来
+从而深入探索具体的位置
+以有效的方法抵消
+大师和卓越计算的优越的国际象棋知识
+和其他对手。
+这是一个令人吃惊的结果： 普通男性，
+一般的计算机击败最好的人和最好的机器。
+不管怎么说，不应该是机器于人对战吗？
+相反，它是关于合作和正确的合作方式。
+你人生中最大的吸引，
+的人工智能的愿景。
+它是一个性感的远景，这是肯定的。很多人已经接受它了。
+它已成为计算机科学的主流学派。
+但是，当我们进入了大数据的时代、 网络系统、
+开放平台和嵌入式技术，
+它可能不够准确，但是让你觉得
+这实际上是大约在同一时间进行开发的。
+我讨论的是 J.C.R.Licklider 的人机共生，
+或许更好地被称为 智能强化 一I.A.
+Licklider 是一位计算机科学巨人
+他对技术和互联网发展有非常深刻的影响。
+他的设想是，使人与机器进行合作
+从而作出决定，控制复杂的情况
+而不是死板的依赖
+于预先设定的程序。
+请注意，这个词语 合作 。
+Licklider 鼓励我们不是用一个烤面包机
+并使其变成《 星际迷航 》中的科技，
+而要采取一个人，并使她更有能力。
+人类如此惊人 — 我们的思维
+我们的非线形方法，我们的创造力，
+迭代的假设，都很难
+让计算机做到类似的事。
+Licklider 直观地认识了这一点，考虑人类
+那你就能收集到更多更多的原油
+当然，在其他方面，人类是如此有限。
+学生在积极主动参与时
+我们需要高端的人才管理
+以保持摇滚乐队一起演奏。
+Licklider 预见到所有的程序化的工作可以由计算机完成
+这需要预先准备目标和决策的方法。
+安静得，没有大张旗鼓，
+这种做法已经超越了象棋的胜利。
+蛋白质排列，一个同样令人难以置信的广阔的国际象棋的话题 — —
+蛋白质排列方式要比在宇宙中的原子更多。
+这对改变世界问题启示了
+我们有能力了解和治疗疾病。
+而对于这个任务，只有超级计算机的蛮力还不够。
+Foldit，计算机科学家创建的一个游戏，
+说明了这个方法的价值。
+很多都没成功
+在其中他们直观地重新排列蛋白质的结构，
+允许此计算机管理原子的力量
+和互动，并识别结构问题。
+这种方法以50%的几率击败了超级计算机
+以30%的几率战平。
+Foldit最近取得一个显著并重大的科学发现
+它破译梅森辉瑞猴病毒的结构。
+一种躲避测定十多年的蛋白酶
+被三名球员在仅仅几天时间就解决了，
+也许这是第一次重大科学进展
+源于玩视频游戏。
+去年，该站点的双子塔，
+9/11 纪念馆开幕。
+它显示了数千名受害者的名称
+通过一个美丽的概念称为 有意义的邻接 。
+它把他们的名字彼此相邻的安排在一起，根据
+从一个到另一个人的关系： 朋友、 家人、 同事。
+当你把它放在一起时，这是相当大的计算
+挑战：3,500名 受害者、 1,800名邻接请求，
+整体物理属性的重要性
+和最后的审美。
+当第一次被媒体报道时，这件壮举完全归功
+给了纽约
+本地的设计公司设计的运算法则。事实真相更为微妙。
+虽然一种运算法则被用来开发基本框架，
+人类利用这一框架来设计最终的结果。
+所以在这种情况下，计算机已评估了数百万种
+可能的布局， 管理一个复杂的关系系统，
+和跟踪大量测量数据
+和变量，使人类能够专注于
+设计和组合的选择。
+所以你越常环顾你的周围，
+在各个地方，您越常看到 Licklider 的愿景。
+无论是已经现实在你的iPhone的技术或在你车上的GPS的技术，
+人机共生使我们更有能力。
+因此，如果您想要改善人机共生
+你可以做什么？
+这些对于数学的恐惧让科学和医学领域
+而不是思考如何让计算机解决问题，
+围绕着人去设计结局方案。
+当您执行此操作时，您很快就会发现你花了
+你所有的时间上在人和机器之间的接口上，
+特别是关于设计互动中的摩擦。
+事实上，这种冲突比
+人或机器的力量更重要，
+从整体能力上讲。
+这就是为什么几个笔记本电脑和两个业余选手
+轻松击败了一台超级计算机和特级大师。
+卡斯帕罗夫称这个过程是摩擦的副产品。
+越好的过程，摩擦越少。
+尽量减少摩擦原来是决定性变量。
+车子越轻，开动阻力越小
+我们在世界上每个互动都被记录着
+由与日俱增的传感器：您的电话，
+通过他们编选的故事和排版的位置。
+同时它实际上提供了我们一个机会
+去更深入地理解人类的特点。
+处理海量数据的主要方法
+是集中在， 如何存储这些数据？如何搜索
+这些数据？如何处理这些数据？
+这些都是必要但不完全的问题。
+当务之急是不弄清楚如何计算，
+但用什么来计算。如何加入的人类直觉
+在这种规模的数据上？
+又一次，我们开始设计把人类引入这一进程。
+PayPal 作为一家企业，当他们第一次启动时，他们最大的
+挑战不是， 如何在线转账？
+而是， 如何避免有组织犯罪的诈骗？
+为什么如此具有挑战性？因为虽然计算机能学到
+探测和识别基于模式的欺诈，
+他们学不会做基于模式
+之外的判断，这同有组织犯罪
+有很多共同点： 聪明，
+足智多谋、 有创业精神 —（笑声）—
+还有一个重大的区别：目的。
+所以在单独的计算机可以捕获所有得同时，最聪明
+的诈骗犯捕捉最聪明的，区别就是
+成功与失败。
+像这类的问题有很多，都是
+相互适应。他们很少显示出
+可以辨认到计算机的可重复执行的模式。
+相反，有一些继承下来的创新或中断的部分
+同时这些问题越来越多地被藏在了大量的数据中。
+例如，恐怖主义。恐怖分子总可以适应这种
+次要和主要方式的新环境，而且即使
+在电视上，你可能会看到这些适应能力，
+和对他们的检测，基本上都是人类。
+计算机不会检测新的模式和新的行为，
+但人类可以。人类，利用技术、 测试假设，
+通过机器为他们寻找目标。
+本 · 拉登不是被人工智能抓住的。
+他被抓住是因为专注、足智多谋和聪明的
+人与各种技术的合作。
+这听起来颇具吸引力，你不能通过计算
+数据的方式来挖掘你的答案。
+没有 找到恐怖分子 的按钮，同时越多的数据
+，整合的来源越多，
+格式的种类越广，形成了一个非常
+迥异的系统，数据挖掘也更加低效。
+相反，人们还要参考数据
+和搜索目标，Licklider 很久以前预见到的，
+成功的关键是正确的合作，
+正如卡斯帕罗夫意识到的，
+这意味着，尽量减少操作界面的摩擦。
+现在这种方法使得梳理
+所有可用且来源非常不同的数据成为了可能，
+确定关键的关系，并将它们放在一个地方，
+之前看似几乎不可能完成的东西。
+为什么中国的社交网络即使在严格的监管下
+的实行。对其他人来说，这预示了的一个更加伟大的时代
+对于保护隐私和公民自由，
+但隐私和公民自由是根本也是最重要的。
+必须承认，他们不能被抛在一边，
+即使是出于好意。
+让我们探讨，通过几个例子，
+科技构建驱动人机共生
+最近产生的影响。
+2007 年 10 月，美国和盟军部队突袭了
+一个在辛贾尔市的基地组织的安全屋
+位于叙利亚的伊拉克边界。
+他们发现一份宝贵的文档：
+700个外国战士的小传草稿。
+这些外国战士在海湾地区，他们离开他们
+南欧和北非的家，加入在伊拉克境内的基地组织。
+这些记录是人力资源管理的形式。
+外国战士填写这些之后加入该组织。
+事实证明，基地组织，也，
+并不是没有其官僚作风。（笑声）
+他们回答类似的问题， 谁聘请的你？
+ 你的家乡是哪儿？ 你要求从事什么职业呢？
+这个最后的问题，据透露出十分惊人的洞察力。
+绝大多数的外国战士
+在谋求成为自爆烈士 — —
+极其重要的是，自 2003 年至 2007 年，伊拉克
+有 1,382 自杀性爆炸，不稳定的主要根源。
+分析这些数据是困难的。原始的表格
+是阿拉伯语的，必须要扫描和翻译。
+这过程中的摩擦不允许有意义的
+运用时间构架人类的结果，PDFs
+阿比扎比
+研究者们不得不撬动了他们人类的思维
+并运用科技去潜得更深，去探索非显而易见
+的假说，事实上，目标实现了。
+20 ％ 的外国战士来自利比亚，
+50%的人来自利比亚的同一个镇，
+非常重要，因为以前的统计数字显示，
+是3%。它还帮助找出
+了基地组织新的重要人物，阿布叶海亚 · 阿尔-利比亚，
+利比亚伊斯兰战斗组中的高级官员。
+2007 年 3 月，他给过一个演讲, 之后
+来自利比亚的外国战士数量激增。
+也许最聪明的是，而且，最不明显的是，
+通过整理其有关数据，研究人员
+它负责接收和
+运送外国战士到边境。
+这些都是网络的雇佣军，不是空想，
+同过协调生意赚取利润。
+例如，他们收取沙特外国战士的钱
+大大超过利比亚的，钱
+最终会去向基地组织。
+敌人可能会破坏他们的网络
+如果他们知道他们作弊是为了圣战。
+2010 年 1 月，破坏性的 7.0级地震袭击了海地，
+有史以来第三次惨重的地震灾害，100 万人，
+10%的人口，无家可归。
+一个看似小规模的整体救灾工作
+变得越来越重要，从提供粮食
+和水开始。
+在海地，一月和二月是干燥的月份
+然而许多难民的帐篷都被水淹了。
+唯一拥有海地详细信息的机构
+已经被洪水淹没了
+在地震中，包括领导。
+所以，问题是，哪些营地处于危险之中，
+在这些营地有多少人，
+洪水的时间是什么时候，给予有限的资源和时间
+和基础设施，我们如何排定搬迁呢？
+数据得出迥然不同的结论。美国陆军曾
+有一小部分这个国家详细资料。
+在线数据源于2006年环境风险
+会议，其他的地理空间数据，没有其它的集成。
+在这里，人的目标是要确定可以搬迁的营地
+基于优先级别的需要。
+计算机不得不把大量的空间地理
+信息、 社交媒体数据和救援组织
+信息集成后来回答这个问题。
+通过实施一个优秀的程序，要不然
+这是一个需要40 人超过三个月才能完成的任务
+现在简化到三个人用40小时就能完成的工作，
+这是人机共生所取得的胜利。
+Licklider 的梦想， 50 年之后
+的未来，数据表明我们应该
+很兴奋的解决这个世纪最困难的问题，
+人与机器在一起合作。
+谢谢。（掌声）
+（掌声）
+基本可以说 我是靠拉雪橇来谋生的
+我被她的话震惊了
+但八字胡十一月除外。八字胡十一月的开始
+光束聚焦到下面的小玻璃杯上，
+拯救奥兹（Oz）的人，
+女性力量逐渐崛起等，
+的确，多挣些钱是件好事，
+所以我想找到一个办法，能把这样一件伟事
+假装这个婴儿
+在剑桥大学聚会的四个人：
+我们正开始自我适应
+尽管艺术和政治
+直接去了营利性部门，因为他们不希望
+我本来可能就此放弃。 我也应该放弃了。
+书已成为我与古人今人沟通的一个神奇门户，
+我那时16岁。
+让我们对这个研究中一些非常重要的因素能理出头绪
+（鸣叫声）
+我们也许会想年轻人会比我们好些，
+（音效）
+它变得更好了吗？
+现在看起来这并不是一个对于头痛
+专为无家可归的流浪者提供食物
+发表了这一发现。
+这比一个沮丧的设计家差多了
+我想这跟科学教育
+战争是这样开始的
+开车是一件危险的事
+它是我们不愿意去想的事物之一
+但事实上那些神像和平安符
+世界各地都有人把它们摆在仪表盘的上方
+这就无意中透露出一个我们都心知肚明的事实
+车祸是死亡的主因
+尤其在美国16到19岁的美国人群中
+死亡的主因
+并且百分之七十五的车祸
+都与毒品和酒精无关
+那么 究竟发生了什么
+作为密苏里州参议院”冉冉升起的新星
+我当时还是个开车的新手，当时正在外面高速路上开着车。
+我突然看见我前面汽车的刹车灯亮了
+我当时想 好吧 他减速了
+那我也减速好了
+我踩了刹车
+但是 我前面那个人并不是在减速
+这其实是一本祈祷书。
+速度从65迈瞬降到0
+我猛踩刹车
+我当时感觉到我的车的防抱死系统启动了 但车还在行驶
+并没停下来的意思 我也知道我的车停不了了
+安全气囊也鼓了起来 车报废了
+但幸运的是 没有人受伤
+但我根本不知道我前面那辆车要停
+而且我想我们可以比那做得更好
+我想我们通过实现 让汽车之间对话”——
+来改变我们的驾驶体验
+我希望你们能思考片刻
+思考一下现在的驾驶体验是怎么样的
+坐进车里 关上车门 你就已经置身在一个玻璃气泡中
+你不能直接感受到你周围的世界
+因为你坐在车这样一个不小的空间里
+你的任务就是导航
+当我在这片社区上闲逛时
+并且以超人类的速度行驶在其他的 金属巨人”间
+对吧？ 你只能靠双眼来导航
+对 你别无他法
+（但其实）眼睛并非是用来干着活儿的
+但是有些事情你就必须得做，比方说，
+你想换个车道
+那你第一件要做的事是什么
+将眼睛从车道上移开 对
+将目光从你前进的方向移开 转弯
+检查一下盲点
+然后就一直开 根本不注意自己在往哪里开
+就会发现追求结果
+我们为什么这么做？ 因为我们别无选择
+我们必须作出一个抉择 是朝这儿看 还是朝那儿看
+更重要的一点是什么呢
+我们通常都做得很好
+很多挫折和很多恐惧，
+但是偶然 我们也会忘记一些事情
+「建筑师有耳朵吗?」 (笑声)
+你可能会说： 是真的？”
+ 我没想到会这样。”
+我相信他们的话 我相信
+我们看到的只有这么多而已
+但是现存的科技可以帮我们改善这一点
+在未来 车与车之间可以交换数据
+我们就不仅只能看见前面的三台车了
+还能看见后面的三台车，左边的，以及右边车。
+同时看见 鸟瞰视野
+我们可以看见这些车的内部
+我们可以看到我们前面那辆车的速度
+看看前面那位什么时候会启动或停下
+假如那人的速度突然降到零，我就能知道了。
+利用运算 代数以及预测模型
+我们能看见未来
+你可能会觉得这是不可能的
+你怎么能预测未来呢 太难了
+事实上 不难 对于汽车来说 这并非不可能
+汽车是三维物体
+位置速度都是固定的
+行使在路上的时候
+它们通常都是按照预先规划好的道路行驶
+未来 想要预测汽车将要驶向什么方向
+对之作出合理的预测并不困难
+即使你在自己的车里
+突然出现了一个开着摩托的人 砰！
+时速85英里，跟你抢车道
+我知道你们曾经有过这样的经历
+那个开摩托的并非凭空出现
+他可能之前的半小时就一直在路上开着吧
+（笑声）
+对吧？我的意思是，有人看见过他
+在10，20，30英里前，有人看见过他，
+只要一辆车看见那个人
+将他的信息置入地图中，他的位置就会显示在地图上了
+位置，速度
+预测他将保持85英里的时速
+你终生都会有内伤，
+其他的车已经悄悄把这件事告诉它了
+打个比方， 告诉你一声，五分钟之后
+会出现个开摩托的，注意。”
+你可以对汽车的运动作出合理的预测。
+它们可是遵从牛顿力学的物体
+这是它们的优点
+那么我们怎么样才能做到这一点呢
+一个由四个字母组成的词，是一个描述一种不好的感觉的词。
+比如在车辆间共享位置数据
+只需要共享GPS
+假如我的车内装有GPS和摄像头
+我就能清楚地知道自己的位置
+自己的速度
+那么利用电脑视野，我就可以预测
+现在，你们有30分钟来解答这15个问题。
+其他的车也是一样
+他们也能知道自己的准确位置
+并且大致知道其他车的位置
+假如两车共享数据的话会发生什么呢？
+我可以很明确的告诉你答案
+这两种模型都会进步
+共赢
+王鲍勃教授和他的团队
+做了个电脑模拟系统
+来研究 当我们结合不同的模糊预测的时候会发生什么 即使只是在交通情况通畅、
+汽车仅仅共享GPS数据时
+留下我们的电子足迹.
+我们还用机器人测试床 它们用到的传感器
+正是当下汽车里真正在用到的传感器 在这些机器人上有
+立体相机 GPS
+二位激光测距仪
+这些（也）都是备用系统中非常常见的
+我们再安装一个离散短距离无线电
+实现机器人间的通话
+当这些机器人遇见彼此时
+它们能够准确地追踪彼此的位置
+并可躲避彼此
+我们现在正在向这样的混合系统中 添加更多的机器人
+我们也遇到了一些问题
+问题之一就是 当（汽车间的） 悄悄话”太泛滥
+奥斯卡最佳视觉特效提名
+在这样的情况下预测模型就可以派上用场了
+假如你的机器人机器正在追踪所有已预测的轨迹
+那么你就不用花费太多的精力去关注那些了
+你可以将重心放在某台
+我们所有人都会以其中的一种形式死去。
+那台车可能是一个隐患
+那你就可以预测新的路线
+这样你不仅知道了它正在偏离航向 你还知道了它是怎样偏离的
+再次，我们坚持住了，Foster s Brewing（澳洲啤酒集团）的人参加了我们的派对
+我们一直也想这么做 可是怎样提醒他人才好呢
+车怎么可能悄悄给彼此送信 说 你得躲一躲”
+这个取决于两件事
+第一 汽车的能力
+第二 司机的能力
+因为压力能够像流行病一样
+但他在打电话或者，你懂得，开开小差
+甚至还有世界杯
+在面对紧急情况的时候措手不及
+所以我们开展了一条独立的研究线路
+司机状态模型
+我们利用一系列三个摄像头
+我们可以监测这个司机是在向前看
+向边上看 向下看 打电话
+还是喝咖啡
+我们能预测车祸
+我们可以预测哪些司机 哪些车
+能够最快的离开将要出现事故的路线
+为每个人算出最安全的线路
+最根本的一点 这些技术现在已经成为了现实
+我认为我们面临的最大的问题
+就是我们自己是否愿意分享自己的数据
+我认为这是一个非常令人不安的想法
+设想我们自己的车将要监视着我们
+跟其他的车分享我们的一举一动
+你能否用你的惯用手，用力握这个设备，
+但我想这件事可以在保护我们隐私的情况下成功
+就像现在一样 当我在外面看向你的车的时候
+我并不能真正的了解你
+但不管怎样，
+我并不能知道你是谁
+我觉得我们的车完全能在我们的背后谈论我们
+（笑声）
+而且 我认为这是一件非常好的事
+我希望你们能思考片刻
+假如你真心不想让 开在你后面的心不在焉的年轻人
+你要突然刹车的话
+通过自愿分享我们的数据
+我们可以实现人人共赢
+所以让你的车 八卦”你吧
+这会让我们的道路更安全
+谢谢大家
+（鼓掌）
+在2010年，底特律已经成为
+深陷危机的美国城市的代表。
+（它的）房地产业崩溃了，
+汽车工业垮了，
+人口在2000年到2010年间
+我想谈论的是年轻人和结构
+许多人开始放弃这座城市，
+因为它已经 荣升”美国萎缩城市的榜首。
+这个悬浮在这里的物体
+和底特律市政府的邀请
+来与他们一起领导一个城市规划项目，
+为这座城市创造一个成果共享的未来。
+我以建筑师和城市规划师的身份
+参与这项工作，
+其实我也曾经服务于其他有争议的城市，
+如我的家乡芝加哥，
+我现在的居住地哈莱姆，
+还有华盛顿以及新泽西洲的纽瓦克。
+于我而言，这些城市仍然有一系列
+好了，其实我还有以下其他困惑。
+社会平等、包容性以及社会资源的获得。
+同样也是在2010年，
+流行设计杂志开始
+仔细地研究像底特律这样的城市，
+并用长达整期的篇幅来讨论 改造这座城”。
+特斯拉： 等于118236”
+经常有人问我
+访谈，
+ 这位规划师能拯救底特律吗?
+我和他都咯咯地笑了。
+我的笑容中略带尴尬，
+那是因为，很显然，
+仅凭一个人的力量，尤其是一个规划师的力量
+就想拯救一座城市，这是荒唐可笑的。
+但同时， 我笑是因为我觉得这个标题蕴含了
+一丝希望，那就是我们的职业
+于是成为了行星
+有着重要的意义。
+因此，今天下午我想花一点时间
+来告诉大家我们的改造计划，
+也就是改进底特律的方法。
+我想通过展现底特律居民的意见来做到这一点。
+我们的改造计划启动于2010年9月，
+那时特别市长选举刚刚结束，
+而且有消息传出，这座城市
+即将接受改造。
+这让底特律居民
+感到焦虑和恐慌。
+我们已经计划好要在这样的房间里召开一系列社区会议
+当然，他们和我们不同国籍和种族
+全城各地都有居民前来，
+不管是住在情况稳定的社区的
+还是住在已经看到
+空置现象的社区。
+当时，
+大部分的听众是
+所有的个人都被认定为是理性的，
+显然，我们的会议有一个提问环节，
+人们在麦克风前排起长队，准备提问。
+许多人坚定地走到麦克风前，
+双臂交叉在胸前，然后说：
+ 我知道，你们想把我赶出自己的房子，对不对？”
+这个问题真的很尖锐，
+当时我们就这么觉得，
+尤其是在你把这个问题与
+一些底特律居民，
+以及很多有类似经历的
+居住于像底特律那样的中西部城市的非裔家庭
+联系起来。
+他们中的很多人向我们诉说
+他们是
+从祖父母或曾祖父母那里继承房子的，
+他们的先辈就是那160万
+从南方乡村迁徙到北方工业区的移民之一，
+这些移民的形象被雅各布 劳伦斯
+记录在油画《大迁徙》之中。
+移民来到底特律，期待着更美好的生活。
+他们中的很多人服务于汽车工业，
+如，福特汽车公司；迪亚戈 里维拉在这幅壁画中
+这些是我的 我成了阿根廷人
+他们的劳动成果给他们带来了一座房子，
+对于很多人而言，这是他们拥有的第一处房产。
+同时他们拥有了自己的社区，里面住的
+都是首次置业的非裔美国人。
+他们在北方的前数十年
+都生活的很好，知道1950年左右，
+那时底特律的居住人口达到了峰值
+180万人。
+也正是在这个时候底特律开始经历
+第二波迁移大潮，
+人们搬迁到城市的郊区。
+在1950年到2000年之间，
+底特律的城市面积拓展了30%。
+但这一次，迁移大潮
+把非裔居民抛在身后。
+随着家庭和企业离开底特律，
+城中变得人口稀少，
+就业机会紧缺。
+也就是在1950年到2000-2010年，
+（底特律的）城市人口下降了60%，
+现在其人口大概是70万人。
+当晚，出席会议并与我们交谈的听众
+跟我们讲述了生活在一个人口
+如此稀少的城市的感受。
+（笑声）
+有人居住的房子，
+坐在自家的门廊里
+就可以看见数座被遗弃的房子。
+这信息素的网页带我到了一个海胆交配的视频。
+也有空置的不动产。
+居民开始看到有人在这些建筑里
+从事非法活动，如非法倾卸。
+居民们还意识到，由于城市人口锐减，
+水费、电费、油气费都在上涨，
+因为支付财产税的人变少了，
+税金不足以维持这些服务的运营。
+看到滑板是怎么翻过来的吗？（滑板声）
+沾上 海地贫民区的痕迹
+因为我知道，这听起来是一个巨大的数字，
+我做这些不再是因为我是一个科技先锋或者隐私倡导者，
+底特律的城市面积为139平方英里。
+你可以把 波士顿、三藩市
+以及曼哈顿岛
+按照当代主流的政治理论
+如果我们抽出所有空置的和被遗弃的房产
+并把他们拼在一起，
+它们的面积大约有20平方英里，
+几乎等同于我们现在所在的
+曼哈顿岛的面积，
+曼哈顿岛的面积是22平方英里。
+空置率实在是太高了。
+某些听众
+也会给我们讲一些他们
+社区中的好消息：
+当然会省很多钱。
+我们就可以改变一切。
+他们开辟了社区花园，
+这为他们创造了一种强大的社区服务精神。
+但他们仍然很明确地告诉我们，
+这仍不令人满意，
+他们希望自己的社区
+能够像先辈建城时那样繁荣。
+自2010年起，人们就有很多关于
+如何处理空置房产的猜测。
+很多人认为它们会被建设为社区花园，
+或者是所谓的城市农业。
+很多人对我们说：
+ 把空地变为农业用地，这个主意如何？
+它既可以提供新鲜食物，
+也可以给居民提供工作机会。”
+当我听到这种说法时，
+我总想象着大迁徙中的先民
+会在坟墓中辗转反侧，
+可以想象到，他们背井离乡，
+从南方迁徙到北方，
+是为了给家庭带来更好地生活，
+最新的压力研究结果便是如此
+特别是，他们来到这座城市的时候，
+很多人并没有受过高中教育，
+有的甚至没有上过初中，
+但他们仍然能拥有
+美国梦的基本元素：
+稳定的工作，以及自有的房产。
+如今，底特律又出现了
+第三波迁移大潮：
+变为我们周围的世界的一部分
+企业家们把同样的空置地块
+和被遗弃的房屋
+看做获取新的
+创意和利润的机遇；
+他们可以像旧有的模式那样，
+迁入底特律，
+购置房产，建立成功的
+企业和饭店，
+并在自己社区中成为成功的社区活动家，
+带来积极的变化。
+同样的，一些小型的制造企业
+也正在认真考虑进驻底特律。
+Shinola是一家高档手表
+与自行车制造商，
+它特意选址底特律，
+理由是
+对于这些公司在沙捞越和其他地方的破坏行为
+他们也知道，他们可以充分利用
+一批仍然精于工业制造的劳动者。
+现在，我们看到社区服务精神
+在社区中萌芽发展，
+文化企业决定
+迁入底特律，创建新公司，
+并且，制造业也准备迁入，
+但这一切都发生在一个
+我们都熟知的大环境之中：
+一位紧急状况下的负责人
+正在管理底特律，
+而就在这个7月，他根据联邦破产法第9章提出了破产申请。
+我们在2010年就启动了这个项目；到2013年，
+我们推出了 未来底特律”项目，
+这是我们的一个战略计划，以引导这座城市
+走上更好、更繁荣、
+更可持续的发展道路——
+这不是它过去的模式，而是它可以利用的模式；
+我们审视了新的经济增长方式，
+新的土地利用模式，
+更加稳定而稠密的社区，
+重新配置的基础设施和城市服务系统，
+以及更大的空间让民间领袖
+采取行动，实施变革。
+对于我们的工作而言，有三个情况
+是迫在眉睫的。
+第一，这座城市其实不算很大，
+但它的经济规模却是太小了。
+在底特律，每一百人只有27个就业机会，
+这与丹佛、亚特兰大、费城的情况大不相同，
+它们每一百人就有35到70个就业机会。
+第二，人们要接受一个事实，
+我们不会用以往的方式
+来利用所有的闲置地块，
+即使在将来也不会。
+我们习以为常的传统居住区
+不会出现，
+而且，尽管城市农业产出丰厚
+且成功干预了底特律的危机，
+它也不会是唯一的出路。
+我们要做的是，关注那些
+空置率很高
+但仍有大量人口的区域，
+那些居民年轻，有干劲，有创意，
+可以为企业所利用；
+这样，他们使仍有
+将近30万人的社区更稳定。
+因此，我们提出了一种新的社区构想——
+其实我们设计了几种模式——被称为生活工作相结合的社区。
+在那里，居民可以重新利用
+废弃建筑，
+并把它们改造为企业基地，
+同时也可以再次着重强调
+占82%的非洲裔居民。
+因此，他们也可以把
+则重新上线，
+并把它们发展为更加繁荣的产业。
+同时他们也可以购置房产，使得他们同时成为
+自己所住社区中的
+房产所有者以及企业所有者。
+我们也在考虑
+除了种植作物以外的土地利用方式，
+希望把土地规划得
+更具生产效率。
+比方说，一些地块可通过建造人工湖和蓄水池
+来建立雨水管理系统；
+可以设立社区便利设施、
+娱乐设施，
+切实地提高
+附近居民的生活水平。
+或者，我们可以设立研究中心
+来治理土壤污染，
+又或者建立发电厂。
+因此， 大迁徙”先民的后代
+既可以变成Shinola的精确制表工匠，
+就像去年Shinola广告中的威利先生那样；
+也可以自己建立
+可以给Shinola这样的公司提供服务的企业。
+好消息是：下一代的底特律人
+依然有着光明的前途，
+不管已经身在底特律的还是想来底特律的都是这样。
+所以，梅尼诺市长，你的好意我心领了；
+答案是，每一个瑞典的商业人士每天都会使用它们
+但是，当我们谈论到最影响我们的决定，
+底特律仍有着十分重要的人群、
+产业以及土地，
+而且还有实实在在的机遇。
+虽然底特律不会恢复它过去的模样，
+但它也不会消亡。
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+几年前，
+哈佛商学院选出了
+当年的最佳商业模型。
+我被安排到太子港（海地共和国首都）领导一支
+也就是差不多在这个时候，
+我发现有544名海员
+被当作人质扣押在船上，
+就在索马里海岸不远处，
+目光可及之处。
+在我知道了这两件事以后，我想，
+海上运输业到底在发生什么？
+我又想，这样的事情可能在其它行业发生吗？
+我们可能看到544名飞行员
+在他们的喷气客机里面或跑道上
+被押为人质达数月甚至一年么？
+我们可能看到544名灰狗巴士 （美国一个巴士公司）司机被押么？
+不会。
+所以我开始觉得好奇。
+让我震惊的事情，
+之所以震惊，大概是因为 我居然在42、43岁之前完全不知道。
+之所以震惊，大概是因为 我居然在42、43岁之前完全不知道。
+这就是：我们依然非常依赖海运。
+有能力从自己的角度去诠释发生的事情。
+我和各种珍奇的鸟兽朝夕相处，
+那是白鲸迪克和杰克·斯派洛的帆船发展而来的。
+那是白鲸迪克和杰克·斯派洛的帆船发展而来的。
+事实则不然。
+海运对我们的重要性完全没有降低。
+海运给我们带来了90%的全球交易物资。
+自1970年以来，海运的能力是原来的四倍。
+我们从没有像现在这样依赖海运。
+然而，就是这样一个庞大的行业——
+海上有十万艘工作船只，
+它却几乎完全被人们所忽视。
+也许在新加坡那样说听上去有些荒谬，
+因为这里海运到处可见，
+甚至你们还把一艘船安在了一个酒店楼顶 （新加坡金海湾金沙酒店）。
+（笑声）
+如果你问普通人
+关于海运及其承载的交易量的问题，
+你只会看到一张茫然的脸。
+花了60秒。
+他们的所有东西都抛诸脑后。
+我想他们会说 听过”，
+通过介入疗法
+那些电脑上运行的软件
+并偶尔成功工作
+但是如果你问他们是否听过马士基，
+听到的答案可能就不同了，
+虽然马士基，
+很多海运公司中的一个，
+创造的收入和微软几乎持平。
+[602亿美元]
+为什么会是这样呢？
+几年前，
+和作为 老鼠”角色的中国网民
+他被称为第一海军大臣，
+但是你可以使用类似的例子。
+他说，我们，他指的是
+西方世界的发达国家，
+在1967年竞选时
+我们看不到海，
+其实是一个行业领域、一个工作的地方。
+我们认为那只是我们飞行经过的地方，
+飞行地图上的那一片蓝。
+没什么可看的，继续行进。
+所以我想睁大我的双眼，
+克服自己的海上失明症，
+于是我跑向了海。
+几年前，我登上了
+马士基肯德尔，
+一艘中等大小的集装箱货运船，
+上面有近7000个箱子，
+我从英国南海岸的费利克斯托港口出发，
+我从英国南海岸的费利克斯托港口出发，
+五个星期以后，到达了我现在在的地方，新加坡，
+不过没有像我现在这么严重的时差。
+他们往往很难解释清楚
+我们穿越了五个海，
+两个大洋，九个港口，
+我学到了很多关于海运的东西。
+当我登上肯德尔时， 第一件让我惊讶的事情是：
+当我登上肯德尔时， 第一件让我惊讶的事情是：
+人都在哪里？
+我的海军朋友告诉过我，
+通常一次会有1000个海员出行，
+可是在肯德尔上，只有21个船员。
+这是因为海运效率非常高。
+当我看到它的时候，我完全可以绕着它走，对吗？
+但是我们也认识到
+他们只需要很少的船员就可以操作。
+但是这也意味着，
+用我曾经碰到的一个港口的牧师的话来说，
+因为秃鹫数量的骤减，野狗开始
+通常都非常疲惫，甚至精疲力尽，
+因为现代海运的节奏
+牺牲了海运行业称之为”人性要素”的东西，
+牺牲了海运行业称之为”人性要素”的东西，
+他们似乎没有认识到 人性要素”这个奇怪的字眼
+听上去其实有点不人性。
+并且包裹住大脑皮层，覆盖这里的这些漂亮的褶皱型的物质，
+通常一次在一个港口待的时间都不超过两个小时。
+他们没有时间放松。
+他们常常在海上一待就是好几个月，
+那时我们眼前是一大群暴徒洗劫省政府大楼的情景
+他们也没有一个五岁的孩子 认为是理所当然的东西——因特网。
+他们也没有一个五岁的孩子 认为是理所当然的东西——因特网。
+我登上肯德尔后，第二件让我惊讶的事情是：
+山顶的冷空气
+首先，我们必须
+而是在那个官员餐厅的餐桌边，
+坐在我旁边的是一个缅甸人，
+坐在我对面的是一个罗马尼亚人，一个摩尔多瓦人， 一个印度人。
+他们就这么称呼他们自己。
+在船员的房间，则全是菲律宾人。
+这就是一艘普通的工作船只。
+怎么会是这样？
+基于这些研究结果
+我曾花了一年的时间拍摄像我一样的新一代的女性，
+当普通大众不再关注海运业的时候，
+就是所谓的 开放登记”，
+或 方便旗”。
+现在船只可以悬挂任何国家的国旗，
+只要他们给予登记。
+你可以从一个内陆国家获得一面国旗，
+比如玻利维亚、蒙古，
+或者北朝鲜，虽然这不是很流行。
+（笑声）
+所以我们有这些来自多个国家的、
+全球的、移动的船员。
+近那么快，图上的红线已经减少了。
+当我们到达了海盗水域，
+穿过曼德海峡，进入印度洋的时候，
+船只发生了变化。
+这让人很震惊，因为突然
+种子和鸟类落在冰川上死亡后，
+我选择坐集装箱货运船穿过海盗水域 简直太疯狂了。
+我选择坐集装箱货运船穿过海盗水域 简直太疯狂了。
+我们被禁止到甲板上去。
+他们密切监视海盗的出现。
+而那个时候，正有544名海员被押为人质，
+有的被押了数年，
+因为海运本身以及 方便旗”的关系。
+因为碰上了无良的肆无忌惮的船主，
+很容易被隐藏起来，
+借以 方便旗”的匿名性。
+我们的 海上失明症”还隐藏了什么？
+如果你跟着船只出海，
+或者坐游艇，抬头看烟囱，
+你会看到黑烟。
+那是因为海运的利润非常小， 而他们需要便宜的燃料，
+那是因为海运的利润非常小， 而他们需要便宜的燃料，
+所以他们用一种船用燃料，
+一位油轮行业的人告诉我，
+那是炼油厂的糟粕，
+跟沥青几乎相差无几了。
+但我知道对于我来说后果是什么
+就每英里每吨的碳排放而言，
+它是飞机的一千分之一，
+货车的十分之一。
+但这仍然不是好事，因为还是有很多排放。
+海运的碳排放大概是3%到4%，
+跟飞机差不多。
+如果你把海运的碳排放
+放在各个国家的碳排放的列表上，
+它会大概排在第六位，
+靠近德国。
+据估计，2009年15艘最大的船只
+排放的颗粒、烟尘
+和有毒气体，
+和全世界的机动车加起来差不多。
+但是好消息是
+因为软件可以总结案件、法律摘要和决定。
+一些有意思的初步行动正在展开。
+那为什么要那么久呢？
+什么时候我们才会开始讨论和思考
+海运里程数，就像飞行里程数一样？
+是观察。这里是一些学生们
+北大西洋露脊鲸的困境，
+因为这是我的海上经历带给我的 最震撼的让我思考的事情。
+因为这是我的海上经历带给我的 最震撼的让我思考的事情。
+因为这是我的海上经历带给我的 最震撼的让我思考的事情。
+首先你从内部软件缓冲区溢出的
+就捕鱼和过度捕捞而言，
+但是我们并不知道
+你自己幻想的
+而事实是，海运在其中起了一定的角色，
+因为海运带来的噪音
+破坏了很多海洋生物的声音栖息地。
+光线无法穿到水下面，
+所以诸如鲸鱼和海豚之类的海洋生物，
+甚至800个鱼的物种
+都靠声音交流。
+而北大西洋露脊鲸的声音
+可以传播上百英里。
+座头鲸的声音可以传播整个海洋。
+座头鲸的声音可以传播整个海洋。
+但是一艘超级油轮的声音也可以
+穿越整个海洋，
+而因为螺旋桨发出的噪音
+有的时候跟鲸鱼发出的声音的频率是一样的，
+可能会破坏鲸鱼的声音栖息地，
+而鲸鱼需要这些声音来繁衍、
+觅食
+和寻找配偶。
+北大西洋露脊鲸的声音栖息地
+已经减少了近90%。
+然而还没有法律来约束声音污染。
+当我到达新加坡的时候，
+我必须对此表示道歉，我不想下船。
+一位外交官在Benghazi被害，
+船员对我非常好，
+我有一个爱说、好玩的船长，
+我很愿意再在船上待上五个星期，
+虽然船长觉得我这个想法很疯狂。
+虽然船长觉得我这个想法很疯狂。
+但是我没有一次性在船上待上9个月，
+像菲律宾的海员那样，
+当我让他们跟我描述他们的工作的时候，
+他们称之为：乡思美元。
+他们的工资待遇不错，
+但是他们过得仍然是一种孤立的、艰难的生活，
+在一个危险的、困难不断的环境里面。
+说到这里，我有些矛盾，
+我想对这些海员致敬，
+因为他们给我们带来了90%的东西
+却得到很少的感激和认可。
+我想对那10万艘海上的船只致敬，
+我想对那10万艘海上的船只致敬，
+它们每天不停工作，进进出出，
+使人们，地拉那的公民们
+但是我也希望看到海运
+和我们这些对海运知之甚少的大众，
+有更多的关注，
+有更多的透明度，
+有90%的透明度。
+因为我觉得我们都可以从非常简单的事情中获益，
+因为我觉得我们都可以从非常简单的事情中获益，
+就是学会看海。
+谢谢！
+（掌声）
+我一直用延时摄影拍摄花朵
+结果导致20人受伤,1个女人死亡
+总之我浏览了这本书
+那好，所以我就回到TED,
+所以假设我们必须解决可持续发电的问题，
+我就试试做那个幸运的人，然后如果我真幸运的话，
+所以最后，为了打破僵局
+而是随大流，学了计算机，
+这种物质丰富
+你也可以毫无障碍的控制他。
+这意味着这种网络易受到
+你看我们有这么多辩论模式－－战争式辩论，
+这些在生活中和我们走的很近的人，
+国家便会病入膏肓
+直到我们突然明白了一个由国家卫生研究所 （NIH）资助的研究
+所以我们看到的是那些单一大型的社区
+那么，这是为什么呢？
+而不是能力
+许多小区面临这些困境
+就需要灵活性来调整这个计划。
+他们着装不同,长相各异,
+在剑桥的朋友，他们就是Ted。
+打败了学习的幅度，
+固碳，和潜在的太阳能光伏板
+然而对这种说法提出质疑时，
+这些基金不仅让不那么富有的人
+在这里数据会是自由的
+更舒服
+现在，住进去最好玩的事情
+因为食品药物修正法只要求公开2008年之后的临床试验，
+宜家卖的都是质量一般 并且需要花很长时间组装的家具。
+我希望我们也可以这么做。其实并不难。
+这并不是说疟疾是不可战胜的，
+你们之中有多少人去过岩洞？
+当然，只有少数人。
+说起岩洞，多数人会想到
+一个隧道，周围都是岩石。
+实际上，大多数岩洞是这样的。
+这个国家的这半部分，
+纹身无言，却有喊叫般的力量
+因为那里有很多火山。
+但是我今天与你分享的岩洞是
+完全由冰组成的，特别是冰川冰。
+位于俄勒冈州最高山——
+胡德山的一侧。
+只需开一个钟头就可以从波特兰开车到胡德山。
+波特兰是俄勒冈州最大的城市，
+那里有两百万人。
+对于岩洞探险家来说，
+最兴奋的事情莫过于发现新岩洞，
+并成为第一个走进去的人。
+我和CEO们一起吃饭
+为岩洞绘制第一张地图。
+在2000年的时候，他们在一些非凡的东西上
+这样你就可以想象当我们发现了三个新岩洞时
+是多么的兴奋。
+尤其是在俄勒冈州最大的城市发现它们
+还没有人探索过这些岩洞，
+或者绘制一幅地图。
+我们有些像宇航员，
+去探索并发现一个
+ 明天, 当你离开实验室的时候
+什么是冰川？
+你们中有些人摸过雪。
+因为它是由冰晶体多半还是气态的时候凝集而成。
+如果你把雪拧成雪球，
+它变得很小、很硬、很重。
+而直接用导电墨水来画电路板。
+每年下大概二十英尺雪。
+雪把空气压出去，
+渐渐形成了坚硬的蓝色冰块。
+现在每年有越来越多的雪层层叠起
+它变得非常重。
+以至于由于它的重力作用
+而滑下山。
+形成缓慢移动的冰体。
+我们把这种开始移动的冰体
+叫做冰川，并给它命名。
+这三个岩洞所在的冰川是
+桑迪冰川。
+每年，新的雪落在冰川上。
+在夏天的太阳下融化。
+形成了一条小河沿冰流过。
+它们一边融化，一边凿穿冰川。
+形成大岩洞网。
+有些部分深入到了伏基岩。
+疯狂的是，这些冰川岩洞
+每年都形成新的隧道。
+岩洞里的不同瀑布不时喷起
+或从这里移动到那里。
+冰体顶部的温暖水流
+渐渐凿入冰体。
+吹过山的暖风自然上升，
+进入岩洞。
+融化岩洞的天花板，使它越来越高。
+但是冰川岩洞最怪诞的是
+整个岩洞是移动的。
+因为它形成于冰块之中。
+我就能够将时间往前调，现在我们看到的
+你可以让一个细胞发出不同的颜色的荧光
+这是Brent McGregor，
+我岩洞探险的搭档。
+他和我都探索过很长时间的岩洞，
+爬过很长时间的山。
+但我们谁都没有真正探索过一个冰川洞穴。
+一对徒步旅行者蹒跚走过上述三个岩洞之一的洞口。
+那里没有GPS坐标。
+我们只知道它是Sandy冰川
+的某个地方。
+那年七月，我们去了冰川上，
+发现了一道裂缝。
+我们要定好锚。
+这样就可以顺着绳子垂直降入洞中。
+这是我从裂缝入口望到的。
+在这个洞的尾端，我们发现了一个大隧道。
+向上通入山中，
+在数千吨冰川冰的下面。
+我们沿着这个岩洞往后半英里，
+直到最深处。
+然后在我们的勘测工具的帮助下，
+我们在出洞的路上做了一张
+想到一块玛德琳蛋糕泡在薰衣草茶中
+那么怎样去制作一张地图？
+洞穴地图不像一个步道地图或路线图。
+那么因为与我共事过的工程师们教会我
+为了做一张洞穴地图，
+它必须变得坚硬
+用激光测出勘测台之间的距离。
+然后用指南针和测斜仪
+测量洞穴的朝向
+和岩顶与地面的坡度。
+现在你要用三角函数。
+这就像原本是一个造车工厂
+在做一张岩洞地图的时候特别有用。
+因为它可以让你在不走过去的情况下
+衡量高度和距离。
+你把这些数据都放进电脑里。
+找画画很好的人，
+让他们画逼真的地图。
+看起来就像这样
+它展示给你鸟瞰图
+和像蚂蚁农场一般的剖面图。
+我们把这个岩洞叫做雪龙洞。
+因为它就像一只睡在雪下面的龙。
+今年夏末，随着更多的雪融入冰川。
+一天二十四小时，它依然在线运行。
+我们给雪龙洞画地图后不久，
+有9个候选人和卢卡申科竞争总总统职位。
+洞里表面覆盖着冰，
+我们在脚上穿了叫做冰爪的长钉。
+这样移动的时候就不打滑。
+这个洞很神奇。
+洞顶的冰发着蓝色和绿色的光。
+因为远上处的日光
+穿过冰层映亮了它。
+它们是恐怖电影里面的作恶者，
+比雪龙洞冷得多。
+直到我们走到洞尾才发现了原因。
+那里有一个大坑或轴叫冰川锅穴。
+沿着这个洞流下，吹进洞穴。
+让里面的东西都结了冰。
+我们很高兴发现这个凹洞。
+我们事实上第二年一月才回来。
+这样我们就是第一个探索洞穴的人之一。
+外面非常冷。
+我们要在洞里睡觉。
+这是我们在这个（不会翻）左侧的帐篷。
+第二天早上，我们爬出了洞
+徒步走到冰川的顶部。
+走到我们难忘的第一次
+操作和垂降到这个洞穴的地方。
+Brent把这个洞穴叫做 纯洁幻境”。
+我猜是因为我们在洞里见到的美景
+远远超出了我们的想象。
+这些洞穴里除了冰块还有什么？
+里面生物很少，因为非常冷。
+入口一年中有大约八个月
+是雪覆盖起来的。
+那里确实有些新奇的事情。
+水中生活着一种奇怪的菌
+食用和消化岩石
+作为它们在冰层下的食物
+这个夏天，科学家收集了
+这些水和冰的样本。
+特别是想看看叫做极端微生物的
+进化到在极端环境中生存的微小生命
+是否能在冰下生存。
+就像他们期望某天在火星冰帽上发现的生物
+另外一件非常酷的事情是，
+因为现在我们拥有比以往任何时候都更加丰富的工具
+渐渐成为冰川的一部分。
+用多重视角讲述一个故事的方式赋予了真实性。
+这些岩洞形成时融入了进入冰中的通道。
+也就是Steve Song这个地图上的小黑线
+落在岩洞地面上，我们最后在那里发现它们。
+例如，这是我们发现的一个宝贵的冷杉种子。
+它在冰中冻了超过100年。
+现在刚刚开始发芽。
+这是野鸭羽毛。
+处于因GPS跟踪而造成的
+我们如何能让那些在过去的人生中
+吸收的热量
+在冰中下降了100英尺。
+这个漂亮的石英晶体
+越来越多的人死于器官功能衰竭
+甚至现在，Brent和我觉得很难相信
+所有这些发现实质上就在我们自己的后院里。
+深深地隐藏着，等待着被发现。
+像我早前说过的，
+你似乎只能通过太空旅行了。
+但这不是事实。
+每一年都有新的洞穴被发现。
+从来没有人去过的洞穴。
+对于你们中的某个人来说还不是太晚
+让我们引以自豪。
+只要你愿意
+你看到问题所在了吗 曾经让你感到安全的东西
+集中你的目光和意识
+因为它可能就在你家后院。
+谢谢。
+（鼓掌）
+我曾经是这样一个小孩，每当我进入一辆车里，
+嗯~这是我爷爷，
+这使我的成长非常富有趣味。
+众所周知，孩子们刚刚出生的时候
+因为我将要抵达的地方充满了，
+也会用相同的方法保护达芬奇的伟大艺术品，
+令人痛苦不堪
+有大约10%的儿童
+最接近的物种
+（笑）
+饥荒长期以来被认为是
+但是最好的被动设计
+这是宣扬有用艺术的进展情况吗？
+除非我们认为我们能够完成。
+有趣的是，他们也发现了一个
+所以你们可以等待国会通过，
+最为出众的极少数人才有机会继续晋升， 238
+在人类开始学会记录之前，
+今天我要给大家介绍一种
+她指着提塔斯的照片，
+我们在一家玩具店买来的。
+厨房的地面被一道黄砖路覆盖
+我很想回家歇歇
+创造性工作究竟有着怎样的特殊性，以至于让我们为彼此的心智健康担心起来了呢？
+和她背鳍上的凹痕，
+90年代的 怪胎与书呆”（Freaks and Geeks）
+要知道，现在的问题是，我们要如何
+但是我确信在我的有生之年
+三、四岁小孩子能做的事
+贝医师：很多人在肾脏移植后
+和那些跨国公司处理的过程一样
+若将此种方法付诸实际，
+都符合这个公式：
+看到了吧，当我们专注于手的时候，
+不过我想说的是所有这些实业
+也不会照顾病号或教育无知者
+是首选的连网方式。
+而且我得说今天是我第一次对公众讲述这个故事
+同时另一名工程师，来自孟买的帕尔克 · 沙阿
+Elizabeth Loftus：我是Elizabeth Loftus
+让我们以英国为例。
+相当于一个封闭的环境 封闭的拍卖场所
+可以参与到期限更长的项目中。
+看看你们是不是精神病患者吗？”
+我们从互联网
+我要强调的重点是
+1841年，一个久违的督学官非常失望，
+问题的关键是，民用GPS信号
+这是 Tlon , 是由三个指挥家没有演奏家来完成的
+最重要的是盈利，你将会使用
+这个问题或许相对很小;
+非常复杂的分子，
+于是，我回了家，做了一点小小的研究，
+但当我们用红外线时，
+能以独立参展商的身份出席了温哥华和平峰会
+我强调了探索应采用
+那这辆车的组装过程有什么创新之处呢？
+那个话题他日再聊。
+如果你因为二十几岁的人而失眠，我就想看到—
+我通过了太阳马戏团（Cirque du Soleil）的试镜。
+重要的是，我们从中学到了什么？
+你可以看到法律部门的立即行动
+这些是没有研究过的声音，
+巴拉克·奥巴马， 总统奥巴马”的头衔，到现在还是暂借的，
+我们不称之为恐惧，
+社区供热网，电力网，通讯网
+看起来是这个样子的。
+我想，这是什么？
+就是向你们展示这个过程是怎样的
+然后重新制作这张照片。
+非常感谢。
+你就可以看到旅行者1号的轨迹是这样的
+让我们从根本上
+猝死现在已经很少见了。
+我也从来没遇见过一个人
+（笑）
+在我们的实验室工作台上
+艾兰图林。在1936年,他重新发明了电脑
+然后我就会告诉你
+他们举起手来，然后质问我，
+某某大学图书馆，
+（水声）
+在奶牛的后边
+可能会有点小吃惊。
+这座实验室距离基拉戈海岸四英里 （注：基拉戈位于美国佛罗里达州）
+作为一个科学家,我总想度量这种共鸣的感受
+美国宇航局用这种极端环境
+训练宇航员和海底观探员
+我丈夫的家乡，
+所有素材都来自我们的开放 ROV，
+它是一个我们在自己车库里制造的一个机器人
+尽量让画面想象得栩栩如生近在眼前
+叫做飞秒成像，
+发送实况视频
+返回到地面上的电脑。
+它是开放资源，意思是说我们在网络上
+请勇敢的让它闪耀吧
+和所有的代码
+允许任何人调整
+或改善，甚至更改设计。
+制作它所使用的绝大部分部件是工业成品
+所需要的费用比詹姆斯卡梅隆所使用的
+用来探索泰坦尼克的
+远程操作移动工具便宜约1000倍
+所以 远程操作移动工具并不是新发明出来的。
+科学家们使用远程操作移动工具来探索海洋。
+石油和天然气公司使用它们进行勘探
+与建设。
+我们制作的这个机器本身并不独特。
+它的独特性来自于我们建立它的方式与过程。
+所以我想用一个简短的故事，讲述这个工程是如何开始的。
+几年前，我和我的朋友艾瑞克决定
+我们想探索一个水下洞穴
+这个水下洞穴位于山脉的一个山脚下
+我们听说了一个故事，淘金热时期发生的一次抢劫中
+抢匪劫获的黄金就藏在那里. 我们很想去那里探险
+不幸的是，我们没有钱
+也没有任何工具。
+所以，艾瑞克的初期构想是做一个机器人，
+但是我们不知道如何找到所需的零件
+所以我们做出了任何人在这样的情况下都会做的事
+那就是在互联网上寻求帮助。
+更具体地说，我们创建了这个网站，
+openROV.com，在这个网站上分享的我们意图和计划
+祝你有个愉快的一天.(笑声)
+在论坛上相互对话，
+但是，很快我们就开始接收到回复
+这些反馈来自于一些创客和爱好者
+之后，有一些专业的海洋工程师
+为我们提供建议，告诉我们应该怎样做。
+我们一直致力于完成它，在过程中学到了很多知识。
+这些人一起取得这些成果：
+停电也变得越来越频繁，
+就在那时候，我们的小探险成为了故事，
+《纽约时报》刊载了我们的故事。
+我们被那些
+希望用一个工具箱就能自己动手
+制作一个远程操作移动工具的人们包围
+所以我们决定将该项目放在 Kickstarter 网站上，
+我们这样做了，
+突然之间，发现我们有足够的钱来做这些工具包了。
+然后我们学习如何制作它们。
+我的意思是，我们必须学习如何小批量得制造它们。
+我们很快发现，我们的车库
+已不再足以承载我们日益增长的业务量了。
+但我们还是完成了所有的工具箱，
+非常感谢 TechShop 给我们提供的巨大帮助，
+就在去年的圣诞节前，
+我们把这些工具箱发往世界各地，
+这只是几个月前发生的故事。
+但我们已经开始收到
+从世界各地发回来的视频和照片
+包括这张南极冰层下的照片。
+调高或者调低。
+但时间是一个因素。
+所以我们继续在网上发布设计资料
+鼓励人们自己动手制作这些机器人。
+因为我们之所以能把最初的设想付诸实践，就是依靠网络资源
+作为一个开放的资源。
+我们建立了分散式的研究发展网
+并且我们比任何有风投支持的同行有着更快的进展。
+但是，机器人只是故事的一半。
+真正的长期潜力是
+这个属于DIY海洋探索者的社群
+在世界各地都形成了。
+当世界上有成千上万这样的设备
+我们能探索到什么呢
+漫游海洋吗？
+五个混乱，肮脏，潮湿的日子
+你找到黄金了吗?
+好吧，我们没找到任何黄金，
+但是我们坚信，我们发现了更有价值的东西。
+我们瞥见了，
+海洋探险事业的未来。
+这是不再限于卡梅隆们（意指精英们）的世界，
+而是我们普通大众都能参与的事情。
+更重要的是它是开源的
+我们一起去探索发现。
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+但是为了向你们介绍我的计划，
+而且能带给你个人的自由。
+因为我并不灵巧，而且厌恶所有运动。
+我认为这种 和我们不同”
+对于 性别”这个词也是一样。
+你本来感觉是这样的
+将使碰撞的质子能量翻倍
+会到达顶峰并开始减缓
+直到社区里的每个人都买了电视，
+一些有可能搞砸搞错的东西。
+那么 Carrillo 的不在场证词呢？
+此外，挂毯极其昂贵。
+ 你可没法再定这里的房间，因为这里是流浪汉收容所。”
+人们会为5美元做什么呢?
+过度放牧，吃光了植被，
+我们才增加了这个功能，方便用户。
+如果你需要每秒钟拍摄3000帧，
+然后按下你的手指，没有快门延迟！
+带给他们的好处大。
+因此这种网络
+此例是抑制不正常细胞的反应。
+他其实是摩加迪休在过去22年里
+当我们谈论腐败时，
+这不是关于新的具体对策或干预方式，
+也不是关于处理儿童问题的新方法之类的，
+这就是所谓的自己动手做和自造者运动。
+一种解决问题的新方法。
+在英国，63%
+经历过短期监禁的人
+会在出狱后一年内重犯。
+你们觉得，
+他们平均每人
+我还会告诉你们促使我走向
+43次。
+然后再想想，他们平均坐做过多少次牢？
+7次。
+因此，我们和司法部进行谈判，
+我们对他们说，
+如果重犯人数减少了，
+能给司法部带来多大经济价值？
+多少会有些，对不对？
+这其中有监狱的支出，
+有警方和法庭的开销，
+还有其他的针对他们善后开支。
+这里的经济价值有多少？
+当然，我们也在乎社会价值。
+ 社会金融”是我协助建立的一个组织，
+专门关注社会问题。
+但我们想把这个计划做成经济项目，
+因为，如果我们可以做到这一点，
+如果我们能认同这种价值
+并商定一种衡量我们是否
+成功降低重犯率的方式，
+那么我们就可以实施一些
+我们认为有趣的想法。
+这个想法叫做 社会效益债券”。
+简而言之， 社会效益债券”是指，
+如果我们使得政府相信
+我们可以制订一份合同，说明
+只有项目取得成效时政府才需要支付费用，
+那就意味着，政府可以尝试新的方法
+而不必应对
+破费却无果的尴尬境地。
+这对于许多政府而言
+是一个值得深思的问题。
+现在，大家或许已经注意到
+这里有一个问题，
+那就是，检验有无取得意想中的成果
+ shalan”这个词的首字母，
+因此，我们需要筹集资金。
+你再把数学模型编译为数学方程。
+从社会效益型投资者处筹集资金。
+社会效益型投资者，
+是的，10 亿美金的一笔交易进行追查— —
+我们想要将有作用的东西
+很多人
+乐意投资
+可以产生社会效益的项目。
+而这里就提供了这么一个机会。
+你是否也想帮助政府挖掘
+一个更好地商业运作模式？
+不仅仅是放任犯罪者出狱以后
+再次犯罪、再次入狱，
+而是要切实地帮助他们
+走上一条不同的道路
+以此降低犯罪率，
+减少受害者。
+因此，我们要召集一些投资者，
+如果这些服务取得成功，
+达到了改良（社会）的目的，
+那政府就因为重犯率下降
+而节约了资金，
+而这些资金则可用于
+支付这些效益的成本。
+这样，投资者不仅可以收回本金，
+还可以取得收益。
+在2010年3月，我们签署了
+第一份 社会效益债券”
+（我们）与司法部合作，
+在彼得伯勒监狱开展了该项目。
+六、 七、 八、 九，十 。
+分成3组，每组1000人。
+每组的成员
+自他们出狱时算起
+有两年的评估期。
+他们可以有一年的时间再次犯罪，
+有6个月的时间走完司法程序，
+然后我们会把他们与警方数据库中
+基本情况应尽可能相似的
+一组犯罪者作比较。
+我们得到报酬的条件是
+又重新出现
+所有被消灭罪行都将为我们带来收益。
+简而言之，犯罪率降低，项目有收益。
+如果三组犯罪者
+都减少了10%的重犯率，
+那投资者就可以得到7.5%的
+年投资回报率；
+如果项目效益比预期更好，
+那他们可以得到13%
+的年投资回报率。
+这是一件好事。
+其一是他们可以在杂乱中
+司法部可以尝试一个新的项目，
+而且是在有效的情况下才付款。
+投资者则有两种好处：
+首先，他们可以投资社会变革。
+同时他们也能得到合理的收益。
+他们也明白，
+作为第一批参与这种项目的投资者，
+他们必须是社会效益的拥护者，
+而且关注社会项目。
+如果该计划在5～10年中
+都有良好的收益，
+那我们就可以扩大投资者的范围，
+因为有更多的人对这个产品抱有信心。
+这些服务的提供者有史以来
+他们很快乐
+并以一种积极的方式
+来见证他们所从事的事业。
+同时，他们可以在5～6年间
+学习并展示这项事业的价值，而不是
+在常规下短短的1～2年。
+社会也是赢家：犯罪率下降，受害者减少。
+而犯罪者也可以获益。
+从前，他们出狱时
+兜里只揣着46英镑，
+一半人不知道出狱后的第一个晚上
+该在哪里度过。
+可以通过无线网络监测轮胎气压
+了解他们的背景；
+出狱时，有人会在监狱门口接应他们，
+带他们到住宿的地方，
+帮助他们办理社会保险和就业，
+联系戒毒中心、心理治疗
+以及其他他们需要的东西。
+我们再来考虑另一个例子：
+帮助福利院中的儿童。
+社会效益债券取得了很好的成果，
+花费高昂
+却没有成效的领域。
+就福利院中的儿童而言
+他们的表现十分糟糕。
+只有13%的福利院孩子可以在16岁的时候
+达到普遍的学业水平， （即完成五门普通中等教育证书考试）
+一个批评家说Elliott的故事
+让人忧心的是，监狱中27%的犯罪者
+曾经生活在福利院中。
+内政部的数据显示，
+70%的妓女
+曾经生活于福利院。
+（可见）国家并不是一位合适的家长。
+服务于很可能要前往福利院的青少年，
+而福利院中30%的孩子
+针对贪腐举行了大规模的抗议活动。
+因此我们与艾萨克斯县议会合作开展了一个项目，
+来找出全面的家庭治疗方法
+以服务于那些可能有孩子要
+前往福利院的家庭。
+而艾克萨斯县政府只用为
+那些削减了开支的项目埋单。
+投资者共投入了310万英镑。
+这个项目于上个月开始运营。
+这种过渡就是，
+关注全国各地年轻人的
+就业和教育
+现在，英国有13份社会效益债券。
+而社会对其的热情持续高涨，
+延展到全世界。
+卡梅伦（英国首相）已经为支持此想法
+我相信每个人都会有自己的解读。
+奥巴马提议，从美国的预算中
+抽出3亿美元来推进这些想法
+和组织。
+表现出极大地兴趣。
+是什么让他们如此兴奋？
+这对于人们而言有什么特别的？
+跟很多父母一样，（我们觉得）我们的孩子就像百慕大三角。
+是创新。
+它给尝试新想法提供了机会，
+且这种方式不会给人们制造麻烦。
+翻板滑，Primo。
+为了取得效益，人们必须反复试验
+并把数据信息应用于正在解决的问题上。
+以彼得伯勒（监狱）为例，
+我们把个案管理
+添加到所有与我们合作的组织之中；
+因此他们能够知晓
+我们是如何对待不同类型的犯罪者，
+同时，我们会主动从司法部
+索要信息，因此他们（监狱）和我们
+都可以了解到
+犯罪者的近况，有没有被再次逮捕。
+我们会研究并根据实际情况调整项目。
+这就带来了第三个，也是一个新的好处，
+灵活性。
+一般的合同
+都是要政府付钱的，
+研发一种通用翻译器
+负责项目的人很清楚这一点。
+他们很快就用上了
+就用奥巴马总统的目标来说：
+这是商业计划的1.0版本
+而且通常是行不通的。
+当你尝试开展这样的计划时，
+再回到彼得伯勒（监狱）的项目，
+我们在运营的同时也收集信息；
+他们并没有举手承认，
+我们就根据现实与设想的差别来调整计划
+这里的标示只是为了显示，正确的目标始终在变换位置
+使得这些服务既能
+满足长期效益
+也能契合短期需求：即
+更多的犯罪者
+最后一种好处是合作。
+这其实是老生常谈：
+国家变好，公众受惠，
+个人获益，社会多赢。
+这是类似项目的普遍规律。
+事实上，如果想推动社会变革，
+我们需要充分利用
+社会各界的专业知识
+才能使这成为可能。
+而这些项目创造了一种机制
+正在被设计的飞机
+这一切都说明了什么？
+它们提供了一种方法，
+让人们有机会投资社会变革。
+我们遇到成千甚至上百万的人
+希望有机会投资社会变革。
+我们知道很多公共部门中的精英
+都很热衷于创造不同。
+他们递给他一杯果汁和一块曲奇
+我们可以把他们团结在一起。
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+我一直都对计算机与科技很入迷，
+家里有六个孩子要养活，
+使我们的社区能反映出
+ 你不怕你会这样写一辈子，却永远再也写不出世人热爱的作品了吗？”
+这让我很失望，因为学术界认为
+每30秒，世界上的某个角落
+此时，作为神经学家，我们想做的
+因为你的朋友们会说 来 给我看看肿块
+我们花费在这些病症前兆上的
+到达或者经过美国
+对于毅力，我们知之甚少，
+它们身上有天线，能够感觉气味和检测风向
+机器人会在那个区域搜索要拾的东西。
+教育圣人定的金科玉律。
+再加上一个装着两个芯片的小型电路板，
+我不会说中文
+这里杀几只蚊子，那里杀几只蚊子的措施是毫无意义的。
+为此我们工作了一年半，
+和国际条约能够反映这一共识
+在这个前提下，
+从而使得这些数据显得更人性化
+只有她的内心一直保持着如此的迷人。
+所以至少你得承认，如果果蝇灭有老鼠聪明
+比如那个有关恶意软件Flame的案子
+五六千人做了这样的研究。
+看起来像是星座图
+但从未真正成功
+我对那些对我发表意见的人
+他们——把我关在一间宿舍
+跨越广阔的地理分布，
+但是撇开这些
+我12岁的女儿和我一起去的，
+任务告诉大家这一步到底是什么。
+我来给大家展示
+而不是他们研究我们？
+和世界辩论赛的时光,
+而其他的大脑不能做的？
+十年前，我对这些问题产生兴趣
+科学家认为他们知道大脑不同的组成部分
+即使那些都是基于一些非常小的证据，
+很多科学界认为所有的哺乳动物的大脑，
+包括人类的大脑
+是由同样的东西组成，
+一系列的神经元和大脑的大小
+总是成为成正比
+这个以为着，两个同样大小的大脑
+就看这两个，有大概400克，
+应该有同样数量的神经元
+如果我们说神经元是大脑
+功能信息处理的单位
+然后，这些两个大脑各自的拥有者
+应该有的相近的认知能力。
+然而，其中一个是黑猩猩，
+和另一种是一头母牛。
+现在也许牛有很丰富的
+精神生活，并且很聪明
+他们选择不会让我们意识到这一点，
+但我们吃他们。
+我想大多数人会同意
+相比于牛来说，黑猩猩具有更加复杂
+和细节，以及灵活的行为。
+所以这是第一个征兆显示
+ 所有的大脑的构成方式都是一样的
+不是特别正确的。
+我们不妨继续这个比喻
+如果所有的大脑由相同的方式组成
+你要将大脑大小不同的动物拿来做比较,
+大一点的大脑对于小一点的大脑来说
+应该具有等多的神经元， 并且越大的大脑，
+它的主人应该更有认知能力。
+所以最大的脑应该具有
+最好的认知能力。
+这里有个坏消息要说：
+我们的大脑，不是最大的一个。
+看起来相当棘手。
+我们的大脑重量 1.2 和 1.5 公斤之间
+但大象脑子称之间四、 五公斤
+鲸鱼大脑可重达 9 公斤
+这就是为什么科学家们用来诉诸说
+我们的大脑肯定是非常特别地
+来解释我们的认知能力。
+它必须是真的非同寻常，
+一个例外情况。
+他们的大脑可能会更大，但我们的更好，
+几十种设计模式,最终得到了这个
+在这似乎比它应该更大
+让你们的想法简单易懂并不等于简化它，
+对于我们的身体的大小。
+因此，这样将会给我们额外皮质
+去做更多有趣的事情，而不是只主管我的身体。
+这是因为大脑的大小
+或者一个全球指数。
+所以说这句话的主要原因就是
+我们的大脑已经比它应有的大小大出好多了
+其实是来自于比较我们自己
+和巨猿。
+大猩猩可以是比我们大两到三倍
+因此，他们的大脑也应该比我们的大
+但相反，它的大脑比我们的小。
+我们的大脑是比大猩猩脑大三倍。
+人类的大脑似乎也很特别
+在于它使用的能源的量。
+虽然它的重量只有全身的2%，
+但是它单独使用
+你身体每天所需能量的25%
+2000卡路里里面的500卡路里
+仅仅只是为了让你的大脑的工作。
+所以，人类的大脑已经比应有的大小大出很多了
+它消耗了更加多的能量，对于他应该消耗的来说
+这是这个故事开始让我感到疑惑。
+在生物学中，我们发现规则
+一般情况下，适用于所有的动物和生活
+那么为什么进化的规则
+应用到了其他生物，但不是我们？
+也许这个问题是一个基础的假设
+所有的大脑都是由相同的方式组成。
+也许两个大小相似的大脑
+实际上可以由数目不同的神经元组成。
+因为你无法在西班牙语中发 sh 这个音。
+不一定需要具有更多的神经元
+对于一个更具规模适度的大脑。
+也许，相比于其他大脑来说，人类的大脑具有
+最多的神经元，无论其规模大小，
+尤其是在大脑皮质中。
+所以这对我来说成为了
+对于这个答案来说最重要的问题
+如果钱只能让人
+他对他所使用的方法深居信心
+现在，您可能会听到或读到过
+我们有 1000 亿个神经元
+10 年前，我就问我的同事们
+除了沙特阿拉伯之外
+但没人知道。
+这就是绕着灶神星转的曙光号
+我从没用过取款机。对吧？
+但我找不到它。
+这似乎其实没有人去真正的数过
+人类大脑里面的神经元数量，
+或者其他任何的大脑里面神经元的数量。
+所以我想出了我自己的方式来统计大脑里面的细胞，
+它最重要的一个步骤是
+那大脑溶解在试剂里。
+它的工作方式：
+你带一个大脑或部分的大脑，
+让它溶化在洗涤剂里，
+洗涤剂会破坏细胞膜
+但保持细胞核不变，
+所以你最终会看到细胞核悬浮
+看起来像这样，
+像一碗清汤。
+这汤包含所有细胞核
+曾经是一个老鼠的大脑。
+现在，这个液体的魅力在于因为它是液体，
+可以摇晃它，并使这些细胞核
+在液体中均匀分布
+所以，现在通过在显微镜下观察
+只需四个或五个 这种细胞核均匀分布的样本
+你可以数数原子核，并能够知道
+那是平的， 那里安全。
+这样很简单，非常直接，
+并且，这样的速度也很快。
+所以我们使用了这种方法来计数神经元
+目前为止计数了几十个不同的物种，
+搭建了一个实时数据传送的链接，
+是由不同的方式组成的。
+以啮齿类动物和灵长类动物为例：
+如果你用 8 去除 13,
+神经元的平均尺寸在增加，
+所以，大脑非常迅速地膨胀
+尺寸增长比获得神经元更加快
+但灵长类动物的大脑得到神经元
+而不需要神经元平均尺寸增大
+这是一种非常经济的方法
+在你大脑里添加神经元
+结果是灵长类动物的大脑
+和啮齿动物相同大小的脑相比, 总有更多的神经元
+和大脑越大
+这种差异性將越來越大
+那么,我们的大脑又是如何呢?
+我们发现我们平均有
+860 亿个神经元
+其中有 160 亿个存在于大脑皮质里
+而且如果你认为大脑皮质
+是下列功能的基础，
+意识,逻辑和抽象推理，
+那么，这160 亿个神经元
+所以人们不免有许多--我相信你们在报纸上也看了很多，
+我想这是最简单的說明
+对于我们卓越的认知能力。
+但,就和 860 亿神经元的意义一样重要
+ 他没找到任何明显的东西，
+大脑的大小和其神经元数目之间的关联
+是可以用数学模型来计算的
+我们可以计算出人类大脑
+如果被作成像是一个啮齿类动物的大脑会如何。
+所以，有着 860 亿神经元的啮齿类动物大脑
+成交价11 亿美金
+那是不可能的。
+巨大的大脑將会被
+它自己本身的重量所挤压，
+这个不可能的大脑將会适用于
+一个89吨的身体 。
+我不认为它看起来跟我们一样。
+因此，这已经带給我们的一个非常重要的结论，
+我们不是啮齿类动物。
+人类的大脑不是一个大老鼠的大脑。
+和一只老鼠相比，我们看起来可能特别些，是的
+但这样的比较不公平，
+我们知道我们不是啮齿类动物。
+我们是灵长类动物，
+因此和其他的灵长类动物做正确的比较。
+這里还有，如果你自己来算一下，
+你会发现一般的的灵长类动物
+有着860 亿神经元
+将会有一个约 1.2 公斤的大脑
+这似乎刚刚好，
+在大约66 公斤身体中，
+在我的研究是完全正确的
+我们对此一点儿也不惊讶
+但这仍是令人难以置信的重要结论：
+我是灵长类动物。
+而且,你们全部都是灵长类动物。
+请来一批记忆大赛的冠军接受研究
+我认为达尔文会很欣赏这个研究结论。
+很自然接下来要做的一件事
+和其它灵长类动物的大脑一样。
+所以，人类的大脑可能是显著的,是的
+但它特别之处不在于其神经元的数目。
+它只是一个大的灵长类动物的大脑。
+我想这是个非常谦卑和发人深省的思考
+提醒了我们在自然界的位置。
+如果你会说日语的话，
+有些人已经想通了，
+人类的大脑能消耗多少能量
+和其他物种的大脑消耗多少能量
+而现在,我们知道
+每个大脑中有多少神经元，我们可以算一算。
+结果是,人类
+和其他物种的大脑消耗相同的能量
+平均每日，每十亿个神经元消耗六个卡路里的热量。
+所以一个大脑全部精力的消耗
+是简单的，线性函数
+可计算其神经元的数目
+结果发现，人类的大脑
+消耗的能量就跟你预期的一样
+所以，为什么人类的大脑
+消耗如此多的能量的原因容易理解，
+因为它有大量的神经元，
+还有,因为我们是灵长类动物
+在一个特定大小的身体里,
+人类比任何其他的动物，有着更多的神经元
+我们的大脑的相对消耗量是很大的，
+但只是因为我们是灵长类动物，不是因为我们是特別的。
+最后一个问题，
+我们为什么有数量巨大的神经元，
+我要向大家介绍一位特别的朋友
+比我们更大，
+那为什么他们沒有一个有着更多神经细胞,比我们还大的大脑呢?
+当我们意识到这个有多珍貴,
+在大脑中有大量的神经元，我想，
+可能有一个简单的原因。
+他们只是不能负担
+我们测试了同一批（实验动物）
+所以我们算过
+一方面，我们计算着
+一个灵长类动物每一天获取多少能量
+借由吃生的食物，
+另一方面，有多少能量
+在一个特定大小的身体中消耗
+和有多少能量在含有特定数量神经元的大脑中消耗
+然后我们找到一个结合
+身体尺寸和大脑神经元数目
+灵长类动物能夠负担得起
+如果它每天花一定数量的时间在吃上面。
+然后, 我们发现到
+因为神经细胞太珍貴了，
+有一个权衡出先在身体大小和神经元的數量之间。
+所以, 一个灵长类动物每天吃八个小时
+能够负担最多 530 亿神经元，
+但是，它的身体不能
+任何比这更重的重量
+它必须放弃一些神经细胞。
+所以,它不是一个庞大身体
+就是一个大数量的神经元。
+当你吃的像灵长类动物时，
+你不能负担任何一方。
+一个方法超出此种代谢限制是
+每一天花更多的时间在吃饭上面，
+但是，这样是很危险的
+某种程度上，它是不可能发生的。
+大猩猩和红毛猩猩，例如，
+能夠负担约 300 亿个神经元
+它们每天花八个半小时吃饭，
+这似乎是它们所能做的一切。
+ 超级党派割据”造成的，那好，第一步所要做的就是，
+是灵长类动物的实际限制。
+那我们呢?
+根据我们的860 亿神经元
+和 60 到 70 公斤的体重，
+我们应该要花超过九个小时
+每天在吃饭上
+这是不可行的。
+如果我们像灵长类动物一样吃，
+我们不应该在这里。
+我们怎么在这里呢？
+好吧，如果我们的大脑消耗的能量跟他
+应该所消耗的一致，并且如果我们不能把每天
+醒着的时间都花在吃饭上，
+然后这个唯一的选择，真的，
+是以某种方式
+从相同的食品上获取更多的能量。
+引人注目的是，这和我们的祖先
+早已发现的完全匹配
+在一百五十万年前，
+他们发明了烹饪。
+要做饭就得使用火
+在食物进入你身体前预先消化食物。
+煮熟的食物比较软，所以他们更容易嚼烂
+在你的嘴里完全粉碎
+这就使他们能够完全被消化
+并且被你的肠道所吸收，
+这使得它们在更少的时间内带来更多能源。
+所以烹饪让我们有更多的时间，
+去用我们的神经元
+做更多有趣的事情
+而不是只想着食物，
+让我们前进的，尽管我们会怀疑
+花去整整一天。
+所以由于烹饪，曾是
+一个沉重的负担，这个大，
+且极其昂贵的，有着一大堆神经元的大脑，
+现在能够成为一项重要资产，
+现在，我们可以为给予神经元提供能量
+并且把时间用在去做一些有趣的事情。
+因此，我认为这就解释了为什么人类的大脑
+在进化过程中增长如此之快，
+当所有剩余的只是一个灵长类动物的大脑。
+与这么大的大脑现在可以负担地起烹饪，
+我希望自己的女儿有这样的追求，
+农业、 文明、 杂货店、
+电力、 冰箱、
+所有这些事物，现今
+使我们能够得到我们需要的所有能量
+一整天所需的所有能量
+来自于你最喜欢的快餐食品。
+所以曾是一种解决办法
+现在成为了这一问题，
+讽刺的是，我们在生食中寻找解决方案。
+那么人类的优势是什么？
+我们有什么东西
+是其他动物没有的吗？
+我的答案是我们有最大数量
+神经元存在于大脑皮层中，
+并且我认为这能最简单地解释
+为什么我们有卓越的认知能力。
+还有就是我们做了什么是没有其他动物做的，
+我认为
+使我们能够达到这么多的，
+最多数量的神经元存在于大脑皮质中的基本原因是
+两个词，我们做饭。
+在别的地方能用做典范吗？
+而且我认为，这就是我们是怎么成为人类的。
+研究人类大脑改变我对食物的想法。
+现在我看看自己的厨房，
+然后我向它鞠躬，
+然后我谢谢我的祖先想到
+这个有可能使我们成为人类的发明。
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+那你的应对就自然不会那么
+她一瞬间认为她在做梦，但她错了。
+是因为我们养的牛群要去屠宰。
+（笑声）
+在建立了初始原型后，
+也不是什么宗教仪式（笑声）
+（笑声）
+然后这个团队想了一下就走了
+（笑声）
+在等着我们
+普鲁斯特试图告诉我们
+很显然不会是韩国人或德国人
+他们是种族主义囚犯，大部分都是，
+她和他的丈夫，马太，就在观众席里，
+其中有一些可能被安装了高清摄像头
+所以在两年前的二月，
+现在我放的这个录像
+你可以停放七辆这样的小车
+因为那是很痛的回忆
+2012年，中国科级与副科级干部约为90万人，
+还有一些照片，
+这是Top Coder编程比赛的获胜者，
+侦破某些类型的犯罪，强制戒毒
+并非每个人都这样
+停工了。关机了。
+我们仍然是不折不扣的社会性动物。
+之后，我们发现当地居民最大的病因和死因
+在左上方的大叉叉
+当我们用老式方法做这些的时候，我意识到
+我重新评估
+另一方面，
+昨天呢，我出门走在
+这幢楼前的大街上。
+我在人行道上
+和几个朋友同行。
+我们都很守规矩地
+你正在去看牙医的路上。
+我们什么也不说，就是向前走。
+就这样往前走。
+心惊胆战地听着 武斗”的枪声。
+我看见他放慢了速度，
+然后停下了。
+然后我很快就赶上他了。
+正好我要在街角转弯，我就绕过他走。
+我一边走，一边看他在做什么。
+他就是这样。
+他在发短信。
+因为他不可能一边走路一边打字。
+现在我们可以
+从短期记忆的角度
+或从多任务处理的角度来看这件事。
+我们今天要讲的就是短期记忆的问题。
+短期记忆是
+每天任何一个有意识的片断里
+我们自我意识的一部分。
+你现在就有短期记忆。
+我们不可能随时关闭它。
+你要是把它关闭了，那就叫昏迷，对不对?
+而最好的答案
+短期记忆有四个基本元素。
+它使我们能够存储一些很直接的体验
+和很少的一部分知识。
+它允许我们去追溯我们的长期记忆
+找到我们需要的，
+进行组合和处理，
+这主要取决于我们的当前动机是什么。
+那么当前动机不是象
+我想要总统或是做世界最佳冲浪手这样的动机。
+它更世俗化，比如我要吃那块饼干，
+或者我要找到今晚住宿的酒店。
+短期记忆的能力
+(医院的嘈音) 当我到医院探望我病危的父亲时，
+是我们利用知识的能力。
+我们可以依赖，
+可以利用短期记忆能力来达成
+我们眼前的目标。
+当立法者和其他人思考关于经济发展时
+有相当长的历史，
+也许它能帮助一些临床医生们
+短期记忆能力强的人
+一般会很擅长讲故事。
+第二个好处是，你可以用它培养出任何的组织
+他们很善于写作。
+他警告我不许跟别人说。
+那么这里呢，我们来做个短期记忆能力的小游戏。
+在发展中国家做
+现在，绿色荧光蛋白
+看一下大多数被废水灌溉的植物的所在地
+我会给你们五个词，
+我要你们记住这些词，
+不是把它们写下来，而是用脑子记住它们。
+五个词。
+你记着它们的同时，还要回答我三个问题。
+我想看看你们记这五个词儿记得怎么样
+好吧，这五个词儿是：
+树，
+公路，
+镜子，
+土星
+和电极。
+没问题吧？
+好！现在我要你们
+回答我的问题，
+23乘以8是多少。
+喊出来就行。
+(喃喃自语)（笑声）
+事实上它等于 — — (喃喃自语) — — 完全正确。（笑声）
+好吧。那现在我要你们伸出你的左手，
+你们要数： 一、二、三、四、五、
+它是一个神经功能测试，如果你想知道。
+好吧，我现在要你们
+倒着读出来
+英语字母表中的最后五个字母。
+要从 Z 开始读。
+（笑声）
+好吧。这里有多少人
+还记得我刚才给出的那五个单词？
+好吧。通常会有不到一半的人还记得。
+没错，这是很正常的。就是这么个范围。
+有些人可以记住五个。
+有些人可以记住十个。
+有的人只能记住两三个。
+并通过在屏幕上单击
+在TED尤其重要，
+因为你会接触到很多不同的想法。
+现在我们的问题是
+我们迎面而来的生活，
+它来得非常快。
+我们需要做的是收集那些模糊的
+这让古代的埃及人想起了它们的神赫普里，
+用短期记忆来提炼
+它的意义所在。
+差不多一个豌豆大小。
+别搞错，短期记忆是很不简单的。
+它允许我们
+在继续前行时
+检视我们当前的体验。
+它让我们理解我们周围的世界。
+但它确实是有极限的。
+短期记忆让我们能够和人交流。
+我们可以谈话，
+我可以通过叙述来说明
+我们讲到哪儿了，要说什么
+以及怎么说。
+它让我们解决问题，慎重思考。
+我们可能在一个会议期间，
+听别人的发言，评价它，
+决定我们是否喜欢它，
+然后提出问题。
+所有这一切都是在短期记忆的范畴里。
+它让我们去商店
+买牛奶、鸡蛋和奶酪，
+当我们真正想买的
+是红牛饮料和培根时。（笑声）
+要确保我们知道我们要找的是什么。
+现在，短期记忆的一个主要问题是
+它的局限性。
+而且是诚实可靠的。
+它的聚焦点也有局限。
+从八年的自我认同危机中走出来，
+对吧？以前说是七件，
+但用功能性核磁共振成像检测，其实是四件
+我们以前是逞强了。
+现在我们在大约10到20秒时间内
+可以记住四件事，
+让我们自身安全无忧，
+处理它，应用它，
+讨论它。
+都需要保持稳定性。
+我们需要意识到它的局限性
+对我们的影响。
+你以前有没有从一个房间走到另个房间
+突然忘了你要干什么？
+你知道怎么解决这样的事，对吧？
+你就回到原来的那个房间去想想。（笑声）
+你曾经忘记过你的钥匙吧？
+你曾经忘记过你的车吧?
+你曾经忘记过你的孩子吧？
+你有没有在聊天时，
+意识到你左边那人的谈话
+其实更有趣？（笑声）
+嗯，你在点头，你在笑，
+你一直很专心地听我讲
+直到你听到我说的最后一个字音调升高，
+你才意识到，
+我是在问你一个问题。（笑声）
+然后你们希望答案是否定的。
+因为那是你要说的。
+我们讲的就是这些短期记忆，
+我们能做什么，不能做什么。
+我们必须认识到短期记忆
+的能力是有限的。
+短期记忆的能力在于我们怎么平衡它。
+它变得越发有趣。
+我现在想讲的就是两个策略。
+这两个确实很重要。
+因为接下来的几天
+10%配有安全供电系统，
+首先我们需要思考
+我们需要整理我们的体验，
+迅速地和反复地。
+我们需要处理正在发生的事情
+就在当下，而不是十分钟后，
+这是一张在去年在史密森纳我帮他照的照片
+我们需要考虑，嗯，我同意他吗？
+不足的地方有那些？我想知道有哪些？
+我同意这个假设吗？
+我怎么把它用到我这儿？
+我们就这么处理正在发生的事情
+然后就可以利用它。
+那么，我们还需要重复它，需要实践。
+所以需要不断琢磨它。
+同时需要和别人谈论它。
+回家后还要写下它。
+然后拿出那些记录，再考虑考虑它。
+就这样结束记忆的训练。
+为某些原因而重复记忆是一件非常消极的事。
+但它其实有非常积极的意义。
+所以他把我赶了出去。
+和如何阐述我们的记忆。
+很多时候，我们将新知识和旧知识联系起来。
+关于他们孩子潜力的正面信息，而是被医生告诉，
+我们想要把所有我们旧的体验
+都围绕着新的知识展开，
+让新旧知识融合在一起使它变得更有意义。
+我们还需要运用图像。人类对图像天生敏感。
+我们需要利用这一点。
+思考图像里面的事实，
+把它记下来。
+如果你在读一本书，从里面提炼出想要的东西。
+我以前通读过《伟大的盖茨比》，
+我很清楚地知道他是怎样的人。
+在我的脑海里，我有我自己的看法。
+最后一个就是组织和支持。
+人天生喜欢追寻意义。我们做的也就是这个。
+我们努力从任何事情中寻求意义所在。
+大脑的组织整理功能帮助我们，所以我们要
+让做的事情更加合情合理。
+就需要去构建它。
+最后一个是支持。
+我们都是从初学者起步的。
+我们做的一切都是一点点趋向成熟。
+除非是尖顶、塔、圆顶、尖塔
+这个支持体系通过问人们问题，
+给他们有表格的纸张，
+或一些提示性图片，
+现在，最后我要说的就是
+从短期记忆能力的角度来看是这样的：
+我们整理思考什么信息，就学习什么。
+我们不整理思考人生，我们就是行尸走肉。
+过好你的人生。谢谢。
+（掌声）
+正如所有记者一样，我是个理想主义者。
+通过反向过滤
+你还会看到一些燃料棒，
+是这个数字的两倍。
+阿拉伯之春后接踵而来的混乱与丑陋，
+以免它尴尬地滑落
+乐烧是创造过程的一个美妙比喻
+成为一个被抢劫的受害者。（观众笑）
+洗澡替代乳液。
+甚至当他们看着人时,
+回来把我叫醒。
+他们很可能心率失常，
+比起政府和领导人
+我们身上的微生物种类也是成千上万的
+小丑：好了！MT：让我看看你的本事。
+以及远胜过警察和政府的
+这些大楼不是很少
+之间的误差究竟有多大，所以我认为
+尝起来就像我们城市中的花朵一样。
+这让我开始有了一种欲望
+基本上，在白天我们已经燃烧用尽了所有精力，
+而驾驶成本，甚至是从一开始开始算起
+现在，我们可以测量这一点
+你们干嘛要怀孕?
+每个人都拥有一样条件的幻觉，
+研究人员发现记忆大赛冠军们
+生命在这里似乎绝迹
+市民引导的城市发展模型播下了种子
+Sarge Salman：让我们欢迎来自加州洛斯阿图斯山丘的
+亨利.埃文斯先生
+（掌声）
+大家好，
+我的名字叫亨利.埃文斯。
+一直到2002年的8月29日，
+我都在过着我的美国梦生活。
+我在一个靠近圣路易斯的典型美国小镇长大。
+我的爸爸是一名律师，
+我的六个兄弟姐妹和我都是乖孩子，
+当然也惹了不少祸。
+高中毕业后，我离家去求学
+去更多地了解这个世界。
+是60年前的老旧技术
+毕业时获得了会计和德语双学位，
+其间有一年在奥地利学习。
+之后，我获得了斯坦福的MBA学位，
+和从高中就开始在一起的女朋友 简 结了婚，
+生命中有她我很幸运。
+我们一起养育了四个很棒的孩子。
+为了在事业上有所成就，我努力工作和学习，
+最终成为了一名硅谷的首席财务官，
+这也许就是为什么我们认为有时候恐惧，
+2001年12月13日，我和我的家人
+买下了我们的第一所房子，也是我们唯一一所房子。
+这是一所待修房，
+它处在加州洛斯阿图斯山丘上一个很美的地方，
+我现在就是在这间房子里跟你们说话。
+我们都很期待重新改造这间房子，
+但是我们搬进来8个月后，
+我遭遇了因先天性缺陷引发的类中风症状。
+一夜间，我就在我的不惑之年时
+成了一名四肢瘫痪的哑巴。
+几年后，
+我们是一个满是受害者的国家
+我才最终决定生命还是值得继续的。
+我开始着迷于使用
+那些帮助残疾人的科技产品。
+我购买了Madentec公司制造
+并在市场上出售的动作追踪设备，
+这设备能把我头部的细微运动转换成鼠标运动，
+从而让我使用一台普通的电脑。
+我可以上网，给别人发邮件，
+它绝然不是
+并时不时地击败他。
+这项技术让我得以继续参与各项活动，
+保持大脑的活跃，
+并让我觉得自己也是世界的一部分。
+有一天，我躺在床上看CNN，
+MT：而一副牌中有52张牌，
+查理·坎普教授正在示范个人机器人2号，
+我被震惊了。
+我们开始了 为人类服务的机器人 计划。
+在两年里，这个计划
+开发了能让我用的个人机器人2号，
+它能替代我的身体部位的各项应用。
+10年来第一次我给自己剃了胡子。
+突然之间，宇宙之中已没了我们宇宙飞船的影子
+给远在亚特兰大的查理剃胡子。（笑声）
+我在万圣节的时候给小朋友分发糖果，
+但是改进之后过马路还是很危险
+自己开始做各种家务。
+我发现了新的和以前完全不可想象的
+生活和贡献社会的方式，
+不仅仅对我个人而言，还有那些和我一样处境的人。
+我们每个人都有某种残疾。
+比如，如果我们想以每小时60英里的速度移动，
+我们都必须依赖一样工具，汽车。
+你的残疾并不影响你作为人的身份，
+同样我的残疾也不会。
+社会秩序杂乱无章
+自出生以来，我们都没有
+飞行的能力。
+去年，柳树车间的Kaijen Hsiao
+帮我联系上了查德·詹金斯。
+查德让我明白了
+购买和驾驶无人驾驶飞机是件很容易的事情。
+这个时候，我突然意识到
+我可以用无人驾驶飞机的飞行来扩大
+卧病在床的人的世界，
+从而让他们感觉到不可思议的
+运动和掌控能力。
+通过用我的脑袋控制鼠标，
+这些网络界面让我看到
+机器人传来的的画面，
+我可以点击网页浏览器上的按钮
+来发出控制指令。
+通过一定的练习，我开始能够熟练地用这个界面
+单独在自家周围转来转去。
+我可以看看我们的花园，
+我看到我们自己种的葡萄。
+我还检查了我们屋顶的太阳能电池板。（笑声）
+作为一名飞行员，我的一个挑战就是
+将无人驾驶飞机降落在我们的篮球框上。
+甚至，我还尝试用
+由Fighting Walrus改造的
+一款头戴式显示器Oculus Rift
+来获得驾驶无人驾驶飞机的
+最全面体验。
+现在，我看到空前的、非常庞大的群体合作
+距我家3000英里，
+但请记住到这种大脑
+如只有工作没有玩乐的话，那四肢瘫痪者的生活未免太无聊，
+所以我们总是找时间玩一些轻松的游戏，
+比如机器人足球。（笑声）
+我从来没有想过我能够自己
+在布朗大学校园里面随意行走。
+不过我就是希望自己可以负得起学费。（笑声）
+查德·詹金斯：亨利，开玩笑之外，
+我相信在座的观众
+都很想看你从3000英里之外的家里的床上
+驾驶这架无人驾驶飞机。
+（掌声）
+亨利，你最近来过华盛顿特区么？
+（笑声）
+来到TED舞台兴奋么？
+（笑声）（掌声）
+你能告诉我们你有多兴奋么？
+（笑声）
+而这些东西我们现在全部研究清楚了。 可我们有为此做过什么事吗？ 也没有。
+你能向我们证明一下你是一个好的飞行员吗？
+（掌声）
+好吧，可能还需要有所改进，
+但这让我们看到了希望。
+亨利的故事之所以了不起，
+是因为这是关于了解亨利的需求，
+学习让这些事情和思维模式来去自如。
+对技术的需求
+以及了解
+先进的技术能给我们提供什么，
+然后将这两者结合起来，
+创造出聪明负责的应用。
+我们想要做的就是普及机器人，
+让每个人都参与进来。
+我们提供价格实惠的，现成的机器人平台，
+比如A.R.无人驾驶飞机，300美元，
+Suitable Technologies的远程视频机，17000美元。
+结合开源的机器人软件，
+你也可以参与到我们的努力中来。
+我们希望，通过提供这些工具，
+你可以想出更好的点子，
+如帮助残疾人行动，
+给老年人提供照顾，
+更好地教育我们的孩子，
+思考未来的
+中产阶级的工作种类，
+这个小小的浮动水床，我们好想雇佣这个小家伙
+以及探索宇宙。
+亨利，你来吧。
+亨利：谢谢查德。
+通过这个无人驾驶飞机，我们看到了
+卧床病人能够再次
+探索外面的世界的能力。
+机器人最终给我们提供了
+一个公平的竞争环境，
+在这个环境里面，一个人只受制于它的大脑敏锐性
+和想象力，
+在这个环境里面，残疾人可以和其他任何人一样
+做同样的事情，
+也许做得更好。
+科技甚至会给很多
+现今被视为植物人的人们
+提供一个出口。
+一百年前，
+我就会被作为一个植物人对待。
+不对，
+我应该已经死了。
+机器人如何被应用取决于我们每一个人，
+是被用于造福还是作恶，
+是仅仅取代人类，
+还是让人类变得更好，
+它让我们能做得更多，做得更快乐。
+我们希望通过机器人把这个世界变得更加可以亲近，
+对我自己
+和世界各地像我一样的人，
+并释放每个人的大脑潜能。
+有你们的帮助，
+我们可以实现这个梦想。
+谢谢！
+（掌声）
+节俭/富国电子(Frugal Digital)本质上是一家挂靠在哥本哈根互动设计机构下的小型研究机构
+他们捕杀了我们的家畜。
+考试要考, 或者后续的数学课程中要用到.
+所以现在已经没有告诉我们要停用汽车的信号了
+自动反馈装置控制才能顺利飞行。
+我从书中学习。
+这不禁让我们陷入思考中，什么才是幸福感的决定性因素呢？
+先从沙发后面的布满灰尘的电线堆里
+我不知道，还有多少人也一样不知道？
+没有天使合唱
+然后他在11月19日失去了他的左眼，
+和书面文字表达非常不同，它少了思考性。
+这其中的每一年
+每一天他离开军营去参加任务
+甚至要取走他的性命
+其中有一些很简单
+我又想到,不,这个表情很亲近,
+直到1998年，
+很象传染病的爆发。
+当她开庭的时候。
+甚至蔓延成为种族屠杀。
+所以你可以继续工作，
+同时也意味着
+还有两块我们会直接丢进垃圾桶里。
+我曾经在监狱卧底
+Dropbox或SkyDrive一类云服务器中的。
+希望有一天
+要知道，动物也性交。
+也有高质量的无知。这两个可不是一样的。
+让铲子成为你选择的武器吧。
+你坚信，当你有了新科技和喜欢使用新科技的公民
+第一个项目
+太荒唐了。但我不得不遵循维多利亚时代的标准。
+你们都知道后来的故事
+甚至有人猜测亚伯拉罕·林肯也有肢端肥大症
+就是想让你们知道而已。
+当一些复杂难懂的科技
+而是只染对其中大约1%的细胞
+ 如果地上有草，就玩球吧。”
+我的父母、朋友和老师
+并且能让我们对所描述的内容
+将要下雨：It will rain tomorrow.”
+然后把照片上传到云端
+有个创意让我非常着迷，
+他说： 菲利普，你被骗了。
+他的家人都是犹太人 所以遭到追捕
+而不是 停车”牌。
+如果在那儿建一个建筑
+其中一个孩子的学校被海啸冲击到了，
+——比如说，报纸——所需要的工具
+的教职
+第三个原因。
+当我和Steve看到这些时，
+那就是我们的挑战
+将通过对等贷款平台完成。
+是一个投票，这个投票是10年前做的
+你必须保护还存活着的动物
+继续向前，三角形的面积怎么办呢？
+或是取代了我们的成功梦？
+我这个人对查尔斯·巴贝奇有种清切感
+或正好相反
+（呼唏）万籁俱寂，好像它们感觉到要发生什么，
+你可以走32公里。
+那么，电就是物体内部的电子流。
+距离朋克音乐中心只有两个街区的距离。
+我拥有哈佛学院的英语学士学位，
+成为一个典型的日本劳动者，
+实际上是收集那些相关数据，
+我觉得我们在这里有个酸黄瓜的问题。
+但我们有解决的办法。
+我们的确尝到了甜头。
+你使劲儿一摇，它就散架了。
+自创办之日就没有进行种族限制的大学
+它不仅仅是顾客们家里的一个产品。
+现在太阳在远处的地平线上
+对这个他的爱慕。
+而且满意的程度会根据
+ 今天的几个小时。
+世界杯资格的时候,很多
+额外的零花钱。
+在过去有空调之前 我们要砌一层很厚的墙
+一次有个同事跟我说，
+所以我开始了一项关于环卫工人的研究课题。
+非常让我着迷。
+他说， 基本什么也没干
+而且不用把头从地上抬起来
+无辜的人，
+我相信，在她身后的光芒
+（水声）
+他身上有着纹身，梳着马尾辫，戴着一顶棒球帽。
+但他们执行的却是完全不同的指示。
+被别人的错误记忆所害的人。
+我们能否利用这些技术
+单单不承担艺术开支
+他们的血管就会像这样放松
+所以政府确需扮演一个角色，
+好吧，Alexey Pajitnov那时正为苏联政府工作，
+所以睡眠和记忆的巩固也是非常重要的。
+它们是我们的大气层宏大建筑的
+在当地的废奴主义者
+和对世界的探索。
+这两者，老实说都是失败的
+其实每天，在不同得地方，
+我认为，机器人可以给那些上了年纪的人获得尊严的机会，
+从全新的角度看待它们
+（笑声）
+从瓶口向下燃烧到瓶底
+它被解决的意义就越重大.
+每一次我都由一个不认识的人来探望
+我想跟大家讲一个故事
+是关于一个小镇孩子的
+我不知道他的名字，但我知道他的故事
+他住在索马里南部的一个小村庄里
+这个村庄离首都摩加迪休很近
+这个小村庄因为干旱所以一直很贫穷
+人民食不果腹
+留在那里实在没什么出路
+所以他去了大城市
+但是我只想跟你们解释为什么我认为
+没工作，没前途
+最后只能住在帐篷城里
+就在摩加迪休的郊外
+有一天，他遇到一个贵人
+贵人带他去吃了午餐
+这所学校已成立四年
+他接触了一帮很有活力的人
+然后他也得到了休息
+他还得到一些钱
+所以我们仔细地研究了这两个问题
+可以给自己老家寄钱
+有人给他介绍了个年轻的姑娘
+然后他们结婚了
+他开始了新的生活
+他的生活也有了目标
+在摩加迪休的某一天
+在碧蓝的天空下
+发生了一场汽车炸弹事件
+这个有着城市梦的小镇男孩
+就是那个人体炸弹
+而当初那帮充满活力的人
+都是 青年党 ，一个和基地组织有联系的
+恐怖组织
+这个小镇男孩
+只是想去城市闯一闯
+我和Steve Pinker
+他其实在等待
+他在等待一个机会
+等待开启他的未来
+等待一条可以往前走的路
+而这是他一路走来的第一次遭遇
+这是将他从等待成年期中解脱出来的
+第一次遭遇
+而他的故事还在重复着
+在世界不同的市中心
+这是一个关于被剥夺权利的，
+失业城市青年的故事。
+他们在约翰尼斯堡发起暴动
+在伦敦发起暴动
+他们想得到等待成年期之外的东西
+对于年轻人，城市带来的希望
+大城市梦，就意味着机遇
+工作，财富
+但年轻人并没有享受到他们所在城市的繁荣
+更多的，是年轻人在忍受着最高的失业率
+到2030年，五个住在城市里的人，就有三个
+是属于18岁以下的人群
+如果我们在城市的发展中
+不把年轻人考虑在内的话
+如果我们不给他们提供机会的话
+等待成年期的这个故事
+踏入恐怖主义，暴力和帮派这些雷池
+将是未来城市的主题
+在我出生的城市，摩加迪休
+70%的人处于失业状态
+年复一年地为艺术节奉上表演
+没有书读
+基本无所事事
+上个月我回了一趟摩加迪休
+然后我走访了玛迪娜医院
+那家我出生的医院
+我记得我站在那个满是弹眼的医院前面
+我不禁思考
+如果我没有离开的话会是怎样？
+如果我也无奈地处于
+同样的等待成年期呢？
+这答案我还真说不准
+上个月我回摩加迪休的原因
+其实是去举办一场
+青年领导力和创业学的峰会
+我带了约90名索马里来的领导
+我们坐下来一起集思广益
+想办法解决城市面临的最大难题
+其中一个在房间里的年轻人叫Aden
+他在摩加迪休上了大学，之后毕业
+当时没有工作也没有什么机会
+我记得他告诉我
+因为他是大学毕业生
+有了那些构想后，然后我就
+算是 青年党”的理想人选
+也是其他恐怖组织想招募的人
+那些人专门寻找像他一样的人
+但他的故事，则是另外一个版本
+在摩加迪休，从A地到B地
+和未来思考者
+23年的内战
+已经完全把道路系统给摧毁了
+而此时，摩托车则成了
+最便捷的工具
+Aden发现了机遇并牢牢抓住它
+我这个年龄的女性中，高中毕业的人数不到6%，
+开始出租摩托车
+租给当地那些买不起摩托车的人
+在亲朋好友的帮助下
+他买了10辆
+他最终的梦想
+是在接下来的三年内扩展到数百辆
+他的故事是如何不同的呢？
+是什么使之不同？
+我相信是他的发现机遇
+并善于把握机遇的能力
+为了这项新举措
+并且我相信企业家精神
+是对付等待成年期最有效的工具
+他激励着年轻人
+成为他们一直拼命在寻找的
+经济机遇的创造者
+你也能把年轻人训练成企业家
+我想跟大家介绍一个年轻人
+他曾参加我我举办的一个会议
+他叫Mohamed Mohamoud，是一名花商
+还有 很多很多瓶酒
+的一部分年轻人
+培养他们如何创新
+如何营造创业文化
+的第一位花商
+直到Mohamed来了，他是直到最近才有的花商
+在过去如果你想在你的婚礼上摆上鲜花
+你得用塑料花束
+而且还得从海外进口
+如果你问别人
+ 你上次见到鲜花是什么时候？”
+对于很多出生在内战时期的人
+他们的答案将会是， 从没见过。”
+所以Mohamed从中发现了机遇
+也保护世界人民共同的神圣水源。
+他在摩加迪休外开辟了一片农田
+他开始种植郁金香和百合花
+据他说这些花
+能熬过摩加迪休恶劣的气候
+然后他开始往婚礼上送花
+建立家庭式花园
+在城里的生意也忙碌起来
+那照理在上面的那些国家的泡泡应该都很大才对，不是吗？
+它是公认的最令人不愉快的活动,即便如此
+目前在摩加迪休是没有市民公园的
+他想创立一个空间给家庭
+年轻人，能一起到这儿来
+就像他说的，来感受玫瑰的花香和启迪
+顺便说下，他之所以不种植玫瑰
+是因为它们需要很多水分
+所以第一步就是要鼓舞年轻人
+所以在那个房间里，Mohamed的出席
+对在座的年轻人影响非常深
+他们从没想过能创业
+他们想过为民间组织工作
+为政府工作
+但在这个故事里，他的创新
+对那些年轻人的影响非常大
+他使得那些年轻人用机遇之地
+重新看待这座城市
+因为灭蚊涉及很多很多国家
+也能成为改变世界的人
+那一天结束之前，他们想出了
+新颖的解决办法
+解决这个城市目前一些最为棘手的问题
+他们想出了企业式的解决方法
+对付当地的问题
+所以激励年轻人
+创造企业文化
+是很大的一步跨越
+但年轻人需要资金
+来实现他们的想法
+他们需要专业知识和导师指导
+带领他们发展和启动他们的商业
+为年轻人提供他们需要的资源
+为他们提供需要的支持，帮助他们从构思转变到创造
+对我来说，企业家精神不仅仅是
+开启商业
+假设我们让这个四轴飞行器
+Mohamed不单是在卖花
+我相信他也是在销售希望
+他的和平公园，名字是他取的
+在Moss Landing海洋试验室。
+改变人们对这座城市的看法
+Aden雇佣街边的孩童帮他出租
+也帮他维护那些摩托车
+他给了他们机会去挣脱
+去挣脱等待成年期的无奈
+这些年轻的企业家
+都对他们的城市有着深远的影响
+所以我的建议是
+带动更多年轻人成为企业家
+培养发展他们内在的创新精神
+那么就会有更多花和和平公园的故事出现
+但这似乎是问题之所在
+谢谢
+（掌声）
+一瓶汰渍洗涤剂和汗水
+会对比利·比恩的故事很熟悉。
+正准备往西走去上盲文培训班。
+－－那是2009年的冬天，
+那时我已失明约一年－－
+比如说在这里的戈壁滩。
+牠们曾是世上数量最多的鸟类
+我向左转，
+按了盲人过街的语音提示按钮，
+等着过马路。
+當提示声响起，我走了出去
+并且安全地过到马路另一边。
+走上人行道，
+我随后听见一把铁椅子
+在我面前划过水泥人行道的声音。
+我知道街角有个咖啡馆，
+他家店前摆着椅子，
+所以我就向左边避了避
+移到靠路那一边。
+我正移着，那椅子也向这边移。
+我估计我搞错了，
+于是又重新走到右边，
+接着那椅子（居然）跟我完全合拍地也向那边移去。
+这下我有点慌了。
+我又向左挪了挪，
+椅子也向左挪了挪，
+挡住了我的去路。
+这会儿我已经開始抓狂了，
+于是我喊道，
+ 谁他妈在那儿？搞什么鬼？”
+就在那时，高过我的喊声，
+我听到一阵熟悉的悉悉唆唆声。
+這声音听起来好熟，
+我灵机一动，想到了另一个可能性，
+于是伸出我的左手，
+我的手指穿过毛茸茸的什么东西，
+接着是一只耳朵，
+一只狗耳朵——可能是一只黃金猎犬。
+她的主人进去买咖啡的时候，
+它正努力不懈地試著来
+跟我打招呼，也许想要我挠挠它的耳根，
+天知道，没准它正想帮我带路呢。
+（笑声）
+这个小故事在描述的是
+那种伴随着
+瞎眼闯都市而來的
+恐惧和误解，
+你对周围的环境似乎一无所知
+对周围的人亦然无知。
+让我们还是稍稍倒带。
+回到2008年的圣帕特里克节。
+我在医院登记开刀
+切除一颗脑瘤。
+手术很成功。
+两天后，我的视力开始减退。
+第三天我就完全失明了。
+一瞬间，我被一阵难以言喻的
+恐惧、迷茫及无助所击倒，
+相信这事儿发生在谁身上谁都会这样。
+然而当我慢慢停下来思考，
+其实我逐渐意识到
+声音颤动，虚弱，和僵化
+尤其是我想起我的父亲，
+他逝世于
+脑部手术的并发症。
+享年36岁，而我当年才七岁。
+所以说，即使我有理由
+对未来感到害怕，
+对未来感到迷茫，
+这更多关于歌词。
+我儿子还有爸爸。
+还有超市，这真心让我惊讶，
+失明的人。
+我知道這世上一定有各种系统
+和技术以及训练
+能让我即使失去了视力，
+他说，第一，他的好奇心驱使他去
+所以几天之后当我出院时，
+我给自己下了一个任务，
+那就是一定要尽可能找到最好的训练
+尽快重新建构我的人生。
+不到六个月，我就回到了原来的工作岗位。
+我的恢复训练开始了。
+我甚至开始和我之前的骑友一起
+骑双人自行车，
+而且自己一个人步行穿街，
+搭乘公交。
+那费了不少功夫。
+但我始料未及的是
+可以把两者连接起来
+结合的数据
+比较失明前后
+对同样的地方、同样的人
+令人难以置信的（兴许截然不同的）体验
+由此让我增加了不少见解
+或者说是盲解。
+即失明后所学到的一些东西。
+这些 盲解”从琐碎
+到深奥，
+怎么让大楼更加透亮，
+作为一个建筑师，
+从我失明前后的
+对同一个地方 对同一个城市
+在如此短暂的时间内
+截然不同的体验， 给了我很多
+关于城市本身，美妙的盲解。
+因为当我在农场工作时，
+是意识到，其实，
+城市对盲人而言是个妙不可言的地方。
+其次 我也惊叹于
+城市善良和爱护的本性
+而不是冷漠，甚至更糟。
+我进而意识到
+好像盲人
+这样的新方案应该可以改变人们的行为，
+对我来说，这挺出奇的
+让我们回过头来想想
+为什么城市对盲人来说是件这么好的事。
+在视力恢复训练这个过程中
+不可避免的是学会依靠除了视觉以外的其他所有感官，
+——这些可能平时你都忽视的东西。
+就仿佛一个全新的感知信息的世界
+向你敞开大门。
+我被这个城市中，我身边的各种细微的声响
+所组成的交响乐所深深震撼
+借助听到的并学会利用这些声音
+你方能明了你所处何方，
+如何移步，向哪里走。
+伍斯特公立学校系统的公共资金
+你能感受到脚下地面的不同纹理，
+久而久之 你就能形成一个 你在哪里，
+你到哪里去的” 模式。
+牠们数量庞大，在这附近也有
+或者微风拂过你的脖颈
+你就能知道你的所处，
+你穿过街巷的过程，
+你于时空的移动，
+极小生物生长的地方
+各种联系。
+就像你身边的地方和东西一样，
+而且，幸运的话，你甚至可以跟着你的鼻子
+去到那个你一直寻找的新开的面包店。
+这一切都让我惊奇，
+因为我慢慢意识到
+我失明后的经历
+相比于之前有视力时
+是多么充满（不同）感官的感受
+也让我震惊的是，我身边的城市
+有多大的变化。
+当你能看见的时候，
+每个人都有点各自为阵，
+不管别人的事儿。
+然而，失明之后，
+你认为你会公平的
+我是不知道谁在看谁，
+但我怀疑很多人看着我。
+而我并不是个偏执狂， 但无论我去哪里，
+我总接到各种建议：
+来这边， 去那边， 小心这个。
+很多信息都是好的。
+其中不乏有用的。 也不乏扭曲的。
+你得自己搞清楚他们到底什么意思。
+其中有些并不那么对且帮不上忙。
+但总体而言是很好的。
+有一次我在奥克兰
+沿着百老汇街走着， 走到一个街角。
+我正在等着过马路的信号音，
+声音响起，我正准备过马路，
+突然，我的右手
+被人一把抓住，
+通过北约组织的课程，
+但是，我们对他进行了测试
+对着我狂讲中文。
+（笑声）
+从这个人死死抓住的手中，简直没有逃脱的可能，
+但他把我安全带过了马路。
+我能怎样呢？
+但是说真的，要帮忙
+还真有更客气点的方式。
+我都还不知道你在旁边呢，
+所以如果能开始先说句 你好”可能会比较好。
+如 你需要帮忙么？”
+但是在奥克兰，我真的被
+自我失明之后，这座城市
+所经历的改变所震撼。
+我当然喜欢能看到它时样子，那不错
+这是个非常好的城市。
+但是当我失明之后，
+当我走过百老汇，
+在每个街区都能得到别人的祝福。
+ 祝福你， 伙计”
+ 加油，老弟”
+ 老天保佑你”
+我失明前可没得到过那么多祝福。
+（笑声）
+而且即使是失明之后，我在旧金山也没有得到那样的祝福。
+而且我知道，这有时惹得我的一些盲人朋友很烦，
+不仅仅是我。
+通常我们认为
+那些祝福是出于怜悯。
+而我更倾向于觉得那是出于我们共同的人性，
+出于一种大家在一起的感觉，而且我觉得这还挺酷的。
+事实上，如果我心情不好，
+我就去奥克兰市中心的百老汇，
+我去散个步，立马就感觉好多了，
+简直就是立刻见效。
+但这也正说明，
+残障和失明
+跨越了民族、社会阶层、
+人种、经济状况的界限
+残疾简直是平权的提供者。
+人人皆可有份。
+其实，我听说残疾人这个群体间有句话说
+世上其实只有两种人：
+一种有残疾的，
+另一种是还没发现他们自身的残疾的。
+这是看问题的另一个角度，
+但我觉得这还挺美的，
+因为这相比 我们/他们”，
+或者 健全人/残疾人” 的说法
+显然要更包容，
+当电脑占据主导地位之后，我们的运算能力
+生命的脆弱。
+所以我最后希望你们记住是
+不仅仅是城市对盲人来说是好的，
+城市也需要像我这样的盲人。
+而且我很确定
+我今天想要向大家倡议
+当我们构想一个美妙的新城时
+让我们采用盲人作为城市居民的原型，
+而不是当模型已经定型之后
+才想起的群体。
+那时就太迟了。
+所以如果你在设计一座城市的时候，请心中有盲人
+连胰腺是什么都不知道
+有给行人充分多样的选择
+且都在地平面上。
+如果你在设计一座城市的时候，心中有盲人，
+来研究这些丰富的错误记忆是如何产生的。
+建筑之间的间隙将会是很好地平衡了
+人与车的需求。
+事实上， 车？ 谁还需要车啊？
+如果你失明了，你也开不了车 （笑声）
+别人可不愿看到你开车 （笑声）
+如果你在设计一座城市的时候，心中有盲人
+那你设计出来的城市将拥有健全的
+无障碍的，四通八达的公共交通
+这种研究方法会更加强大。
+甚至整个大区
+如果你在设计一座城市的时候, 心中有盲人
+那城市将能够提供大量工作机会。
+盲人也想工作。
+他们也想自力更生。
+所以，在设计一座予盲人方便的城市时，
+我希望你开始意识到
+是不是到了企业该做到
+更加公平， 更加公正。
+而且据我失明前的经验来看，
+这样的城市听上去挺酷的，
+——无论你失明与否， 无论你是否有残疾
+或者说无论你是否已经发现了自身的残疾。
+谢谢大家。
+（鼓掌）
+所以我大致翻阅了一下
+Alice当时选择的难题是
+Ushahidi 在斯瓦西里语中的意思是 证词”或 见证”。
+一种重复
+来看下一个演示
+但是他们忘记了在数据数字化上下规定
+这些谎言都被人们用作
+例如你们可能收到封邮件说：
+它显示了人们的误解，
+我们难道应该就此放弃民主吗？
+使疗程个人化，改变我们以往的想法
+曲线图里有这样的典型曲线。
+ 他们不确定这是否构成骚扰，
+我们每一个人为什么会这么做
+为了开发新的建案
+然后把它和我说的第二个迷思联系起来，
+Dr. Love论证是基于如下研究
+在过去的40年里，这一百分比略有下降。
+因此，我们制作了一种装置，叫做 puff-o-mat，
+看看这个，这不像是一张墙纸？
+他指出：我想我知道了
+还有一张长书桌和一个更长的落地窗
+为他们付钱，
+我们还可以作为
+我并没有 借此进行任何不道德的交流
+我希望这样的追求越多越好。
+去医疗机构得到你的医疗数据
+所以在漫画里， 屁股－头儿。帮帮我吧！”
+非法的从中国带回来麻黄碱
+同时也是我们所有人的伊甸园。
+因为他通过使用社交媒体
+看到了吗？你能看到一串无线网络列表。
+这个的意思是说蜣螂
+因为这些人
+解决30年未决的问题的潜力
+我还是孩子的时候，就着迷于航空航天的一切。
+根本原因有三个:
+计算,
+应用,
+最后一个,很不幸的,
+激发灵感.
+数学是研究规律的科学,
+偶然，我发现我妻子
+思辩能力以及创造力,
+但是我们在学校里面学习到的数学,
+你也不能感觉到书页上的字。”
+每当我们的学生问起
+ 我们为什么要学这个?
+他们得到的答案往往是
+有没有可能
+哪怕只有那么一小会儿, 我们研究数学
+仅仅是因为自己的兴趣, 或是数学的优美
+那岂不是很棒?
+现在, 我知道很多人
+一直没有机会来体验这一点,
+所以现在我们就来体验一下
+以我最喜欢的数列
+斐波纳契数列为例.(掌声)
+太好了! 看来在座的也有喜欢斐波纳契的.
+非常好.
+我们可以从多种不同的角度
+来欣赏斐波纳契序列.
+从计算的角度
+它帮助我们获取新的影像
+1 加 2 等于 3
+2 加 3 等于 5, 3 加 5 等于 8
+以此类推.
+事实上, 那个我们称呼 斐波纳契 的人
+真实的名字叫列昂纳多, 来自比萨
+这个数列出自他的书《算盘宝典》( Liber Abaci )
+这本书奠定了西方世界的数学基础
+其中的算术方法一直沿用至今.
+从应用的角度来看,
+斐波纳契数列在自然界中经常
+神奇的出现.
+而 左右全能的击球手” 是 双性恋”
+一般是一个斐波纳契数,
+向日葵的螺旋,
+菠萝表面的凸起,
+也都对应着某个斐波纳契数.
+事实上还有很多斐波纳契数的应用实例,
+而我发现这其中最能给人启发的
+是这些数字呈现出来的漂亮模式.
+假设你喜欢计算数的平方.
+对于很多人来说，这些宏伟的仪式
+让我们计算一下
+头几个斐波纳契数的平方.
+1的平方是1,
+2的平方是4, 3的平方是9,
+5的平方是25, 以此类推.
+毫不意外的,
+当你加上两个连续的斐波纳契数字时,
+你得到了下一个斐波纳契数, 没错吧?
+它们就是这么定义的.
+但是你不知道把斐波纳契数的平方
+加起来会得到什么有意思的结果.
+来尝试一下.
+1 加 1 是 2,
+1 加 4 是 5,
+4 加 9 是 13,
+9 加 25 是 34,
+没错, 还是这个规律.
+事实上, 还有一个规律.
+假如你想计算一下
+头几个斐波纳契数的平方和,
+看看结果是什么.
+1 加 1 加 4 是 6,
+但是月底时我们朋末聚在一起
+再加上 25, 得到 40,
+再加上 64, 得到 104.
+回头来看看这些数字.
+他们不是斐波纳契数,
+但是如果你看得够仔细,
+你能看到他们的背后
+隐藏着的斐波纳契数.
+看到了么? 让我写给你看.
+6 等于 2 乘 3, 15 等于 3 乘 5,
+40 等于 5 乘 8,
+2, 3, 5, 8 我们看到了什么?
+(笑声)
+而像谷歌这样的公司正致力于将其中很多书数字化存储
+现在我们已经发现了这些好玩的模式,
+更能满足你们好奇心的事情是
+弄清楚背后的原因.
+让我们看看最后这个等式.
+加起来等于 8 乘以 13?
+我通过一个简单的图形来解释.
+首先我们画一个 1 乘 1 的方块,
+然后再在旁边放一个相同尺寸的方块.
+拼起来之后得到了一个 1 乘 2 的矩形.
+在这个下面再放一个 2 乘 2 的方块,
+之后贴着再放一个 3 乘 3 的方块,
+然后再在下面放一个 5 乘 5 的矩形,
+之后是一个 8 乘 8 的方块.
+得到了一个大的矩形, 对吧?
+现在问大家一个简单的问题:
+这个矩形的面积是多少?
+一方面,
+它的面积就是
+组成它的小矩形的面积之和, 对吧?
+灰点指数倍地增长。
+它的面积是 1 的平方加上 1 的平方
+加上 2 的平方加上 3 的平方
+加上 5 的平方加上 8 的平方. 对吧?
+这就是面积.
+另一方面, 因为这是矩形,
+面积就等于长乘高,
+高等于 8,
+长是 5 加 8,
+也是一个斐波纳契数, 13, 是不是?
+所以面积就是 8 乘 13.
+因为我们用两种不同的方式计算面积,
+同样一个矩形的面积
+一定是一样的,
+这样就是为什么 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 的平方和,
+等于 8 乘 13.
+如果我们继续探索下去,
+我们会得到 13 乘 21 的矩形,
+21 乘 34 的矩形, 以此类推.
+再来看看这个.
+结果是 1.625.
+如果用大的斐波纳契数除以前一个小的斐波纳契数
+那里是哈佛医学院的主要教学设施。
+1.618,
+这就是很多人知道的黄金分割率,
+一个几个世纪以来, 让无数数学家, 科学家和艺术家
+都非常着迷的数字.
+我之所以向你们展示这些是因为,
+很多这样的数学(知识),
+都有其秒不可言的一面
+而我担心这一面并没有在学校里
+得到展现.
+我们花了很多时间去学习算术,
+但是请不要忘记数学在实际中的应用,
+包括可能是最重要的一种应用形式,
+挑战性十足的活动，
+把我今天所说的浓缩成一句,
+那就是:
+他说， 我想和你共度人生。
+还要能指出为什么.
+感谢大家.
+(掌声)
+我将要介绍一些开放式安全性问题，
+我们这个时代
+我想介绍给你们认识我的两个兄弟
+它们改变了整个世界
+然而，令我们非常吃惊的是
+它们同时也成为了
+用于国家监视的完美工具
+以便将其作为一种建筑结构使用
+每个人或者说所有人的
+数据、信息以及关系的这种能力
+正是这个夏天从
+西方情报机构
+特别是美国情报机构
+所透露或者泄露的
+从密西西比河到大西洋
+六月六日开始
+陆续听到一些泄露的消息
+斯诺登开始透露
+那些来源于美国情报机构的
+顶级机密信息
+于是我们也开始了解到一些
+诸如菱镜计划和XKeyscore的事情
+这些都是美国情报机构
+正在运作的项目
+以此对抗世界其它国家
+或者是正处于战争中
+有关监视的预言
+你会发现
+奥威尔的确是一个乐观主义者
+(笑声)
+如今我们看到的是大规模的
+对普通民众的跟踪
+这远远超出了他最初的想象
+这就是那个臭名昭著的
+美国犹他州的NSA数据中心
+它通常言行不一
+它将成为一个超级计算中心
+在这里就在发生荒漠化。
+有合法的买卖。
+无时不刻都在存储
+他们收集来的数据
+这是一幢巨大的建筑
+具体有多大呢？我们来看一个数据
+14万平方米
+可能你对这个数据也没有太多概念
+我们最好通过比较来想象
+想想你去过的
+最大的宜家家具吧
+以此展示它的多样性
+想想你能在宜家塞进多少硬盘设备吧
+我们估算仅用于运行
+这个数据中心的电费
+每年就需要数千万美元
+而这种大规模的监视
+意味着他们可以收集我们的数据
+并且基本上可以永久保留
+保留很长时间
+几年甚至几十年
+这个将给我们所有人
+带来前所未有的风险
+它将是一种大规模的对我们每个人的
+无障碍监视
+当然，确切来说也不是对所有人
+因为美国情报机构只有对外国人的
+合法监视权力
+一旦那些非美国的数据流
+就要被监视了
+监视外国人听起来似乎没那么糟糕
+除非你意识到
+其实我们都是老外
+事实上，这个星球上96%都是老外
+(笑)
+是吧？
+所以说只要你使用通信工具和互联网
+你就会被彻底监视
+大家也别误会
+因为这种协作消费的核心，是关于力量的赋予。
+我热爱自由，但我自始至终也同意
+有一些监视是有益的
+比如如果执法机关正在寻找一名谋杀犯
+或者搜捕一个贩毒者
+或者试图阻止一场校园枪击案的发生
+并且他们中有头目有嫌疑犯
+女声：发现标记卡片。MT：嗯，有时候人们问我
+截获他们的网络通信那就太棒了
+我并不反对这一点
+但菱镜计划之类的项目并不是这么做的
+他们不是在监视那些
+这个想法而非常感兴趣
+他们在监视那些
+无辜的人
+对于这样的监听
+有四条主要的理由
+首先是只要你
+一开始讨论信息泄露的问题
+把泄露的重要性降到最小
+他们说我们早已知道这些
+我们知道在发生什么，没有什么新鲜的
+事实不是这样的
+他们需要获得授权才能被使用
+我们最大的恐惧就是这些事情已经发生
+如果你去培养这种反应
+现在我们的确可以确定的知道在发生什么
+而我们之前并不了解 我们不了解PRISM
+那么，就让我的龙王烧毁这只黑天鹅吧！
+还有DoubleArrow
+以及Skywriter
+成功则是
+由美国情报局运行的项目
+但现在我们都了解了
+我们的目标不仅是帮助他们完成这一计划
+美国情报机构如何极端到
+通过渗透至标准组织内部
+以达到削弱加密算法强度的目的
+这就意味着
+如果你拿到一份加密文件
+尝试去了解在他们赛车时候
+使你加密之后
+没有任何人可以解开它
+即便你用地球上的每一个计算机去解密它
+也需要数百万年
+它可以说是绝密的，无懈可击
+拿到这样一件完美的东西
+然后故意弱化它
+使得我们每个人终都变得不安全
+现实生活中一个类似的例子是
+因此他也设计了一个绘图机
+将某种加密识别码植入每个家居防盗系统
+这样他们就可以进入任何一所房子
+但这样一来
+最后我们自己也变得不那么安全
+利用加密算法这个后门儿
+的确让人匪夷所思
+CO: 这三个问题有一个共同的解决方案
+这正是他们被要求做的事情
+做信号情报
+监视通讯渠道
+以及监测网络流量
+这正是他们尝试在做的
+由于目前相当大一部分的互联网流量是加密的
+我们需要打破这些规距才能带来
+削弱加密算法就是其中一种手段
+这是美国情报机构如何
+为所欲为
+的一个极好的例子
+他们完全不受控制
+而这些应该加以控制
+而我们对这些信息泄露的真实了解能有多少呢
+所有这些都基于
+Snowden先生的那些泄露文件
+从六月初
+第一个PRISM的幻灯片开始
+它详细描述了
+一个从服务提供商收集数据的项目
+而且他们还对那些被使用的
+服务商进行了命名
+甚至为他们设立一个纪念日
+记载开始从各个服务提供商
+获取数据的日子
+比如，他们为2007年9月11号
+开始从Microsoft获取的那批数据起了名字
+还有2008年3月12号的Yahoo
+之后还有Google, Facebook
+Skype, Apple等等
+任何一个公司对此都呈否认态度
+都说这简直就是谎言
+他们从来没有开过后门让别人获取他们的数据
+新的技术，新的生产技术
+那么是其中一方在撒谎吗？
+有没有其他可能的解释？
+为什么这些现象自然而然的发生了？
+这些当事人，也就是这些服务提供商
+他们并没有合作
+只是被黑了
+这种解释是合理的：他们没有参与而是受到了黑客攻击
+其实可以说是他们被自己的政府黑了
+也许这听起来有点荒唐
+但我们的确有过这样的案例
+我们之前多么坚信它是由
+美国政府授权的
+而就是它破坏了Windows的
+网络升级系统的安全
+这就意味着
+他们被自己的政府黑了
+当然还有更多
+这张纸和那张外公抱着母亲的照片一样
+德国的明镜周刊（Der Spiegel）暴露了更多
+有关这些情报机构中的顶级黑客团队
+所做作为的信息
+在NSA内部, 这个部门被叫做TAO
+他们是怎么看待盗版的，
+这个等同于英国GCHQ内部的NAC
+网络分析中心（Network Analysis Centre）
+最近泄露的这三个幻灯片
+详细描述了一个由GCHQ情报局
+在英国发起的行动
+目标定位在
+一个比利时的电信公司
+这件事表明了一个事实
+一个欧盟国家的情报机构
+正在蓄意破坏
+谢谢你们。（喝彩）
+而他们在幻灯片里谈论这件事时
+一如既往的自然
+这是主要目标
+这是次要目标
+这是他们的团队
+他们通常会在周四晚上在酒吧里做团队建设的活动
+他们每成功一次
+都是关于失败的。
+庆祝所谓的胜利
+他们究竟在搞什么鬼
+有人会争辩说
+是的，他们是在监视
+但话说回来，哪个国家没有这样的行动呢？
+也许真的是
+所有国家都有间谍
+很多国家都有，但并不是所有都是这样
+比如说，瑞典
+我提起瑞典这个国家是因为
+在法律方面它与美国是有些相似的
+他可是在说那些为了上大学
+他们的情报机构的确是有
+截获这些数据的合法权力
+那么，有多少瑞典的决策者
+政治家和商业领袖
+每天使用美国的服务呢？
+比如像使用Windows或OSX
+使用Facebook或LinkedIn
+但言归正传，有人想选一首曲子吗？
+还有Skydrive或者DropBox
+也许还有一些在线服务，类似Amazon网络服务或者销售支持？
+那么如果我们反过来问
+有多少美国杰出人士
+使用瑞典的网络邮箱和云服务呢？
+答案是零
+澳大利亚和瑞士，
+相差甚远
+你知道你要说什么吗？
+欧洲人获胜的故事
+典型的结局一定是这个服务被美国公司收购
+比如，Skype最初采用端到端的加密
+所以还是安全的
+后来被卖给了美国后
+就不再安全了
+所以，我们再一次把一个原本安全的东西
+弄得不再安全
+使得我们所有人最终也都不再安全了
+也有争论说
+美国只是在
+展开一场针对恐怖分子的战争
+本来无需担忧
+但事实上它不是
+是的，我们承认这中间有恐怖分子
+我们必须与这些
+肆意残害的行为作战
+但从那些泄露的消息中我们也知道
+他们在使用相同的手段
+监听那些欧洲的领导者
+截获墨西哥和巴西居民的邮件
+甚至联合国总部以及欧盟议会的邮件
+他们显然不会在欧盟议会内部
+寻找恐怖分子，对吧？
+所以，这不是一场针对恐怖分子的战争
+虽然部分意义上可以说是
+恐怖主义的确是存在的
+但我们会认为它是一种
+必需我们不惜一切代价去全力对抗的现存威胁么？
+美国人民准备为了恐怖分子
+而抛弃宪法？
+抛弃那些人权法案？
+还有世界人权宣言
+欧盟那些关于人权和基本自由的法案
+还有出版自由？
+我们真的认为恐怖主义
+需要我们不惜这一切代价吗？
+是的，人们惧怕恐怖主义
+所以也许他们认为这样的监视是合理的
+反正也没什么需要隐藏的
+需要的话那就随便监视好了
+但是，谁说他们没有什么值得隐藏起来的？
+只是他们还没有考虑那么长远罢了
+(掌声)
+因为我们每个人都有隐私
+如果你真的认为你没有什么要隐藏的
+那你一定要弄清楚这是你告诉我的第一件事
+因为这之后我会觉得
+不能再信任你
+因为你明显不会保守秘密
+人们对互联网都表现出盲目的诚实
+当那些信息开始泄露的时候
+许多人问我
+说他们没有什么需要隐瞒的
+也没有做什么坏事或者违法的事情
+而且我也没有什么想要与
+情报中心分享的特殊信息
+何况还是国外的情报机构
+就算我们真的需要一个老大
+我也希望他是本国的
+而不是来自国外
+当信息泄露开始的时候，我最先发表的
+一条评论就是关于
+当人们使用搜索引擎时，
+是如何将信息泄露给了美国情报机构
+两分钟后我收到一条回复
+来自一个叫做Kimberly的美国人
+他反对我说
+狡猾地欺骗说他感到懊悔，其实不然
+我回答他说
+让我在此重点讲几点我们从虚假评论找到的东西
+当然也与你的政府无关
+因为这就是隐私
+这一点没什么好讨论的
+就是应该在我们所用的所有系统得到保障
+(鼓掌)
+有一点我们需要知道的是
+我们对搜索引擎也是在盲目信任
+只要你透露了你的搜索记录
+我就能在五分钟之内
+找到那些与之关联的让人尴尬的东西
+我们对搜索引擎的诚实
+常常多于对我们的家庭
+搜索引擎通常也比你的家人
+更了解你
+这就是那些我们
+泄露给美国的信息
+监视改变历史
+堕落总统Nixon之类的例子告诉我们这些
+想象下如果他当时有现在这样的情报收集工具会怎么样吧
+我想用巴西总统Dilma Rousseff夫人
+做个例子
+她就是NSA监视的对象之一
+她的邮件被截获了
+她曾经在联合国总部质问
+ 如果没有隐私的权利
+就不会有什么真正的言论自由和舆论自由
+因此也不可能有有效的民主”
+就是这样
+隐私是民主的基础
+一名在安全方面的同行学者Marcus Ranum曾说
+如今美国对互联网的态度
+就像对待他们的殖民地
+所以我们已经又回到了殖民时代
+我们这些互联网的外国用户
+应该把美国当做自己的主人
+Snowden先生曾经受到过种种指责
+有些人谴责他带来了美国云产业
+和软件公司的信息泄露问题
+而这些谴责就如同
+在责备Al Gore
+带来全球变暖问题一样
+(笑)
+(鼓掌)
+那么，我们该怎么办？
+我们需要担忧吗？不
+我们应该为这些丑恶的、无礼的、不该发生的事情
+而愤怒
+但这些对改变现实无济于事
+对于世界其它国家来说解决这一问题的方法
+就是尝试避开
+美国建立的这些系统
+但这说起来容易做起来难
+该怎么做呢
+任何一个欧洲国家
+都没有能力替代
+美国制造的操作系统和云服务
+但也许我们可以不用孤军奋战
+而是与其它国家联合
+这个解决方案是开源的
+通过一同构建这样一个开放、免费并安全的系统
+我们可以绕开监视
+并且每个国家都不再只靠自己的力量
+而只需要解决一个小问题
+我们的安全专家Haroon Meer说过
+每个国家都只能成为一个小水波
+而聚在一起就可以掀起巨浪
+从而可以同时载起所有的小船
+这个安全，免费并开源的系统
+将成为推动我们所有人的彭波巨浪
+使我们可以从此
+彻底逃脱国家的监视
+谢谢大家
+(鼓掌)
+我是一名神经学家
+同时有着医学和物理学背景
+我的实验室隶属于瑞士联邦理工学院
+专攻脊椎损伤研究
+全球每天有超过5万的人
+受到该伤病的影响
+对于那些脊椎损伤的人来说
+生活, 往往就在那么短短几秒钟
+被完全摧毁
+对于我而言, 是 钢铁英雄
+克里斯托弗·里夫
+尽自己的努力唤醒人们
+叫做大数据，他们谈论的
+而我进入这个研究领域的缘起
+第一次的接触
+就源于与里夫夫妇基金的合作
+我到现在都还记得那个决定性的时刻
+那是一个再普通不过的一天的结尾
+我在帮基金会工作
+克里斯托弗对我们, 一群学者和技术专家说
+ 你们一定要专注实用价值
+ 我希望你们能去康复中心
+ 看看那些伤者
+ 如何费尽全力迈出一小步
+ 如何努力保持自己的平衡
+ 在你到家之后
+争论，反对，争执
+ 能够让他们的生活变得更美好一些
+这段话, 刻到我心里去了
+十多年过去了
+直到今天, 我的实验室还都在
+在该设备里做。
+帮助脊椎损伤后恢复
+我在这研究方向上
+需要做的第一件事情就是建立一个新的模型
+一个新的脊椎损伤模型, 能够很好的模拟出人类的损伤
+同时也能够提供很好的实验控制环境
+基于这个目标, 我们首先在身体的两侧
+进行了两次半切操作
+半切完全阻断了
+大脑和脊髓的通信
+导致了下肢永久性的
+完全瘫痪
+但是, 正如你们看到的, 对于大多数损伤
+在神经需要进行修复的位置
+辱骂她们是妓女
+那么如何利用这一点?
+经典的方法是
+刺激被切断的神经纤维重新生长
+在阅读水平方面
+看到迪克·切尼的仪器，他拥有一可以
+但对我而言实在是太复杂了
+如果要尽早实现临床应用
+那么很明显的
+我需要换个角度来思考这个问题
+脊髓外科的研究起始于谢林顿
+一位诺贝尔奖得主
+至今已经有一百多年的研究史
+许多研究都证实
+大多数受伤后的脊髓
+包含了协调运动所需的
+所有的神经网络
+但是由于来自大脑的输入被切断了
+这些神经网络进入了类似休眠的状态
+我的想法是: 激活这些网络
+当时我还只是加州大学洛杉矶分校的小小博士后
+刚刚从法国博士毕业
+太需要独立思考精神的
+(笑声)
+我一开始不敢跟我的新老板提这个想法
+但是后来终于鼓足了勇气
+我敲开了我导师的门, 说出了我的想法
+我的导师, Reggie Edgerton, 他太好了
+网络犯罪的一部分。
+然后咧嘴一笑
+ 干嘛不试试？
+如果你数学能力不太强,
+这一刻在我职业生涯中有多重要
+这一刻我意识到伟大的领导者
+信任年轻人, 以及他们的新想法
+往往延期很久，或预算严重超支。
+我要用一个简单的比喻
+来向你解释这个复杂的概念
+假设运动神经系统是一辆汽车
+引擎就是脊髓
+变速箱坏了, 引擎熄火了
+我们怎么把引擎重新打着？
+首先, 我们要加好油
+我感觉到了一种永恒与不朽
+第三, 我们把握方向盘
+研究人员已经发现了一些大脑发出的神经
+在人的运动过程中承担着非常重要的
+控制作用
+我的想法: 代替联系不上的大脑
+还有他们对和平安宁的生活的渴望
+模拟大脑通过神经网络发出的信号
+干预脊髓, 让下肢可以行走
+我借助过去20年神经科学的研究成果实现这一点
+使用药理学方法
+刺激脊椎神经细胞, 做好发送神经信号的准备
+然后, 用电刺激来模拟
+她就变成了这件物品。
+你可以想象成
+在脊髓后面植入两个电极
+用于发送无痛的电刺激
+可以在任何地方出现
+成功开发了一套电化学神经康复疗法
+让受伤的脊髓中
+已经冬眠的神经网络重新焕发生机
+立竿见影的, 瘫痪的老鼠立刻站了起来
+脚底下的跑步机一启动
+老鼠的双腿就开始协调的运动起来
+完全没有大脑参与
+我将相关的神经命名为 脊髓脑
+它负责认知双腿传送上来的
+右下角是孟加拉国
+并且就肌肉如何运动做出决策
+使老鼠能够站立, 行走和奔跑
+甚至在冲刺的时候
+能够做到
+跑步机一停老鼠就停下来
+这很神奇
+当我看到这种没有大脑参与的运动时
+我非常的开心
+但是也感到非常的沮丧
+这种运动完全是非自主的
+小白鼠实际上并不能控制自己的腿
+很显然, 还缺个方向盘
+之后我就很清楚的认定
+我们需要抛开过去的方式
+创建一种新的康复治疗过程
+将小白鼠放在跑步机上
+同时创造一个环境, 这个环境能够激励
+大脑去自发的控制下肢
+基于这个想法, 我们开发了一个全新的装备
+一个机械臂, 能够帮助老鼠
+向任何一个方向运动
+我想做一个电力栅栏。CA：电力栅栏？
+想象一下这个不到两百克的小老鼠
+被固定在将近200公斤的机械臂上
+但是小老鼠完全感觉不到机械臂的存在
+机械臂是感知不到的
+就像是你撑着一个
+蹒跚学步的婴儿一般
+让我小结一下之前的内容
+一个老鼠的脊髓被切断了
+我们利用电化学神经康复疗法
+将老鼠的脊髓运动神经网络激活
+改进的机械臂提供一个安全的环境
+使得老鼠瘫痪的双腿
+可以做任何尝试
+为了激励老鼠走起来, 我们使用了
+我认为是瑞士最强有力的刺激药物——
+优质的瑞士巧克力
+(笑声)
+但是, 初步的实验结果非常, 非常, 非常地
+叫人失望
+他也完全没有办法诱使老鼠
+迈出一小步
+而同样是这只老鼠, 5分钟前
+还在跑步机上优雅的迈着步子
+我们深受挫败
+但是你也知道, 我们搞科学研究的, 最基本的素质
+就是坚持不懈的精神
+我们继续努力, 继续完善我们的方法
+经过几个月的不断训练
+一些瘫痪的老鼠能够自己站起来了
+并且它可以按照自己的意愿
+开始一种全速冲刺的姿态
+冲向作为奖励的巧克力
+这是迄今为止第一次
+在实施了脊髓切断手术
+导致完全和永久性的下肢瘫痪之后
+第一次成功实现下肢的自主运动
+事实上
+(掌声)
+谢谢
+事实上, 这只老鼠不仅可以
+在平地上启动并保持运动的状态
+它们甚至可以调整自己的下肢运动
+例如, 它们能够克服重力因素
+在楼梯上爬上爬下
+可以说, 当这一刻发生时
+我们整个实验室的人都激动不已
+我们花费了10年的辛苦努力
+才做到这一点
+接下来的问题是, 怎么做到的?
+我是说, 这怎么可能？
+而这个问题的答案
+完全出乎我们的意料
+这个新的康复训练方式
+刺激了大脑去生成新的神经连接
+也就是一些传播网络
+将大脑的神经信号
+穿过受损的脊髓部分, 连接上新恢复的脊髓神经
+最终连接上了受损脊髓下部的神经网络
+你现在看到的这个例子中
+这就意味着，从他人角度考虑出发
+蓝色的神经能够连接到运动中枢
+但是，事实证明立隔板是有必要的。
+大脑与运动中枢通过这一个神经细胞
+重新连接了起来
+但是这种神经网络的改变
+并不局限于此
+在中枢神经系统中, 这种改变也在发生着
+包括大脑内部的神经束
+我们观察到大脑中相关的区域
+运动纤维的密度增长了300%
+我们并不是要将脊髓恢复原状
+但是我们或许可以
+在一个成年哺乳动物瘫痪之后
+通过这种神经网络重构的方式
+重建中枢神经系统中
+的神经连接
+这项发现的背后, 隐藏着一个
+非常重要的事实
+这是由许多有才华的人组成的年轻团队
+合作努力的结果
+理疗师, 神经生物学家, 神经外科医生
+各种专业的工程师
+他们一起工作
+做出了个人无法做到的成果
+我到了四个不同的儿童收容所，
+我们工作中是如此的紧密
+就像是我们之间发生了基因水平转移一样 (译注: 指生物将遗传物质传递给其他细胞而非其子代的过程)
+我们正在培养下一代的
+现在我想和你们分享的是
+他们有能力将自己的发现及成果
+从实验室转化到病房中
+我呢？
+我只是这首美妙协奏乐章的指挥而已
+现在, 我确定你们一定都在问
+ 这项技术能帮助人类么？
+哥利亚花了很长时间
+而事实上，现在我们还都不那么清楚
+这很显然并不能让断开的脊髓恢复如初
+但是我逐渐相信, 或许我们
+能够帮助受伤的人提高伤后恢复的效果
+改善他们的生活质量
+第一，这让我们觉得管理费是很不好的东西，
+花一点时间, 与我一起畅想一下
+想象一个人刚刚经历了脊髓损伤
+数周的恢复期之后
+我们植入一个可编程的药泵
+数以百万计的人失去了将头脑风暴
+我们做了很多年试验，才发现这些，这些努力是值得的。
+直到完全停工。
+就像皮肤一样薄
+覆盖控制下肢运动的脊髓位置
+这个电极阵列连接到一个电脉冲发生器上
+电脉冲发生器发出的刺激频率和模式
+可以因人而异
+我想用这段话结束并预测研究的进展，
+能够在康复训练中, 借助一个
+新的运动支持系统, 进行下肢的运动
+我希望的是经过几个月的训练之后
+大脑和脊髓中的神经网络重建能够
+让人可以不借助辅助机械臂自由运动
+甚至可能不再需要药物泵和电脉冲发生器
+我的愿望是能够开发出
+个性化的治疗手段
+提高大脑和脊髓之间的
+神经网络的可塑性
+这是一个全新的概念
+或许也可以应用到其它的神经障碍性疾病中
+我提出了一种 个性化的神经假肢技术
+即根据病人自己的受损情况
+在整个神经系统不同的位置植入电极
+我们的下水道也在摇摇欲坠。
+甚至周围神经中
+这有三个例子。
+我并不是要替换受损的功能, 不是的--
+我是帮助大脑自我修复
+我希望能够激发你们的想象
+因为我敢保证
+这场革命的问题, 不是能否发生
+而是何时到来
+请记住, 心有多大, 世界就有多大
+谢谢大家！
+谢谢
+(掌声)
+我10岁左右的时候，
+有一次和爸爸一起去
+阿第伦达克山脉露营。那是一片
+因为通常车里面要么太热，要么太闷，或者是有很浓的味道，
+那天天气特别好。
+森林里处处闪闪发光。
+阳光照耀下，树叶闪闪地象晶莹的彩色玻璃。
+如果没有脚下的小路，
+我们完全可以假装我们是
+我给自己一个重塑Saturn V（土星5号）发射时的艰巨任务
+我们最终到达了我们的营地。
+那是一个在悬崖上的营地，
+完全停止使用抗逆转录病毒药物(是一类于治疗逆转录病毒，主要HIV感染的药物)
+后来我却发现了很糟糕的事。
+不只我们的生活素质受影响，
+有个足足有 40 英尺见方的大垃圾堆。
+里面有烂苹果核、
+用过的铝箔纸、
+和破旧的运动鞋。
+我当时非常吃惊，
+非常生气，也非常非常困惑。
+他们的估计是百分之零。
+连自己带来的垃圾都不肯收拾。
+他们觉得谁会替他们清理善后呢？
+这个问题一直困扰着我。
+成了一个更精练的问题。
+谁来清理我们留下的垃圾？
+但是你可以把这个问题
+放在任何你生活的地方。
+在伊斯坦布清理我们留下的垃圾？
+在里约清理我们留下的垃圾？
+减少，我们赖以为食的超过130种水果和蔬菜作物
+在纽约，这里，
+是环卫部门清理我们留下的
+多达11,000吨的垃圾
+和每天2000吨的可回收垃圾。
+我个人想去了解这些环卫工人，
+我想知道谁在做这样的工作。
+穿上环卫服
+承担起这份责任的感觉是什么样？
+我的头部受了伤，也受了内伤，
+采访全纽约在办公室和工作现场
+的环卫人员。
+我学到了很多，
+但我仍然是个局外人。
+我需要更深入地了解。
+有时，学校会突然停课一周
+现在我不仅仅是坐在垃圾车里，我开着垃圾车。
+我自己操纵着电动扫帚扫大街、在路上铲雪。
+那可是一种非凡的特权，
+也是令人叹服的受教育过程。
+每个人都会问到垃圾臭味。
+是有臭味，但它不是你想的那样糟糕。
+有的时候气味确实很臭。
+但你很快就会适应了。
+垃圾的重量却需要很长时间来适应。
+我就知道即使有几年工作经验的熟练工，
+他们的身体还试着在
+适应每周
+成吨的垃圾。
+那么这里面就存在着风险。
+跟据劳动统计局的报告，
+环卫工作是美国
+十大最危险工种之一。
+我后来慢慢明白了为什么。
+这些覆盖人体的微生物
+就身处车流之中。
+来往的车辆只想着超过你，
+开车的人往往不够小心。
+对环卫工人来说，这实在太糟糕了。
+还有呢，垃圾本身就充满了毒害，
+这些毒物经常会从垃圾车里飘出，
+造成可怕的伤害。
+我还了解到垃圾的残酷和可怕。
+所以我踏上了前往布罗德莫精神病院的列车
+抗体会保护你不再被这同一种病毒感染，
+你会慢慢认识到垃圾
+真的就像大自然本身的力量。
+它从来都是源源而来的。
+它也像呼吸或循环的一种形式。
+它总是在动态中。
+最后一点，环卫工人被污名化。
+当你穿上环卫制服，你被视而不见了。
+直到有人找到什么理由难为你，
+嫌你的环卫车阻碍交通呀，
+嫌你在离他们家很近的地方休息呀，
+好了，我决定选有咖啡因的茶，
+他们会走过来嘲笑你，
+告诉你离他们远点。
+我觉得这样的污名化非常地可笑，
+因为我坚信环卫工人们
+是城市街道上的
+最重要的劳动力。 原因有三点。
+他们是公共卫生的第一道屏障。
+如果他们每天不
+高效迅速地清理垃圾的话，
+垃圾会从容器中泄露，
+它本身的毒害会以一种非常真实的方式
+威胁到我们的生活。
+我们经过数个世纪和数十年攻克的疾病
+会再次爆发，开始威胁我们的健康。
+（第二）国民经济需要环卫工人。
+如果我们不丢掉旧的东西，
+那样的话，经济的引擎
+就会停歇，因为人们的消费减少了。
+是这些国家中新现的中产阶级--
+（第三个原因）就是我称之为
+我们平均、 必要、经常性的活动速度。
+我的意思是说
+在如今的年代和日子里，我们是如此地
+习惯于奔忙。
+我们通常不会在意、修理、 清洁、 随身携带
+我们的咖啡杯，购物袋
+和水瓶。
+我们使用它们，然后扔掉它们，然后忘掉他们，
+因为我们知道会有一支工作队伍
+在一旁把这些东西清理掉。
+我应该能问我的房子，我的鞋子在哪里。
+想想环卫工人的处境，
+也许能够帮助他们正名。
+把他们请来参与谈论
+如何建设一个可持续的人道的城市。
+我认为他们的工作是很崇高的，
+他们每天按时地辛勤地在街上工作。
+在很多城市他们穿着环卫服不停工作。
+你知道他们会准时来清理垃圾。
+他们几乎成了安心工作的保证。
+他们所保持的工作流量
+而不必担心我们剩下的糟粕和垃圾。
+这样的工作流量不管怎样
+2001年9月11日的第二天，
+我听着街上环卫卡车咆哮而来，
+受试者拼装了更多的生化战士 -- 11 比 7。
+有个回收报纸的工人
+另外，人来是唯一有能力
+我要感谢他做的这些工作
+在那么特殊的日子里，
+但我忍不住哭了起来。
+他望着我，
+只是点点头，然后说，
+我们通过官方渠道来解决争端。
+我们会没事的。
+后来在我刚刚开始
+研究环卫工作的时候，
+（掌声）
+他的名字叫保利，我们多次一起工作过，
+还成为了好朋友。
+其中一个芯片可以运行一些电容式触摸软件，
+我们会没事的。
+想要随时随地买到自己想要的任何毒品有多么困难
+我们需要努力地进行重建。
+1986年
+所有的消耗，包括非常现实的劳动力
+消耗。
+而且我们需要更好地了解情况，
+和各行业的
+专家交流
+我们自己的看法，
+关于如何建立一个可持续发展体系的看法。
+这或许把我们从街道垃圾回收，
+这个成功地走过了40年历史，
+跨越了美国在内的无数国家的工作，
+引领到一个更大的范畴里。
+我们可以考虑如何
+减少
+来自制造业和其他工业来源的垃圾。
+城市垃圾，我们通常认识中的垃圾
+其实只占国内垃圾总量的3％。
+这是个惊人的数据。
+所以在你的生活的每一天，
+在你生命之河里，
+下一次当你看到有人在
+清理你留下的垃圾时，
+请找个时间向他们致意，
+找个时间说声谢谢。
+（掌声）
+我八岁的时候，
+墨西哥米却肯州沿海城市
+阿帕兹甘市的人们
+就像疯了一样，
+在接下来的两天
+然而，我们对
+联邦军队
+和米可安卡那家族
+那是一个组织严密的地方黑社会团伙
+展开了激战
+这个城市的居民不仅经历了连续不断的枪炮声
+同时也目睹了无处不在的
+爆炸和那些用作弹幕的燃烧着的汽车
+所以跟战场没什么两样
+经过了两天的战斗
+一场恶战之后
+米可安卡那家族传说中的首领Nazario Moreno
+据信已经战亡
+对于此次可怕的暴力
+阿帕廷干市市长
+这可是我们家的好传统
+想法是呼吁州政府采用更加温和的方式
+处理犯罪活动
+于是，在按计划游行的那天
+上千人走上了街头
+当市长在准备宣布游行开始前的
+演讲的时候
+他们发现
+参与游行的人中
+有一半的人穿着得体的白色衣服
+举着呼吁和平的标语
+我们制造了太多的荒地。
+实际是为支持之前被打击的犯罪团伙
+以及据信已经死亡的集团头目来的
+市长震惊了，回避了
+放弃了这场
+表面是为了支持犯罪集团的游行
+腓力斯人，是以色列王国
+两支游行队伍汇合了
+一起继续
+朝着州政府进发
+耆那教是一个极其信奉
+但是中国同样也有一个火墙
+联邦政府和地方政府
+之后采取的笨拙手段
+是在试图重新控制
+被犯罪集团控制的社区
+这让我们意识到
+我们目前对于毒品暴力犯罪及其成因的理解
+至少是非常局限的
+如果你决定花30分钟时间
+去调研一下墨西哥现在的毒品暴力现状
+比如说，在网上搜索一下
+你会首先发现
+虽然法律赋予了每个墨西哥公民平等的权利
+但事实上这些人的生命
+是有贵贱之分的
+因为你马上就会发现
+过去的六年中
+你现在就可以。我的孩子们就像吃草的牛一样，
+如果你是二十几岁的话举一下手。
+客观的看这个数字
+它是伊拉克和阿富汗
+伤亡人数总和的八倍
+这个可怕的数字接近于
+叙利亚内战的死亡人数
+一场活跃的内战
+而这就发生在南部边境
+我过去的发型与现在略有不同
+可能会非常惊讶自己竟然这么快
+就对这样的死亡数字麻木了
+因为你们面对的这些都只是抽象的数字
+数字的背后是已经死去的无名无姓的人
+或多或少的，人们可能会猜想
+从那些断点成长起来
+都跟毒品交易有些关系
+这就是你可能会找出来的一张。
+有的被人用熟练的手法杀死
+这个虫洞或者说是互联维度的入口。
+很明显，这些人死掉的方式
+透露出他们生前一定是罪犯
+他们把我们放在一起
+机会和知识的使用权利，
+他们都是坏人
+这个推断让很多的人不会再对
+那一定是真的光芒。
+然而，对我们来说通常会认为
+我们自己，市民，警察，军队都是好人
+而那些毒贩子， 黑帮
+都是坏人
+但是如果你仔细想想
+后者不过是为前者提供一种服务而已
+不管你是否喜欢这个说法
+美国都是世界上最大的
+违禁药物消费国
+消费了超过全球一半的毒品
+美国跟墨西哥有着上千公里的边界线
+这是从南部进入美国的唯一途径
+因此，正如墨西哥过去的统治波菲里奥·迪亚斯曾经感慨过的,
+ 可怜的墨西哥啊
+ 离上帝如此之远，却离美国如此之近！
+就是以下这五场革命
+大部分未经过我的许可。
+即使是非常非常保守的估计
+由此带来的毒品零售市场的销售额
+也在 300~1500 亿美元之间
+如果我们假设毒贩只负责大宗毒品批发的业务
+当然现实不是这样
+那么零售市场的销售额
+依然在150~600亿美元之间
+做一个直观的比较
+微软公司每年的年收入也就是600亿美元
+而这个产品有一个特点
+这是由它的本质决定的
+在地上放了一根棍子，说道，
+你需要保证自己的供货商
+能够将货物安全可靠的送到
+最终的消费者手里
+由于这项生意是违法的，要做到这点
+唯一的方法就是对毒品运输的边界线
+实现绝对控制
+如果你们看过黑帮影响力和暴力活动的分布地图
+就会发现这些几乎都是发生在
+穿越南北的那些
+必经之路上
+这些黑帮其实也只是
+想要保护自己的生意
+这不仅是一个数百亿美元规模的市场
+它还有着复杂的运作机制
+例如， 古柯是一种很脆弱的植物
+只能生长在特定的纬度
+这就意味着这个市场的商业模式
+需要一个遍布全球的
+分散的生产基地
+同时也需要对毒品的纯度(品质)有很好的把握
+因为瘾君子希望能够在他们
+需要的时候随时能买到好货
+而货的纯度又不至于把他们毒死
+这也就意味着他们需要
+美国南部的安全生产和质量控制
+同时需要保证
+用了 思想绘画”这个词儿，合同里面根本没有
+能够将自己的毒品送到瘾君子手中
+我鼓励你，但是不要勉强
+因为我不希望你因此惹上麻烦
+去四处打听
+在任何时间、在美国的任何地方
+然后你们中的某些人可能会惊讶于
+周围居然有那么多的小毒品贩子
+甚至你发条短信都可以买到毒品
+而且他们保证
+能够在30分钟之内送货上门
+稍想一想
+要等一个小时，不过好消息是，
+毒品的分销网络需要多复杂才能做到这点
+不同于所有的，就是
+与那些相互拿着枪棍杀来杀去的
+这里的二十几岁的人在哪儿？
+很难将这两种人联系起来
+现在，我作为一名研究商业行为的教授 首先告诉你们一些商业领域公认的结论
+一个高效的组织
+必须要有一套整合的战略措施
+包括良好的组织架构，有效的激励机制
+这是我接下来要告诉你们的第二个事实
+或许你上网半个小时也能了解得到
+因为你很快就会发现
+或许这还会让你感到困惑
+就是在墨西哥毒品犯罪的相关文章中
+有三个犯罪集团的名字反复出现
+你一定会听到 洛斯塞塔斯
+ 圣殿骑士团
+就是我一开始就提到的米克阿卡那家族
+还有 锡纳罗亚贩毒集团 集团
+匿名，与现实世界互动
+洛斯塞塔斯是这些团伙中最为残暴的一个
+他们在渗透过的每一个城市制造恐怖、压制舆论
+当然，这些多少或者大部分都是真实的
+但是这些其实都是精细的品牌策略
+和商业手段的效果
+洛斯塞塔斯并不简单
+并不是一群乌合之众的散漫组织
+它实际上是由另外一个叫做 海湾集团”的犯罪集团创建的
+这个犯罪集团曾经控制了墨西哥东部运输通道
+后来运输通道的竞争开始变得激烈
+他们决定要训练一支
+专业的武装队伍
+于是他们训练出了洛斯塞塔斯
+成千的几乎一模一样的仪器。
+由伞兵中的精英组成
+作为海湾集团意志的执行者，他们的确非常精干
+直到有一天他们干掉了海湾集团
+决定自己单干
+所以我跟你们说， 别把老虎当猫养
+或者我们可以用抗生素杀死这些微生物
+因为洛斯塞塔斯是叛变出来的
+包括研究海藻的生长方式，
+因为他们没法控制生产和分销环节
+但是他们有自己擅长的
+源于他们的军队背景
+他们的命令传达效率非常之高
+组织结构清晰
+人员的提拔机制和激励措施很明确
+这使得他们在多种多样的非法生意中
+脱颖而出
+而做这些生意最需要的就是执行力
+由于他们没有办法插手
+利润丰厚的毒品市场
+这迫使他们，也是他们有了机会
+参与各种各样的犯罪活动
+包括绑架勒索， 卖淫嫖娼
+地区毒品零售以及贩卖人口
+包括从墨西哥偷渡非法移民到美国境内
+所以他们经营的生意
+靠的是名副其实的 特许经营权
+他们主要从军队吸纳新人
+他们公开宣扬自己能够提供更多的薪水
+更好的福利以及更快的晋升途径
+更不要提吃得也很好
+(掌声)
+他们手法类似于 黑吃黑
+每到一个新的地盘
+他们先制造点动静让人知道他们来了
+然后他们去找当地实力最强的黑帮
+对他们说
+ 我允许你们成为我们洛斯塞塔斯的加盟店
+如果当地黑帮同意了
+——你不会想知道不同意的下场
+他们就训练和指导当地的黑帮
+教他们如何在当地高效率的经营各种违法生意
+公众的舆论开始反对，
+显然，这种商业模式能够成功
+完全依赖于他们深烙在民众心里的恐惧烙印
+所以洛斯塞塔斯
+很推崇骨子里的暴力犯罪
+但是他们做事之前也会慎重规划
+尤其是当他们刚刚进入一个城市时
+再提醒一下，这都是为了树立威望
+我不是说他们不暴力
+我说的意思是即使你看到的资料中
+说他们是最残暴的
+当你从死亡人数的角度来看
+所有的黑帮都是一样的
+跟他们相反的是
+来自米克阿坎的圣殿骑士团
+实际上是为了抵御洛斯塞塔斯
+占领米克阿坎市而联合起来的
+米克阿坎在地理上是战略重地
+因为她拥有墨西哥最大的港口之一
+同时拥有一条交通枢纽可以直达墨西哥中部
+提供了到达美国的直接通道
+圣殿骑士团很快就意识到
+他们单打独斗是干不过洛斯塞塔斯的
+他们摸索出一种新策略
+把自己改造成公益企业的样子
+他们标榜自己是米克阿坎市民的代表和保护者
+保护市民，抵御其它帮派的
+有组织的犯罪
+他们标榜的公益事业要求他们
+需要在改善市民生活方面投入很多力量
+所以他们在当地公共服务上大把的投入
+像是处理家庭暴力
+并禁止毒品进入他们占据的
+当地市场上
+并且，理所当然的，保护当地人
+免受其它黑社会的骚扰
+现在, 他们也杀了很多的人
+但是他们杀人的时候
+会小心的准备一份 杀人声明 或 故事背景
+其中每个人对9·11事件沉思的诗意
+他们会在报纸上，YouTube 上
+以及室外广告牌上解释：他们是杀了人
+但他们杀人是因为那些死者
+显然对当地群众造成了威胁
+而不是对他们自己造成了威胁
+所以实际上 我们是来保护你们的
+就像是别的公益企业一样
+他们有自己的道德准则和伦理信条
+并且广为宣扬
+对这些准则的遵守也近于苛刻
+现在你们已经知道了他们如何解释
+他们的某些类型的(犯罪)行为的
+他们有效的控制了
+毒品交易这一暴利行业
+但他们的做法有些独特，他们完全控制了米克阿坎市
+又控制了拉萨罗·卡德纳斯港口
+基于这些条件，他们的生意模式类似于
+从米克阿坎出口合法生产和出口的
+黄铜到中国
+这是制作冰毒的重要原材料
+他们制作出来冰毒之后，通过跟锡纳罗亚贩毒集团
+有非常实际的回报
+将自己的产品投放到美国市场
+最后一个是锡纳罗亚贩毒集团
+当你阅读介绍他们的文章时
+你时常可以感受到文章隐含的敬畏和赞赏之意
+因为这个组织是墨西哥最大的一个组织
+到每个国家去，
+很多人都觉得这是世界上最大的组织
+这个组织一开始只是一个搞搞货运的小团队
+专门在墨西哥和美国之间
+做点走私的行当
+但是现在他们已经成长成为
+一个真正的跨国多元化集团
+与南方各国的(毒品)生产国有合作关系
+建立了合作关系的分销网络
+遍布全球
+他们培养出来的组织文化
+包含了专业精神、商业智慧和创新
+他们研发了新的毒品
+改进了毒品制造工艺
+他们挖出了一条毒品管道
+能够穿越美国边境
+你们看到了这个管道
+跟”肖申克的救赎 里面的管道可不一样
+他们发明了能够躲避雷达的潜水艇和船只
+来运送毒品
+他们还发明了用无人机来送货
+还有弹弓……应有尽有
+事实上锡纳罗亚贩毒集团的领导人之一
+还让自己上了福布斯富豪榜
+(第701富豪: Joaquin Guzman Loera)
+跟别的跨国集团一样
+他们的业务集中于利润最高的生意上
+集中于高级毒品，像是可卡因
+海洛因，冰毒等
+同时，与拉丁美洲的跨国企业一样
+他们控制集团的方式
+主要靠家族纽带
+每进入一个新的市场
+他们就派一个家族成员去管理
+当他们要与一个组织展开合作时
+他们会先建立家族联系
+通过婚姻或者是其它途径
+跟别的跨国集团一样的还有
+他们会通过外包脏活来维护组织的形象
+把他们的生意中麻烦多的部分外包出去
+比如，当他们需要用暴力解决问题的时候
+需要跟其它犯罪团伙火拼的时候
+他们招募一些小混混和小帮派
+去替他们出头
+他们也有意的把暴力犯罪
+与他们自己的生意分离得干干净净
+为了维护他们的形象
+他们甚至还有自己的专业公关公司
+帮他们打理媒体上的报道
+他们内部有职业的摄影师和摄影人员
+他们跟美国边境和墨西哥边境的边防
+建立了说不清道不明的关系
+这点令人吃惊
+所以，抛开各自的特点
+这三个组织有很多的共同点
+其中之一就是：他们都非常明确的知道
+一个体系的建立不可能从上而下的推动
+而是自底向上
+一点一点构建出来的
+他们构建的组织结构具有非凡的一致性
+这跟政府部门朝令夕改的行事作风
+形成了鲜明对比
+所以我希望你们在听完这次演讲后
+这一生他都会把这张照片
+第一件事情是
+毒品暴力犯罪
+是强大的市场需求推动的结果
+为了保证毒品的销售渠道畅通
+需要有一个强大的组织支持
+暴力不可避免
+第二点是
+他们的组织结构都非常复杂
+内部非常紧密
+他们实际上是商业组织
+从这点出发来分析和打击他们
+或许会有更好的效果
+我想说的第三件事情是
+即使我们非常习惯于称呼这些组织
+称呼为 他们
+把他们看作远离我们的一群坏蛋
+但是实际上我们是他们的同伙
+要么是通过对毒品的直接消费
+要么是通过你对毒品的接受或容忍
+我说， 我不记得任何件事
+我们却能包容
+甚至鼓励吸毒行为
+这些组织为我们提供服务
+从我们中招募新人，在我们的社区做生意
+所以必然的，他们跟我们之间的关系
+要比我们乐意承认的程度紧密得多
+所以对我而言，我不会去怀疑
+这些组织的运作方式能够延续下去
+看到了这种现状的本质
+我们就知道它一定会延续下去
+而我们要思考的是，我们是否愿意
+继续执行失败的毒品控制政策
+继续保持着我们自己的顽固，天真，假装无知
+罔视那些死去的、数以千计的年轻人
+谢谢大家
+(掌声)
+常言道，别人家的东西
+总比自己的好。
+我信这话，
+尤其是当我听到奧巴馬总统
+常常大谈韩国教育系统，
+视其为成功典范。
+嗯，告诉你吧，
+韩国学校系统，人称高压锅
+机制僵化，
+竞争激烈，
+那种环境不会每个人都受得了的。
+虽然大家对
+我们的教育系统反应不一，
+我对这个高压环境的应对办法是
+用我公寓楼旁边捡到的
+我还有一个非常大的秘密。
+为什么做弓呢？
+我不清楚。
+也许，面对持续的压力，
+我这山顶洞人的生存本能
+靠太阳能的冷却系统。
+设想一下，
+弓自史前时代起就真的帮助推进了
+人类生存。
+朝鲜王朝统治时期，
+我家三公里范围内
+都是桑树林，
+桑叶用来养蚕。
+为了提高大家对这一历史事实的认识，
+而政府制造公共品，政府致力于治疗癌症
+鸟把桑树籽
+带到本市高速公路隔音墙附近
+看看他有什么想法
+千方百计的用各种渠道传播给更多人。
+整个街区都亮着，而孩子们逃课变得比较普遍
+无人管理，
+树木任意滋长。
+我就是在那儿第一次找到了宝藏。
+叫草原猛犸
+我开始走出我的小区去找材料。
+当我去学校户外活动时，
+同家人度假时，或仅仅是在我从课外班
+回家的路上时，
+我在树丛附近徘徊，
+用我偷偷地塞进书包的工具
+收集树枝。
+工具有锯、刀、
+比如说，我们都知道
+我在树枝上盖了一条毛巾。
+我把树枝带回家，
+又是公共汽车， 又是地铁的，
+我勉强抱着走。
+我没有把工具带到长滩来。
+机场安检。
+（笑声）
+我自己的房间里，满地木屑，
+我独自在里面整夜地又锯，又刨光，
+终于做出了弓的模样。
+一天，我正在改一片竹子的形状
+结果把竹片给烧着了。
+在哪儿烧的？在我公寓大厦屋顶，
+里面住着96户 家庭。
+大楼对面的一家百货公司的顾客
+打了 911，
+我跑下楼去告诉我妈妈，
+当时我头发一半都烧焦了。
+我妈妈现在就坐在观众席上，
+我想籍此机会，告诉妈妈：
+妈妈，当时我真的很抱歉，
+并且，以后再着火我一定更小心。
+当年，我母亲被迫一再解释，
+一再跟人家讲，她儿子没犯
+故意纵火罪。
+我当时还广泛研究世界各地的弓，
+其间，我尽力融汇贯通，
+取古今韩外各弓之长，
+致力于做出世界上最高效的弓。
+可以支持组织并传输动力的系统
+如枫树、 红豆杉和桑树，
+还到市内高速公路旁边的树丛里
+做了很多次射箭实验，
+就是我之前提到的树丛。
+我认为：最有效的弓
+这是一批相当巨大的投入
+第一：弯度适宜的箭尖，这样，拉弓射箭时，
+能最大限度地弹射出去。
+第二： 箭弦内拉，让射手能拉满弓，
+这样射出的力量更大。
+第三：在弓的外层使用动物的腱，
+以期存储更大拉力。
+第四： 用角来存储受压的能量。
+经过固定，拆卸，再设计，
+修补、 弯曲和修改，
+我理想的弓初具雏形，
+终于做成时，
+弓是这样的。
+我们可能会倾向于相信
+我洋洋自得。
+这是韩国传统弓的图片，
+是在博物馆照的，
+当我们想要弄明白吃什么披萨好的时候，
+感谢列祖列宗，
+抢了我的发明。（笑声）
+通过做弓，
+我们都是解决方案的一部分
+学习经年累月积累下来的知识
+和读取祖先遗留下来的信息
+胜过任何的心理疗法，
+强过任何一位在世成年人所能给我的忠告。
+你看，我当初上下求索，
+偏偏没在身边找。
+认识到这一点之后，
+我开始对韩国历史产生了兴趣，
+之前我对韩史都毫无感觉的。
+总之，原来自己家篱巴里的草
+这个”午饭盒 可谓一个很不错的小装备
+尽管我们不意识到这一点。
+现在，请看我的弓怎么样。
+各位请看：
+这是竹弓，
+我们把这个清晨清单带入我们家的那个星期，
+（箭破空的声音）
+（掌声）
+也许，弓机制功能简单，
+但为了做把好弓，
+正所谓：差之毫厘，失之千里。
+你不允许称呼认为胡图族或图西族
+这些木头材料。
+木头里的每一丝纤维
+都有其存在原因和作用，
+只有其通力合作
+才能成就一把好弓。
+我可能是个 [怪] 学生
+爱好特异，
+但我希望通过分享我的故事
+为这世界尽我一份绵薄之力。
+我的理想世界里
+没有落后生，
+人人各司其职，
+仿佛是弓的纤维和筋，
+刚中有柔，
+柔中带刚。
+这弓就仿佛是我，
+而我仿佛是这把弓。
+所以我在想的是
+不对，说的再美妙一些，我心灵的一部分
+刚刚向你的心灵射去。
+射中你了吗？
+谢谢。
+三年前，我站在离切尔诺贝利四号核反应堆
+一百码的地方，
+我的盖革放射量测定器，在量辐射度时
+我走得越近，它就跳得越 疯狂，
+大概你有想过
+我在核事故发生25周年之际
+去那里采写一份报道，
+你可以看到我脸上的表情
+此差事虽勉强，但有很好的原因，
+因为在1986年燃烧了11日
+的核火灾释放了比广岛的原子弹
+多400倍的辐射，
+第四号反应堆上，
+是27年前草草建成的。
+现在又破裂又生锈，
+并泄漏辐射。
+那时我在拍摄，
+我只想完成工作
+然后快速离去。
+心脏病、心率衰竭、以及中风等病致死的概率也低
+我看见由农舍传来的烟，
+就好比基督教徒为自己女儿起名Grace（圣恩），
+毕竟，切尔诺贝利的泥土，水和空气，
+是世上受污染最强的地方之一。
+而反应堆正正位于
+如果创新的力量仍和过去150年一样强大，
+还有，它是一个核警察州分，更有边防军助阵，
+你在任何时候都必须有核辐射测量计，
+你需要一个政府看守者，
+还有严厉的辐射规则
+和恒定的污染监测。
+即是说，没有人
+应该住在这里附近，
+但他们正是。
+原来一个大概有200人
+居住的社區存在于那地带之中，
+他们是所谓的自我定居者。
+差不多所有都是女人，
+男人寿命短很多，
+除了因为辐射，部分是
+由于过量的喝酒和吸烟。
+意外发生时，
+数以十万计的人被疏散，
+但不是每个人都接受了这命运，
+这些女人，现在已经七八十岁，
+是最后的幸存者，并自然而然地
+违抗了当局部门的决定，
+我现在就来找找国际空间站
+他们这样做是违法地。
+正如一个女人向尝试第二次疏散他们的
+一个军人说的一样：
+「射死我然后给我挖坟，
+氢分子，碳分子
+他们为什么要回到这么容易致死的地方？
+他们是不知道有风险，
+或是无视风险，还是两样都是？
+玩玩我们刚才提到的游戏，
+和他们要冒的险是非常不同。
+在切尔诺贝利附近有零落的空无一人的村庄
+毛骨悚然地沉默，奇异地迷人，田园般，
+完全被污染。
+所以我甚至就不问这些了
+但有少许就像这样，
+就像悲剧后寂静的残余。
+另外的有一些住客，
+一两位 babushkas 或 babas,
+那是俄文和乌克兰语文，是祖母的意思。
+另一条村落可能有六七人。
+那这就是区域里奇怪的人口，
+一起被孤立了。
+当我走向那个
+我在远方看到烟囱时，
+我看到Hanna Zavorotnya，然后我认识了她。
+她自我宣称是Kapavati村的村长，
+那里只有八个人。
+（笑聲）
+我和她聊天时，我问了她最明显的问题，
+她回答： 我不害怕辐射，但我害怕饥饿。”
+你们要记得，这些女人
+在二十世纪最可怕的灾难中生存了下来
+斯大林三十年代时强迫饥荒，大饥荒
+反反复复、实实在在地被重演。
+当他们在四十年代面对纳粹时，
+他们真的能储存关于我们的全部数据资料吗？
+事实上这些女人很多
+都被运到德国做强迫劳工。
+所以在苏联开始当道几十年后，
+切尔诺贝利灾难发生了，
+他们不愿意因为这个隐形
+的敌人而逃走。
+所以他们回到自己的村庄，
+并且得知他们会病，很快会死，
+但他们的逻辑认为，快乐的五年
+比起住在基辅郊区里
+的高楼大厦十年要好，
+和自己的母亲，
+父亲和孩子的坟墓分离，
+还有春天时鹳的翅膀的微微细语。
+对他们来说，环境核辐射
+可能不是最残酷的。
+(鼓掌)
+这样的逻辑都同样存在。
+野猪，猞猁，驼鹿，他们都回到了
+现行的区域，
+核辐射的非常真实的负面效果其实
+还不如人类大批离去
+所谓的死区，其实是充满生命的。
+然后就有一种英雄式的复原能力，
+一种纯口语的实用主义，
+他们早上五点起床，
+从井里拿水，
+在半夜才休息。
+蓄势用棍子打一桶水
+然后吓走可能偷土豆的野猪，
+陪伴他们的就只有自制的家乡伏特加。
+他们当中有些共同的藐视：
+「他们告诉我们的脚会痛，当然它们会。但又如何呢？」
+那他们的健康呢？
+刻苦劳动的生活带来好处，
+但有一个我们明白少许的敌人：
+辐射带来的有毒环境，
+这是很难去解释的。
+当地的健康研究，
+我想成为一名外科医生。
+世界卫生组织
+估计因切尔诺贝利事故引起的死亡人数
+最后会是四千。
+绿色和平和其他的机构
+从外面，在这个不断变化的外墙后面，
+心搏骤停引发的悲剧。
+极多，而由切尔诺贝利疏散出来的人当中，
+很多遭受搬迁的心灵创伤：
+更多焦虑，抑郁，酗酒，
+失业，和最重要的，
+扰乱了社会网络。
+就像你们一样，
+我可能搬迁了20、25次。
+家只是短暂性的概念。
+我对我的手提电脑，
+比对任何泥土有更多感情。
+所以对于我们是很难明白，
+但家，是这个农村的整个宇宙；
+而且他们与这土地的联系是十分明显的。
+或者有可能因为这些乌克兰女人
+是由苏联教导，
+就可以把手机对准零件而获得信息
+对于这些主题的格言
+经常会从他们的嘴里漏出。
+ 如果你走，你就死了。”
+ 那些已离去的现在生活得更差；
+然后我开始 统计这些数据
+ 故乡就是故乡。我永远不会离去。”
+听起来像信念，柔弱的信念，
+但这可能是事实；
+因为令人惊讶的事实：
+虽然没有学术研究，但真相似乎是
+这些回到了家乡的女人，
+住在世上最放射性的土地之一
+大概二十七年，
+事实上比接受了搬迁的人
+有更长的寿命。
+根据某些估计，大概高出十年。
+这怎么可能呢？
+有一个理论：会不会是
+那些和祖先的土地，
+那些在她们格言中反映的因素，
+真是会影响寿命吗？
+乡土的力量，
+对于那部分的人来说
+似乎是缓和的。
+更强大的力量。
+现在不管有没有辐射，
+这些女人都步向死亡。
+未来十年内，区域里的居民会不在，
+返回一个野生的，放射性的土地；
+里面只有动物，偶尔
+在我认识她们的三年里面，
+这些祖母人数已经减半，
+但她们的精神，
+告诉人们将发生什么，
+去思考和探索，
+有关大自然的风险，
+有关与家的连系，
+有关自我价值观和自决
+的心灵补品。
+在哈雷姆医疗中心，
+（鼓掌）
+当飓风桑迪来袭时，我正在纽约
+和一只名叫毛伊的小白狗
+待在一起
+由于停电，半个城市处于黑暗中
+我当时就在黑暗(停电)的这一边
+毛伊非常怕黑
+我只好把它抱上楼
+实际上是先带下楼去遛
+再把它抱回来
+我每天还要将数加仑的瓶装水
+艰难地拖到七楼
+而且同时
+我还得牙咬着手电照明。
+附近商店里的手电筒，电池
+和面包早已售罄
+并且促进各州的经济发展。
+到一个健身中心去。
+但这些并不是我一天中最重要的任务
+对我来说同样重要的还有能否第一个
+带上充电线到附近的一家咖啡馆
+给熊，狮子和其他的动物
+我开始寻找面包店长椅下
+和糕点店入口处的那些插座
+我并不是唯一一个
+即使下着雨，也有人打着雨伞站在
+麦迪逊和第五大道之间的街边插座旁
+等着自己的手机充电
+大自然提醒着我们
+当前我们都知道
+但我们仍然沉迷于上网。
+我认为没有什么能够比一场危机
+更能告诉你事物的轻重缓急
+飓风桑迪使我认识到我们的电子设备
+及其通讯功能对我的重要程度
+就如食物和住所一般
+我们所熟知的一部分自己已经不复存在
+而一个抽象的数字的世界
+已经成为了我们身份的一部分
+我想谈谈这意味着什么
+我是一个小说家，我对关于 自我”的话题感兴趣
+然后看看会发生什么
+他们都属于一种故事和诠释
+父母们通常都会记得孩子第一次撒谎的情景。
+我们可能爬楼梯爬得太快
+我们可能呼吸困难
+但我们越是深入地感受我们的生活
+就越是感受到其抽象和不直接
+我的授课程内容
+但是修饰过的
+我会告诉你说你们在这个研究中所需要做的
+我们生活的故事同样需要一道时间跨度
+需要数月甚至数年的
+独立生活场景来组成一个个章节
+但故事并不是仅仅是这些章节
+而是整整一本书
+不仅仅是伤心和愉悦
+也不仅仅是胜利和失望
+而是所有的前因后果
+有时候，也许更加重要的是，尽管有此种种
+我们寻找自己在世界中的位置
+然后改变这个位置，改变自我
+我们的故事，因此，需要一个二维的时间轴：
+一个是我们整个的生命
+以及另一个就是直接经历的时间片段
+便是某个时刻
+现在直接经历的那个 自我”
+只存在于某个时刻
+尝试改善教育制度
+以及第一代计算机的原型。
+这就是为何完整的 自我”认识
+同时包括深入地体验
+和时间的流逝
+时间的流逝镌刻于每一件事情中
+无论是一粒沙尘的消逝
+还是一朵玫瑰的缓缓绽放
+没有时间的流逝，我们无法获得音乐
+我们自己的情绪和意识
+往往同时间紧密相连
+无论是对过去的悔恨或怀念
+或是对未来的希望和担心
+我认为科技已经改变的时间的流逝
+我们人生中用在叙事上的时间
+增加了
+但时间的片段和瞬间，却简短了
+因为我们的设备让我们
+能够度量越来越小的时间片段
+它就是这么简单。
+物质世界
+Jonathan Jones正在使其发生。
+据说艾森豪威尔将军曾说过
+当你排除了20%的车辆时
+这就导致我们需要越来越复杂的电脑。
+这一切就是说明
+我们可以理解世界的和我们可以度量的世界之间的鸿沟
+越来越大了。
+科技可以实现在皮秒（百亿分之一秒）下完成工作，
+可是你我却没有可能感受到
+百万分之百万分之一秒。
+太阳，月亮，季节
+以及其它黑暗的方面
+包括过去，现在和未来
+分清事物，
+从噪声中剥离出信号
+从感觉中辨析 自我”。
+我们需要时间箭头的方向辨析因果，
+不仅在物质世界里，
+还在我们自己的内在世界。
+时间箭头的方向出错了会如何？
+时间扭曲了会如何？
+我们现今有许多感觉
+时间箭头指向了所有方向
+同时又没有指向任何方向。
+这是因为数字世界中时间
+不会像在现实世界中一样流淌。
+我们知道互联网拉近了空间
+和时间。
+遥远的地方就在身边。
+来自印度的消息流入我的智能手机应用程序
+好的，各位刚才看到的
+这还不是全部。
+你上一份工作，你去年的订餐记录，
+所以你不用去问他们中的任何一人。
+因为互联网会存档，
+但是当我开始研究这件事情
+没法区分过去，
+现在和未来，此处和彼处，
+我们这一刻无处不在，
+这一刻，我称之为 数字当下”
+我们如何在 数字当下”中
+区分优先级呢？
+ 数字当下”不是现在，
+因为它总是超前几秒，
+推特推送了来自
+其它时区的新闻。
+ 数字当下”不再是现在，有切肤之感、
+但我们还是有很多工作要做
+ 数字当下”很少参照我们自身
+生理或心理的状态。
+ 数字当下”使我们
+在每个路口分心。
+每个数字路标都是一个岔路
+会使我们到其它地方去
+做其它事。
+你在阅读作者的专访吗?
+为什么不买他的书？推特上转发它，共享它。
+顶它。找类似的图书。
+找那些正在阅读此类书的读者。
+旅行（网上冲浪）是自由的，
+但当它变得不停不歇，
+我们就变成了永久的流亡者，没有些许喘息。
+选择是自由的，但无时无刻的选择就
+不是自由了。
+ 数字当下 不仅远离现在，
+而且它也在于现在竞争，
+这不仅仅是因为我脱离了现在，
+而且你们也是。
+不仅是因为我们脱离了现在，每个其他人都是。
+这就是最大的便利和恐怖所在
+我可以在午夜订外文书，
+买巴黎的法国小圆饼，
+留视频信息，稍后接收。
+在任何时候,我可以
+以与你不同的节奏和速度操作，
+当我还沉浸在这样
+与你们实时互动的幻境中的时候。
+桑迪飓风提醒了我们
+幻境可以被粉碎。
+居所分为有水有电的
+和没有的。
+有些人回到他们的生活，
+经过许多个月
+这些都很便宜,比较旧
+出于某种原因,技术似乎给我们一种
+然后，一个讽刺的耳光，
+它现出原形。
+例如：据说在印度
+有手机的人比有抽水马桶的人多。
+这样的鸿沟，已经如此巨大
+在世界很多地方，
+那里往往缺少基础设施，
+但技术进步的脚步已经捷足先登。
+但假如这两者之间的鸿沟不被连接的话，
+将会带来巨大的断层。
+对于我们那些醒着的时间
+生活在 数字当下”中的人，
+挑战在于生活在
+两个并行同时存在的时间流中。
+一个人如何生活在分心中?
+也许，但是我记起了我的童年。
+我记得我祖父告诉我
+世界各地的首都。
+布达和佩斯（布达佩斯）是被多瑙河分割开的，
+维也纳有个西班牙马术学校。
+如果我是当下的小孩子，我会很快知道这些信息
+利用互联网，
+我没法描述它使我们
+因为，多年后，去维也纳，
+我去了那间西班牙马术学校，
+我感觉我祖父就在我身边。
+夜复一夜，他带我到阳台上，
+在他的肩膀上，指点我木星
+土星和大熊星座。
+即使在这里，当我看到大熊星座时，
+我会回想起小时候，
+在他头顶上，努力
+他们回顾了非洲在过去十年的
+我能再次回想到小时候。
+我和我的祖父的过往
+夹杂着信息和知识和事实，
+但这些意味着更多
+超越信息和知识和事实。
+时间扭曲技术
+挑战我们最深层的内核，
+因为我们可以记录过去
+有些东西变得难以忘却，
+即使在当下
+越来越不容易记住。
+想法也会。
+变成了一串静止时刻。
+它们象肥皂泡，我们一触即破。
+通过存档，我们认为我们可以保存有一切，
+它不能被保存。
+你和我知道这意味着什么
+确实的在某一时刻。
+它（记住的关键时刻）可能发生在
+我们演奏乐器时，
+或者注视一个我们熟知人的
+眼睛时。
+在这些时刻，我们自己是完整的。
+ 自我”生活在漫长的情节
+他穿着黑白相间的上衣，套着袜子踩着拖鞋
+成为自我。
+当下包含过去，
+是对未来的一个承诺。
+当下汇聚流失的时间
+从过去和之后。
+我第一次体验到它是和我的祖母。
+我想学会跳绳,她找出一条老绳
+把纱丽扎起来
+然后跳了过去。
+我想学做菜，她就和我
+在厨房里切了一个月的菜。
+我的祖母教会了我事情发生在
+它们占用的时间上， 时间不可战胜，
+因为时间是时不我待的，
+我们拥有现在用我们的注意力
+注意力、关心就是时间。
+我的一位瑜伽老师曾说过
+爱就是关注，
+确实从我祖母那里我学到
+爱便等同于关注。
+数字世界吞噬时间，
+有鉴于此，我建议
+数字世界
+威胁的是我们自身的完整性。
+它威胁到爱的流淌。
+不过我们可以不让它发生。
+我们可以选择。
+我们已经看了许多遍
+创新技术的能耐，
+在我们的生活中和行为中，
+我们可以选择这些创新
+同时这些时刻我们可以记下时间流淌
+而不是存储时间碎片。
+我们可以慢放，我们可以对焦
+时间的流淌和潮汐
+我们可以选择夺回”时间
+谢谢！
+（掌声）
+当我一天天长大，他教给我
+（笑声）
+我深受表演艺术的影响，
+我们就能建立一种联系，用图表来表示，
+居然是国防部在冷战期间开发的一个
+都是在家外发生的一切的中心
+是大卫 · 卡普
+他们当中的大部分国家都在撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲
+不难看出，埃及就发生了类似的变化。
+尤其对于那些曾经从奴隶船上下来的人们。
+开出解决方案来促进健康，
+我可以告诉大家，我看起来实在不像是
+但他们回信说：
+在座的各位有没有问过自己， 为什么那些
+很酷的公司，
+那些有创意、懂创新的
+新经济型的公司 — —
+苹果、 谷歌、脸书— —
+都来自同一个国家
+美国呢？
+通常当我谈到这一点时，有人会说， Spotify ！ （瑞典的提供免费音乐试听的公司）
+那是欧洲的公司。确实是的。
+但这个公司远没有我提到的那几个美国公司的影响力。
+我是一名经济学家，
+我所研究的是
+在公司、 行业和国家层面上
+创新和经济增长之间的关系。
+我与各国的政策制定者合作。
+特别是为欧盟委员会工作，
+最近也为一些生机盎然的国家比如中国工作。
+我可以告诉你，我一开始问的那一问题
+都曾从他们的舌尖上流出来过，
+欧洲谷歌在哪里？
+硅谷经济增长模式背后的秘密是什么？
+他们的做法和
+旧的经济增长模式的不同之处何在？
+有趣的是，通常来讲，
+即使我们现在处在 21 世纪，
+我们会得出这样的结论，那就是
+通常是母亲或祖母，仅此而已
+这被认为是现代（市场运营）方式。
+但是这种想法却和硅谷等地的背后秘密有所不同，
+以及空气稀薄的地方我们把它叫频率
+私人动议，不管这个动议是否
+属于动态风险投资范畴，
+这些创新型公司都实际上
+能够得到高风险融资。
+被我们称为 羚羊企业”的这些领军公司所需要的融资
+是那些传统银行所害怕接手的。
+但也不总是，特别是像今天这样的天气，
+站在客厅里 把你的想象力调到最大档
+把他们绝妙的发明、他们的产品
+直接推向市场，实际上得以
+安然度过被称为 可怕死亡谷”的时期。
+其他的很多公司却在这个时期一败涂地。
+特别是现在，
+源于世界上的政治动向，
+真正让我感兴趣的是(商业中）使用的语言、叙述方法、
+为什么，35年前要飞跃过大西洋？
+所以我们常常听到
+实验室好像不干这个
+你们都知道，是非常适合居住的位置，
+跳出惯常的思维，
+他们更有活力。
+让我们回想史蒂夫 · 乔布斯
+于2005年在斯坦福大学给毕业生做的演讲。
+他当时说： 一个人要创新，
+就需要保持求知欲，不断地去试错。
+对吧？这些人都是些如饥似渴、
+解决这个问题可要花不少工夫
+在像欧洲这样的地方
+社会更公平，
+我们甚至被美国人穿得更讲究，
+吃得更可口。
+但问题在于这些讨厌的公共部门。
+这些部门有些太庞大了，它实际上没法让
+像动态风险资本
+和商业化这样能够结出
+商业硕果的事物存在。
+即使那些很受人推崇的报纸，
+有些我正在订阅的报纸，
+你知道，他们把
+美国形容成 利维坦”。对吧？ 【译注：利维坦是霍布斯的同名政治哲学著作里虚构出来的庞然大物】
+有着巨大触角的怪兽。
+他们在他们的社论里非常明确地这样说。
+他们说， 你知道，美国有必要
+去修复这些小小的市场失灵。
+当你拥有公共物资
+两周前在我自己的笔记本电脑中安装了Collusion，
+你知道吗，在互联网之后
+比如说排泄物、血、腐烂的肉。
+我们都希望它可能是一场绿色的革命。
+或者是与纳米技术有关的革命，为了让新科技革命成为可能， 他们说 —
+这是关于下一次工业革命的特殊议题 — —
+他们说， 国家就是要专注于基础建设，对吧？
+给基础设施和学校建设投资。
+也给基础科学研究投资，因为这是
+而这是另一张关于腹泻的图片。
+大型的公共设施投资。
+这是国家需要做的，你知道吗？
+然后把剩下的（市场）留给革新者 。
+那些个性鲜明、不拘一格的革新家，
+通常被称为车库工匠，
+他们中有些人确实是在车库里工作的，
+这些故事都被传成神话了。
+所以我想和你们讲的是，天哪，
+只剩10 分钟了！
+（我要讲的）是我们要再考量（国家和市场的）并行。
+因为这种并行有非常非常巨大的影响力，
+超越于某些与我合作的决策者
+但这和血钻无关。
+我值得在这里受教育。
+它有非常巨大的影响，甚至影响到整个国家
+对我们在何时、何地、为何
+要削减公共开支
+和其他公共服务部门的开支的决策。
+我们知道，正是由于这种并行，一些公共服务部门的工作
+已经被更多的外包出去了。
+欲望、恐惧和社会责任 －－ 有意思。
+坏处可能多于好处。
+无后顾之忧地把孩子们培养成为创新型人才。
+这部电影在1939年摄制，比大部分成员的祖父母年龄都大
+不仅与创新政策有关，
+这种并行简直无处不在。
+所以，再回过头来想，
+你们不需要相信我，
+就想想你口袋里的一些最绝妙的
+革新产品吧。
+不要打开开关哟。你就拿出来看看你的iPhone吧。
+你会问到底是谁给iPhone那些非常酷的
+而每个个体都是不同的。
+技术投资的。
+到底是什么让你的电话
+基本上成了智能手机，而不仅仅是一个粗劣的手机呢？
+所以我的右脸完全红透了
+任何地方上网冲浪。
+通过GPS，你可以明确地知道
+自己在世界的某个地方。
+同时，孩子们被绑起来从而防止他们
+任何人都可以轻松学会使用的手机。
+iPhone的这些非常巧妙的、革新性的部分
+其实全部都是由政府资助的。
+就是说，互联网是由
+网络和电力不稳定的问题
+全球定位系统（GPS) 是由军方的 Navstar项目出资的。
+甚至语音控制功能(Siri) 都实际上是由 DARPA资助的。
+触屏显示是
+由两个国家部门：中情局（CIA)和国家科学基金会（NSF）
+资助美公立大学特拉华大学的两位科研人员而开发出来的。
+现在，您会想， 好吧，她只不过是讲了好几遍的
+ 国防 和 军事 什么的。
+有趣的是，这些都是事实。
+就是由国家的一个又一个的部门，一个又一个的直属单位来做的。
+我个人对制药业非常感兴趣。
+因为我有幸比较
+深入地研究了这一行。
+一个很有趣的问题是关于
+革新型和非革新型药物的。
+因为每种药物都实际上可以
+被分为革新型或者改进型。
+有优先评级的新分子实体药物
+我可以躲开我不喜欢的事情,
+而对原有药物进行细微改进的— —
+比如伟哥，改变药物颜色、 改变药物剂量 — —
+这就属于非革新型药物了。
+结果呢，75%的
+有优先评级的新分子实体
+都实际上是由，老掉牙的Kafkian 公共部门实验室提供资金。
+这并不意味着大型制药公司不把钱花费在创新上。
+他们也这样做。他们也往市场营销这一部分投钱。
+他们只是花钱用于开发市场。
+他们花费相当多的资金来购回自己的股票，
+这是很成问题的。
+事实上，辉瑞和安进这样的大公司最近
+为了抬高他们的股票价格，花在购买他们自家股票的资金
+远远超过他们花在研发方面的资金。
+这涉及了一个完全不同的 TED 演讲主题，
+有一天我会很高兴讲给你们听的。
+现在，在所有新研发的例子里，最有趣的是，
+美国这个国家，
+所做的要比单纯修复市场失灵多得多。
+它实际上是在塑造和创造市场。
+它不仅给基本研究投资，
+那是典型的公共利益。
+它而且给应用研究投资。
+上帝保佑吧，它甚至成了风险资本家（给风险企业投资）。
+这些小型企业研发资金项目（SBIR和SDTR)
+给小型公司提供早期的财政支持。
+跟私人风险资本来投资比起来，
+对于小企业这是非常非常重要的。
+而且变得越来越重要。
+为什么呢？因为，我们很多人都知道，
+私人风险投资实际上是相当短期的行为。
+他们想在三至五年内得到回报。
+可是创新需要比那更长的时间，
+通常要15 到 20 年。
+帮助他们争取采石场的租约
+谁实际上在给研发难题提供资金？
+当然，不仅仅是国家政府。
+私营部门也做了很多。
+但是事实总是告诉我们
+国家对于奠定研发的基础非常重要。
+但是它并不是那种高风险的
+革新性创意本身。
+所有这些公共部门，他们从资助互联网
+到负担期间的花费。他们甚至提供预想阶段和
+战略设想阶段的资金支持。
+这些资金实际上都是来自于国家政府。
+纳米技术部门（的科研人员）很醉心于
+这项研究。而纳米技术这个词汇本身
+就是政府部门给起的。
+它当然会带来巨大的影响。
+首先，当然我不是那些，
+守旧的认为 国家对抗市场”的人。
+我们对动态资本主义的理解就是
+我们确实需要 公共与私人”这样的伙伴关系。
+但问题是,政府部门通常被描述成
+一个必要的存在，
+但实际上 — —噗 — — 有点呆板
+一个通常会带来危险的利维坦。
+我想我们真的在阻碍，
+以一种真正动态的方式
+去建立 公共-私人”伙伴关系的可能性。
+我们经常为 P 部分辩解，
+公共（public)部分— — 其实，如果说到去风险化，
+这可是两个 P — —
+公共（public)-私人(private)伙伴关系。
+在我给大家的讲的这些例子里，以及其他更多的领域里
+公共部门的作用
+这只能说我是个投机者
+公共部门的作用不仅仅是去风险化这一点作用。
+公共部门也在承担风险，勇往直前。
+它实际上也成了创新科技的一部分。
+但同时，我确定你们都和
+地方级、 区域级以及国家级的政府打过交道。
+你会说， 你知道吧，我见过那个卡夫卡式的官僚。
+整个（国家与市场）并行的关系其实一直都有的。
+那么，有个自我实现的预言
+是在讲国家是不相干的，
+呆板的。有的时候
+你可以捐更多的钱，
+所以我们现在要做的就是
+把这些国家政府机构建成创业型机构。
+资助互联网和语音控制系统(Siri)的美国国防部高级研究计划局（英文简称是DARPA）
+实际上对风险投资深思熟虑过，
+但我有信心，藉由正确的政治运动
+你如果勇于创新，肯定有失败的时候。
+10次实验中的一次也许会有成功。
+搞风险投资的人当然知道这些。
+他们其实愿意为那些有过一次成功的
+失败者提供资金。
+而这实际上让我觉得
+有非常大的意义。
+这个意义已经超过了创新科技的巨大影响。
+国家政府不仅仅有市场修复的功能，
+而且有塑造市场的功能。
+人们必须意识到这个事实，
+那么回报是什么呢？
+如果你学过金融课，你会知道
+这些未加入 力争上游教育计划”的州
+因此有些人愚蠢至极
+或者说聪明至极，他们把时间花在
+投资股票上，因为股票的风险高
+所以随之而来的回报也自然高。
+这就是所说的风险回报的关系。
+政府在创新科技上
+冒了如此大的风险，那么回报在哪里？
+政府搞什么互联网，是不是傻过了头？
+互联网是疯狂的。
+到了90年代，
+你一定得是个傻子采取给它投资。
+幸运的是，他们是傻子。
+现在，我们还没提到回报这事儿呢。
+除非你把美国政府描绘成冒险家（不想要回报）。
+问题是经济学家们往往认为，
+政府当然有回报呀，那些税收呀。
+你知道，公司当然会交税，
+他们创造就业机会，税收自然会增长。
+人们得到那些工作，他们的工资得以提高，
+然后通过交纳税款回报政府。
+可遗憾的是，事实并非如此。
+是的，事实不是这样的，因为许多就业的岗位在国外。
+全球化，这没问题。我们不应该持民族主义态度。
+也许我们就应该让这些工作岗位安置在合适的地方。
+我是说，总有人会受雇上岗吧。
+保险套的使用宣导，
+其实从政府那儿得到了巨大的好处。
+苹果就是一个很好的例子。
+他们甚至是第一 — — 好吧，也许不是第一，
+但是他们确实通过SBIC计划
+得到了50万美元的资助。
+该计划早于后来的SBIR计划。
+同样的原理可以被运用到
+但是我们知道在法律上，
+和其他公司一样，苹果公司只需要上缴很少的税款。
+所以我们确实需要重新思考的是
+也许需要有一个利润回报机制
+让这些公司回报比税款更多的资金给政府。为什么不呢？
+也许可以通过发行股票的方式。
+顺便说一下，其他国家
+实际上也在考虑使用这样的方法。
+比如说芬兰、斯堪的那维亚
+还有中国和巴西。
+他们的政府持有这些创新公司的股票。
+希特拉给诺基亚投资，持有他们的股票，赚了很多钱，
+它是芬兰的一个公共的投资机构。
+它后来又资助了诺基亚的下一代产品。
+巴西开发银行
+现在提供大量资金
+去开发保洁技术。他们刚刚宣布了
+一个资助未来保洁技术的560 亿的计划。
+他们会保有这些发明的上市股票。
+把它说得诱人些，
+美国政府完全可以考虑
+通过一些所谓的 创新基金”
+得到更多的回报。
+你知道吗，你完全可以打赌，如果仅仅 0.5%
+由互联网带来的收益
+回报给 创新基金”的话，
+就会有更多的钱
+我们完全可以在一个在小方片上的 你”身上
+可是正相反，许多政府预算
+可是资金有限。
+但或许更重要的是，
+我们之前听过 1%，
+99%。
+如果美国政府能够更有战略眼光，
+成为价值生成机制的主导者该有多好。
+因恶劣环境而致病的入院人数
+谁在市场经济中充当创造价值的特殊一员？
+考虑到政府的作用，
+政府是不是成了市场经济中的候补队员了？
+实际上，如果我们有一个更广义的
+价值生成理论，我们可以允许
+政府对科技投资，以期回报。
+也许下一轮的科技创新时，我们就可以这样做。
+我希望我们期待的下一个巨大变革
+会真的是绿色革命。
+那个时期的经济增长，
+不仅是智能的、 创新主导的、
+不仅是绿色的，更应该是包容的，
+这样，像在硅谷的那些公立学校
+就可以从经济增长中直接受益。
+但是他们还没有受益。
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+1991年可能是我一生中
+我在设计建筑的时候会同时考虑,
+建筑与周围的自然环境,,
+以及建筑与周围的人文环境,
+即传统文化之间的关系.
+今天, 我将与大家分享两个
+基于这种理念的案例.
+这类事情经常发生：
+一个在埃塞俄比亚, 另一个在突尼斯.
+我明白我需要更深入暸解
+在于设计方案的最终成型过程中, 从多个不同的角度
+对建筑的分析, 构成了设计方案重要的组成部分.
+第一个案例起源与我受到邀请
+去为埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴
+设计一个新的多层购物广场.
+这就是当时我和我的团队
+获得的一个样例, 我们被要求
+设计成这种样子.
+我刚开始看到这个的感觉是
+我真不想干了.
+(笑声)
+在观察了类似这种风格的建筑之后--
+这个城市有很多这种风格的建筑--
+我们发现了这些建筑最重要的三个问题.
+首先, 这些建筑基本上都是空的,
+因为他们里面都是一些大的商铺,
+当地人是买不起那些大品牌的.
+第二个问题, 它们需要大量的能源去调温度,
+因为建筑外围铺的都是玻璃,
+这种设计将热量困在建筑内部,
+这导致我们需要很多制冷设备.
+然后它长了一名帅哥。
+因为这座城市的气候是相当宜人的,
+全年温度稳定在20~25度左右.
+第三个问题就是这个建筑看起来跟非洲
+或者埃塞俄比亚一点关系都没有.
+对于一个文化底蕴如此丰富的城市, 这太叫人失望了.
+同时, 在我第一次考察埃塞俄比亚的时候,
+我被当地的集贸市场深深的迷住了.
+每天, 成百上千的人
+ 我被推倒坟墓里了， 处境就是坟墓” 我呻吟到
+有某段时间，我认为野外音景
+这跟我的想法是一致的, 就是在室外
+公共场合创造各种活动的想法.
+于是我想, 这才是我想要设计的,
+加上我们与其他物种关系更加密切
+但是问题是, 我们怎么才能在这样一个
+当代多层建筑中贯彻这些理念呢?
+我们在托德莫登的一个公共会议上讲述了我们的计划
+这是一座快速发展的城市,
+你们在照片上看到的很多建筑物, 在我们设计的时候
+根本不存在.
+而且这座建筑前后靠着的两条平行街道,
+在前后几百米都没有小路可以连通.
+于是我们首先要做的就是
+因为实在是没有办法可以绕开牛顿第三定律。
+所有出入口, 将这两条路连起来.
+然后我们通过一个倾斜的中庭的设计,
+创造了一个开放的建筑空间,
+而且这种设计能够通过自身的形状避免下面的行人
+受到日晒雨淋.
+围绕着这些空洞,
+来帮助我们探索未知世界，
+每层的商铺的布局都是随着空洞的形状不同而不同.
+我思考的另一个问题是, 建筑物的外墙如何装饰?
+递给我一张纸，上面写着这九个词。
+能够适合当地的气候条件.
+但我们迁移到城市的挑战是
+用带有穿孔的水泥制成,
+能够用一种受控的方式,
+让外界的光线和空气能够进入建筑物中.
+我们从埃塞俄比亚妇女美丽的传统服装的图案上得到了灵感.
+这些图案中包含了一些几何形状的
+纹理片段, 我将类似的问题铺满了整个外墙.
+我们铺外墙使用的
+是这些小的预制材料,
+这些窗户能够让空气和光线
+按照我们控制的方式进入建筑物.
+我可以即时免费了解
+利用建筑物内部的光源,
+在夜间照亮整个建筑.
+但是我们的这些想法一开始并没有打动建造者,
+他们的反应类似于,
+ 这根本不是商场. 这不是我们想要的.
+但是随后我们都认识到, 这种设计方案
+比传统的购物商场的方案更加的能赚钱,
+因为这种设计方案能够出售的店铺数量更多.
+而且这种外墙的设计, 降低了很多很多的成本,
+不仅仅是因为这种预制的材料比玻璃要便宜,
+还因为我们不再需要使用那么多的空调来控制温度了.
+结果我们最终
+还节约了一部分预算.
+构造阶段的第一个问题就是思考
+如何保证大厦能够在电力上自给自足,
+因为所在的城市几乎每天都要拉闸限电.
+于是我们在屋顶铺上了很多的太阳能电池板.
+接着我们想, 能不能在屋顶,
+在这些太阳能电池板下面, 放置一些桌椅用来休息,
+让这里成为城市中的绿洲, 供人们小憩.
+屋顶上的这些游廊,
+被集中利用来收集雨水, 用于建筑内部的清洁.
+我们现在已经盖到第五层, 预计在明年初的时候完工.
+第二个案例是为突尼斯城规划一个
+超过2000套个公寓及附属设施的建筑.
+做这么大规模的项目, 这是我做过的最大的项目,
+我不仅需要非常深刻的理解突尼斯这个城市,
+还需要理解与她相关的种种传统以及文化.
+在分析的过程中我的注意力被一个阿拉伯人聚居区吸引,
+这是一个有着一千多年历史的结构, 砖墙结构,
+有12个门, 相互之间通过几乎是直线的道路相连.
+我学到的是
+就是延长周边的街道, 将大区块分割12个基本的小区块
+在大小和特征上都类似于我们在巴塞罗那
+和其它欧洲城市常见的街区规划.
+在这些街区规划的基础上, 借鉴刚才提到的想法,
+我们选择了一些关键点, 将这些关键点通过直线
+连接起来, 改变了一开始的模式.
+最后一步是考虑具体的区块内建筑的设计,
+这些类似公寓的小隔间,
+是构成这个巨大规划的基本组成部分.
+这个时候我在想, 对于一个位于地中海气候的公寓,
+那时，他们会将所有 那个年纪能学习的其他语言
+并在很多情况下，他们得到了。
+这需要很多热情和能量
+于是我们实现了这种模式,让所有的公寓
+都拥有完美的朝向.
+这是我们设计的效果,
+像是一种结合, 阿拉伯城市风格与欧洲住宅风格的结合.
+对知识的远程研究。
+而周围地面上的
+人行道能够完整的连接起来.
+同时她也满足的当地管理部门的需求,
+上层建筑中的人口密度高, 地面人口密度不高.
+同时她也满足了我们对出入口之间连通性要求.
+这个建筑群的相互连接的形状,
+通过三个不同类型的公寓建筑, 起到遮阳的作用.
+给下一代探索者上了重要的一课----
+在这些中庭之间, 包含了许多不同的设施,
+像是健身馆, 幼儿园等,
+以及一系列商业设备, 让公共区域充满活力.
+屋顶是这个项目中我最得意的部分,
+这就像是将被这些建筑物占用的空间重新还给了社区.
+社区的人们可以爬上屋顶, 相互打打招呼聊聊天,
+或者做一些运动, 像是在早晨的时候在屋顶上
+跑个两公里, 或是在建筑之间来回跳跃.
+这两个案例
+有一些共同点, 在设计过程中采用了同样的方法.
+同样, 他们都位于新兴城市, 你能直观的看到
+建筑物一个个拔地而起.
+在这些城市, 建筑对于人们的影响, 无论当下还是未来
+在这里我要纠正你们对科学研究模式的一些偏见。
+出于这个原因, 我觉得对于建筑设计而言,
+这个权衡越来越重要, 即, 寻找简单并且足够便宜的方案,
+能够增强和促进当地的人们与城市环境的关系,
+并且能够让人很好的接近自然.
+非常感谢.
+(掌声)
+去年七月四日
+通过在大型强子对撞机上进行实验
+我们发现了希格斯玻色子
+这是历史性的一天
+毫无疑问
+从此以后 七月四日将被人铭记
+我们记住它 不是因为这天发表了《独立宣言》
+而是因为在那天 我们发现了希格斯玻色子
+好吧 至少在欧洲核子研究中心是这样的
+学校的计算机不被小偷偷走 (笑声)
+是没有惊喜
+在理论物理学家看来
+希格斯玻色子能灵活地解释
+一些基本粒子是如何获得质量的
+但它似乎是一个不太完整
+且难令人满意的解答
+有许多问题仍然未被解决
+和其他基本粒子一样的
+简洁 美感和对称性
+从这点上说，大多数的理论物理学家
+认为希格斯玻色子
+并非一个完整的解释
+基于希格斯玻色子的发现
+警察带走后并被送进了精神病院，
+然而 就目前来看
+大型强子对撞机的实验表明
+并没有发现新粒子或新现象
+来捕捉复杂的历史变化，
+到2015年 大型强子对撞机
+更强烈的质子碰撞
+能让我们进一步地探索粒子世界
+然后一起设计一个更美好的生活
+尤其是这片区域
+做一个假设
+包括希格斯玻色子在内的粒子
+是自然中唯一的基本粒子
+而其能量比我们目前发现的
+要大上许多
+让我们看看 这个假设会带我们发现什么
+我们会发现在宇宙中存在一个令人惊讶而有趣的结论
+为解释我的观点
+首先 我想解释一下什么是希格斯粒子
+让我们先回到
+宇宙大爆炸后的
+一亿分之一秒
+根据希格斯的理论
+在那一刻 宇宙中发生了
+一件重要的大事
+时空经历了相变过程
+相变是非常类似于
+水在零摄氏度下结冰的
+一种物理过程
+但在刚才的例子中
+相变不是物体内部分子排列
+那么现在，如果我播放这个音箱的话
+发生了改变
+在相变过程中
+空间被物质所填充
+我们称之为希格斯场
+我们常常出差，融资开发
+但拥有物理的现实性
+它一直环绕着我们
+就好像我们在房间里呼吸的空气一样
+一些基本粒子与这种物质接触
+在此过程中形成质量
+你知道我们背负着很多包袱,
+粒子的质量
+通过发现希格斯玻色子 大型强子对撞机
+确实证明了这种物质是真实存在的
+因为它是生成希格斯玻色子的原材料
+总而言之 它是发现希格斯粒子的关键
+但故事比这要有趣得多
+通过研究希格斯的理论
+理论物理学家发现
+他们以数学推演
+而非物理实验的方法发现
+希格斯场并非必然
+以我们如今观测到的形式存在
+正如物质能以液态或固态存在
+填充整个时空的物质能以两种状态存在
+除了已知的希格斯场之外
+第二种状态
+博尔盖塞美术馆 (Borghese Gallery)。
+几十亿倍
+希格斯场的另一种状态的存在
+提出了一个潜在的问题
+因为 根据量子力学
+两种状态下的转化
+是可以实现的
+即使是处在能量屏障出现
+分割两种状态的情况下
+让我们从汽车免费用油开始着手
+被恰如其分地称为量子隧道
+父亲们脱下黄色和蓝色的连身衣，
+最后，第三件事。我想成为一个更有为的人。
+重新在下一间房子里出现
+可以说 我能穿墙而过
+不过别指望我能真的能在大家面前
+表演这个把戏
+我能穿墙而过的可能性微乎其微
+大家不得不在我成功之前
+等上好长一段时间 但是相信我
+包括行动装置、社群、分析技术
+许多领域都已观测到了它
+例如 隧道二极管
+一种在电子工业里使用的元件
+它的工作机制就得归功于
+量子隧道的奇妙原理
+让我们再回到希格斯场
+如果超密度希格斯场确实存在
+那么 由于量子隧道效应
+在这一状态下 气泡会在
+他们坐在椅子上的时候把自己变得很萎靡
+当制造商和设计师共事的时候，会是一副怎样的场景
+毕生致力于永续建筑设计
+然后它们膨胀 从液体变成气体
+同样 超密度希格斯场
+会因为量子隧道而产生
+作为它身体的延伸
+扩张到所有空间 并把希格斯场
+体育场中会有一些
+这有什么问题呢？ 这是一个大问题
+在普通日常生活中 我们也许不会意识到
+希格斯场的强度
+对物质的结构非常重要
+如果希格斯场的强度仅仅高上几倍
+我们看到原子正在萎缩
+中子正在衰减 原子核将会分裂
+而氢元素将成为
+宇宙中唯一的一种化学物质
+而在超密度状态下的希格斯场
+其密度不是仅仅比今天的大了几倍
+这些照片让他可以重新翻阅，重拾记忆，
+如果时空被这种状态下的希格斯场填充
+是很少见的。
+分子结构也不可能形成 没有生命
+所以 我猜想
+在未来 希格斯场是否会经历
+相变的过程
+通过量子隧道
+转化为这种糟糕的超密度状态呢？
+换句话说 我问自己
+希格斯场在宇宙中的命运将是如何？
+要回答这个问题的
+关键信息是希格斯玻色子的能量
+大型强子对撞机的实验发现
+希格斯玻色子的能量是1260亿电子伏特
+如果传递能量给相同单位 这个数字很小
+因为两者等于
+10克和-22克的关系
+但这一数字在粒子的物理单位上很大
+因为 这相当于整个
+告诉她，我现我要通过打游戏来促使大脑恢复
+重量
+在获得强子对撞机实验信息之后
+我和几位在欧洲核子研究中心的同事
+急流带来了无限的可能性，
+我们的宇宙通过量子隧道转化成
+超密度希格斯场的可能性
+我们发现了一个有趣的结果
+计算结果显示
+希格斯玻色子能量的测定值
+非常特殊
+它的数值恰好能使
+整个宇宙
+在一种不稳定的状态下摇摆
+希格斯场就是在这样一种不稳定的设置中
+持续到了现在
+但它终将瓦解
+因此 通过这些计算
+我们就像露营者
+一不小心把帐篷
+搭在了悬崖边上
+最终 希格斯场
+将会经历相变
+这些现在看来是如此重要的东西
+所以 这就是人类最后灭绝的方式吗？
+我并不这样认为
+我们的数据显示
+希格斯场的量子隧道效应
+不太容易在接下来的10年到100年内发生
+这是相当长的一段时间
+它甚至比意大利
+组织一届稳定的政府所花的时间还要长
+（笑声）
+即使如此 到那时 我们早已不复存在
+太阳将变成红巨星
+膨胀程度大到地球的轨道
+地球将被吞噬
+分居两地。
+如果暗能量继续获得补给
+空间扩张仍保持现在的速率
+你会根本看不到自己的脚趾头
+因为环绕你的一切
+都在以比光速快的速度膨胀
+所以 我们不大可能
+看到希格斯场的崩塌
+但我对希格斯场的转化
+萌发兴趣的原因在于
+我想问这个问题
+为什么希格斯玻色子的能量如此特殊？
+又或者我们先在网络上成为朋友，再在现实中相遇。
+发生相位的临界点？
+理论物理学家经常问 为什么”
+问得比某种现象是如何产生的更多
+理论物理学家常对于
+某种现象为何遵循着某规律而呈现感兴趣
+我们认为这些 为什么”的问题
+可以带来一些
+自然中基本原则的线索
+事实上 解释我问题的答案
+开辟了全新的许多宇宙
+可以推测到 我们的宇宙
+仅仅是多元宇宙肥皂泡下的一个小泡泡
+而这个多元宇宙由千千万万个小泡泡组成
+电力，自来水，暖气，汽车所需的汽油
+其中蕴含着不同的物理常数
+和不同物理定律
+在此背景下 你只能讨论
+发现希格斯粒子能量为常量的可能性
+这一神秘事件的关键
+在于多元宇宙下的
+统计特性
+这就如同在海滩的沙丘上
+发生的事情一样
+一般而言 你会猜想在沙丘上可以找到
+不同大小的斜角角度
+然而 沙丘所形成的角度
+基本上都在30度到35度左右
+道理很简单：
+因为 风力塑造了沙丘 重力使沙子滑落
+结果就是 大部分的沙丘
+形成的斜角角度都在临近坍塌的
+临界值左右
+类似的事情也发生在
+多元宇宙下的希格斯玻色子
+在大部分气泡宇宙中
+希格斯粒子的能量会围绕某个临界值
+这个值临近希格斯场发生宇宙坍塌
+这是因为有两个相互竞争的因素
+就如同在沙丘例子中提到的那样
+我的故事没有结局
+因为我们还是不知道这个故事的结局
+科学在发展
+为找到答案 我们需要更多的数据
+可喜的是 大型强子对撞机
+为这个故事加入了新的线索
+仅仅一个数字 希格斯玻色子的能量
+我们就从它身上研究了如此之多
+我从一个假设出发：
+已知的粒子遍布整个宇宙
+更分布在我们已探索到宇宙的更远处
+据此 我们挖掘出
+渗透在时空中的希格斯粒子可能正站在
+刀刃上 随时准备宇宙坍塌
+确实，我们拥有许多好方法
+暗示着我们的宇宙只是广袤的沙漠中的一粒
+或者只是多元宇宙中的一个
+但我不知道自己的假设是否正确
+这就是物理的发展：一个简单的测量结果
+能指引我们
+通向全新地理解宇宙的光明大道
+或者带着我们走进一条死胡同
+但不论结果如何
+但有一点我可以肯定
+探索的旅程将充满惊喜
+谢谢
+（掌声）
+班里新来了个女生，
+她如此引人注目，
+就像所有新来的女孩那样。
+她有一大把光泽的秀发
+一个可爱的小文具盒
+特别擅长记周分首都名字
+在拼写上无人能比
+那一年我整个人被嫉妒笼罩
+直到我想出那个邪恶的计划
+其实留到挺晚的，我一直潜伏在女卫生间
+”食物里有几根头发 （笑声）
+一进入青春期就马上结婚。
+大多数的我们认为
+然后我的阴谋得逞了——
+一定有一种更好的方法（来传授知识）
+只改了一点，就是把某些A等降级了
+好吧，其实是所有的A（笑声）
+当我准备把册子放回抽屉时
+不过等等！其他有些同学的分数
+也高得令人发指！
+于是，由于一时的疯狂错乱
+我改了所有人的分数
+但方式并没什么创造性
+我给了所有人一行的D等分
+那么我们可以从一张纸开始入手
+因为我已经在这了，倒不如做得彻底些
+我现在还难以理解我的行为
+我不理解这主意是从哪儿冒出来的
+我不懂为什么这样做时居然很爽
+我当时感觉棒极了
+我也不明白为啥我从未被发现
+我是说，这件事做得如此明显
+我居然没被发现！
+但重要的是，我为何如此在乎
+这个女孩，这个身材瘦小的小女孩
+那么擅长于拼写？
+这点一直让我困惑
+嫉妒让我困惑
+它如此神秘，无处不在
+我们知道婴儿们受嫉妒之苦
+也知道灵长类动物会嫉妒，蓝知更鸟极易嫉妒
+我们知道嫉妒是美国配偶谋杀的
+罪魁祸首
+但我却从未读到一篇研究
+只要孩子们做了父母想要他们做的事
+所用的信息技术系统是你们所见的这个。
+为了理解它，我们不得不看小说
+因为小说是一个实验室
+能研究 嫉妒”的
+在我职业生涯的早期，我花了很多时间尝试弄明白
+其实，我不知道这样说是不是夸张：
+当我们在轻松的对话时，
+因为终于有了一个页面
+如果没有不忠的海伦，就没有《奥德赛》
+以防万一他或他的继任者会产生什么想法。
+也不会有莎士比亚
+我们高中都有阅读书单
+因为我们正在失去《喧嚣与骚动》
+正在失去《了不起的盖茨比》《太阳照常升起》
+正在失去《包法利夫人》《安娜·卡列琳娜》
+没有嫉妒，就没有普鲁斯特。现在我是说
+我知道人们总爱说
+普鲁斯特什么都知道
+那北京呢?
+他确实比较懂
+今年是他的巨著《追忆似水年华》一百周年
+是不是我们对于数据中模式的分析越详尽
+还包括我们可以想到的常见的竞争性
+现在这些是新奥尔南重建过程中的案例们
+当我们想到普鲁斯特
+我们会想到那些情感细节对吧？
+我们想到一个小男孩正要入梦
+我们却忘了他的眼光多么犀利
+他多么冷酷无情
+这些书在弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫看来
+跟猫的肠子一样硬
+我不知道猫肠是什么
+不过我们就假设它坚如顽石吧
+我们来看看这些因素为何走在一起会如此合拍。
+它会活过来，
+妒忌归结到人，欲望，阻碍
+成为一个如此牢固的叙事基础
+是不是非常明显？
+我不知道。我认为它极大地触动我们的敏感神经
+因为只需想想当我们嫉妒时
+会发生什么
+当我们感到嫉妒时，我们会给自己编个故事
+讲述一个关于他人生活的故事
+这些故事让我们感觉很糟糕
+因为它们本来就是为了让我们难受的
+我们自己作为故事的讲者与观众
+这是一个重大的时刻。Maezza 的爸爸是黑人，
+从哪插入致命一刀。对吗？
+嫉妒让我们都成为业余小说家
+举办这项赛事，最让我惊讶的是
+在第一卷，《去斯万家那边》
+这是一系列作品中的一部
+斯万是主要人物之一
+正思念他的情人
+想着她在床上多棒
+突然，在几句话中间
+还有，这些都是普鲁斯特式的句子
+所以它们长得像河
+但是就在这几句中间
+斯万猛然一惊，他意识到
+ 等等，这个女人身上我爱的一切
+也会是别人可能爱上她的理由
+所有她所做的令我快乐的事
+也会给别人快乐
+或许这会儿就在发生呢。”
+说到底，网络的超连通性和透明度
+第一个未经证明的说辞就是你可以通过扫描人脑
+斯万每发现他情人的一种新魅力
+担心万一办不好怎么办？
+一系列工具”中
+现在我们不得不承认，斯万和普鲁斯特
+两人的嫉妒心臭名昭著
+或者机器需要一个人工干预的时候
+就不得不逃离这个国家
+才会承认嫉妒的确不容易，对吧？
+嫉妒让人身心俱疲
+它是一种饥渴的情感，必须得到满足
+嫉妒喜欢什么呢？
+一直到后来中世纪期间
+喜欢细节
+你愿意付多少钱？
+可爱的文具盒
+嫉妒喜欢照片
+这也是Instagram这么火的原因（笑声）
+普鲁斯特其实将学术语言与嫉妒的语言相联
+当斯万挣扎在他的嫉妒中
+突然他就开始站在门口偷听
+开始贿赂他情人的佣人
+他为这些行为辩护
+他说： 瞧，我知道你觉得这令人讨厌，
+但这与诠释一篇古文
+或看着一座纪念碑
+没什么两样。”
+他说： 这些是科学的调查，
+有真正的知识价值。”
+嫉妒让人难以忍受，让我们看起来荒谬
+但在其关键之处，是一种对知识的追求
+现在，有人可以拥有这种想法吗？
+而右边什么也没有。
+INCA这个缩写意思是
+悲伤，耻辱，丧失：
+这些都是通往普林斯特智慧的路
+他说： 一个我们需要的女人，一个让我们痛苦的女人
+我真的见到一位非常
+远比一个让我们感兴趣的天才所能有的
+更加深刻和致命。”
+在外面，我们需要时刻准备做着逃跑的准备，
+不。我想他是说
+嫉妒让我们看清自己
+有没有其他情感也能以这种特别的方式
+让我们发掘自己？
+其他情感会不会让我们看到
+自己的敌意，自己丑恶的企图心
+随着绿线流过管子。这并不好玩。
+其他情感能不能教会我们
+如此独特而透彻地看待世界？
+弗洛伊德不久后就写道这一点
+有一天，一位心神不宁的青年拜访弗洛伊德
+这个青年认为他妻子背叛了他
+并因此心力憔悴
+最上面的那辆。现在信不信由你，
+因为他并没有真正关注他妻子做了什么
+（音乐：《大黄蜂的飞行》）
+来进行相关互动
+毫无缘由地怀疑着
+但他却在寻找他妻子的一些
+无意识的、纯属无意的举动
+她是不是笑得太灿烂了
+或者，她真是无意中碰到了那个男人吗？
+他妻子无意识行为的看守人
+小说关于这点写得很好
+该小说很善于描述嫉妒是如何训练我们
+极端地看问题，却不是准确性
+其实，我们的嫉妒越强烈
+我们会越频繁地幻想
+所以我认为嫉妒不仅仅
+引诱我们去做暴力的事
+也就是说所有的男士都谎报了自己的身高。
+嫉妒会促使我们的行为
+顺便说一句，反正它们也不懂英语
+我承认我想到了八岁时候的自己
+但我也想到了在新闻上看到的一个故事
+密歇根一个52岁的妇女被发现
+注册一个虚假Facebook账户
+并用该账户对自己发送了
+一年的恶意消息
+一年。整整一年。
+我们可以判断什么时候人们是如何
+普通群众奋起反抗这些人
+我必须承认当我听到这时
+我的反应是对她钦佩
+（笑声）
+多么有创造力啊！只不过用错了地方，不是么？
+这事来源于小说
+一部派翠西亚·海史密斯的小说
+海史密斯是我特别喜爱的作家
+她是美国文学史上非常杰出而又奇诡的一位
+她是《火车怪客》和
+《天才里普利先生》的作者
+这些书都是关于嫉妒如何
+让我们思维混乱
+而且一旦我们进入了嫉妒的领域
+真实性和可能性之间的薄膜
+瞬间就被刺穿
+例如汤姆·里普利，她作品里最著名的人物
+里普利一开始想要你
+或想要你所拥有的
+然后又想成为你，并拥有你曾经拥有的
+你被关在地下室
+他应答着你的名字
+戴着你的戒指
+花光你的银行账户
+这是一条路
+但我们怎么做呢？我们不能重复里普利的路
+我不能给这个世界带来巨大变化
+即便我愿意有一天这点能实现
+这很遗憾，因为我们生活在羡慕的时代
+我们生活在嫉妒的时代
+我是说，我们都是社交媒体的好公民
+在那里嫉妒是一种潮流，不是吗？
+小说能给我们解决办法吗？我不确定
+你想把我放在医院里?
+且不确定时是怎么做的
+让我们回到贝克街221B号
+问问夏洛克·福尔摩斯
+当人们想到福尔摩斯
+就会想到他的对手莫里亚蒂教授
+这个犯罪天才
+但我一直更喜欢警探雷斯垂德
+一副阴险面孔的苏格兰场头子
+他非常需要福尔摩斯
+需要他的智慧，但憎恨他
+哦，我对这再熟悉不过了
+雷斯垂德需要他的帮助，同时憎恨他
+在神秘案件的侦破中，总是恼火又苦闷
+但他们一起工作使得有些事开始改变
+最终在 六个拿破仑”的案子中
+福尔摩斯一登场，他的智慧就让所有人惊艳
+雷斯垂德转向福尔摩斯对他说：
+ 福尔摩斯先生，我们不嫉妒你，
+我们为你骄傲。”
+还说，苏格兰场里没有人会不愿意
+与福尔摩斯握手
+这是少数几次我们看到福尔摩斯
+在探案时被感动，我也很受感动
+这个情节也很神秘不是吗？
+这好像把嫉妒看做
+一个几何问题，而不是情感
+这一分钟，福尔摩斯站在雷斯垂德对立面
+下一分钟他们站在同一边
+突然间，雷斯垂德允许自己
+来仰慕这个他曾憎恶的人
+不过难道如此简单吗？
+如果嫉妒真的是一个几何问题改怎么办，
+一个关于我们如何选择
+与他人关系的立场的问题？
+或许到那时，我们不会再憎恨
+与一个被确认为纳粹支持者的人住一起。
+我们会努力追赶
+但我喜欢应急计划
+所以当我们等待那一刻到来时
+我们要记住，我们还有小说作为慰藉
+小说就已经将嫉妒阐明
+小说将嫉妒驯化
+将它请上餐桌
+看看它把谁都叫来了：
+可爱的雷斯垂德，可怕的汤姆·里普利
+疯狂的斯万，还有马塞尔·普鲁斯特自己
+我们有如此优秀的伙伴
+谢谢大家
+（掌声）
+非洲正在蓬勃发展。
+是一只电子香烟。
+已经翻了一番，
+而这种发展正在影响着所有人。
+在过去的十年里，人均寿命 以每三年增加一年的速度递增着。
+在过去的十年里，人均寿命 以每三年增加一年的速度递增着。
+这意味着今天出生的一个非洲孩子，
+比起三天前出生的，
+会最终多活一天。
+会最终多活一天。
+真是让人崩溃
+艾滋病的感染率也下降了27％：
+在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，每年得病的人数减少了60万。
+在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，每年得病的人数减少了60万。
+这不是我们意气风发的时候做的事情，不是吗？
+我的心情槽透了，
+根据最新的世界银行的数据， 得疟疾的人数已经下降了27％。
+而用于防止疟疾的蚊帐起到了很大的作用。
+搜索莱昂纳多达芬奇丢失的作品。
+因为，实际上，所有人都在发展。
+如果大家回顾公元一年的罗马帝国，
+如果大家回顾公元一年的罗马帝国，
+在大概1800年的时间里
+世界经济并没有什么突飞猛进的发展。
+但是此后，那些会被罗马人叫做
+苏格兰野蛮人的民族，我的祖先们，
+实际上加入了工业革命的时代，
+而在19世纪，经济发展开始加速，
+我了解像我这样的俗人
+而这对每个人都有影响。
+还是芬兰北部的苔原。
+每个人都参与其中。这是不可避免的， 它的发生只是一个时间问题。
+每个人都参与其中。这是不可避免的， 它的发生只是一个时间问题。
+我认为之所以现在发生的原因之一是
+非洲整体的领导素质。
+我想在座的大多数会同意早在1990年代，
+世界上最伟大的政治家是非洲人，
+但是我在这片大陆上一直都在
+和非常聪明的人打交道，
+而他们正在进行着
+扭转整个国家经济形式的改革。
+扭转整个国家经济形式的改革。
+而西方国家也投入其中。
+西方国家已经给予了债务减免计划，
+这使得撒哈拉以南的债务
+从占GDP总数的70％降到40％。
+与此同时，我们自己的债务水平上涨到了120％
+而我们都对此感到些许悲愁。
+而我们都对此感到些许悲愁。
+政治会因债务过高而变得软弱。
+政府无需在
+投资教育和健康，
+还是为自己的债务付利息之间作选择。
+不仅仅是公共部门前景看好，
+私营部门也一样。
+再次，在西方，我们有私营部门债务占到
+GDP 200％的西班牙，
+英国和美国。
+这简直是太可怕的债务了。
+大多数的非洲国家，
+这种债务只占GDP的10％到30％。
+幸运的是，电脑技术能让我们跳出常规框架
+在那张图上，中国大概在GDP的130％－
+如果有人可以做到中国
+在过去30年取得的成绩，
+这就是未来三十年的非洲。
+他们有很好的政府经济条件和健康的私营部门债务。
+而是我们的尊重。
+外商直接投资
+这玩意儿也太差劲了吧。
+在上世纪70年代，
+还没有人染指这片大陆。
+而现在这些投资实际上是由西方领导的。
+我们大多数听到的是中国，
+他们确实是借给了很多钱，
+但在过去几年60％的外国直接投资
+但是在今天，一整个家庭被世代奴役的代价
+10％来自印度。
+他们在投资能源。
+考古学。 愈来愈多的学生加入了我们，
+与沙特阿拉伯和俄罗斯相当。
+他们在投资通信，
+购物中心。
+而这个非常鼓舞人心的现象，我认为，
+部分是由人口因素主导的。
+而这不仅是非洲的人口。
+现在大家看到的是世界不同地区的 年纪在15－24岁之间的人口数，
+现在大家看到的是世界不同地区的 年纪在15－24岁之间的人口数，
+而我想让大家注意看一下那条蓝线。
+10年前，比如说富士康想要
+建一座苹果手机生产工厂。
+你可能会选中国，
+这就是那条代表东亚的蓝线，
+探索出来一种常数
+这个数字每年都在增加直到2010年。
+这意味着你会有源源不断的新的年轻人
+找上门来说， 请给我们工作，”
+和 我不需要大幅度地加工资，只要给我一份工作就行。”
+现在呢，这种情况彻底不同了。
+是那些大篷车的剧团，他们的巡回演出穿越整个城镇
+这个10年，在中国15到24岁之间的 年轻人比例会下降20％到30％。
+那么你会在哪里设立自己的新工厂呢？
+你会想到南亚，确实人们在这么做。
+人们在考虑巴基斯坦和孟加拉国，
+同时也在考虑非洲。
+而考虑非洲的原因是
+那条黄线正在告诉我们
+非洲的年轻人数量
+会持续的增加，
+蓝色代表非洲的撒哈拉以南地区，
+而有这么多年轻人加入到任何市场 都会产生一个问题，
+而有这么多年轻人加入到任何市场 都会产生一个问题，
+特别是当他们是年轻男性的时候。
+有时候是有些危险的。
+我认为一个非常关键的问题是
+那部分人口的教育程度如何？
+如果大家看看这条红线，
+你会看到在1975年，
+在撒哈拉以南的非洲 只有9％的孩子接受了中学教育。
+在撒哈拉以南的非洲 只有9％的孩子接受了中学教育。
+在撒哈拉以南的非洲 只有9％的孩子接受了中学教育。
+你会在70年代中期在撒哈拉以南开设工厂吗？
+受试者学着将压力反应当作助力
+没有人这么做。
+他们选择了土耳其和墨西哥
+开设纺织工厂，
+因为他们的教育水平是
+25％到30％之间。
+今天，撒哈拉以南的教育水平已经达到
+告诉他我病的很严重。
+他们会得到纺织工作
+这会让人们远离贫困，
+走上通往工业化和小康之路。
+那么非洲现在是什么样子呢？
+我是这么看非洲的。
+看上去有点奇怪，因为我是一个经济学家。
+每个小盒子大概是10亿美金，
+大家可以看到我对中间的
+尼日利亚非常关注。
+南非起着很大的作用。
+但当我想到未来的时候，
+实际上我最感兴趣的是
+中部、西部和南部非洲。
+如果按人口来看非洲，
+东非显得非常突出，
+潜力巨大。
+我用这些地图给大家展示些其他的。
+这里显示着民主和专制制度的对比图。
+脆弱的民主是米色。
+有一次，他向胡威立（Whewell）抱怨，
+大家可以看到的是大部分的非洲人
+都生活在民主制度中。
+这有什么关系么？
+因为人民想要的是
+政治家们争取实现的，
+他们并不总是成功，但是他们会努力。
+因此你就会有一个持续的良性循环。
+它必须是安全无害的。
+原始笔录，
+关于教育。
+一个人提出全民免费中学教育，
+而不是仅仅30％。
+另一个人则说，
+我们会有人代替机器人去。
+他最后险胜。
+因此民主鼓励政府
+投资教育。
+教育可以促进经济增长和投资，
+而这又增加了预算收入，
+我不认为 新世界”会带来什么世俗的兴奋感
+通过投资教育来促进经济增长。
+这就是一个积极的良性的循环。
+但是我又被问到这个问题，
+而这个问题让我感觉很悲伤：
+那就是， 但是贪污腐败呢？
+你怎么能在非洲有腐败的时候投资呢？
+之所以让我感到悲伤的因为
+这张图告诉我们
+和腐败关系最紧密的是财富。
+当你很穷的时候，腐败问题不是你首先考虑的。
+而在右边的国家里，
+你会看到人均生产总值，
+基本上每个人均GDP少于5000美金的国家，
+基本上每个人均GDP少于5000美金的国家，
+对应的腐败值
+大概是3？
+10个人里有3个人。这不乐观。
+每个贫穷国家都受腐败之苦。
+每个富裕国家相对来说更清廉。
+你怎样才能从贫穷和腐败
+过渡到富裕和清廉？
+所以我们已经在和一家公司合作
+而这需要的就是投资，
+而不是不投资那个大陆
+因为有太多的贪污腐败。
+我不想做为腐败开脱的人。
+我曾经因为拒绝行贿而被抓过－
+实际上不在非洲。
+但是我想说的是
+我们可以通过投资而有所作为。
+我们可以通过投资而有所作为。
+现在我告诉大家一个不是秘密的秘密。
+经济学家对预测未来并不很在行。
+因为问题是，未来会怎样？
+如果大家回看2000年，
+你会发现《经济学人》杂志
+有一个非常有名的封面， 无望的大陆，”
+发展曲线－只有2％－
+然后他们说，
+下一个十年会是怎样的呢？
+他们认为还是只有2％，
+这就造成了一个非常无望的前景，
+因为人口增长是2.5％。
+非洲人在1990年代变得更穷了。
+现在2012年，《经济学人》有了一个新封面，
+而这个新封面透露了什么信息？
+它显示了，相反地，非洲在腾飞，
+因为过去十年的经济增长变成了
+5.5%.
+我想看看大家现在能不能都变成经济学家，
+因为如果过去的经济增长是
+5.5%,
+你认为国际货币基金组织
+对未来5年的非洲经济发展的预测是多少？
+非常好。我想你们都在暗自算着，
+我们可以很明确说，住在房子的人
+你们都是经济学家了，而我认为，
+就像许多经济学家一样，大家都错了。
+我没有恶意哈。
+我喜欢做的是尝试找到那些
+经历过和非洲一样情况的国家，
+就是经过了1800年的无所作为，
+突然之间，势如破竹般的增长。
+印度就是其中的一个例子。
+这是印度1960年到2010年之间的经济增长情况。
+请暂时忽略底部的比例。
+实际上，在最初的20年，
+60和70年代，印度的经济实际上没有增长。
+（笑声）
+而人口的增速是2.5%。
+看上去有些熟悉吧，这就是
+撒哈拉以南地区在80到90年代的情况。
+在1980年奇迹发生了。
+突然！印度经济蓬勃发展。
+它不再是一个 印度式经济增长率，”
+如果你在赤道地区
+如果我把撒哈拉以南地区的经济增长图
+在展览的尾声，还有人为了进场
+两者是惊人的相似。
+20年的默默无闻，
+然后一条未来的走势曲线实际上告诉大家
+撒哈拉以南的非洲经济增长
+比印度似乎还稍微好些。
+如果和发展中的亚洲做一个比较，
+继续，有无可能
+而发展中的亚洲又比印度发达10年，
+我可以因此预测到
+未来30到40年的情况，
+我认为这比
+往回看更好些。
+我的结论是：
+非洲会从
+今天的2万亿的经济体
+变成2050年的29万亿经济体。
+那比今天欧洲和美国的总和
+还要多。
+人均寿命会延长13年。
+人口会翻番
+从10亿到20亿，
+家庭收入在未来的35年会增长7倍。
+家庭收入在未来的35年会增长7倍。
+当我在非洲做这个预测的时候－
+内罗毕，拉各斯，阿克拉－我被问到一个问题。
+ 查理，你为什么这么悲观呢？”
+大家知道吗？
+实际上，我认为他们是对的。
+难道我的意思是不管是好的
+还是坏的方面，非洲就不能从亚洲和印度
+身上学到什么吗？
+也许非洲可以避免一些它们犯过的错误。
+上周我们在这里讨论的科技发展，
+上周我们在这里讨论的科技发展，
+它们中的一些肯定也可以
+他们怀抱建立乌托邦的坚定理想
+而我认为我们也可以扮演一定的角色。
+因为科技让你有能力帮助。
+你现在可以从网上下载一些伟大的非洲文学书籍。
+你现在可以从网上下载一些伟大的非洲文学书籍。
+你现在可以从网上下载一些伟大的非洲文学书籍。
+不，不是现在，还有30秒就好了。
+你可以购买一些非常棒的音乐。
+我的iPod里面有很多。
+购买非洲产品。
+去非洲度假，亲眼看看
+那里的变化。
+投资。
+或者雇人，培养他们以后可以在非洲使用的技能，
+或者雇人，培养他们以后可以在非洲使用的技能，
+他们的公司比我们西方的公司
+会发展得快得多得多。
+我们知道我们可以做些事情。
+21世纪是非洲的世纪。
+非常感谢大家。
+我一生的工作都与可持续发展有关。
+我成立了一个与气候变化有关的非政府组织，
+叫 气候集团”。
+我在世界野生物基金会(WWF)研究林业问题。
+我在联合国研究经济发展
+和农业问题。
+我有共25年这方面的工作经验。
+就在三年前，我却在和宜家的行政总裁
+讨论加入宜家团队的事儿。
+像在座的很多人一样，我呢，
+也想让我的人生意义最大化。
+在这里，我要和你们谈谈我为什么要加入宜家的团队。
+开始之前，我先给你们讲三个数字。
+第一个数字是三：
+三十亿人。
+2030年为止，全球将有三十亿人
+完成这些步骤才会上市
+这些都是
+对于这些人和他们的家庭这是个天大的好事儿。
+但是，（请想想），我们现在已有二十亿的中产阶层，
+加在一起，就膨胀成了五十亿！
+这对于我们现已紧缺的自然资源是个巨大的挑战。
+第二个数字是六：
+就是六摄氏度。
+就是全球暖化的温度增高值。
+我们不是在谈论一度、三度
+或者四度的变化，我们在谈论的是 全球温度将增高六个摄氏度。
+你可以回想一下，我们在最近几年
+所经历的怪异气候，
+就仅仅是由于一个摄氏度的暖化效应。
+我们需要让全球范围内二氧化碳的排出到
+这十年内达到一个峰值，
+然后让它降下来。
+这不是不可能做到的，但我们需要马上行动起来。
+第三个数字是十二：
+我奶奶出生的时候，
+世界上人口达到
+一百万的城市只有十二个。
+你可以（在投影上）看到我奶奶的照片。
+那是上个世纪开始的时候。
+只有十二座大城市。她在英国的曼彻斯特出生，
+当时世界排名十九的大城市。
+现在呢，拥有一百万以上人口的大城市
+有将近500座。
+你如果纵览下从1950到2050的一百年，
+这是个我们建设所有世界城市的一百年，
+我们现在正处在这一百年的中间阶段。
+之前的其他百年就像是一种预演，
+建筑师们可以直接用他们的双手
+所以让我们好好想想。
+我们在建设前所未有的城市，
+前所未有地从贫困中摆脱出来。
+也前所未有地改变了气候环境。
+可持续发展需要从 应该做的好事”
+变成了 必须做的事”。
+就是说我们要现在就去做，立刻就去做，
+要一直做下去。
+现在我就谈谈企业
+可以做什么（来保持可持续发展），
+像宜家这样的企业可以做什么。
+我们宜家有个可持续发展战略
+叫做 人类与星球正能量”，
+来指导我们的商业活动给世界带来正面影响。
+作为大型企业，我们怎么可能不愿意给这个世界
+带来正面的积极的影响呢？
+其他企业也同样有他们的可持续发展战略。
+我一会儿会把他们的战略也讲给你们听，
+我要以几个
+工作任务为例，来讲讲我们目前的工作成绩。
+但首先，让我们考虑一下我们的顾客。
+我们知道如果我们问顾客，不管中国的，还是美国的，
+绝大多数的顾客除了自己的日常生活，
+也很关心可持续发展。
+日常问题就是，我怎么让孩子去上学？
+到月底我能付得起帐单吗？
+其次，他们关心的就是气候变化之类的重大问题。
+但他们想要简单的、 负担得起的和吸引人的方案，
+他们期待商家能够为此出力，
+但他们现在有点失望。
+现在我把你们的思绪带回来，
+讲讲我们的第一代可持续产品。
+我们生产了可以让你的白衣服越洗越灰的洗涤剂。
+我们生产了早期的高效节能灯泡。
+这种灯泡需要五分钟先热起来
+既然找到了赖以检测的蛋白质
+我们还生产了粗糙的再次利用的厕纸。
+或打开电灯，或去卫生间，
+它不只代表着家族的的身份
+你就会意识到可持续发展就意味着要妥协。
+这当然不是一个好的开始。
+现在我们有了不同的选择。
+我们可以制造美丽或丑陋的产品，
+可持续或不可持续的产品、 经济的或昂贵的产品、
+功能齐全的或一无是处的产品。
+因此，我们要制造外观好、 功能全、 价格合理的，
+可持续性产品。
+另一方面，政府也会考虑到满足民众对于使用社交网络的强烈要求
+LED 是新的日光灯产品。
+老式灯泡，那种白炽灯泡......
+我当然不会让你们举手告诉我
+你们中的多少人家里还用白炽灯泡，
+每次你打开开关就开始浪费能量
+听完我的话，换掉它！
+说不定，在这里，TED 的舞台上就有白炽灯泡呢！
+那些老白炽灯泡
+真的应该当为加热器卖。
+它们被误卖了一百多年呀。
+这种灯产生大量的热量，却只发出微弱的光。
+现在我们有了可以发出亮光
+却很少产热的灯泡。
+使用 LED灯泡比旧式白炽灯泡，
+节省 85%的电费。
+最棒的是，它们的使用寿命
+可以超过20年。
+所以好好想想吧！
+二十年里，你可能换了七八次手机。
+在座的改用Gmail的人，
+二十年里，你可能换了一次或者三四次你的车。
+二十年里，你的孩子可能开始上学了，可能去了大学，
+可能离家独立，可能有了他们自己的孩子，然后，
+可能带着你的孙子来看你呢。
+但二十年里，你却从来不用换灯泡。
+这样我们就能看到数字隐私成为新生的热门话题。
+我们要做的
+不是要高价卖LED灯泡，
+慢慢把所有旧灯泡，
+卤素和荧光灯管赶下舞台。
+他们会不安分，这并不奇怪
+我们自己将不再生产卤素和荧光灯管。
+我们将全力以赴来做这件事。
+这是一个商家需要做的，全力以赴地，
+投入百分百的精力。
+因为停止对老式产品的投资，
+如果科技可以打破
+我肯定你们中没有人参与过，
+你就可以把价格降到人们可以接受的程度，
+生产出最好的灯泡让顾客节省能源。
+（掌声）
+好吧,我们会搞清楚的.(笑声)
+原材料。
+很显然我们可以
+使用再生材料，
+让我们能够做到零浪费，
+还能将产品重新利用。
+但我们的生活仍然离不开自然、离不开原材料。
+就说棉花吧。
+棉花可是个好东西。可能在座的很多人
+正穿着棉质衣服。
+棉花是非常棒的纺织原材料。
+（掌声）
+棉花的生产需要大量的农药、 化肥和水。
+我们与其他人合作，
+技术给我们相互沟通的机会，
+提出了 更好棉花倡议”。
+直接和生产棉花的农场合作，
+让用水量减半，
+让化学投入减半，
+提高产量。其实一些低收入农场
+60％的投资都是在
+购买
+化学进口产品上。
+产量提高，同时你的投入可以减半。
+棉农可以摆脱贫困。他们喜欢这样的方案。
+已经有成千上万的棉农
+脱贫了。
+我们现在呢，就有了60%更优质的棉花来生产产品。
+一个庞大的通讯网
+到2015 年，我们会 100%的更优质棉花。
+但是你们有另辟蹊径的自由
+有时人们会觉得
+是很难做到100%的。
+在工作中我们也有过这样的讨论。
+实际上，我们发现做到100%要比
+做到90%或 50%更容易。
+如果你以 90%为目标，
+维持正常生活水平的资金。
+这是什么，漫画吗？这漫画讲的真是旅鼠们吗？
+如果是 100%，这就很清楚明了了，
+从业人员就喜欢清楚明了。
+因为这就是需要你把该干的干好。
+就拿木材来说，我们知道， 说到林业，它是一个选择的问题。
+你可以选择非法砍伐，
+目前森林砍伐的规模仍然很大。
+你可以选择积极负责任地发展林业，
+当我们用这方法思考时间,
+与森林管理委员会以及
+和成千上万的其他组织合作了很多年。
+所以我就暗中架起了绳索，然后开始在没有允许的情况下表演。
+所以在数百的非政府组织、
+森林工人工会和很多企业的帮助下，
+森林管理委员会得以创立。
+森林管理委员会制定林业标准，
+审查林业资源的利用情况。
+我们大家一起，通过我们的供应链
+和合作伙伴，我们已经管理认定了
+你能否吹一下这个管子，让我测量一下你的肺活量？
+这是一个德国国土的面积。
+我们决心在未来的三年，
+把认证的森林资源面积提高一倍。
+我们会把这个政策贯彻到我们整个的运营中。
+对这样的问题态度坚决。
+用你的供应链做有益的事，
+这样做，对你的生意也有益。
+我觉得有些事情就是这样明确的。
+我们知道我们会在未来的二三十年里一直使用电力资源。
+但是问题来了。在科学教育领域的
+在未来的二三十年里，风也还会不知地吹着。
+那我们为什么不利用来自太阳和风的能量呢？
+为什么我们不好好地利用它们呢？
+所以我们要利用100%的可再生资源。
+到2020 年，我们会生产出
+比我们业务所消耗的更多的再生能源。
+在我们的零售店，我们自己的工厂，
+还有我们的配送中心。
+到目前为止，我们安装了三十万个太阳能电池板。
+在六个国家，我们还自己拥有并经营十四个风力发电场。
+我们的工作还没有结束。
+我们来想想太阳能电池板。
+使用一个太阳能电池板七八年，你就可以挣回本金。
+而电是免费的。
+每次太阳一出来，
+电就是免费的。
+而他们必须要改掉所有不严谨的地方
+不只是专注于可持续性发展的人，
+其实每个企业都可以这样做。
+是修复因缺少常规维修而造成的故障，
+我想所有人都会同意，
+现在的企业需要对给自己的供应商
+带来的影响负责任。
+幸运的是，现在很多企业，
+都制定了管理和审核其供应商的规范。
+但不是每个企业都这样做了，还有很多企业做得还远远不够。
+宜家实际上是在 90 年代开始这样做的。
+我们发现了
+我们的供应商有可能在雇佣童工。
+公司里的人都感到很震惊。
+很显然这是完全不能接受的，所以必须要采取行动。
+后来一个管理规范就因此出炉了。
+我们现在在全世界一共有80个审核员，
+在保障我们工厂里面
+日常工作环境的安全和可靠，
+保护工人的人权，
+那就很不错了。
+确保没有雇佣童工
+不是一件简单的事。
+应该说我们现在做得还不够。
+我觉得大家都同意，儿童
+是这个世界上最重要的人群，
+最容易受到伤害。
+那么我们现在的企业需要怎样做
+他们说他们感到更变强大，更勇敢了。
+来给孩子们提供一个更优质的生活环境，
+你就会被视为老古董。
+我们一直与儿童基金会和 拯救儿童”项目合作，
+来开发新的企业准则
+保护儿童权利。
+越来越多的企业
+全家人都是丝绸贸易的奴隶
+但实际上，在一项调查中许多企业的带头人
+不认为他们的业务与孩子有关。
+所以我们决定要做的是，和比我们更了解情况的合作伙伴
+共同审视并反思
+这些棘手的问题。
+思考我们除了业务以外，还可以做什么
+来帮助改善儿童的生活？
+我们也有一个基金会
+致力于与合作伙伴携手
+到2015年帮助改善
+1 亿儿童的生活质量和儿童权益。
+你听过这样的话吧，
+你可以控制你能衡量的东西。
+是呀，我们确实衡量我们真正关心的事务。
+如果你不在心里衡量这些东西，
+你就不会在乎，你也就不知道（事情的发展）。
+所以让我们举一个例子，在心里衡量（是非曲直）
+在企业运营中是很重要的。
+男女同工同酬的时候了？
+（掌声）
+我们知道我们宜家的一万七千名经理人
+目前有47%是女性。
+但这还不够，我们想缩小（男女员工）比例上的差距，
+上到高级管理层，全面实现这一目标。
+我们不想再等上几百年。
+所以，我们这个星期在宜家，
+启动了一个女性开放网络。
+我们会竭尽全力来引领这样的转变。
+我在这里要传达的信息是，
+衡量你真正关心的事务和引领这样的转变，
+不要等上一百年。
+我们已经把可持续发展
+从 该做的好事”变成 必须做的事”。确实是 必须做的事”。
+这是件好事，但是它也必须要做。
+我们每个人作为个体都可以做些什么的，
+成为一名挑剔的消费者。
+用你们的钱包投票。
+搜索出
+那些关心可持续发展的公司。
+当然，已经有其他的企业开始了他们的行动。
+我刚才提到过可再生能源。
+你应该选择谷歌或者乐高
+他们也在 100%地利用可再生能源。
+以和我们相同的方式。
+有些公司有很好的可持续发展战略，
+像耐克、 巴塔哥尼亚、
+添柏岚和玛莎百货这些公司。
+我不认为任何这些企业会说
+你们可以仅仅从大麻或者罂粟或者古柯叶里
+我们也会在前进中犯错误，
+但重要的是要有一个明确的方向，做到透明公开，
+与合适的合作伙伴互通有无，
+然后在重大事务上做领头人。
+所以如果你是商业领袖，
+贯彻可持续性发展，
+这些人可以是与你亲近的人，你的敌人
+我们携手，可以帮助创建
+一个可持续发展的世界，
+并且，如果我们做得对，
+我们可以使可持续发展
+使很多人都负担得起，
+而不是只为了少数的有钱人。
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+赫顿 帕塔尔: (中文）
+饶宇玉: 你好！我叫赫顿，我是个艺术家。
+这是宇玉，
+那时我大概12岁左右吧。
+我请她来为我翻译
+赫顿: (中文）
+宇玉: 如果可以的话 我想向你们
+简单介绍一下我自己
+和我的艺术作品
+赫顿: (中文）
+宇玉: 我在英格兰城市曼彻斯特周边
+出生长大
+但是我不会用英文告诉你这些
+因为我要避免任何由于我的北方口音
+而对我本人作出的任何设想
+（笑）
+赫顿: (中文）
+宇玉：用中文（普通话）掩饰我来自哪里
+的唯一问题就是
+一开始，我以为
+这是我在中国游历期间
+通过背诵学到的。（笑）
+因此我所能做的就是用不同的语调来重复这段话
+希望你们都不会察觉到
+其中的一些迪伦早期的歌曲是从哪来的。
+赫顿：（中文）
+（笑）
+宇玉：毫无疑问，我想要对那些说中文的观众
+表示歉意
+在我是孩子的时候，我讨厌
+穿着印度无领长袖睡衣
+因为我认为这一点儿也不酷
+我认为这服饰太女性化了，像一条裙子
+裤子这块儿像个布兜
+你必须系得很紧
+我爸爸从来不穿这种服饰
+所以我找不到任何穿着它的理由
+能够看到更多的动物。
+穿着它的时候人们会假设
+我代表了某些印度的元素
+但那不是我所感受到的
+赫顿：（中文）
+宇玉：事实上，唯一能让我
+自然地穿着它的时候，是假装
+它是功夫勇士里面的某种长袍
+就像电影《卧虎藏龙》中的李慕白那样。
+就像电影《卧虎藏龙》中的李慕白那样。
+（音乐）
+好的
+所以 我的艺术作品讨论的是身份认同以及语言，
+我们认为只有开发更多的技术才能
+这些假设 基于我们的外表和我们来自哪里
+性别 种族 阶级
+究竟什么让我们每个人显得独特？
+第四章中
+我看蜘蛛侠漫画
+看功夫电影
+从李小龙那里学习哲学
+他会说这类的话
+赫顿：排除你的杂念
+（笑）
+无形 似水
+现在你把水倒在一个杯子里
+水就是杯子的形状
+你把水倒在瓶子里，它就是瓶子的形状
+把水倒在茶壶里，它就是茶壶的形状
+水可以是流动的
+亦可以承受撞击
+我想谈谈在恐惧中行动
+这一年，我32岁，
+李小龙就是在他32岁那年去世的
+我将要带大家踏上一段旅程
+如果他今天还活着
+他会给我做这个TED演讲
+提出怎样的建议
+这是一个很有用的策略，在你想说服
+这会冒犯到我
+（笑）
+如果我们谈谈性行为的过程
+但我还是认为我们可以通过模仿他人
+来了解我们自己是谁
+在场的人里 谁没模仿过他们的儿时偶像呢
+或者他们的妈妈 爸爸
+我模仿过
+赫顿：几年前，为了制作这段影片
+来展现我的艺术思考，我剃光了自己的头发
+那样我就可以像我的父亲那样 等待它慢慢长出来
+像我的父亲刚从印度移民来英国时那样
+那是在1960年代
+他有着偏分的发型和利落的胡子
+刚开始进展很顺利
+我甚至可以在印度商店拿到折扣
+（笑）
+恐怖分子是如此依赖科技
+我发现自己低估了
+胡子的生长速度
+我的胡子长得太快了
+不再像印度人了
+路对面的人们
+开始对我吼叫
+赫顿和宇玉：阿里巴 阿里巴 安德烈 安德烈
+状态越来越活跃
+赫顿：事实上我不知道为什么我要用这样的口音说话
+我的父亲的印度口音早就消失了
+他说话的口音就像现在这样
+我模仿的对象并不只有我父亲而已
+当你变得这样紧张，
+这让我有挫败感
+所以我写了这些话
+将它们翻译成中文，用心记住
+我猜 就像学习音乐那样
+宇玉：这句话现在深深地刻在我脑海里
+甚至比我的银行卡密码还清晰
+所以我假装自己会说流利的中文
+当我学这段话的时候
+我有个艺术家在那里听我说
+然后看我对这段话的表达有多精确
+我说了这段话，然后他笑了
+并告诉我 太棒了，
+只是听起来有些女性化”
+我说 什么？”
+这是我的身体在帮助我准备迎接挑战
+我说 是的。那又怎样？”
+他紧接着解释了
+哦，那将会是一场灾难。
+非常不同，有着很明显的区别，
+所以在事故中，那些裂变产物
+（鼓掌）
+赫顿：好的 模仿他人
+是具有一定风险的事情
+它并不总是像你计划的那样
+即使你有一个有才华的翻译
+但是我会坚持下去
+因为这和我们常有的假设是相悖的
+模仿他人这个举动可以揭示某种特别的东西
+即使是在一个充满
+但这次不需要你们闭上眼睛，
+使我越发地像我自己
+未能成功模仿李小龙
+令我成为更真实的自己
+这就是我的艺术
+给父亲的牺牲带来荣誉。
+即使以一种
+我们并不常期待的形式
+直至最近，我才开始懂得
+这样蹲着的姿势
+并不是印度人的特征
+这样的姿势 我是从蜘蛛侠那里学来的
+（笑）
+谢谢
+而且，有时我们无法找出
+我想跟大家分享一个
+令人震惊的全球议题
+臭名昭著的隐私事件
+和过去十年发生的
+公共和隐私领域里的显著变迁
+对人类精神疾病的了解
+大家都知道这个事件吧。
+这个装置名为 两颗雨滴”
+意识到了他们是赤裸的。
+他们吓坏了。
+然后剩下的就是历史了。
+换作现在的话，亚当和夏娃
+可能会有不同的举动。
+（推特）［＠亚当，昨天太销魂了！我好爱那个苹果啊。］
+［＠夏娃，是啊，宝贝儿，知道我裤子变成什么样了吗？］
+我们确实比以往任何时候都开放,
+把大量关于自己的信息放在网上传播。
+而且这么多有关我们的信息
+正在被各种机构收集起来。
+当今,通过对这些大量
+个人信息的研究,
+我们从中受益非浅;
+但是在放弃我们的隐私的同时
+至今已经30年。看花朵运动
+而我的故事就是关于这些代价的。
+让我们首先看看一个我认为
+在过去几年已经变得越来越清晰的现象,
+那就是任何个人信息
+都可能变成敏感信息。
+在2000年的时候，全球大约拍摄了1000亿
+的照片，
+但是只有非常微不足道的一部分
+被放在了网上。
+到了2010年，仅仅在脸书上，一个月
+就上传了25亿张照片，
+大部分都是可确认的。
+同时，
+高度可达65,000英呎
+你就会发现这产品是有缺陷的
+当你把这些技术结合起来后
+会发生什么呢？
+不断增加的脸部信息可用性;
+不断增强的计算机面部识别能力；
+同时还有云计算，
+让在座的任何人
+都拥有了
+几年前只有情报机构才有的
+计算能力；
+同时还有普适计算，
+让我的手机，
+和互联网相连接
+然后可以在几秒内进行
+成百上千的面部数据测算。
+我们预测
+这些技术的结合体
+让我给你一个简单的授粉是如何运作的框架。
+产生非常巨大的影响。
+为了证明这个想法，我们在
+卡内基·梅隆大学校园里做了一个测试。
+我们让过路的学生们
+参与一项研究，
+我们用摄像头给他们照了相，
+然后我们让他们在电脑上填写一张调查问卷。
+在此同时,
+然后我们开始用一个面部识别程序来
+他想过用二进制.不过问题是
+成百上千张照片的数据库相比较对照
+这些照片都是我们从脸书上下载下来的。
+当被研究对象做到问卷的最后一页时,
+那页已经自动显示我们找到的
+最重要的是，我学到了爱。
+最相似的图片，
+然后我们让被研究对象确认
+那些照片到底是不是自己。
+大家看到被研究对象了吗？
+有个人在我后面
+三分之一。
+基本上，我们可以从一张匿名的面孔开始，
+线下或线上，然后我们可以用脸部识别技术
+找到那个人。
+这多亏了社交媒体的数据。
+但是几年前，我们做了些其他事情。
+我们从社交媒体数据出发，
+然后我们把它和美国政府的
+社会安全机构里的数据相对照，
+我们最终可以预测一个人的社会保险号码，
+这个号码在美国
+是极其敏感的信息。
+大家明白我的意思了吗？
+如果你把这两个研究相结合，
+问题就来了，
+你可不可以从一张面孔出发，
+然后通过面部识别找到这个人
+有如身处迪士尼乐园 跟我们看到的不一样
+各种公共信息，
+首先，我要开发出更多的应用、更多的游戏，
+可以推断出未公开的信息，
+即那些关于此人
+更敏感的信息呢？
+答案是，可以的，我们也做到了。
+当然，准确率也变糟了。
+［27％的调查对象的社会保障号头5个数字 可以通过4次尝试得到］
+但实际上，我们甚至决定开发一个苹果应用,
+研究对象拍照
+然后实时地进行我刚才描述的计算：
+首先，因为我们无法掌控我们不理解的东西，
+他们有没有找到多种方式来解释一个概念？
+然后把这些信息传送回手机
+然后把这些信息列到研究对象的图像旁边,
+这是个夸张现实的例子，
+大概也是一个令人毛骨悚然的现实。
+如果你仔细想想，这是恐惧真正的意义。
+这只是一个概念验证。
+逻辑的极限。
+设想一下未来你周围的陌生人
+可以通过他们的谷歌眼镜
+或者，他们的隐形眼镜，
+并通过你身上的7、8个数据点
+就可以推测出
+任何与你有关的信息。
+这个没有任何秘密的未来会是怎样的？
+而我们该不该关心这个问题？
+这个有这么丰富的数据的未来
+会是一个不再有偏见的未来,
+但实际上，拥有这么多的信息
+并不意味着我们就会做出
+更理性的选择。
+在另一个试验里，我们给研究对象
+关于一个工作应征者的信息。
+上传信息里同时也包括了一些
+有趣并且绝对合法，
+但毕竟有些
+尴尬的内容。
+有趣的是，
+一部分研究对象发布了类似的信息，
+有些没有。
+大家认为哪个组
+会更有可能质疑他人呢？
+自相矛盾的是，
+哈哈（笑声）
+这就是一个与个人道德相悖的例子。
+大家可能现在会想，
+这跟我无关，
+因为我没有什么可隐藏的。
+但实际上，隐私不是说
+你有什么坏事情要隐藏。
+想象一下你是某机构人事部的主管，
+你收到一些简历，
+然后你决定寻找更多的关于这些应征者的信息。
+然后，你就在谷歌上搜他们的名字
+在某种情形下，
+你找到这个信息。
+或者在一个平行的空间里，你找到了这个信息。
+给任何一个应征者面试的机会吗？
+如果你是这样想的话，
+那么你与美国的老板们不同,
+实际上，我们就是用了这些老板做的这个试验。
+我们建立了一些脸书帐号，编制了一些信息，
+然后我们开始给他们发简历，
+此后我们监控着,
+到底这些公司会不会搜索我们的应征者，
+他们有没有对他们在社交网络上找到的信息
+有所举动。实际上他们确实这样做了。
+对同等条件的应征者的歧视
+一种能够使未来40年内汽车省油率翻倍
+现在营销人员希望我们相信
+关于我们的所有信息
+永远都会以我们喜欢的方式被使用。
+但是想想看,凭什么总会是这样？
+在几年前出品的一部电影里，
+ 少数派报告”，一个著名的镜头里
+是汤姆·克鲁斯在一个大厦里走着
+然后全息个性化的广告
+出现在他周围。
+那部电影的背景年代是2054年，
+大约离现在还有40年，
+它已经大大低估了
+各种机构可以搜集到的
+关于你自己的信息，以及他们如何能利用这些信息
+以一种你自己都无法预测到的方式来影响你。
+任何人都能听懂。
+不惜任何代价
+想象一下某个机构有
+你的脸书朋友信息，
+通过某种算法
+他们可以找到两个你最喜欢的朋友。
+然后，他们的即时创建出
+这个故事关于一个叫做 中介测量器”的小设备
+在我们之前的研究显示
+人们在合成的脸部图片中
+甚至不会识别出自己，
+但是他们却对这些合成图片有好感。
+都站起来。对了。好，现在。他们。
+同时有个广告建议你买它，
+这就不会是一个标准的推销员,
+却会变成你的朋友，
+而且你都不会意识到正在发生着什么。
+现在的问题是
+我们当下的保护个人信息
+不被滥用的政策法规
+（笑声）
+其中的一个法规是透明性，
+要告诉人们你将怎样使用这些数据。
+窝在实验室 喔天哪，已经半夜三点了
+这是必要的，但是却不完善。
+透明性也会被误导。
+也许不行
+然后你仍然试图诱导他们
+给你任意数量的个人信息。
+那么在另一个实验里，这次我们让
+学生们给我们他们的
+学校表现信息
+这包括一些非常敏感的信息，比如这个。
+对其中一个组，我们告诉他们，
+ 只有其他的学生会看到你的答案。”
+ 学生和系里会看到你们的答案。”
+透明度。预先声明。当然，这个奏效了，
+第一组学生
+比第二组更愿意说出实情。
+很合理吧，不是吗？
+但是我们加了下面的误导。
+我们在两组中重复做了这个实验，
+这次我们
+在告诉他们我们如何
+使用这些数据
+和让他们实际开始回答问题之间增加了一点延迟。
+大家认为这个延迟需要多久
+能让我们抵消掉之前的 系里也会看你们的答案”
+这是Priyanka，23岁，
+行动起来，这是一种我们可以在有生之年
+五分钟？
+一分钟？
+只要15秒就会让两组
+提供同样数量的数据，
+就好像第二组不再关心
+系里会不会看他们的答案一样。
+到此为止，我得承认这个演讲
+可能显得非常的郁闷,
+但是这不是我的重点。
+实际上，我想分享的是我们还是有
+迎接他们的是
+我们现在的处理方式不是唯一的，
+也绝对不是最好的。
+也绝对不是最好的。
+当有人对你说， 大家不用关心隐私，”
+善加传播这些成果那就再好不过了，但事实并非如此
+他们不能再关心个人隐私了，
+然后我们才意识到一切已被人操纵,
+已经逐渐侵入到
+自我保护的整个过程中。
+当有人说隐私和大量信息带来的好处
+无法兼得时，
+想想过去的20年里，
+研究人员已经发明了
+它的治愈效果不仅仅是修补身体
+更加安全保密的方式来进行的技术。
+我们可以匿名的浏览网页。
+我们可以发送连美国国家安全局都不可以
+读取的个人电子邮件，
+（掌声）
+换句话说，我们可以在得到大量数据的同时
+仍能保护个人隐私。
+当然，这些技术的应用意味着
+我们需要了解多种大量的資訊，
+数据对象们之间将有花费和收入的变化，
+也许这可能就是我们为什么没怎么听说过这些技术的原因。
+让我再回到伊甸园。
+关于伊甸园的故事
+还有第二个关于隐私的解释
+这跟亚当和夏娃
+的赤裸和羞耻
+没有任何关系。
+大家可以在
+约翰·弥尔顿的 失乐园”里看到类似的解释。
+在伊甸园里，亚当和夏娃是物质上的满足。
+形成了一个联盟，以实现石油透明合同为目的。
+但是，他们没有知识
+和自觉性。
+当他们吃到
+智慧之果时，
+其实是他们发现自我的时刻。
+他们变得自觉，实现了自主。
+但是代价却是，离开伊甸园。
+那么，隐私，换句话说，就是
+为了得到自由必须付出的代价。
+再次，营销人员告诉我们
+大量数据和社交网络
+并不仅仅是为他们谋福利的天堂，
+我们得到免费的信息。
+我们可以玩愤怒的小鸟。我们得到适合自己的应用。
+但实际上，在几年内，各种机构
+就会因为知道这么多关于我们的信息，
+进而可以在我们知道自己想要做什么之前
+就可以诱导我们的想法，或许
+在我们知道自己是不是真的需要某个商品之前
+英国，美国，加拿大，澳大利亚，
+有一个英国作家
+预测到了这种未来
+如果你也有参与科学工作
+和自由来换来舒适安逸。
+甚至超过了乔治·奥威尔，
+这个作家当然是赫胥黎。
+在 美丽新世界”里，他想象了一个社会:
+人们发明了原本是为了得到
+自由的一种技术,
+最终反被此技术所奴役。
+然而，在这本书里，他同样给我们指出了一条
+突破这个社会的道路，
+跟亚当和夏娃不得不离开伊甸园的道路类似。
+恐怕不是中国的一党制，
+重获自主和自由是可能的，
+尽管代价惨重。
+因此我相信当今
+具有决定性的战役之一
+我们会有本地猫 也就是有来自中央的猫和本地的猫的区别
+决定大量数据是否会变成帮助获得自由
+的武器，
+还是暗中操纵我们的工具。
+现在，我们中的大多数
+甚至不知道战斗已经打响了，
+但这是真的，不管你喜欢不喜欢。
+冒着打草惊蛇的危险，
+我告诉大家战斗的武器就在这里，
+那就是意识到正在发生着什么，
+就在你手中，
+只需几次点击。
+谢谢大家。
+（掌声）
+和很多著名的
+国际建筑师一起工作过，
+整理他们的工作，并观察
+他们的设计是如何有能力
+去影响其所在的城市。
+我想到了如迪拜一样的新城市
+或者像罗马一样的老城市
+这样就为我打开一扇巨大的机会之门
+或者像这里，高楼林立的纽约
+一个被摩天大楼的建筑
+深深影响的城市。
+但是我发现最吸引我的是
+当这些城市的建筑师和规划者离开
+人们开始使用这些地方时，城市将会发生怎样的变化
+比如印度的昌迪加尔
+其次是因为我所说的都是事实
+设计的城市。
+60年后的今天，这个城市已经被
+居民以一种当初设计时不可设想的方式
+所使用，
+像这里
+有人们坐在礼堂的窗户上。
+但是在这几年期间，
+我在记录雷姆·库哈斯
+设计的北京CCTV大楼
+和同一个城市里由赫尔佐格和德·梅隆设计的
+这并不是很常见
+在这些中国的大型基建项目里，
+你可以看到一种临时的帐篷营地
+那之后
+由于施工期需要多年的时间，
+工人最终形成一种非常原始和简单的
+小时候，我在佛罗里达州的农场长大，
+复杂结构的建筑并存。
+在过去的七年里，我一直在追随着
+我对建筑环境的兴趣，
+因为我们必须破除这些迷思，
+这种痴迷使我
+虽然只是在家里.
+外表十分惹人怜爱 人们尝试着去保护他们，然而牠还是绝迹了
+意味着有时我可以
+抓住生活中最不可预测的时刻，
+比如在纽约这里
+在桑迪飓风袭击城市后的一天。
+詹姆士-麦金雷报道了一起一群人轮奸一名小女孩的故事，
+我第一次来到委内瑞拉的加拉加斯
+当飞机飞过城市上方时，我很惊讶于
+这里的贫民窟
+已经遍布了城市的每个角落，
+一个百分之七十的居民
+生活在贫民窟里的地方，
+贫民窟满山遍野的搭建着
+在和当地的城市设计智库的谈话中，
+但是如果你将中国的互联网想象成
+甚至连App Store的用户都给了我许多鼓励，
+加拉加斯的中心。
+这个高楼一直在施工
+直到90年代初委内瑞拉经济大崩盘
+并且设计者去世。
+大概八年前，人们开始搬进
+被废弃的大楼里
+没有人预见到这次心脏病发作。
+搭建他们自己的房子。
+整座大楼只有一个小小的入口，
+3000居民从这里
+通过这一个门进出。
+居住者合力建立了公共空间
+并设计德使这里多一点家的感觉
+少一点烂尾楼的感觉。
+在大堂，他们粉刷了墙面，种植了树
+他们还建了一个篮球场。
+但是当你近距离观察时，
+可以看到很多的洞，这是当初设计给电梯
+和其它的服务设施。
+在大楼里，人们想出了
+各种解决方案
+错了！事实上，睡眠对我们至关重要。
+由于居住在这个烂尾楼里。
+由于没有电梯
+大楼像个45层的步行高楼。
+这群没有受过任何建筑和设计培训的居民
+如你所见，几乎有30 %
+设计了大楼的使用。
+他们会说， 只有政权对于人民的压迫过于深重的时候，人民的力量才会起作用。”
+独特的生活居住方式时，
+这座大楼好像变成了一座居住的城市，
+一个伴随着微观的经济
+和小商户的地方。
+比如，这些有创造力的居住者
+在最不可思议的情况下发现机遇，
+比如毗邻的停车场
+被重新规划为一条出租车的路线
+搭载居民通过坡道
+运用这些方框里
+爬坡的距离。
+穿过大楼的一路上
+展现了居民是如何想出
+怎么搭建墙体，怎么让空气流通，
+大楼的循环系统，
+尤其是创造一个
+完全适应于
+周围环境的家园。
+当一个新的居住者搬进这座大楼，
+他们已经有一个可以遮盖的房顶，
+所以他们通常只是使用
+很小的窗帘和单子来突出他们的地方。
+慢慢地，从现成的材料，高墙，
+人们创造了一个从任何现成物体
+和材料搭建的空间。
+看到他们的设计规划决定
+很让人惊叹，
+例如当所有东西都是红砖建的时候，
+一些居民会在红砖墙外覆盖上
+另一层红砖样式的墙纸
+只为了让它看上去有干净的感觉。
+这些居住者真的是
+用他们的双手来搭建自己的房子，这种充满着爱的劳动
+渗透出一种伟大的自豪感
+充盈在很多住在这儿的家庭里。
+他们特别是要尽最大可能利用他们周围的环境
+来让他们的生活空间更温馨，更有家的感觉，
+或者至少做到他们能尽的最大可能。
+在大楼里，你可以找到
+各种各样的服务，比如理发店，
+小铺子，每层都有
+小的食品杂货店和商店。
+你甚至可以找到一个教堂。
+并且在30层有一个健身房
+那里所有的器械和杠铃
+都是由剩下的滑轮制成的
+ 你还有额外的十年才开始生活”时你认为会发生什么？
+你可以看到固定的混凝土梁柱是如何
+八岁的学童每读一本书奖励两美元
+以便让他们以一种有机而直观的方式
+去搭建他们的房子
+来直接应对他们的需求。
+让我们现在去看看非洲，尼日利亚，
+来到一个叫马卡卡的住宅区
+一个居住着15万人的贫民窟
+住在仅在拉各斯湖上面几米的地方。
+虽然它看上去好像是一个很混乱的地方，
+但当你从上往下看，那里好像存在
+一个由水路和运河形成的格子网
+连接着每家每户。
+这可不是闹着玩儿的！所以屏幕上的这些钩钩叉叉
+都穿天鹅绒,丝质品,毛制品,非常奢侈的衣服
+各种房屋和商店
+当进入水域时，很明显
+生活已经完全融入
+这种特殊条件下的生活方式。
+非常复杂的生产制造能力
+女人们划着木舟从一家到另一家，
+卖着从牙膏到新鲜水果的各种东西。
+在每一扇窗户和门框背后，
+你都会看到有小孩子在背后盯着你
+虽然马卡卡看上去到处都是人，
+但更让人吃惊的是实际上
+每座房屋里面拥有的孩子的数量。
+尼日利亚的人口增长，
+尤其是在像马卡卡这样的区域，
+痛苦地提醒着人们
+生育失控后带来的结果。
+在马卡卡，只有非常少的生活系统
+和基础设施存在
+电是被垄断的，且干净的水
+来自于这片区域里自己建造的井。
+整个经济模式
+是为了应对特殊的水上生活方式而设计的
+所以捕鱼和造船
+是普遍的职业。
+这里还有一系列的商户
+在这片区域建立经营着自己的生意，
+比如理发店，CD和DVD商店，
+电影院，裁缝铺，和其它的一切。
+这是甚至有一个照相馆
+让你看到一种期望
+去住在真正的大房子里或者和一个遥远的地方
+产生联系，比如瑞典的旅馆。
+在这个特别的夜晚，
+我遇到这个
+穿着舞台表演衣服的现场演奏乐队。
+他们在河道里漂着
+坐在一个装了可发光的大船里，
+让所有居民欣赏他们的演出。
+深夜降临后，这片区域变得漆黑一片，
+除了一些小的电灯
+或者火光。
+最初使我来到马卡卡的原因
+是一个我朋友的做的项目，
+昆里阿德耶米，它最近修建了
+一个漂在水上的三层学校
+给马卡卡这里的孩子们使用。
+由于整个村落都在水上，
+公共空间十分有限，
+所以现在学校建好了，
+底层就变成了孩子们的活动场所，
+但是当课上完了，整个平台
+就变成了一个小的城镇广场，
+渔民在那里补网
+（笑声）——
+另一个我希望和你们分享的地方
+是在开罗的扎巴林。
+这里的居民是40年代
+从埃及上部的地区移居过来的农民的后代，
+今天他们靠着
+但他们并不相信
+收集和回收垃圾维生。
+很多年来，扎巴林的居民生活在临时的村落里
+他们可以随时移动
+以试图回避当地政府，
+但是在80年代初，他们在
+摩卡塔姆山区定居下来
+就在城市东边的边缘地区。
+今天，他们生活在这片区域，
+住在自己建的
+多层房屋的社区里
+三代同堂。
+虽然这些他们建给自己的公寓
+看上去缺少规划或者正规的架构
+但每家都擅长收一种特殊的回收方式
+这意味着每个公寓的底层
+被预留给进行垃圾处理相关的工作
+上层是用于居住的空间。
+我很不可思议地看到
+这些成堆成堆的垃圾是如何
+能被住在这里的人们所忽视
+像这个正在端坐的有威望的长者
+他的后面却仿佛有大量垃圾要溢出，
+或者像这两位年轻人正坐着聊天
+在他们之间却有着成吨的垃圾。
+虽然对我们大部分人，生活在
+这些成堆成堆的垃圾中间
+可能似乎无法适应，
+但对那些生活在扎巴林的人来说，这只是
+一种与众不同的平常。
+在所有我今天说到的地方，
+我发现最有意思的是
+都是有所关联的。我们能做什么？
+这证明人们有能力适应
+各种生存环境。
+正是德国的电子巨头西门子。
+是非常正常的。
+就像这个订婚的派对
+在这种传统中，准新娘
+展示出她们要带给未来新丈夫的
+所有个人物品
+像这样的物品的堆放
+展示出一种东西放在一起的情形
+所有新的物品被展示出来
+而所有的垃圾被用作
+展示他们新家所有小装饰的道具。
+像马卡卡和托雷大卫一样，
+通过扎巴林你可以发现在任何典型的社区里
+都完全一样的设施。
+那里有零售店，咖啡厅
+和餐厅，并且这个社区
+是一个埃及基督徒社区，
+所以你也会发现一个教堂，
+以及大量的宗教图像
+贯穿于这片区域，
+还有日常的服务设施
+比如电器维修点，
+理发店，任何设施。
+参观扎巴林的住家
+同样充满惊喜。
+虽然从外面看，
+这些房子看上去跟其他在城市里非常规结构的住宅没什么两样
+但当你走进去，
+你可以看到它所有设计的形式
+和内部装饰。
+虽然空间和资金都很有限，
+但这里房子的设计
+都十分体贴，注重细节。
+每个公寓都独一无二，
+这种个性告诉我们一个故事
+关于每家的情况和价值观念。
+他们很多人对待自己的家
+和内部空间十分认真，
+在细节方面
+花费大量时间和精力。
+公共区域也被用同样的态度对待，
+墙面由人造大理石装饰。
+但是除了这些精致的装饰，
+包含创立保育生物学的
+也会以一种与众不同的方式被使用。
+比如这个吸引我注意的房子
+很多泥土和杂草
+从前门渗了进去。
+当我进去的时候，这个五层楼的公寓好像
+被完全改造成一个农场，
+六七头牛站在里面吃草
+而这里本来应该是客厅。
+不过从这个牛棚穿过楼道的这个公寓
+住着一对新婚的夫妻
+这里被当地人形容为
+当地最好的一座公寓之一。
+公寓里对细节的注意使我震惊，
+并且当公寓的主人很自豪地
+让我在这个公寓里随便走动时
+从地板到屋顶，这里的每处都经过装点。
+但假如不是那让人无法忍受的
+持续穿过公寓的
+我喜欢它因为它把我的信息传出去
+你会非常容易忘记
+你正站在牛棚的隔壁
+和垃圾清理厂的上方。
+让我感动的是除了
+那些看上去不宜居的条件，
+我被非常热情地邀请
+进入一个充满爱，关怀
+和没有保留热情的家。
+让我们跨越来到中国，
+来到一个叫陕西，河南和甘肃的区域。
+一个以柔软松散的黄土高原黄沙而闻名的地区，
+从一开始靠两个人架着
+有四千万人住在地下的房屋里。
+这种住宅称为窑洞。
+通过这种往下建的建筑方式，
+这些窑洞真的是建在土地下面
+在这些村子里，你可以看到完全改变了的地貌，
+而在这些土丘背后
+藏着的是广场，长方形的房子
+坐落在地下7米的地方。
+当我问人们为什么要
+地上往下挖洞建房子时，
+他们只是很简单的告诉我，
+他们是种小麦和苹果的穷农民，没钱
+买材料，而这种挖窑洞
+是他们最符合逻辑的居住方式。
+从马卡卡到扎巴林，这些社区
+社区里的，家庭里的
+就这样。（掌声）
+和邻里的的方法，以一种特别针对
+他们的环境和实际情况的方式。
+由那些居住，
+工作，生活在这种特殊空间的人们创造而成，
+这些社区是由人们本能地设计
+来最大利用他们的生活环境。
+这些大多数地方，政府
+完全没有管理，因此让居民
+没有选择只能重新利用现成的材料，
+虽然这些社区的环境十分恶劣，
+他们却真的显示出
+一种杰出的创造力，
+证明我们确实有能力
+适应不同的生存环境。
+让像托雷大卫这样的地方
+尤其突出的就是
+这种框架建筑
+让人们可以有一个
+能够进入改造的基础。
+设想这些已经很有创造力的社区
+警察并不具有全球性的规模。至少现在还没有，
+而他们的解决方案将有多么特别，
+假如他们拥有使他们可以进入的
+基本的设施。
+今天，你看到这些大型的房屋住宅建设工程
+给大量的人
+这是我了解到的事实。
+从中国到巴西，这些工程试图
+提供给人们尽可能多的房子，
+但他们完全是大众化的，
+并且简单来说不是一个
+针对人们个体需求的解决方法。
+我想引用一句话来收尾
+它来自于我的一个朋友和一种期望，
+查塔·科巴
+出色的Shorefast基金会创始人，
+总部在纽芬兰的福戈岛。
+她说：”这里有一种名为‘相同 的瘟疫
+在杀死人类的快乐，
+而我非常赞同这句话。
+谢谢
+（鼓掌）
+首先，我想带大家一起
+回到一个
+在中国的夜晚
+所以即使我们生活在同一片公共空间里
+Peking (北京的英文旧称）
+我们对阿基米德作为数学家的全部了解
+坐在一个戴着猫头鹰眼镜打着领结的
+壮硕中年男人旁边
+他原来是一名富布赖特学者
+又是为何性爱孕育了儿女
+所以我不认为
+对我这个年轻而急切的外国记者来说
+这真是一个美好的礼物
+我从他这里获得了很多信息
+心里开始起草
+我今天演讲的主题
+那天我跟他聊了几个小时
+几个月之后
+我发现了他的真实身份
+他是美国大豆协会
+（笑声）
+ 我不理解，大豆？
+你告诉我你是个富布赖特学者。”
+ 可是，如果我告诉你我是大豆协会的
+你会跟我聊多久呢？”
+认识顶部二百个汉字，
+对吧？但其实，据数字统计，
+不过我当时不是用的混蛋这个词
+没人关心
+他说， 我们结婚吧”
+我把今天的焦点放在 政府部门的贪腐问题。
+ 带着很多孩子周游世界。”
+于是我们结婚了
+（笑声）
+（鼓掌）
+被用于储存能量。
+非常有活力的人
+他是一个中文学者
+在他60几岁的时候
+听我讲一下
+他会六种语言
+15种乐器
+他有飞行员执照
+他做过旧金山缆车的司机
+他在猪营养学，奶牛，
+南方爵士，黑色电影方面都是专家
+我们也一起周游了世界
+生了很多孩子
+我们做了很多，似乎
+没有什么是我们做不到的
+当他被诊断出癌症
+对我们来说
+语言学家实际上已经指出
+我们相信
+如果我们够聪明
+够坚强和勇敢
+花园非常的美丽，
+那他一定可以永远活下去
+在好几年里，我们似乎获得了成功
+他接受过多次手术
+他怎么说？就如外科医生总说的那样
+ 全部干净了”
+然后当医生仔细地检查过他的肾癌后
+却又充满挫败
+他被发现得的是一种
+罕见且激进的癌症
+一般来说这样的患者
+最多只能活几周
+但是，他还没有死
+他神奇地活了下去
+他为儿子做棒球教练
+混合海藻，温度
+同时，我把自己埋在互联网里
+寻找相关的专家
+寻找治疗方案
+就这样时间又过了一年
+帮助他们找到把来自直觉的商业理念
+随之而来的是又一份死亡判决
+这次是九个月
+我们尝试了另外一种治疗方法，激进而讨厌
+这让他非常难受，只好放弃
+但是他还活着
+又过了一年
+两年
+为了接受更多专家的治疗
+我们带着孩子去意大利
+太阳正从地平线上升起。 旦”。
+更多年过去了
+癌细胞又开始生长
+这次，又有新的治疗方法进入视线
+诡异，而且还在试验中
+这是一种新的消灭癌症的方法
+他参与了这次临床试验，并且成功了
+癌细胞开始萎缩
+我们躲过了死亡
+我现在问你
+我当时是什么感受
+当最后时刻来临的时候
+在那个
+深夜两点的黑夜里
+这次是在重症病房里
+一个20多岁的
+我从未见过的医生
+告诉我特伦斯就要不行了
+可能就在今晚
+当他问我， 我能为你做些什么？”
+我说了什么？
+当时有一种新药
+更新，更强
+他两周前开始服用
+其实，归根结底，看，就是卡斯坡滑，
+我说了什么？
+我说， 让他活着，如果可以的话。”
+特伦斯死于六天之后
+我们战斗过，挣扎过，也胜利过
+这是一场令人振奋的战斗
+我会毫不犹豫地
+将战斗继续直至今天
+我们一起战斗，一起生活
+他们会怎样来培养她的好奇心呢？
+最严峻的七年，我们把它变成了
+最辉煌的七年
+这是一场昂贵的战斗
+我做过调查，并得出了大象数量过多的结论，
+都会赞成的
+是在第一个视频的30天后录制的
+被糟蹋，或者被迫堕落一样
+对于我，对于我们
+现在我们回到一开始
+实验进度和程序
+这句我现在每天重复的话
+ 嘿，这真是刺激的过程。”
+我们没有机会互相道别
+要突破我们那些熟悉的区域。
+我们总是充满希望
+我们所做的这一切是为了什么？
+作为一个记者，在特伦斯逝世后
+我写了一本书， 希望的代价”
+我写这本书是因为我想知道
+我为什么会这么做
+不受到强和热的风
+那么我发现了什么？
+其中一个便是
+医生认为能解答
+我在最后做了的事是一张纸
+ 预先医疗指示”
+以帮助家人做出这一看似不合理的选择
+在游说过程中提出一下的表达，
+所以很快我想和其他交流
+它们很容易获得
+我正把它们拿在手中
+上面是同样一句话
+如果没有希望，就不要再做什么了
+我清楚地知道特伦斯的愿望
+就如同我自己的一样
+我们从来没有完全失去希望
+哪怕拿着这张意思明确的纸片
+我们一直重新定义希望
+我相信我能阻止他的死亡
+这么说我会不好意思，如果我
+交谈过的话
+直到他走的前一天
+谢谢。
+你可能觉得是不可理喻
+但我坚信我能够阻止他的死亡
+现在，专家们怎么称呼这种心态？
+他们说这叫拒绝现实
+一个很强烈的词，是不是？
+我告诉你们
+这个词远远不够强烈
+完全不能描述我们这种
+然后开始讲话
+我听医生们会这么说，
+ 我们想做什么什么，
+但是被病人的家人拒绝。
+其中一个发生于我在监狱里
+他们只会拒绝现实。
+他们怎么能到了最后还坚持这种治疗呢？
+很明显，他们拒绝接受现实。”
+我想这并不是
+一个有效的思维方式
+不仅仅是家人
+你作为医生
+也是在拒绝现实
+你想帮助，你想治疗
+你想做一些事情
+所以把这些因素都凑在一起，
+但是现在你的病人要死了
+一定感觉非常失败
+我理解这种挫折
+它看起来像一只苍蝇。它有翅膀，眼睛
+他的肿瘤医生说，
+强而有力的领导人身上可见
+就在去世的前几天
+达特茅斯学院缓和医疗部的
+主管伊拉·比约克
+说过， 最优秀的医生
+也无法使人长生不死。”
+医生们所说的 拒绝现实”，我说的 希望”
+然后我想借用
+一个做软件界的朋友的一句话
+你重新定义拒绝现实和希望
+这是作为人类的一个功能
+而不是一个漏洞
+所以我们需要更具建设性地
+去思考这一常见，深远
+这是一种人类状态
+但是我们的系统和我们的思维
+并没有去接受并包容它
+当特伦斯在那个遥远的夜晚给我说了一个故事
+我相信了
+也许我只是愿意去相信
+在特伦斯生病期间
+我们也同样愿意去相信
+放弃战斗，这种放弃的感觉
+不止意味着
+放弃他的生命
+同样意味着
+就急于采用这些武器。
+放弃我们不可战胜的故事
+放弃医生作为拯救者的
+故事
+那我们需要的是什么？
+我们可能不需要一张新的纸片
+而是需要一个新的故事
+不是一个因为没有希望
+而放弃战斗的故事
+而是一个关于胜利
+关于勇敢战斗
+我种了2万5千磅蔬菜，
+最优秀的将军也不能战胜每个敌人
+最优秀的医生
+也不能使人长生不死
+一个再努力的妻子
+如果在场有对开放平台有经验的人才在，
+最勇敢可爱的丈夫
+死亡的故事
+有人跟我提过临终关怀
+不过我没有听
+临终关怀是给将死之人的
+人们说过的每个词，每句话，
+最后，他只经历了四天的临终关怀
+我确信，就像你们所知道的的
+这是一个典型的结果
+我们从来没有说再见
+因为我们从没有准备好面对结束
+我们有高贵的治疗方式
+病人和医生都有
+但是我们并没有
+高贵的死亡方式
+死亡被认为是失败
+我们有一个共同战斗的
+英雄故事
+却没有一个放手面对死亡的英雄故事
+我们也许需要一个
+承认结束，说再见的故事
+也许我们新的故事
+是关于一个英雄的战斗和离世
+特伦斯喜爱诗作，
+而希腊诗人康斯坦丁诺斯·卡瓦菲斯
+则是我的最爱的诗人之一。
+这里我会引述他的几句诗
+这首诗是关于马克·安东尼的。
+马克·安东尼是个无坚不摧的英雄
+她是埃及女王的男人
+埃及女王的男人之一
+他是个不错的将军
+他赢了所有的战斗
+他躲开了所有人的追捕
+这一次，他最终
+来到了亚历山大城
+发现自己迷失了
+我真心希望复杂性的观点
+边奏乐，边唱歌
+他在一瞬间知道自己被打败了
+他瞬间知道
+自己被上帝抛弃
+是时候选择离开了
+这首诗告诉他如何去做
+告诉他如何说一声高贵的再见
+一个符合英雄身份的再见
+ 如同长期准备着，
+仿佛勇敢面对着，
+它成为你
+值得战斗的城市，
+迈着坚实的步伐与情感，
+靠近窗口，
+而不是一个懦夫的诉求
+或抱怨，
+作为最后的享受，
+听着那声音，
+那精湛的演奏组成的乐队，
+与她告别，
+你正在迷失的亚历山大。
+这是一个比生命更伟大男人的道别
+对于一个
+所有事
+几乎所有事都能做的
+男人的道别
+一个保留了希望的男人的道别
+这正不是我们所缺失的吗？
+我们如何才能理解
+人们面对爱人做出的决定
+不正是往往来自于强烈的，有力的
+很多时候并不理智的
+微薄的希望吗？
+紧紧抱住一点点希望
+不是拒绝现实
+而是人类基因的一部分
+也许我们的医疗系统
+医生，病人，保险公司以及我们
+是时候开始计算希望的力量了
+希望不是一个漏洞
+而是是一个功能
+谢谢
+（鼓掌）
+在推特之外的闲暇时间
+我对在线讲故事
+做了一点实验，
+看看我们能用新的数字工具做些什么。
+我在推特的工作，
+实际上是花了一点时间
+与作者和讲故事的人合作，
+一起扩展
+人们正在实验创造新媒介的疆域。
+那么你们之中有多少人正蜷缩着自己?
+人们在网上所做的事情，
+我认为那实在是够吸引人的，
+人们在网络上运用灵活的身份或匿名
+使事实与虚构之间的界限逐渐模糊。
+但我想先从1930年代开始。
+工作过。
+无线电带给我们的是广播
+全世界表现最好的货币是什么？
+连接了数以百万计的人们。
+而从广播中播放出来的故事，
+有一些是我们熟悉的故事。
+我的母亲只好贿赂了一个医院工作者。
+有一段时间这些故事是以熟悉的方式来述说的，
+”我的哥们儿们都在嘲笑我， 穿得又旧就没型。
+自己独特的模式。
+想想在广播电台现场直播发生的情节。
+结合现场表演
+和书面小说连载的模式，
+就变成了一种新形式。
+我以收音机作例的原因是我认为
+电台是证明一个新的媒介如何
+研究大脑中性别差异的项目
+当然，今天，我们有全新的
+媒介可供使用，
+那就是互联网络世界。
+这是使用推特的认证用户
+以及他们之间是如何连接的地图。
+有成千上万的人。
+每一个点
+都是自己的广播站。
+我们已经来到了一个很多人需要发声的时代，
+对连接彼此介质的使用权成为了广播的最大障碍。
+我认为我们应该开始看到
+她要把他送给一个大巴上的陌生人
+许多新模式正在应运而生。
+我相信我们是在广泛开放
+创新实验的前沿，
+我们已经探讨并开始定义
+互联网的这个广阔的土地
+并要开始准备
+在互联网上建立框架，
+而这些框架就是互联网使我们创造
+新的说故事的模式。
+我相信这起源于对
+现有方式的变革。
+短篇故事，例如，
+众人所说短篇故事
+因为电子书阅读器和数字市场的产生
+正在经历一种复兴。
+作家Hugh Howey试验了
+在亚马逊网站上
+发布了一个非常短的故事叫 羊毛 。
+专门对墙壁进行侦测，希望能找到存在于墙于墙之前的间隙。
+把 羊毛 变成一个系列，
+但读者那么喜欢第一个故事
+他们要求续集，所以他给了读者续集。
+他又写了 羊毛2”，比 羊毛1”篇幅长一些，
+还包括高挑，苗条的体型，
+最终在 羊毛 5 ”达到顶峰
+一个 6万字的小说。
+我认为Howey能够做到这一切都是因为
+电子书的快速回馈功能。
+他能在相对较短的时间内
+撰写以及发布。
+因为特别是现在，随着经济危机的出现
+他和他的读者
+小偷、传票、这类事情
+因为还有80％的车辆在车流当中。
+所以这整个项目是一项实验。
+它开始于一个短篇故事，
+我觉得实验实际上成为了
+我不是个怪人。我读过Steven J的传记。
+这就是这一媒介所赋予的，
+并在成为这一个媒介的一部分。
+这是Jennifer Egan的一个短篇故事
+叫做 黑箱 。
+它起初是
+是大约3%。
+Egan 说服纽约客杂志
+启动一个纽约客小说帐户
+在这个账户里他们可以通过推特发布
+不是因为喜悦而颤抖
+推特当然有140个的字符限制。
+Egan直接用手写的方式在
+第二呢，很明显
+物理空间的限制
+写入每一个独立的推文，
+而这些超过六百篇的推文最终都变成了
+纽约客杂志上的连载。
+每天晚上八点，你都可以调到
+纽约客小说账号的短篇故事。
+我认为这是很令人兴奋的：
+收看文学小说。
+这种蜡很脏，
+一开始是试验性质的，
+你可以回看它，
+但有趣的是，如果看这个故事的直播，
+因为当你阅读他们的时候
+你是没有办法控制这些推文的。
+他们在一个平均的剪辑速度上进行，
+但是随着故事逐渐的推进，
+是圣所，是他们祖先的墓地。
+但在这种情况下，纽约客杂志所做的是，
+他们给你一点，一点，再一点，
+让读者有悬念并且期待下一行。
+另外一个在推特上关于小说和短篇故事的
+一个很好的例子是，
+作家Elliott Holt， 他写了一个故事叫《证据》（Evidence）。
+这个故事始于这则推文： 十一月二十八日，
+晚上十点十三分，
+这是发展中国家的数据，也就是说
+四十四岁，来自布鲁克利，
+从曼哈顿酒店屋顶坠楼身亡 。
+开始是Elliott的声音，
+然后Elliott的声音褪去，
+我们看到的是Elsa, Margot和Simon,
+这些Elliott在推特上特别创建的角色
+专门来讲述这个故事，
+故事从许多个视角进行讲述
+你得给婴儿身上照蓝光
+也就是这个女人坠楼身亡的时间。
+这三个角色使这个故事从多方视角进行述说，
+给读者带来了一种真实感。
+是 名符其实的推特小说，” 因为她做到了。
+她捕捉到了那个声音
+并且她有许多角色， 这个故事也发生在真实的时间内。
+有趣的是，这不仅仅只是
+将推特作为一个发布故事的机制。
+也将推特作为一个产生故事的机制。
+Elliott后来告诉我
+一个妈妈和女儿在
+她在沙发上坐定，也就只是
+在不同的角色间来来回回
+一行一行的发推文。
+我认为这种同步性创造
+故事中角色们的推文
+赋予了这些角色本身的真实性
+大多数情况，建筑师都能在脑海里浮现自己所设计的
+当你在网络上运用灵活的身份，
+并与真实世界开始互动的时候，
+就像在2012年选举期推特上出现的
+ 隐形奥巴马”（Invisible Obama）
+或者著名的 装满女性简历的档案” （罗姆尼竞选时回答男女薪金公平性的引语，被推特、脸书上的网名调侃）
+后来有人搞了一个叫Matternet的创业项目
+在这里，你能找到在 白宫风云 里
+所有角色的推特账号，
+甚至包括在某一集里
+停在Josh Lyman窗口的一只鸟。（笑声）
+所有这些都是关于一个主题的复述。
+他们是一群有创意的人
+对于在这媒介上可能性的探索。
+你可以看到在 白宫风云”推特上
+这些虚拟角色
+与真实世界进行互动。
+他们对政治进行评论，
+与国会的邪恶进行抗争。
+请记住，他们都是民主党人。
+他们与真实的世界进行互动
+做出反应。
+所以一旦你采取灵活的身份，
+这样你就不会忘记你生活过的日子。
+而把这些工具都用来讲述一个故事，
+事情就变得有趣起来。
+所以在芝加哥市长选举期间，
+有一个模仿账户
+和刹车系统
+这个账户给你所有你想要 从Rahm Emanuel那里了解的事情
+尤其是以脏话调侃的形式。
+这个满嘴脏话的账户
+追踪竞选的日常活动，
+随着活动的进行给予评论。
+他们是盗版的。在手机上面有牌子的商标
+他们担心一旦失败了，
+不幸的是，寿命的延长
+随着它的进展，它从评论性演变到了
+一个多周的、 实时的虚拟小说
+在这里面主角，Rahm Emanuel，
+在选举日期间去各种旅行，
+这是— — 实际上不会发生的事。
+我翻阅了报纸新闻。
+然后，非常有趣的是，它结束了。
+这是一个推特模拟账户
+杰克：”哈哈。Slash（对了），我正在看这个视频，
+然后向对方索要玩具。
+所以作者，Dan Sinker，是一名记者，
+在这段时间内，是完全匿名的
+我想对于Dan来说，这是很有意义的，
+他想要把这变成一本书，
+因为它是以一种叙述手法画下一个句点的，
+而且我认为，把它变成一本书
+代表着他创造的一种新形式
+被转化到了前一种形式。
+一个我最喜欢的例子之一是
+现在在推特上正在进行的事，
+实际上就是那个荒诞的Crimer Show.
+Crimer Show讲的是一个
+超级罪犯和一个倒霉侦探
+我们就存在了。上周
+进行着一些非常奇怪的对话。
+Crimer Show的主创说
+这是对英国的一种流行表演的模仿，
+但是，老兄，这可真奇怪。
+Crimer，这个超级罪犯，
+做的这些个电视行为。
+他总是拿下他的太阳镜
+或是转身对着相机，
+但这些事情只是发生在文本中。
+我想借用这些电视上的行为
+放在每一集
+Crimer Show里面
+并将它们视为情节
+真的，它在创建一个新的东西。
+每一天推特上都上演着
+Crimer Show的新一集。
+并且以这种方式存储下来。
+我认为这是在对于模式的一种很好的实验。
+一个全新的模式出现了，
+模仿电视上发生的一切。
+我认为在非小说类作品中实时讲故事，
+真的有很多很好的例子。
+RealTimeWWII 是一个
+记录60 年前的今天发生了什么的账号，
+它记录的格外详细，
+就像你在阅读在那天的新闻报道一样。
+作者Teju Cole
+对于将新闻事件的文学性报道
+做了许多实验。
+比如说，这里他在讲无人机轰炸。
+我认为，在这些例子里
+你开始看到人们运用非小说类作品内容
+在说故事
+这可以以一种新的虚构故事的模式
+来进行。
+所以有了实时讲故事，
+事实与虚构之间的界限逐渐模糊，
+真实的世界和数字世界，
+你就会开始看到非常巨大
+这些我们可以使用的工具，
+而我认为他们只是其中的一小部分而已。
+构造结构、框架的一小部分，
+它将会成为我们在之上建立的
+创新实验的广泛开放前沿。
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+我是一名治疗传染性疾病的医生。
+学业结束以后，
+我从旧金山
+去了索马里。
+当时旧金山综合医院
+传染科主任
+送给我的离别致辞是
+80%的人认为他们现在所在的家庭
+我在难民营落脚，
+那里有40个难民营收容了100万难民。
+却只有我们6个医生。
+流行病随处可见。
+我的职责主要是针对
+肺结核
+和令人震惊的流行性霍乱。
+一个龙卷风从山丘上刮来
+和霍乱的
+大幅扩散。
+为了让工作得以顺利进行，
+医生诊断说：
+不得不从难民中招人来
+特训成医护人员。
+在索马里工作了三年以后，
+我被世界卫生组织选中
+从事防治艾滋病流行的工作。
+我的主要工作是在乌干达。
+这就是我要告诉你的真相。
+它们都会向空气排放五分之二的化石碳
+坦桑尼亚、马拉维和其他几个国家工作过。
+我最后一个任务是负责一个
+叫干预发展的机构。
+这个机构主要负责干预治疗的设计工作。
+10年的海外工作
+令我身心疲惫。
+我几乎身无分文。
+常年的四处奔波，
+令我倍感孤独无助。
+我想回家歇歇。
+我看过太多的死亡，
+待过三段很长的时间。
+流行病死亡给人的感受是不一样的，
+它令人触目惊心。
+我听多了沙漠里女人的
+恸哭和哀吟。
+我们往往会找到一条主街，而这条主街
+在美国，我没发现任何流行病的
+问题。
+实际上，我没觉得美国有任何问题。
+真的。
+我去看望我的一些朋友时
+我看到他们有水
+水直接在家里就可以喝到。
+你们中多少人家里是这种情况？
+有个男人看着我，像是说，
+有些朋友，其实是很多朋友，
+可以在家里的不同房间直接喝到水。
+遇见了一些人，终于把它变成了现实。
+可以一度一度地或者两度两度地调解
+家里的室内温度。
+所以我不知道我该做什么好。
+我的一个朋友告诉关于
+青少年之间的枪击事件。
+我就想
+看起来，你不做任何事情。
+你在美国该做什么来阻止这样的事件？
+大家都知道主要有两种方案
+或者说办法。
+一个是惩罚。
+我以前就听说过的方法。
+我们以前研究行为学的
+知道惩罚是经常被探讨的方法。
+但它也是个被高估的方法。
+它不是行为的主要驱动力，
+也不是行为改变的主要驱动力。
+而且，它让我意识到
+过去的流行病
+就曾经被完全曲解。
+当时的科学没有普及到
+瘟疫、
+斑疹伤寒和麻风病（疫区）。
+所以当时大家普遍认为
+疫区的人差、环境差、空气差。
+寡妇们被拖到护城河。
+（拖进）地牢甚至是解决（流行病）的方法之一。
+另一种方案，或者说，
+科学并没有一纸定义。
+请改善所有的设施：
+学校、公共场所、私人住处、各个家庭，以及
+所有的东西。
+我也同样知道这个方法。
+我把这叫做 凡事”理论。
+或者说EOE:世上万物。
+在治疗流行病的过程中
+有时候你并不需要改变所有的东西。
+所以我的感觉是
+人们的认识上有一个鸿沟。
+暴力问题（的解决）陷入僵局。
+这历来都是
+其他重大问题的特点。
+腹泻病（的治疗）曾陷入僵局。
+包括文化、政治、政策
+通常情况下，一个治疗方案必需进行反思。
+不是说我知道应该怎么做，
+我是觉得我们需要
+和一种全新类别的工作者一起来解决这个问题。
+通常这是个坏兆头。
+我开始提出问题，
+研究我以前探讨过的
+一些常见指标。
+比如说，分布图是什么样的？
+图表是什么样的？
+数据又是什么样的？
+那么在美国大部分的城市，
+暴力事件的分布图
+就象这个。
+是丛集分布的。
+这让我意识到我们以前见过的
+摆好相机的位置，然后配合我的助手。
+比如说霍乱。
+我们观察曲线图发现
+一个波形叠着一个波形的分布。
+就拿赛琳来说吧，那简直是荒谬的
+都合并着其他流行病而生。
+而暴力事件的曲线图和流行病的曲线图也很相似。
+出人意料的胜利
+怎样预警暴力案件呢？
+结果我们发现对一个暴力事件的
+最好预警就是上一次的暴力事件。
+这就跟流感疫情相似，
+就象某人把流感，或者感冒传给别人，
+最大的罹患因素就是
+结核病的接触史。
+就是病毒特工闪亮登场的情境。
+所以很明显地，玩动作电子游戏不会导致
+在日常生活中
+或者媒体的报道中都可以了解到
+争吵中的暴力会蔓延成
+帮派斗争，内战，
+有个好消息，就是，
+我们知道治疗传染病的方式。
+这并不复杂。
+阻止传染病的发生。
+第一点就是切断传播途径。
+不过我现在已经不是
+我们需要找到第一个案例。
+就是说，如果是结核病，你必须要找到
+谁有活动性结核病菌，谁会把结核病传染给别人。
+对吧？
+我们有专业人员来做这个工作。
+再分析信息作出决定，是不现实的
+我们设计出新类别的工作者。
+就象（寻找）非典（传染源）的工作者，
+（寻找）禽流感（传染源）的工作者，
+去找到首例患病者。
+事实上，在我研究她的事件时，
+因为别人偷看了他的女朋友
+或者别人欠了他的钱而动怒。
+你可以找到一些人，训练他们成为
+特殊类型的工作者。
+第二点呢，当然就是
+防止扩散。
+对应哪个距离。
+虽然他可能不会很快被牵涉，
+就像在结核病传染的小型案例里一样。
+哪怕那个人不过是到那个地区转了一圈
+但是在一个圈子里（活动）。
+那么这些人就需要，以某种方式，
+被好好管理。
+就象处理某些特殊疾病的过程一样。
+那么第三点就是，恢复到正常。
+就是说整个社区活动的
+重组和公共教育。
+然后你可以做到所谓的
+ 群体免疫”。
+这几个因素的结合
+使我们当初成功地阻止了
+艾滋病在乌干达的扩散。
+在2000年我们决定尝试
+把这些因素结合起来。
+首先我们采用了一些新类型的工作者，
+作为第一批暴力阻止者。
+然后我们把（我上面提到的）三个因素全部运用到
+某个社区，
+但我想说，开放式安全
+某个治安差的地区。
+他完全介于天真的成熟之间
+有信誉、值得信任、能接近（动怒者），
+就象在索马里的那些（在难民营受训的）医护工作者一样。
+只不过他们为不同的目的而工作。
+他们受训学习如何劝说别人，
+让（动怒者）息怒，和他们一起消磨时间，转变他的态度。
+还有其他类别的员工，
+外展员工，是在某种程度上
+让动怒者接受6到24个月的心理辅导。
+就象结核病的治疗，只不过这次是行为上的改变。
+然后呢，一些社区活动就会
+恢复正常。
+那就是我们团队的工作，他们真的很棒。
+枪击案和枪杀案
+减少了67％。
+（掌声）
+这对一个社区来说，
+是一件非常好的事。
+刚开始坚持了50天，或60天，然后是90天，
+在接下来的90天里，
+那里仅发生了一件不幸的枪击事件。
+那些社区里的妈妈们开始在下午一起出来散步，
+他们开始利用他们以前不曾利用的公园。
+太阳出来了。每个人都很高兴。
+但当然了，有些捐款人说， 等等，
+你再做一次。”
+所以呢，我们幸运地
+现在，我们所经历的
+枪杀案和凶杀案减少了45％。
+从那时开始，这个实验已经被重复了
+20次。
+来研制出和最棒的车手一样的
+这个评估是由司法部门和
+疾病预防控制中心支持，由约翰霍普金斯大学来实行的。
+科学，在我看来，
+减少到了30－50％ 和40－60％。
+这是采用（我上面提到的）新方法做到的。
+实际上，我们的工作目前为止已经通过了三次独立
+评估。
+也因此受到了很多人的瞩目。
+其中包括
+《纽约时报》周日杂志的封面特别推荐。
+2009年的《经济学家》杂志
+报道说，我们的工作是 卓越的尝试 。
+甚至有一部电影是围绕我们的工作来拍摄的。
+［中断］
+但是，先不要急，
+因为很多人还不同意
+我们的做法。
+我们受到了很多的批评，
+很多的反对意见，
+很多的敌对态度。
+（他们问），（你说这是）健康问题，是什么意思？
+（你说这是）流行病，是什么意思？
+（你说)他们不是很坏的人，是什么意思？
+社会上已经有了
+管理坏人的方案。
+你说的雇用有（不良）背景的人，
+是什么意思？
+我的商业界朋友说，
+”格里，你的工作受到了严厉地批评，
+你一定是做了正确的事！
+（笑声）
+我的音乐家朋友还加了一个词儿”伙计 。
+事实上，
+暴力问题确实还是存在。
+我们的工作受到了另一种严厉批评
+因为我们的工作无法处理所有的其他问题。
+目前为止，我们能控制疟疾，
+以及他们的工作地点就会受到限制。
+在那些贫困的
+没有经济复苏的地区。
+所以实际上，
+尽管有一些反对意见，
+很明显大家都行动起来了。
+美国的很多大城市，
+包括纽约和巴的摩尔
+和堪萨斯城。
+他们的卫生部门在开展着类似的工作。
+芝加哥和新奥尔良的卫生部门
+在这样的工作中发挥着巨大的作用。
+执法部门比几年前更加
+接受我们的工作。
+创伤中心和医院
+也在不断跟进。
+美国市长联席会议
+已经核准不仅要开展类似的工作
+而且要作为特别模式来做。
+典型的旧体制，
+国际组织。
+在波多黎各的第一个试点区域，
+犯罪率减少了55％。
+在洪都拉斯切断（犯罪）工作正在着手进行。
+在肯亚最近的选举活动中，我们的工作模式
+已经被列入计划。
+伊拉克已经完成了500次切断犯罪的工作。
+暴力事件可以当作疾病来对待，
+它的表现形式就象一个疾病的表现形式。
+我们的理论，某种意义上说，
+是在处理过程中得到了验证的。
+最近，医学研究中心
+提出了一个研究报告
+提供了包括了神经科学方面的
+一些数据
+来解释暴力是如何传播的。
+我认为这个是好消息，
+然后其他学生可以回答问题
+走出以往的
+中世纪般的陈旧思维。
+这些研究给我们重新考虑
+把一些监狱变成
+儿童游乐场和公园的可能性。
+重新考虑
+把我们的社区变成
+采用新模式
+新方法，新类型的工作者的社区。
+用科学的方法来替代道德的方法。
+控制住情绪
+是解决问题中最重要的一部分。
+用科学的方法来解决是更加重要的。
+我不是说所有的问题最终都能用我们的方法来解决。
+重要的是，
+我想要有个突破，
+让我们能够看着分布图，看着图表，
+提出一些问题，
+然后尽量采用
+以前在其他方面运用过很多次的
+方法。
+对我自己来说，我曾试图从
+感染性疾病中脱身。
+可是我没有。
+（掌声）
+引发热核反应
+我的视频能够达到5个小时长度，
+并不是百分百确定。
+知情同意书是一个值得社会骄傲的想法
+最初，那（火星）考古学家会困惑。
+1995年的时候这个假设衍生出了不少精彩的成果。
+创建一个 重建箱
+但我没有就此放弃。 我反而开始四处跟随他。
+许多经济学家疏忽之处
+一名交通专员的工作
+不仅限于停车标志和交通信号灯
+它也涉及城市的设计
+以及城市道路的设计
+心里只想回家
+一个城市最为宝贵的资源了
+虽然这笔资产不那么显而易见
+过去六年的纽约
+教会我们
+如何不断更新这笔资产
+ 避开那些你不熟悉的人。
+得到立竿见影的效果,
+并且倍受欢迎
+而你只需要转变一点点角度去看待它们就好了
+这对生活在城市时代的我们非常重要
+历史上从未有过像今天这样
+大多数人生活在城市里
+据联合国估计
+全球人口在未来40年将会翻一翻
+因此城市设计在未来也会非常重要
+我从2008年开始追逐风暴
+市长彭博就意识到了这一点
+这个项目认为城市
+是处于一个全球市场中
+如果我们继续发展壮大
+吸引上百万的潜在人口
+迁移到这里来
+而这些模型不单只是比老鼠更接近人类
+以及基础设施的有效性
+我们很多城市的道路
+他们刚赶走一个国王。他们不会再接受中央集权了。”
+这是一幅五十年代泰晤士广场的图片
+经历了这么多年的科技进步
+文化变迁和政治变革后
+2008年的泰晤士广场是这样的
+在这50年没有什么太大的变化
+所以我们非常努力的调整计划
+最大化移动效率
+为公交车和自行车提供更多的空间
+为人们提供享受城市生活的空间
+让这个城市对每个人所在的人
+都提供尽可能的安全
+我们制定了有明确目标和路标的
+行动计划
+目标是非常重要的
+如果想要掌控并改变
+一个大都市的发展方向
+你需要知道你要往哪里走？你的目的是什么？
+道路的设计就可以告诉你
+所有这些最初期望的
+这样，我们有望能安居在适宜的地方
+街道的设计的确是为了
+在导致青少年死亡的常见原因中
+但当我开始读历史文献
+尽可能迅速
+而这个忽略了
+街道的其他用途
+一开始我们做了调研
+有关早些年道路是如何被利用的
+我们就会来到内太阳系的画面
+完全没有椅子的城市
+看看这些图片，人们竟然坐在消防栓上
+这完全不是一个世界级的城市该有的样子
+(笑声)
+这对带小孩的父母
+对老年人、零售商
+甚至消防栓都不怎么好
+当然对警察局也不是什么好事儿
+我们所做的第一件事，就是将他们
+也许我们关于泰晤士广场的新方案
+是一个再好不过的例子
+临床实验方法已经建立超过10年
+穿过泰晤士广场
+很多年来人们都在尝试各种努力
+能使泰晤士广场更适合步行
+例如像改进信号灯、改变道路等
+还是很混乱.
+那些方法都没有起作用
+所以我们选择换一种方式看待我们的街道
+选择对它进行完全不同的、巨大的改变
+我们先做了六个月的试点
+雇主歧视有前科的求职者的法律。
+建造了2.5英亩的
+全新的徒步区
+由于物流造成的威胁，
+因为我们要用它
+来证明我们方案的效果
+也许你知道我们的市长是需要拿数据说话的
+开车环游美国和加拿大，
+如果它能对交通、对车辆移动性有效
+光线是不是太强了……
+我们完全可以把它恢复成最初的样子
+这都取决于我们所用的临时材料
+于是我画了 30 张图，一次一层
+心里的那种焦虑
+最终的结果是相当有说服力的
+交通变得更加便捷和安全
+五家新的旗舰店开业了
+我们胜利完成任务
+现在泰晤士广场已经是
+全球排名前十的零售商区
+这给我们上了重要的一课
+交通和公共空间
+其实可以不是一场零和博弈
+每项工程都能有不可思议的地方
+泰晤士广场让人最惊奇的地方之一
+就是人们能多么迅速的聚集在一起
+我们放置了橙色圆椎筒
+人们就立刻突然出现在街道上
+就像星际迷航中的片段，对吧？
+他们之前并不在那儿，而一眨眼的功夫
+所有人都冒了出来.
+他们之前在那儿？我不知道，反正他们冒了出来
+因为街道上的公共设施还没有安置
+所以这也马上带给我们一个新的挑战
+我们去五金店
+买了数百个草坪躺椅
+放置在街道上
+但我真的很嫉妒沃克艺术中心支持设置这个节日，
+大家谈论的不是我们如何为车辆关闭了百老汇
+（掌声）
+ 你觉得这些躺椅怎么样？”
+ 你喜欢它们的颜色吗？”
+所以，当你在进行一项具有争议的大工程时
+想想这些躺椅吧！
+(笑声)
+这是泰晤士广场的最终设计
+人行道之间的
+水平地面
+每5个女人就有1人死于癌症，至少在美国是这样
+嵌入了反光路钉，于是可以反射广告牌上的光
+让整个街道都放射出新的能量
+我们觉得它会成为一个很棒的地方
+一个全新的名符其实的
+ 世界之十字路口”
+今年十二月
+我们将举行首期的剪彩仪式
+在所有的城市空间项目中
+我们与本地商业界
+你微不足道，单打独斗，
+他们进行空间维护、设施安置
+陷入停滞。
+这是梅西百货店前
+这是我们这个方案的有力支持者
+比如说危地马拉。比如说巴布亚新几内亚
+更好的生意
+我们在全城各种各样的社区
+并给了我们第一笔赞助
+这是在布鲁克林的贝德福德-斯泰森特
+你可以看见这些留给车用的短小区域
+其实这个并不是必需的
+于是我们装饰了整个街道
+铺上了环氧砾石，将这个三角地带与
+Grand Avenue 的店面连接起来
+在Vermeer的作品中见到
+这对Grand Avenue一带的生意
+Chris和Bill贡献了自己的时间...
+我们在布鲁克林的也做了同样的事情
+这是我们早期的工程之一
+我们选择了一个没有被充分利用的
+脏乱的停车场
+用涂料和植物
+和一个周末的时间就使它焕然一新
+这项工程之后的三年里
+这里的零售销量增加了172%
+是周围相同街区的两倍
+我们借助这些涂料和临时材料
+进展速度可以非常快
+我们没有花很多年去等待
+规划研究或者是计算机模型分析
+这意味着大多数组织没法做
+而是用装饰和临时材料解决了问题
+这些都是计算机模型没法去证明的
+而是在现实生活街道的效果中
+你真的可以享受于这些装饰
+我们创建了这个城市五个区的
+超过五十个购物广场
+我们将26英亩的在用车行道
+改造为新的步行广场
+我觉得其中一个成功之处在于它的被效仿
+从泰晤士广场被装饰之后
+你可以在波士顿、芝加哥
+看到这种类型的方案
+旧金山、墨西哥城
+布宜诺斯艾利斯，很多很多城市
+这是在洛杉矶
+甚至连我们在街道上涂的绿圈圈
+也被模仿了
+多么迅速地跨越了
+传统的建筑方法
+我们也把这种速效的方法
+用到了我们的自行车项目中
+用了六年时间就让自行车
+成为纽约的一种交通工具
+我想可以毫不夸张的说――
+(掌声)
+之前纽约是一个骑自行车很危险的地方
+而现在它已经成为
+美国的几大自行车城之一
+我们已非常快的速度建造了
+互联的车道网络
+你可以看看2007年的地图
+这是2013年
+我们建了超过350英里的自行车道之后的样子
+我喜欢这种简单方式
+只需要点击一下鼠标就可以了
+我们也引入了一些新的设计
+建造了美国第一个
+汽车不能占用停靠的自行车道
+(掌声)
+我们利用流动停车车道保护骑车的人
+她穿的牛仔裤不好看。
+自行车数目迅速攀升
+而对所有人的伤害，包括行人、骑行者以及司机
+降到了50%
+我们当时建造了30英里这样的保护车道
+而现在在整个国家
+已经随处可见
+你可以看到这种方法的确是奏效的
+这条蓝线是迅速增长的
+骑行者数目
+但是我们不得不改变，
+蓝色是受伤者
+可以看出基本没什么变化
+在自行车急剧扩张后
+受伤者数目几乎没有增长
+用一句格言
+”我恐怕这份报告在好多方面都无法通过我们的初期质量审查。 （笑声）
+但是，并不是所有人都喜欢这个新的自行车道
+几年前有这样一个诉讼案件
+当时还引起过媒体的骚动
+布鲁克林的一个报纸把我们
+在展望公园西街的自行车道
+ 加沙地带外的
+全由我一手制作
+(笑声)
+这正是我们所做的
+如果你读读标题下面的文字
+你会发现热衷民众多于
+那些媒体以及政治人物
+事实上，我想大多数的政治人物将对
+回到沉默当中
+64%的纽约市民都支持我们的自行车车道
+这是很幼稚的改变社会的方法。
+这是美国规模最大的公共自行车计划
+有6000辆自行车和
+位置邻近的330个车站参与其中
+自从我们启动这个项目以来
+已经有过多达三百万次
+七百万英里的骑行
+这相当于环绕地球280圈
+我感觉就像被派到劳改营。
+你就可以开启通向这个城市的钥匙
+并拥有这个全新的交通选择
+日均使用量持续在攀升
+纽约每天利用公共交通工具的
+乘车人数有36,000
+截至目前我们达到的峰值是八月份的44,000
+昨天整个纽约有40,000的人用了Citi Bike
+这些自行车每天要用大约6次
+我想你可以在街上看到
+各种各样的骑行者
+过去他们就像左边这张照片里的人一样
+打扮成忍者的自行车信差
+而今天骑自行车的人
+就像纽约城一样多样化
+年轻人老人，黑人白人
+妇女儿童都在骑自行车
+这的确是一种经济、安全并且便捷的交通方式
+最原本的方式
+无所畏惧之人
+我们知道美国拥有北美最庞大
+速度最慢的公交车流
+谁都知道
+你在这个地方走路
+都要比巴士快
+我们的主要精力集中在
+纽约最拥塞的地区
+新建了六条长达57英里的
+巴士捷运路线
+上车前只需要在自助服务厅买票
+我们有巴士专用线路
+因为有摄像罚单
+有效的阻止了非公交机动车的进入
+这是一个巨大成功
+作为一名交通专员
+我觉得自己最享受的时刻就是在
+我们启动Citi Bike项目的那天
+我骑着Citi Bike到了第一大道
+上了我设计的自行车专用车道
+我四处看看，看到许多行人
+安全的站在安全岛
+车流不息
+鸟儿高歌
+(笑声) --
+巴士在专用车道上加速
+这简直太不可思议了
+而六年前它是这个样子
+我想纽约的例子
+告诉我们
+迅速改造我们的街道是完全可能的
+造价不高而且可以带来即期利益
+深受大家喜欢
+你只需要重新想象你的街道
+他们就会在眼前
+现在，让我说一个严肃的消息。
+(掌声)
+久而久之，人们会做你付钱让他们去做的事，而且如果他们断定
+(笑声)
+非常高兴能在这里
+谈谈我的人生旅程
+谈谈轮椅
+以及它给与我的自由
+我是从16年前开始坐上轮椅的
+那时一场长期的慢性病
+两党绝对需要解决这个问题，
+当我开始使用轮椅
+我立即感受到一种全新的绝妙的自由
+因为生活曾经一度离我而去，人生受到限制
+那时好像拥有了一个崭新的玩具
+我可以嗖嗖地快速来往，重新体验风拂在脸上的感觉
+就连出门都变得如此令人高兴
+但即使我重获快乐与自由
+人们对我的反应还是彻彻底底的改变了
+他们好像看不见我了
+就好像我穿上了隐身衣似的
+他们似乎是通过自己的逻辑来推测我的想法，
+来断言坐在轮椅中的感觉如何的。
+当被问起关于 轮椅 会有怎样的联想时
+人们会用到诸如”限制 ，”害怕
+”遗憾 和”约束 等词语
+我意思到在潜意识里我会把他们的回答内化
+因此就从根本上改变了我
+我内心的一部分渐渐疏远了自己
+我对自己的看法并不是来自自身所持观点
+而是不断地、强烈地受到
+他人给与的回应的影响
+正因此，我明白自己需要就这段经历
+创造属于我自己的故事
+对美食的爱好根深蒂固。
+[ 寻找自由：‘通过创造属于自己的故事，我们学会认真审视自己的生命，正如我们编写官方材料一样。‘——Davis2009.TEDx women ]
+于是我开始着手创造
+其目的在于传递
+轮椅带给我的快乐和自由
+有魔力的椅子--她助我玩转世界
+我致力于改变那些 内化了的回应”
+去改变那些当我开始使用轮椅时
+曾一度塑造了我的自我意识的先入为主的观点
+通过创造出人意料的画面
+这轮椅成了我绘画和娱乐的用具
+当我真的开始留下
+我快乐和自由的痕迹的时候
+人们表现出的
+现在世界上一半以上的人口住在城市里
+这似乎成了新观念的开端
+这其中蕴含了思维模式的转换
+我们可以看到艺术性尝试
+能够重塑一个人的自我意识
+通过修订熟识之事来改变先入之见
+于是，在2005年，我开始潜水
+我意识到水肺同轮椅一样
+能扩展使用者的活动自由
+但不同的是，水肺带来的
+是令人兴奋和冒险的联想
+和人们对于轮椅的联想截然相反
+于是我就想， 如果把它们俩
+放在一起会如何？”（笑）（掌声)
+然后，水下轮椅就诞生了
+比如说,那些穷苦的家庭,农村的医生,
+它带给我最最惊奇的水下之旅
+为了让你们体会这是怎样的一种感受
+我将在这里和你们分享
+其中一次这种奇景带来的成果
+并向你们展示它带给我的是一种怎样的奇妙旅程
+（音乐)
+（掌声）
+这是我最最叹服的经历
+超过我所经历过的任何事情
+我竟能真的如此自由自在地
+但MTN确实赚了一笔，
+同时享受着愉悦和自由带来的狂喜之情
+最难以置信的事情是
+其他人似乎也有身临其境之感
+他们眼中闪着光芒
+并说， 我也想试试！”
+”既然你可以做到，我也能做任何事情！”
+然后我在想，这是因为在那时
+他们目睹了一件
+他们从来没有见过的事
+或者说，这件事超越了人们心中
+关于轮椅的固有的观念
+使得他们不得不采用一种崭新的思维方式
+我觉得在这全新观念诞生的时刻
+也许也带来了一种新的自由
+这自由也在其他人的生命之中穿梭
+对我而言，这意味着他们目睹了
+与众不同的价值
+一个调查标兵一个家庭支持服务的话费
+当我们不在计较失去和限制时
+我们就能发现这令人兴奋的新观念
+拥有的力量和愉悦
+对我来说，轮椅
+成为了一种转化工具
+实际上我现在把水下轮椅叫做 穿越之门”
+因为它的确
+把我推入了一种崭新的生活
+进入了一个新的维度和一个思想意识的新高度
+除此之外
+水下轮椅对其他人而言
+闻所未闻见所未见
+因此创造这奇物就是在创造
+新的看法，存在 和认知感
+现在这一概念已经存在于你的脑海之中
+你们也就都成了这艺术作品的一部分。
+（掌声）
+如果你的信念保证你永远到不了你要去的地方？
+以及计划如何在温度升高之后如何生存。
+而如果人类从地球上消失的话，
+他们认为这不能准确地反映事实 传统的统计和分析方法是不能取代的
+他在世贸中心的顶层对她说：亲爱的，我无法告诉你这是怎么回事。
+比如 我每天要处理上百封邮件 句号
+互联网是一项新技术 但令人惊讶的是
+我想请大家坐好，开始体验一下
+而我做饭时就会关上厨房门，不让孩子们进来打扰，
+ 离开我的家庭”。 他真的离开了。那是生命中最痛苦的其中一次经历。
+当我尝试解释为何我回来了♪
+我仍不管季节穿拖鞋. 只不过眼下♪
+像我这样的人--坐不住的人。
+我们必须重新思考那些最基本的准则
+也就是我们教育孩子的准则。
+ 人们什么时候会真正开始生活？当他们面对死亡的时候”
+(掌声)
+都是通过语音识别软件完成的 你们要安静些
+使用语音识别软件可以快速处理email 句号
+这并不只是单纯的我说它写 句号
+的确有一些网站依靠数据库的营养而存在着
+而那不过只是随语言变化的文字描述。
+最后的例子 -- 我的很多工作
+这些东西塑造了你的状态。
+因为大厅里有回声
+如果你被创造出来做生意，你就去做生意。
+我希望书里没写这句话，因为我认为它是错的
+我经常走到他们卧室里面，坐在他们的床边，
+因为我的课程学员中有大约200个纽约人。
+看着他们我就会想，这绝不是偶然。
+给那些希望用电影来改变的人们以帮助
+要点是 这是个真正有趣的故事
+大约一年前，一个网络婚介服务公司Match.com找到我
+它将会比现在的科技强大数百万倍。
+他费心调配出基因组合创造了你。”
+发现只能达到95%的准确率 也就是20个单词里就有1个错的
+于是人们把它收进抽屉 让那公司很郁闷
+另外一个例子是： 例如，你的大脑可以存储一百万亿个信息。
+这里有五百台纺织机，每台价值二十万美元
+于是他们做到了. 这种把事做正确的信仰也在开始传播
+我的最终建议 对于你们中那些消费者:
+说不定在某些情况下可以成立吧
+我很乐意把它寄给你，那样你就可以真的看到
+可能是设计上的问题
+在过去接近四年里，他们一起在各个清真寺和犹太教堂
+这一点我同意
+这本书让我最想不通的地方
+而是决定拿掉什么
+如果你希望你的生命是有意义的
+DP: 谢谢
+卡梅隆·辛克莱尔: 那么，代价是什么？你们这些人都是聪明人。
+（掌声）
+一起产生共鸣
+就算是这样，那么听从这个观点会导致什么后果呢？
+因为这些人是世界上最好的。停。
+或者是记录了一位破除刻板印象的人物
+实际上在胚胎里是就有了，
+所以将这些已经通过证明的创意上传到那儿是很重要的，
+可以活到八十年，而不是一个典型的在两个月就死去的细胞？
+华里克并没有发明这个理论
+（掌声）
+你有合理的反对理由是吗？
+我们已经改变了国际上的反应 -- 这些都是在建设东西的基础上。
+有太多你可以想象的东西
+主要生产咖啡机，他们是全球最大的咖啡机制造商
+是很重要的，并且这是一次开放自由的革新。
+相信总有那么一天，如果我们可以创造的话
+我会给那些知道它的人加分，
+他于1997年创立了GPHIN，那一年刚好发生禽流感
+世界各地的这些个体的声音
+我们反对暴力。
+这几天我们看过好多张世界地图
+都很精美
+（掌声）
+一起来观看这些电影的话，那将是多么伟大的一天啊
+有趣的是，现在那个废墟的自然面貌已经彻底改变了，
+我的第二个愿望。
+来自TED社区的一些人
+回收上面的铜及其它贵重金属
+就在上个星期，非常多的人对我们的行动表示支持
+独角兽或者牙仙子或者茶壶或者耶和华，
+如果我们这样做
+而不是让我们说为什么不。
+它说起来有点麻烦和复杂，因为它牵涉到律师
+他们就是用煤炉加热电路板
+很聪明的小模因(meme)
+现在，这个计划最激动人心的部分
+就是分享点子与愿望
+我想这些就是它的非凡特性的一部分--
+你就能闻到那种刺鼻的气味
+那么他们就可以有一个极好的机会走出家门，做一些有意义的事，
+我曾经看到，今日美国用图片或图片
+其实大家都知道，可视化的视频效果更好
+（笑声）
+它没有强力的表示肯定没有神的含义，
+比如说尼尔森·曼得拉——我从罗本岛监狱拿了一块石灰石
+这家公司买下了Dreyfus制药公司。
+他出狱后并不是心怀怨恨，而是领导人民，
+也能跟西方的医生一样，获取到重要的信息
+我认为，我们不光要改变我们身边的世界
+我希望这会成为一个社区
+这样一群人，他们在密切注视着人类梦魇的出现
+我也感受到了恐慌——但是仍有那么多人，充满了勇气，
+尽管错误的行为还在继续，特别在亚洲，还在愈演愈烈
+这片土地的业主曾为我工作
+病人及其配偶同意不能随便起诉
+但是如果出现了违反视频其中规定的条约
+每一间诊所，每一家医院联系起来。
+但是，如果视频的每条规定你都很清楚，
+带着这样的想法
+我开始思考这些问题
+ 二十年后，或者十五年后
+如果是因为医学错误造成的，而病人及其配偶同意以
+我想以这作为结束。
+如果我们仔细看
+那么在美国，案件处理费用就可以省下上百万美元
+其政治影响将会更大。
+而且也能减少每个美国人的医药费
+让我们看看正下方的数据。
+至此，我所有的愿望已经分享完毕。
+可是不是一开始就这样的。
+第一通从波士顿到纽约的长途电话
+（掌声）
+穹顶是客户的要求
+跟传统建筑不同的是，
+就如同我自己度过了整个旅程一般
+正如另一位刚刚去世的英雄Cal Sagan,所说，
+建筑的底层也是公共空间。
+我为了在那睡一觉向她提过亲
+如果我们在日常生活中，
+(鼓掌)
+更宏伟，更微妙，更优雅？” 相反他们说， 不，不，不！
+这就是他们正在尝试计算的事。
+这个网站最关键的一点就是
+他们的态度正是我所喜欢的态度
+教授：Oh,但他还是记得他是为默多克工作的
+他们并没有走以前那些环保运动的老路
+海平面正在下降，有点像咸海。
+护士能得到更好的训练，
+主要是因为他们试图用耸人听闻的语调
+我们真正需要的是专人看管的天文台。
+而不是给人们展现环境保护的积极一面
+所以我会预计你们当中大概有百分之十是信仰宗教的。
+而这个博客正是在向人们展示
+再次谢谢你们。
+一些行之有效的方式，让我们的世界变得更好
+克：心理学家埃里克森说过，并且我也赞同
+一个客房，有大理石吊顶的穹顶
+然后你进入起居室，诸如此类
+我们且试著.
+就是将我的作品
+他们成功地在最后一分钟把NASA里某些 隐晦”的装备拉出，
+用在网站的推广宣传之中
+这个国家的宗教游说团
+是受到各种基金的大力赞助的，这还没提到所有的税收，
+共同设计了一些海报，当然这还是海报的草样
+现在问题就在于如何把炸弹送往行星。
+我们需要一个反例坦普尔顿站出来。
+可以被用在任何类型的媒体上
+格林：是吗? 你們是從屏幕上看到的麼?
+而不像只像Richard Dawkins的书那样的话，我会自己来干这件事。
+亦或能够使之蒸发。
+它是一个网络吸引他的客户聚集一起
+我们的想法是这样的
+能够缓慢的在一段时间内将行星改道，
+到处都是文字
+很感谢大家。
+（鼓掌）
+真心真意关心这个世界，并用他们的财富造福世界
+哎呀！竟然有这么多的威胁！
+我想我们要记住的，是9月11号发生的事。
+要真那样，整个世界可就遭殃了
+现在科学能够对未来很多事作出预测，
+和Genentech的朋友。
+最糟糕的事是我们只是叹气，说着除了担心小行星外
+我认识了一个个子很矮的人。
+演讲结束后，他找到我
+你觉得有点像在你自己的村落里
+我相信它能够发出自己的声音，能够带来自己的影响
+不对?是！我再来一次.
+已经有来自印度、中国、北美的讨论
+（鼓掌）
+我们为他工作过
+实现一场关于可持续发展的大对话，大讨论
+如果你愿意为促进这一切做点什么，那真是再好不过
+不过，谨慎起见，
+这个愿望是：我想发起一个开创性的运动
+他说： EBAY是一家网上商务公司。”
+我想今天在传统的好莱坞 编剧
+他给我留了名片。”
+这个想法是由我的提名人艾莉森
+视频：我们正处于新和旧的东西冲击中
+媒介就是会为人们做的东西
+對. 是5. 5秒.
+1，
+他们刚刚开始发育，也刚刚开始认识社会
+我们要开始修这个中心了。
+然后我去来到将要修学校的社区，那地方叫 Bayview-Hunters Point，
+从某种程度上说，这段讲演的某一部分
+我以我觉得我们可以从娃娃入手
+于是在第二阶段建筑设计成朴实的板状
+轻撫我，感覺 --
+但是，如果你们不愿意，那我们就不修了。
+它被忽视了
+于是，在一个夏夜里，我站在200个非常愤怒非常沮丧的人前面，
+还有更多一些传播和媒体的基因问题
+我说出了自己的想法--
+外面的温度有华氏100度，
+按照我的想法
+电视或者会受到重重的打击
+像肯尼迪那样说出启发性的话，
+在房间的后面，一位女士站起来说：
+以及一个最佳社区可持续发展项目
+你是唯一拿我们当人看的人。
+看上去就像747的驾驶舱
+（笑声）
+这是另一个例子. Chris 你是所有力量的源泉
+第二，这个会是什么？
+修正 dissuade . not just
+只需说一个很短的单词 它就会写下
+如果你被创造出来去做一个人类学家，你就会成为一个人类学家。
+(笑)
+这样他们不会生病。这是他们能自己清理的。
+如果如此，你大可停止读这本书
+因为我已经没有时间了。
+相反的 如果有人给我发攻击信 -- 我每天都会收到 --
+这就是我的小秘密 别告诉其他人
+这是软件的第8个版本 你知道他们在第8个版本里放了什么吗?
+比如： 神刻意将你塑造成一个独一无二的人
+使你发挥独一无二的才能来侍奉他。
+也许我们可以把这句话看做一种比喻的说法
+整合制造厂家的想法 -- 在每个国家建立实验室。
+他就想： 这就是我的男孩。
+我们不会做任何事.
+这些不可思议的平台为全世界的人们
+记住 如果产品不工作 那不一定是你的错
+我关注着这些，而且我被这些震撼住了
+他们头脑中的目标就是您最好的天性，
+你爱上那些正好符合你 爱情地图”的人
+同时也是我们今天讨论到的一件事是，
+让你的受众预热细节. 计算点击数
+所以我邀请你，探索你的网络，脑袋里的网络...
+最好你的动机是: 至简畅销
+因为付出才能让你真正充实满足。第二个原因，
+在所有的村庄、城镇和剧院里
+这是唯一改变我们世界的方法。上帝保佑你。
+或者是否我们的大脑足够多才多艺并具有无穷的潜力以至于
+我们都这样做的话，下一年我们再次在此相聚之时
+就是我们为那些人做核磁共振扫描的地方
+更是使我能做出明知的决定和衡量万事的准绳。”
+这一社区的力量
+电影可能是描述一个主人翁为了求生存的斗争
+有一个后果令我担心
+所以你们知道，我想要这些 -- 我应该强调，
+杰克.菲那的 疯狂的飞行”
+ 降服的人顺从上帝的话，即使不合情理。”
+这份力量可以让人们改变
+我希望TED 能够介入并给予帮助
+这样就很可能引致浪漫爱情的出现（大笑）
+ 不要和恶魔争吵。
+他争论的水平比你高很多，因为他有几千年的造诣。”
+我母亲曾说过： 没有什么比光张嘴说话而不做事更糟糕的事。”
+安德森：这是十分精彩的演讲
+从时代广场到开罗的泰尔广场
+他们穿梭于巴士和卡车之间
+在拉马尔哈，在耶路撒冷，同样的电影在上映
+男生觉得这样会增加女孩脑中的多巴胺
+ 你不认同我的解释？
+不要听，不要听
+这是恶魔的话。”
+一小时后他们下了黄包车
+好，首先，你对侵犯版权不会感到十分愤怒吧？
+想想开放自由的文化 -- 这是开放自由的革新。
+我希望华里克牧师能够回答
+♪♫
+奉圣父、圣子、圣灵之名给他们受洗
+谢谢大家。
+但我从这个会上听到的是
+这些工厂的照片
+老师不允许我用这些鼓棒了
+他们通过一些传染途径发现了禽流感的发生
+那就是马上发现马上行动
+也标示了目前各种宗教的分类
+所以我们已经开始有了一些合作伙伴，通过TED
+我们真的要投身于消灭其它的宗教
+谢谢。
+作为他们更好的研究的强迫症治疗方案的资金，
+然后我们开始召集人员
+生存的人换来一个媒体点击。
+世界上大约一半的计算机最终在中国埋骨
+可以是谷歌，可以是 AOL.
+真是前景堪忧
+而提供一个平台
+ Good这个词少了God只会剩下0”
+通常我不喜欢漫画，
+我觉得很多漫画并不有趣，
+我觉得它们很怪。但是我喜欢这幅纽约客的漫画。
+（文字：永远别想跳出箱子（常规）思考）（笑声）
+所以，这人在对这只猫说，
+别想要跳出这个箱子，
+好吧，恐怕我曾经是那只猫。
+我总想身处箱子之外。
+这部分是因为我的背景吧，
+涉足该领域前，我是化学家和细菌基因学家。
+那么，人们会对我说的
+有关癌症的起因，来源，
+或者，就此而言，你为什么会进入这一领域，你是哪个领域的专家，
+根本没有意义。
+所以，请让我迅速地告诉你为什么我会这么想
+和我是怎么知道这些的。
+好的，可是一开始
+我需要给你们上一个非常非常短的
+有关生物生长的课程，
+同时我对你们之中有生物知识背景的人表示歉意。
+好的。当我爸爸妈妈的精子卵子相遇时，
+受精卵出现了，
+那个圆圆的有个小光点的东西。
+然后他生长啊生长啊，
+（掌声）
+所以，这个人，体内的所有细胞，
+拥有相同的基因信息。
+为什么他的鼻子会变成鼻子，手肘变成手肘，
+还有为什么他某天起床
+他的鼻子不会变成脚呢？
+这是应该是可能发生的，那些鼻子上的细胞有那套基因信息。
+孩子们，你们都记住了，
+这都是从一个干细胞开始的。
+那么，为什么这一切没有发生呢？
+猜猜看他的体内有多少的细胞？
+大约在10万亿到70万亿之间存在于他身体里。
+几十万亿！
+现在，所有这些含有相同基因的细胞，
+是怎么形成那么多的组织呢？
+会更加有趣了，如果你在想
+你的身体里有如此多的细胞。
+现在，主流肿瘤理论会说
+一个癌细胞里面里
+的一个致癌基因
+会让你变成癌症患者。
+好吧，这个对我来说不科学。
+你知道一万亿是怎么样的么？
+现在让我们看看。
+来了，这些0一个接着一个。
+现在，如果，0.01%的细胞突变了，
+现在是0.001%的细胞致癌了，你会变成一大块癌细胞。
+为什么没有呢？
+所以，我通过多年来
+一系列的实验
+说明这是由于环境和体系的原因。
+让我简略地告诉你
+那些重要的实验是如何证明这些的。
+首先，我进行病毒的研究工作
+涉及鸡身体里的恶心的肿瘤。
+Rous在1911年发现了这个。
+那是第一个被发现的肿瘤病毒，
+当我称它为 致癌基因”，就是说 导致癌症的基因”。
+所以他设计了一个过滤装置，并用它
+过滤了肿瘤后得到一种液体，
+并把这种液体注射到另一只鸡体内，他就得到了另一个肿瘤。
+于是，科学家当时很兴奋，
+它们就认为，一个致癌基因就可以导致肿瘤。
+你只需要一个致癌基因。
+所以，他们培养了那些鸡的细胞，
+并倒入一些病毒，
+它们就会堆积起来，
+然后他们就说这些是恶性肿瘤，这些是良性肿瘤。
+这个对我来说也不科学。
+所以由于多种原因，我们把这些致癌基因，
+用蓝色标记物标记了，
+并把它们注射到胚胎中。
+现在来看看这个，这个胚胎里美丽的羽毛。
+这些蓝色的就是致癌基因
+现在，我们来看看世界发生了什么变化
+所以，当我们分离这些羽毛并把它们放进一个培养皿里，
+我们就得到了一堆蓝色细胞。
+所以你可以在鸡里得到肿瘤，
+在鸡胚胎里却不能。
+你分离了它们，并把它们放到一个培养皿里你得到的是一个肿瘤。
+这说明了什么？
+说明了在微环境中
+环绕它们的细胞
+在告诉致癌基因和癌细胞该怎么做。
+现在，我们举个正常例子，
+关于乳腺的例子。
+我研究了乳腺癌。
+这个是个可爱的人类乳房。
+你们中的很多人都知道它看上去是什么样，
+但是它里面是什么样却没有多少人知道了，这些是
+所有的可爱的，正在生长的，树状结构的组织。
+那么，我们决定将要做的
+就是取一些乳腺，
+这叫做 腺泡”
+乳房里都是这些东西
+母乳便是在此生成的，在乳头末端
+是一根根细小的微管，婴儿可以从此吸到母乳。
+我们想要制造出这样一个结构，并问个问题：
+细胞是怎么做到那些的？
+那么，我们取得了红细胞--
+你们可以看到红细胞被蓝色的细胞围着，
+蓝色的细胞将红细胞挤得紧紧的，在它们后面
+是人们通常认为的惰性物质，
+它只是为了维持某种形状，
+所以我们在多年前利用电子显微镜
+首先给它做了一个快照，
+你们可以看到这个细胞看起来十分的可爱。
+它有底有顶，
+它正在分泌大量的乳汁,
+因为它是刚从怀孕初期的老鼠身上取得的。
+你取得了这些细胞，并把它放在一个培养皿中，
+三天后，它们看起来就是那样的。
+它们完全忘记了自己原来是乳腺细胞。
+你把它们再取出，放入一个培养皿，
+它们不会再产出乳汁。它们忘记了自己是乳腺细胞。
+看这些 细胞核”。这些在左边的细胞中的细胞核
+（笑声）
+它们完全不一样。
+那么，这说明什么？
+这说明这儿有环境影响。
+在不同的环境下，细胞做不同的事。
+但是环境是怎样影响的呢？
+爱因斯坦曾说过，
+ 如果一个想法一上来就不疯狂，那么这个想法便毫无用处。”
+原始，古老混乱的产物。
+多大的怀疑--那样做没有前途，
+那样做一点用也没有，
+但是我很高兴我这样做出来了。
+那么，我们做了老鼠乳腺的切片，
+所有可爱的腺泡都在那儿，
+每一个被红颜色围绕的东西都是一个腺泡,
+我们知道一切正常，我们将尝试制造这一切，
+然后我说，也许那堆红色的物质
+就是围绕的腺泡的那堆物质，人们会认为那只是一个结构支架
+也许它承载着信息，
+也许它告诉细胞该做什么，也许它告诉细胞核该做什么。
+然后我说，细胞外基质，也是就这堆物质
+叫做ECM，发出信号并告诉细胞该做什么。
+所以，我们决定照着那个样子开始着手制造。
+我们发现了一些黏稠的物质
+这些黏稠的中有着正确的细胞外基质，
+我们把细胞放进去，然后等，
+大约四天后，它们重组了。
+右边的就是我们在培养皿中培养出的。
+左边的是动物体内的，我们称之为活体培养
+那些可爱的红色物质，已满是乳汁。
+那么，我们制造出了乳汁，欢呼吧，美国人。
+完全正确。这些是美丽人类细胞，
+然后你们可以想象到，这儿是环境。
+那么，我们要做什么？
+我做了一个发散性设想。
+我说，如果架构具有决定性作用是正确的话，
+癌变细胞的架构
+应该是让该癌变细胞认为自己是正常的。
+这有可能吗？
+于是，我们开始尝试。
+然而，为了实现它，
+我们需要找到分辨正常与异常的方法。
+左边的是单个正常细胞，
+人类乳房细胞，放置在有细胞外基质
+中，就是这块黏稠的凝胶中，它组成了这所有美丽的结构。
+右边，你们可以看到它看上去很丑，
+这些细胞还在生长，
+而正常的已经停止生长了。
+这儿你们可以看到高倍放大的图片
+正常的腺泡和极丑的肿瘤。
+那么我们要问，什么东西在那些极丑无比的肿瘤的表面上？
+我们能让它们停止吗？
+--它们正在疯狂地发出信号，它们把所有的信道弄得乱七八糟，
+我们能让它们恢复到正常水平吗？
+额，这想法很奇妙。它使我灵感大发。
+这是我们获得的成果。
+我们可以扭转这恶性外显物质
+（掌声）
+为了向大家展示这个恶性外显物质
+钦博拉索！
+而是带来了一个小短片，有点模糊，
+但是大家可以看到左边的是恶性细胞，
+它们全都是恶性的，
+我们一开始加入了单个制约因素，
+看看发生了什么，它们看上去都是那样的。
+我们将其注射到老鼠体内，右边那群，
+没有一只老鼠得癌症。
+我们将另一种细胞注射进老鼠体内，百分之百患癌症。
+那么，对于研究癌症，这是一种全新的方法，
+这是一种满是希望的方法。
+我们能够在这个层级上对事物进行操作，
+实验结论表明利用相关方法，细胞的增殖和恶性行为
+在组织层级上恢复了正常。
+而且组织结构是独立于
+细胞外基质和微部环境的。
+那么， 这儿结构及功能不断地动态交互作用。
+现在休息5秒钟，
+这是我的口头禅，结构及功能。
+当然，我们要问，下一步做什么？
+我们希望将这个想法用于临床治疗。
+但在那之前，我需要你们想一想，
+你们坐在这儿的每一分每一秒，
+你们体内那700亿细胞中的
+细胞外基质正向细胞核发出信号，
+细胞核也想细胞外基质发出信号回应，
+由此你们的机体保持平衡。
+我们发现了很多现象，
+我们刚像大家展示了细胞外基质与染色质相互交流。
+我们展示了乳腺细胞某段
+有特殊功能的基因的DNA片段，
+就是它回应细胞外基质的。
+在看下一张幻灯片之前，我需要告诉你们
+仍然有很多不断增加的谜团等待我们去解开。
+未解之谜浩瀚如星。
+我总是对我的学生和博士后说，
+不能骄傲，骄傲与好奇为敌。
+好奇心和热情。
+你需要不断想，还有什么没被发现？
+也许我应该发现更多，
+也许我应该换个角度思考。
+那么，现在我们有了一个惊人的发现后，
+实验室里的一个物理学博士后问我，
+你把细胞放进去后，它们在做什么？
+今天呈现给各位这份同性恋议程是至关重要的
+我说，我不知道，我们不能一直看着它们。
+过去，我们并未充分利用我们的想象力。
+然后她，一个充满想象力的物理学家，
+做了这件不可思议的事。
+这是一个人类乳细胞的三维图。
+看看它，它经常做这些。
+一系列的连贯动作。
+你把细胞都放在这儿，它们就开始动了，
+这些这样做，那些那样做。
+当我们还原这些癌症细胞后，它们也有如此反应。
+这不得不使我惊奇。
+这些细胞就像胎儿一样，多么神奇啊。
+我想以一首诗来总结。
+我相当喜欢英国文学，
+我曾在大学选课时犹豫不决，该选哪一个？
+不知是幸运抑或不幸，我选了化学。
+不过叶芝有一首诗极符合目前情景，我就念一下最后两行。
+诗名叫做 学童之中”。
+ 哦，曼姿随乐起舞； 哦，青睐湛湛灼灼
+起舞之时才是舞者的人生。”
+这是梅西·坎宁汉，
+我有幸在年轻时与他共舞，
+他是一名舞者，
+当其为舞，人与舞皆可叹止。
+舞随乐停，心犹醉不可醒。
+那么，这就像是结构及功能。
+这是我们组现有成员的合照。
+能有这些优秀的学生和博士后，
+我真是异常幸运，与他们交流我受益匪浅。
+我的组员流动性很大。
+他们是未来，我尝试告诉他们
+成为那只猫
+或被告知不要想箱子外的世界时，不要害怕。
+并且，我想留给大家思考一个问题。
+左边是岸上潺潺流水，
+NASA的卫星拍摄到的。
+右边是一片珊瑚。
+现在如果你取得乳腺细胞并培养它
+抽取它的脂肪，它看上去会是这样的。
+他们看上去一样吗？他们是否有相同的图案？
+为什么自然一遍又一遍的画着这幅图？
+这就是我要问大家的问题。
+我们给人类基因组排了序，
+我们知道基因序列的一切，
+语言基因，字母基因，
+但是我们却一点也不清楚
+架构好的语言与字母。
+我每周都看计量表之后的事了。我改变了自己的生活
+这对年轻人来说是一件激动人心的挑战，
+对于满是激情的老人，比如我，也一样，
+那么，着手去发现它！
+（掌声）
+我从来没有公开谈过
+我的目的是要说明一种想法、
+一种需求、一种希望
+来想想，上一次自己什么都不做是什么时候？
+24年前，我还是个大二学生
+我昏迷了好几次，不是因为酒醉
+我被送到学生健康中心
+做了一些检验后，立刻得知
+是肾脏问题
+我还没搞清楚状况，就开始了
+六个月的检验、考验和折磨
+由2家医院的6位医生诊治
+这些医界权威互相争执
+想厘清谁才正确
+诊断出我的病情
+四平方英里原始沼泽
+6位医生同时出现
+我想：「糟了，一定是坏消息！」
+「你得了两种罕见的肾脏疾病，
+最终会让你的肾脏坏死，
+你的免疫系统中有类似癌症细胞，
+必须立即治疗。
+你永远不可能符合换肾资格，
+最多还能活2到3年。」
+这项诊断好像世界末日
+让我立刻认定
+自己就是病人
+将在医生宣判的日期死亡
+我在候诊室遇到另一位病人薇娜 (Verna)
+那根最高的柱子展示了微藻的贡献
+带我到医学图书馆
+仔细研究我的疾病和诊断
+然后说：「得到这些疾病的人，
+通常都是七、八十岁，
+他们根本不了解你，醒醒吧，
+掌握自己的健康、好好的生活！」
+我真的这么做了
+宣告我病症的人
+都不是坏人
+他们都是仁心仁术的专科医师
+但他们在有缺陷、昂贵、错误 的系统下工作
+所有的照护都依赖医院与诊所
+依赖只看我们部分身体的专科医师
+依赖基于猜测的诊断 以及乱枪打鸟的用药
+他不成功，你就成仁
+这系统也依赖消极的病人
+默默承受、不问问题
+以上这种模式是有问题的
+以全球来说，是无法永续的
+也是无法负担的
+我们要发展「个人化健康系统」
+刚刚还到差不多没有债的时候，砰！--第一次世界大战爆发。
+我将要谈论一些信息流，
+我现在要与各位分享
+我的新朋友「利比」(Libby)
+过去半年我们关系密切
+这就是利比 也可说是利比的超音波影像
+是我本来永远等不到的移植肾脏
+这是几周前照的影像
+请注意角落
+那里有些阴影，我很担心
+我要在现场进行检验
+不会大量购买商品，
+第一个需要我介绍一下--
+前排的请不要担心
+(笑声)
+所有的教室都背向中庭，而且没有背墙。
+叫做行动超音波
+可连接手机或平板计算机
+行动检测公司在华盛顿州雷德蒙市
+他们好心训练我自助使用
+他们没有获准这么做 病人也没获准这么用
+先讲清楚，这只是概念的展示
+涂上凝胶
+现在前排观众很紧张了 (笑声)
+我要介绍贝谢克医师 (Dr. Thomas Batiuk)
+他是我的另一位朋友
+在奥勒冈州波特兰市的撒马里亚 慈善医院 (Legacy Good Samaritan)
+先确认一下，贝医生，听得到吗？
+还有，你看得到「利比」吗？
+贝医师：嗨！艾瑞克，你好 (即演讲者 Eric Dishman)
+你看起来好忙啊！你好！
+艾瑞克：我很好，我刚脱了衣服
+有几百位观众在看，感觉真好！
+我想知道这是不是你要看的影像？
+请帮我检查那些阴影还在不在？
+贝医师：请往周围扫描一下
+我先看一下整体状况
+艾瑞克：好的 贝医师：往里面一点
+往中间一点点
+好，很好，往上一点点
+停，这个影像正是我要的
+艾瑞克：上周停住时
+你要我量阴影的大小
+现在要做吗?
+贝医师：没错，量一下
+艾瑞克：这有点难
+但是家长会说，
+我想我做到了
+我把影像存盘，再寄给你
+请告诉我那个阴影是什么
+我不太安心
+肾脏周围会积水
+大部分不会造成伤害
+但是需要注意
+很高兴今天有机会检查
+确认没有变大、不会造成问题
+与先前影像比较
+我很满意今天的状况
+艾瑞克：我去看诊时请再检查一次
+即把服务器掌握在自己的手中
+我会请你帮忙
+因为我没办法自己作切片
+贝医师：没错 艾瑞克：谢谢你，贝医师
+是革命性的创新技术
+是未来个人化健康照护的基础
+有三大支柱支撑着…
+接下来要谈的个人化健康照护
+就是照护行动化、网络化、客制化
+刚才只匆匆一瞥前两项
+看到我和贝医生的互动
+现在从第一点开始，照护行动化
+建立医院和诊所的构想，起源自
+1780年，现在该重新思考了
+我们该将医生和病人
+都要走到一栋专用
+建筑物进行医疗的做法中 释放出来
+我需要你们理解它
+而且昂贵的
+对重病患者有时并不安全
+尤其是这个超级细菌、
+及院内感染横行的时代
+许多国家想直接跳过实体医院
+因为太贵了，永远负担不起…
+已开发国家的这种大型医学中心
+我个人的经验是，医院
+对小孩来说，是个很危险的地方
+这是小学三年级的我
+手肘严重骨折，需要动手术
+我很怕会失去整只手臂
+手术后的住院期间，我得了褥疮
+褥疮受到感染
+抗生素治疗造成严重过敏
+最后全身爆发…
+全面性的感染
+住院越久，我病得越重
+医药费也越高
+全球每年数百万人都是相同情形
+我讲的未来个人化健康照护
+是以居家照护为优先
+不是目前的医院或诊所
+你想进医院或诊所
+要病到有必要的程度才行
+现在我们用的智能型手机
+已可外接各种诊断装置，如超音波
+所幸我们很快就将不用再像原来一样，
+智能型手机还内建多种传感器
+可进行生命迹像监测
+及过去没听过的行为监测
+未来我们之中许多人可能会植入
+实时监控血液中化学物质
+及蛋白质的装置
+软件越来越聪明，对吧？
+就像是在线的教练或经纪人
+可帮我们安全的自我照顾
+像我刚才展示超音波的互动
+未来可能会有实时图像处理
+机器会指挥我上下左右
+说：「就是这个位置，影像存盘，
+传给你的医生吧！」
+如果我们有了这些网络装置
+照护行动化就可以达成
+当然，我们需要一个团队
+这就需要我说的第二根支柱
+照护网络化
+我们要突破传统模式
+也就是独立专科医师 分别进行部分看护
+我们在谷歌地图上
+今日缺乏协调的照护，不仅昂贵
+还可能致命
+80%的医疗错误是因为
+存在医疗团队成员间
+在念研究所时我有心惊胆颤的经验
+那时在治疗肾脏
+突然有人说：「你得了心脏病！」
+接着我出现了心悸
+进行了5个星期检验
+又贵又可怕－ 最后有位护士注意到
+一张纸，我的药单
+我每次约诊都带的单子
+有三位专科医师开了
+三种同等药效的不同处方药
+我心脏没病，是用药过量
+是看护缺乏协调的问题
+这每年发生在数百万人身上
+我想用现有的科技
+使健康照护成为合作的团队运动
+才能解决这件让我最害怕的事
+我曾在世界各地的医院及诊所诊治
+我第一次感受到 真正的医疗团队照护
+就是过去半年在撒马里亚慈善医院 (Legacy Good Samaritan)
+让我有此感受
+这是我在医院的毕业团队照片
+有好几位，这位是贝医师
+刚和他通电话 这是珍妮，其中一位护士
+这是艾利森，他帮忙处理移植清单
+还有十几位不在相片中
+帆布鞋生产商告诉过我
+甚至还有财务顾问，莉萨
+它只是一项知识产权计划
+我毕业那天哭了
+我应该要高兴，因为病已好到
+可以回去看一般的医师了
+我哭是因为和团队感情深厚
+这才是最重要的部份
+照片上还有我，以及我太太艾希莉
+医院训练我们在家自行照护
+医院和诊所就不必那么忙碌
+这是这种模式成功的唯一方式
+我的团队其实在中国工作
+从事自助看护模式
+称为「年龄友善城市」计划
+我们尝试建立社群网络
+以帮助追踪并且训练年长者
+能自已照顾自己
+以及由家人提供看护
+还有小区的健康看护志愿者
+另外还有在线照护交换网站
+例如我每天照顾你妈三小时
+产生运动所需要的头脑风暴
+大家在网络上交换工作
+神圣而又太理想化的
+一对一医病关系
+是过去的遗留
+健康照护的未来是智慧团队
+而你自己最好就是团队的一员
+我要谈的最后一件事是
+通行证个性化
+因为通行证行动化与通行证网络化
+要改善医疗系统，无法一蹴而就
+但现有医疗存在太多猜测
+随机临床实验是在1948年发明的
+用来发明治疗结核病的药
+那是很重要的事，别误会
+这些全民研究帮忙创造了
+许多新药，救治了数百万的生命
+问题是，这种医疗通行证
+把我们当成平均数 而不是独立的个人
+终究来说
+病人和研究的平均数并不相同
+所以必须要用猜的
+新科技已经来临
+计算机的高速运算、分析
+大家都在讲的大数据运算 (big data)
+可针对每个人建立预测模型
+把每个人当作个别病人
+更神奇的是可拿我的计算机分身实验
+但那个忽视情境又如何呢？
+我有两个案例很快和各位分享
+关于我亲身经历的照护客制化
+第一个很简单，我几年前才了解
+我的整个医疗团队都在为 延长我的寿命而精进治疗
+能让病人活得更久 他们就像得到荣誉徽章一样
+那时我想改善生活质量
+对我来说，生活质量就是 在雪地的时光
+我强迫他们在病历上写： 「病人的目标为，
+长时间低剂量的用药，
+副作用不影响滑雪。」
+我想这就是我活得较久的原因
+「雪地的时光」这项治疗很重要
+跟其他药品一样重要
+第二样个体化的案例是…顺道一提
+如果你没有目标，是无法个体化的
+你要先有目标，医疗小组才会知道
+但我要说的第二个案例
+我刚好是个早期的白老鼠
+我很幸运拥有完整的基因体定序
+目前大约要花两星期
+用英特尔最高速的服务器定序
+再加上6个月的人工与计算机运算
+以解读所有数据
+最后他们说：「成功了，
+医界权威争执多年的诊断
+全都错了，
+现在有更好的方向可以迈进。」
+英特尔正努力，希望能找出方法
+让个人化医疗的运算
+由几个月缩短到几周，甚至几小时
+让更多人可使用
+不仅限于全球一流的教学医院
+而能成为主流－ 让每个病人、每间诊所都可使用
+这种完整的基因体定序
+这种通行证个体化
+从个人目标到基因体定序
+将是改变游戏规则的大革命
+我们有生之年就可见证到
+健康照护的三大支柱
+通行证行动化、网络化、客制化
+正逐步发生
+但这个愿景可能完全失败，如果
+医护人员和患者不愿扮演新的角色
+我朋友薇娜说得好：
+醒醒吧！你要主导自己的健康，
+有了这些科技
+最后还是「人」在照顾别人与自己
+只是运用更好更新的方法
+这正是接下来我要很快介绍的
+最后一位朋友的精神
+翠西甘姆利(Tracey Gamley) 挺身而出，她捐出了
+我本来不可能得到的肾脏
+(掌声)
+翠西，请很快分享一下 作为捐赠者的体会
+翠西：对我来说，真的很简单
+我只在医院住了一夜
+手术是以腹腔镜进行的
+我的腹部只留下5个很小的疤痕
+我有4个星期不能工作
+之后就完全回复到我原来的生活
+没有任何改变
+艾瑞克：我可能再也没有机会
+在这么多人面前对你说…
+「谢谢你！」 感觉上好像老掉牙了
+但我打从心底感谢你救了我一命
+(掌声)
+在 TED 讲台上
+大多都是赞扬创新发明
+以及新科技
+这正是我刚才所做的
+我也目睹了其他演讲者的惊人成就
+天啊！人工肾脏、打印肾脏 可能都不再是梦想
+但在那些惊人科技实现
+还有普及之前，甚至于之后
+都要靠我们彼此关爱，互相救助
+希望各位今后能够让 个人化健康照护实现
+为了你，也为了每个人。 非常感谢！
+(掌声)
+我一直有些沮丧 因为美国人明显不识货
+（笑声）
+ 谢谢
+(掌声)
+(笑声)
+然后一个女人站起来，她很生气的大喊大叫。
+于是他们说 这个版本, 除了让它变得非常正确以外
+将用来教育每个小孩，
+他要成为一个恐怖分子，并很清楚的表达他的这个意图。
+究竟发生了什么事，而不只是听我的口头描述。
+他还写了一本书，书名是
+通过选择感受，我们自己可以生产出
+它们应该在世界上每个国家发展
+自然选择的进化论说法
+相反，我认为要想解决世上的问题
+你会懂得领会...不只是了解，了解来自于理智...
+但领会究竟是什么在驱动着其他人。
+那么这会消耗很多计算能量，因为我想要这个来 --
+Art Aaron 是 SUNY Stonybrook的
+我想要世界上每一个阿鲁普工程师检查
+我们避免了许多灾难的发生，我们从此刻开始就在改变世界
+奥布里德格雷：当然，这是技术问题。
+很早就有了
+那流失率更快地取代任何细胞 –
+有人在几年前说过这个。
+它只标出世界上所有宗教
+他们从发电机中将其取出
+很多人都发高烧，并且有禽流感的症状
+ 别听他们的，因为那是撒旦的话！”
+我们也不能免费把数据开放 给全世界的学生们和企业部门使用。”
+开始了 喔! 这是磁性的 不会把笔记本拉到地上
+一旦它建成以后，非洲的任何人或任何发展中国家
+要点是 我可以快速回复邮件
+有些只是意见上的分歧
+我肯定你们每个人 或是你们的孩子
+还有一个从纽约来的，曾经在世贸中心工作的男人，
+我希望这整个事情能在各种语言下工作。
+ 我们要让软件工作正确. 是的
+她在这里不认识任何人。我问：你总是感到愤怒吗？
+如果当天他有去工作的话，他早已经丧命；另外一个男人，
+我想谈一谈我的父亲。
+我父亲有老年痴呆症。
+大约在 12 年前他便开始显现出症状，
+并在 2005 年被确诊。
+现在他是真的很虚弱。他需要被帮助进食，
+他需要被帮助穿衣，他甚至不知道自己身处何方
+这对家庭来说真的十分不易
+我的爸爸是我心中的英雄，和一生长期以来的导师
+而在过去的十年，我不得不目送他远去
+我爸爸并不孤单。全球有约 3500 万人生活在某种形式的痴呆症影响下，
+预计到 2030 年，这个数字会加倍而达到 7000 万。
+那可是相当多的人。
+痴呆令我们害怕。神情恍惚，手脚振颤的痴呆患者们
+和如此之巨的发病数字令我们恐慌。
+而且由于恐惧，我们往往会做这两件事之一：
+我们选择拒绝： 不是我得病，这与我无关，它永远不会发生在我身上。
+或我们决定去预防痴呆症，
+这样它就永远不会发生在我们身上。因为我们会竭尽全力遏制疾病。
+我却在寻找第三种方法： 我正为老年痴呆的到来准备好。
+预防很好，我也和你一样在力所能及范围内抗击阿尔茨海默氏症。
+最终我们会进入一个环节
+这是研究告诉你该做的事。
+但研究也显示，没有什么会100%保护着你。
+道高一尺，魔高一丈
+这就是我爸爸的遭遇。
+我的爸爸是个双语的大学教授。他业余爱好包括国际象棋、桥牌和写专栏。
+（笑声）
+无论怎样，他得了痴呆症。
+道高一尺，魔高一丈
+如果你是我的话尤其如此，因为老年痴呆有家族内群聚发病特性。
+我要给你们讲一个每年春天在纽约
+基于我在对父亲的护理中所学到的，
+和关于如何与痴呆患者相处的研究，我专注于准备中的三件事：
+我正在尝试改变自己的乐趣，我正在训练来加强我的体能
+和最困难的 —— 我想成为一个更有为的人。
+我们从爱好开始吧。当你痴呆时，享受生活会越来越难。
+你不能坐下与旧友促膝长谈，因为你不知道他们是谁。
+看电视会令你困惑，而且往往非常恐怖。
+而阅读几乎是不可能。
+当你要去照顾痴呆的人，你会先得到培训，
+训练你让病人参与他们熟悉，且他们可以亲身实践的活动。
+对我父亲来说，实际就是让他填表单。
+他是州立大学的一名教授 ；他清楚什么是批文手续。
+他会把名字签在每一条线上，他会检查所有的项目，
+他会把数字写在他认为应有数字的地方。
+但这让我思考，我的照顾者会和我一起做什么呢？
+我是我父亲的女儿。我经常阅读、写作和思考全球健康。
+他们会给我学术期刊以让我可以在页边涂鸦吗？
+他们会给我图案让我上色吗？
+因此，我一直试图学着去做那些动手的事。
+我一直喜欢要绘画，所以我经常画，即使我真的画得很烂。
+我在学习一些基础的折纸 —— 我能做一个特大的箱子。
+（笑声）
+我在教自己编织，而到目前为止，我可以织个线团。
+但，你懂的，做得好不好没关系。重要的是我的手知道如何去做。
+因为如果有越多熟悉的东西，更多我的手知道如何去做的事，
+我就会在大脑不再主宰的时候有更多的快乐的事去做
+人们说专注于活动的人更快乐，
+对他们的医护人员来说更容易照顾，它甚至可能减缓疾病的发展。
+我看来这就是胜利
+我想逍遥一生，无忧无虑
+很多人不知道老年痴呆其实有物理症状，
+与理查德和他的团队
+你会肌肉震颤，而这使人们倾向于减少活动。
+他们开始害怕走路，害怕移动。
+所以我在做将建立我平衡感的活动。
+我练瑜珈、 太极来提高我的平衡性，这样，当我开始失去它时，
+我将仍然可以移动。
+我做负重运动来增加肌肉力量
+这样当我身体开始萎缩，我会有更多的时间可以左右移动。
+我的爸爸在老年痴呆前是个和蔼可亲的人，且现在也是
+我见过他失去他的才智，他的幽默感和他的语言技巧，
+但我也看到： 他爱我、他爱我的儿子、
+他爱我的兄弟、我的妈妈和他照顾者。
+而那爱让我们想陪伴在他周围，即使是现在。
+即使那很难
+当你带走他曾经在这世上所学的一切，
+他赤裸的心依然闪耀。
+我从来未跟我父亲一样和蔼慈祥。
+而我现在需要的就是学会成为这样的人。
+由一家名叫Adafruit的公司制造
+我不想患老年痴呆。
+我要的是在20年内找到一种来得及保护我的治疗方法。
+但如果事与愿违，我将毫不畏惧
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+他们当中有超过50人失去了他们的整个公司、朋友，
+并且将资金伙伴们拉拢到一起。
+那个互相认同的过程被记录在一个影片中，
+提出如何创造和平的想法。
+《我的圣战：我的和平之路》。改变是能够实现的。
+是华里克说，如果人要有道德
+谢谢。我希望这对你有所帮助。
+ 圣经必须是我人生中的最高授权
+我之前引用过这句话：
+CA: 非常同意
+问题是我们要相信谁的真理？
+有3000个设计在里面。如果我不慎摔坏那个笔记本，会发生什么？
+这是问题所在
+让人们拥有一些共同的体验
+(笑声)
+尤其是神经元，但我们不想比
+可以在金字塔与
+理性的辨析能力
+在我大学第一年的时候，
+重新产生了兴趣：
+ 为什么经济规模和政治体制看起来相似的国家之间，
+国民的储蓄习惯差别如此之大？”
+为什么会如此？
+取得了很大的进展，我们对这个问题
+也有了很深的认识。
+我今天要跟大家分享的是一个很有意思的假说，
+我研究了人们说的语言的（语法）结构
+和他们的存钱习惯之间的关系，
+并得到了一些意外的新发现。
+然后我们把这两者联系起来。
+我们从OECD国家开始考虑，
+OECD即 经济合作与发展组织”。
+世界上最富有的工业化国家。
+而且加入OECD组织的国家都需要符合
+民主政府、开放市场和自由贸易等要求。
+虽然这些国家都是很相似的，但是他们的存储行为差别很大。
+看这张图的左边，
+你会看到多数OECD成员国年储蓄率超过GDP的1/4，
+而部分成员国的年储蓄率达到了GDP的1/3。
+在图右侧的这些国家，最右边的是希腊，
+我们看到在过去25年
+希腊的国民储蓄率刚超过10%。
+需要注意美国和英国紧随其后。
+现在我们看到存储比率的巨大差别，
+但是语言跟这种差异有什么关系呢？
+让我告诉你语言之间的本质差异所在。
+语言学家和认知科学家已经研究这个问题很多年了，
+而我今天将会将这两种行为联系起来。
+你们可能注意到了我是华裔。
+我在美国中西部长大。
+我很小的时候就意识到了
+中文在家庭关系的叫法——
+实际上更本质的——
+甚至在思维方式上都（跟英文）有很大的不同。
+怎么解释呢，我举个例子。
+假设你我在聊天，提到了我的叔叔（uncle）。
+你完全理解这个英文的意思。
+但是如果我们用普通话聊天，
+我就头疼了。
+这里面传递的信息如此之多。
+我无法用中文告诉你
+这是我的 叔叔”，
+而是会附加上更多的（家庭关系）信息。
+基本上就是她们自我探索的过程
+这个人是我爸爸这边的还是妈妈这边的
+是婚姻关系还是血缘关系；
+但是在那个大家都在大笑的时刻，
+年纪比我爸爸大还是比我爸爸小。
+这些都是必须的，中文无法省略这些信息。
+事实上，如果要我不弄错的话
+我就要不断的去想这之间的关系。
+这是小时候让我很好奇的事情，
+而现在我作为一个经济学家更加好奇的是
+不同的语言在如何表示时间上的差异。
+例如，在英语中需要用明确的语法变化来表示不同的时态，
+如果我说过去下过雨： It rained yesterday”
+正在下雨： It is raining now”
+因为我需要根据我要说的事件的时间
+来调整自己要说的话， It will rain”或 It s going to rain.”
+英语语法禁止你说成 It rain tomorrow”。
+中文的表达方式跟英文恰恰相反。
+一个说中文的人说出来的话
+会让一个说英文的人听起来怪怪的。
+他们会说， 昨天下雨”、 现在下雨”、 明天下雨”。
+从更深的角度来看，中文并没有将时间进行严格的分割，
+而英文则将此作为语言正确与否的准则之一。
+这种差异是不是
+只有在中文和英文差异这么大的语言之间才会有？
+实际上，不是。
+你们当中的很多人都知道英语属于日尔曼语系。
+你们可能没有意识到英语算是这个语系的一个异类。
+英语是日尔曼语系中唯一需要这些的。
+例如，说日尔曼语系的人
+会很自然的用以下的话表达
+明天下雨： Morgen regnet es”
+说英语的人听了就类似 It rain tomorrow.”
+这让我，作为一个行为经济学家，想到一个有趣的假设。
+你描述时间的方式，你的语言迫使你思考时间的方式，
+是否会影响到你对不同时间段的偏好？
+你们说的是英语，区分将来时态的。
+将这些组件组合成在一起
+或者未来要发生的事情时，
+你需要在语法层面将未来和现在分来，
+就像是两者之间有本质不同一样。
+现在假设这种语言上的差别
+让你每次说话的时候都意识到当下和未来细微差别。
+如果这个假设成立，
+会导致 未来”看起来跟 现在”更加遥远一些，
+要你存钱就会困难一些。
+另一方面，如果你的语言没有区分将来时态，
+你说现在和未来的句式是一样的。
+这点细微的差别会让你觉得他们是一样的，
+会让你更倾向于存钱。
+现在我有了一套奇特的理论。
+我是教授，教授就是生产奇思怪想的。
+但是你怎么检验这样一套理论呢？
+我阅读了大量的语言学文献作为调研。
+有意思的是，没有将来时态的语言
+全球各地都有。
+欧洲北部也有一些语言没有将来时态。
+有意思的是，当你开始收集数据时，
+你就会发现这些说没有将来时态的语言的国家，
+很大程度上，恰恰是最喜欢储蓄的国家。
+为了给你们一点提示，
+请看看刚才提到的OECD储蓄比例图。
+你看到相比那些语言中
+区别将来时态的国家，
+对此进行了深入的研究
+平均的差值有多大？
+约占各国每年GDP的5%。
+这种差别持续了25年，对国家总体财富有着长远的影响。
+现在虽然这些发现能说明问题，
+但是比较的国家之间在很多很多方面都有差异，
+有时候很难将这些差异归结为某个原因。
+我将想你们展示，我过去一年收集到的，
+作为经济学家能够得到的
+所有的大数据集，
+并且我正在尝试将国家之间可能的差异性消除
+希望可以为（我理论提到的）这段关系提供证据。
+总体而言，无论我目前如何尝试，我都无法将这种关联消除。
+让我告诉你们，你们能做到什么程度。
+一种可能的验证方式就是收集了全球范围的（经济）数据信息。
+例如，欧洲的健康、老龄化及退休情况统计。
+通过这个数据采集工作你会发现欧洲退休老人
+对于调查人员是极度有耐心的。
+（笑）
+想象一下你是一个比利时的退休老人，有一天有人跑来敲你家的门。
+有个领域我觉得很有意思
+你知道自己的房子值多少钱么？方便告诉我么？
+你的走廊有10米这么长么？
+如果有，你能走一次让我看看需要多长时间么？
+让我测试一下你的握力？
+一天过去了。
+（笑）
+将这些数据与USAID（美国国际开发署）
+在非洲发展中国家的人口健康统计数据结合
+USAID的数据很详细，例如，尼日利亚农村家庭中
+从伊拉克到叙利亚，从马里到阿尔及利亚，
+将这些数据与世界价值调查（value survey）结合，
+后者统计政治观点和，很幸运的，
+全世界上百个国家上亿家庭的存储行为信息。
+获得所有这些数据，综合起来，你就得到这样的一张图。
+你会发现全球范围内有九个国家
+其国民中有相当多的人使用
+没有区分将来时态和区分将来时态的语言。
+我接下来要做的就是通过统计匹配的方式
+找到各个方面都近似相同的家庭，
+然后去看看在控制了这些变量之后
+语言和储蓄之间是否还存在着联系。
+我们能够控制那些特征？
+我考虑的匹配包括出生地和居住地，
+人口信息——性别、年龄——
+相对居住国的收入水平，
+受教育程度，以及家庭成员结构。
+我发现在欧洲就有六种不同的婚姻组合方式。
+最精细的分类方法是按照宗教信仰进行分类——
+将全球分成了72个不同的宗教团体——
+非常精细的分类了。
+14亿家庭每个家庭都有独特性。
+现在我要说的比较，都是在这些
+各个方面近似一致的家庭之间进行的。
+让我们假设这个实验找到了
+布鲁塞尔的两个家庭，
+在别的每个方面都很相似，
+但是一个家庭说佛兰芒语（Flemish）另一个家庭说法语；
+或是两个住在尼日利亚农村的家庭，
+一个说豪萨语（Hausa）另一户说伊博语（Igbo）。
+现在在这么精细的控制水平下，
+语言的时态特点是否还会影响到储蓄习惯？
+是的，语言中没有区分将来时态的人，
+如果它被参考了，将会变成”Blackawton等人
+这种差异是否有累积效应？
+是的，当他们退休的时候，语言中没有区分将来时态的人，
+在收入稳定不变的情况下，要多25%的储蓄。
+我们能够得到更多的结论么？
+正如我告诉你的，我们出于经济研究目的收集了很多的医疗健康数据。
+我们能将健康相关的行为比作储蓄行为么？
+例如，吸烟这个事情，
+他们只是更愿意接受
+如果储蓄是增加当下的痛苦增加未来的快感，
+那么吸烟的效果正好相反。
+吸烟用未来的痛苦换取当下的快感。
+顺便说一句， 不信任”对民主来说总是非常重要的
+我们的统计支持了我们的推断。
+语言没有区分将来时态的家庭成员相比而言
+在任何时间段中吸烟的可能性相比都要少20%到24%，
+在他们退休的时候超重的可能性
+相比少13%到17%，
+在最后一次性行为中
+使用安全套的概率要高21%。
+我可以这么一直不停地列举下去。
+很难找到语言时态特征对于储蓄行为
+没有影响的实例。
+我和在耶鲁的的语言学同事和经济学同事刚刚开始这项研究，
+探索和理解每次我们说话的时候
+（语言）对于我们的未来的轻微的影响。
+最终的目标是，
+一旦我们理解了这些微妙的效果是如何影响到我们的决策的，
+我们希望可以为人们提供
+更好的工具，让他们在未来
+理性的存钱，理性的投资。
+非常感谢。
+（掌声）
+我让所有学员集中他们的注意力，
+我们还想要看看寻求合作的方式
+在生活中留意好的和不好的设计
+CA: 赞
+(掌声)
+我们还可以把Gapminder的精彩图像放到这一系统的界面上
+想进入国际化企业拍照是非常困难的
+并确认我们在使用可靠的材料，
+我是一个患有慢性精神分裂症的女人
+我曾经有几百天都
+待在精神病医院里面
+也许我有可能一生
+大部分时间都待在医院的病房里
+但是我的人生并没有这样
+事实上， 我成功的离开了医院
+将近三十年了
+这可能是我最自豪的成就了
+但是这并不代表我没有
+精神上的挣扎
+当我从耶鲁大学毕业以后
+我得到了第一份法律工作， 我在纽黑文的医生， 外特
+告诉我他将在三个月之后
+我准备离开纽黑文的几年前。
+外特对我有很大的帮助，
+想到他的离开几乎
+让我崩溃
+我最好的朋友史蒂夫
+感觉到了有东西很不对
+飞到了纽黑文来和我待在一起
+现在我要读一段我自己的笔记了：
+我打开我一室一厅的房子
+史蒂夫后来告诉我
+即使他多次见过我病发的时候，也还是
+为他当天见到的我吃惊。
+我有一个星期没怎么吃东西了
+我很憔悴， 我走路的时候
+感觉自己的脚是木头做的
+我感觉自己的脸是一张面具
+我把所有的窗帘都关起来了
+正午的时候
+我的房间几乎是完全黑暗的
+空气难闻， 屋子凌乱
+史蒂夫， 作为一个律师和心理学家，治疗过
+很多有严重精神病的患者， 直到今天
+他会觉得这是他见过的最坏的情况了
+ 你好”， 我说， 然后回到我沉静了
+一时的沙发上
+谢谢你的到来
+摇摇欲坠的世界，词， 声音
+告诉钟停下来
+时间， 时间来了
+ 外特要离开了”， 史蒂夫说
+地心引力在把我往下拉
+我很害怕， 告诉他门离开
+作为一个年轻女人， 我在精神病院里
+我的医生给我诊断了慢性精神分裂
+给了我一个”不乐观 的预测
+就是说， 我只能在看护下活着
+做很低下的工作
+但是很幸运的是， 我其实没有
+执行这个预测
+相反， 我是一个南加州大学Gould 法学院的首席法律教授，
+心理学教授，精神病学教授。
+我有很多亲近的朋友
+和亲爱的丈夫， 他今天也来了
+（掌声） 谢谢！
+他当然是我人生钟的明星。
+我想和你分享这是怎样发生的，
+而且向你描述我作为一个精神病患者
+我想说的是，这只是我的经历
+因为每个人的精神病多有不同的症状
+让我们从精神分裂的定义开始把，
+精神分裂是一种大脑疾病
+它的主要症状是幻想， 或者是与
+现实脱离
+妄想和幻觉
+是这个病的标志
+妄想是顽固，错误和不会因为现实而改变的信仰
+幻觉是不存在的感觉
+比如， 当我病发的时候，
+我们谈到了蛇
+杀了几百个人的错觉
+我有时候会觉得
+自己脑子里正要发生核爆炸
+也有时候， 我有幻觉
+高举这一把刀
+想象以下在清醒的情况下做噩梦
+言语和思想经常变得没有头绪
+简直没有任何逻辑
+当人有散漫的联想的时候， 就会把一些很相似的词
+放在一起， 没有任何意义
+感觉像一个文字混在一起的 沙拉”
+和大部分人以为的恰好相反，精神分裂不是
+多重人格或 人格分裂
+精神分裂的大脑不是分开的， 是破碎的
+每个人都看到过街上有人
+不修边幅， 营养不良
+站在外面乱对自己说话
+这种人多半是有精神分裂
+但是精神分裂出现在很多不同的
+社会层次中。 其中有很多患者
+是有全职工作的，
+承担着很大责任的。
+几年前， 我决定
+把我的个人经历写下来
+而且我像和你分享更多我的个人经历
+以此给大家一个轻身经历的人的角度看待这个事情
+接下载这件事发生在我上耶鲁大学法学院
+的第一学期的第七周
+从我的笔记中：
+”我的两个同学， Rebel和Val 和我约了一个时间
+星期五一起在图书馆
+学习我们的备忘录的作业
+但是我们没有完成， 因为我开始
+胡言乱语
+ 备忘录是探访”， 我告诉他们
+ 他们有写观点， 观点就在你脑子里，
+Pat 曾经就这么说， 你杀了人吗？‘
+Rebel 和Val看着我，
+好像我在
+他们脸上泼了冷水一样
+ 你在说什么？， Elyn？
+”哦， 你知道的， 谁是什么， 什么是谁？，
+天堂和地狱，让我们去屋顶。
+Rebel和Val跟着我
+问我怎么了
+”这就是真正的我 我说
+高高的挥着我的手
+然后， 在星期五很晚的时候，
+在法学院的楼顶上
+我开始唱歌，很大声
+”来到佛罗里达 阳光和灌木
+你想跳舞吗？
+”你嗑药了吗” 有人问， 你high了吗？”
+ 咳？不可能， 没有嗑药。
+我就觉得 我怎么练得会啊？”
+那里有柠檬， 那里有恶魔
+ 你吓倒我了”， 他们一个人说， Rebel和Val
+回到了图书馆。
+我耸耸肩， 跟着他们。
+回来之后， 我告诉我的同学他们
+有没有同样的胡言乱语的经历
+像我一样
+ 我觉得有人进入了我的案件” 我说
+ 我们要把关节装起来，
+我不相信关节， 但是
+它们能把身体连起来。－－
+这就是一个散漫联想的例子
+最终我回到了宿舍
+到了后， 我没有办法安心。
+我脑子里都是噪音
+到处都是桔子树和我写不出来的法律备忘录
+以及那些我需要为之负责任的大规模谋杀。
+坐在床上， 我摇来摇去
+在孤独和恐惧中呻吟。”
+这次发病让我第一次在美国住院了，
+我前两次在英国
+继续我的笔记：
+ 第二天， 我来到我教授办公室， 问
+我能不能晚点交作业，
+然后喔喔喔欧开始胡言乱语，
+就像前一天晚上一样
+他最后把我送到急诊室
+到了之后，有一个人， 我就叫他 医生”吧，
+和他的野蛮助手们，飞扑下来
+把我举的高高的
+然后狠狠的摔在了一张金属床上
+重的我都看到星星了
+然后它们把我的手脚都帮起来了
+用很厚的皮带
+一个我丛没有听到过的声音丛我嘴里说出来：
+一半呻吟， 一半尖叫
+惨无人性，纯粹恐惧
+然后这个声音又出现了
+从我的肚子了逼出来的
+这个事情导致了我被强制住院
+其中一个理由我医生给的强制住院的理由是
+我严重
+生活不自理
+为了支持这个说法， 它们在我的档案里写说我
+不能完成我耶鲁法学院的作业。
+我不知道这对其他的纽黑文的人意味着什么
+（笑声）
+在第二年， 我又
+在医院里待了五个月
+有时候， 我会再机械限制中度过20小时，
+手被捆这， 手和脚被紧紧的捆着
+手和脚被捆着， 而且胸前
+还有一个网子绑着
+我没有打任何人
+我没有害任何人， 我没有直接威胁任何人
+如果你没有被限制过， 你可能
+对这个经历有个不差的印象
+但是其实糟透了
+再美国， 每周
+这层膜是由有机硅涂层玻璃纤维做成的
+他们被缧， 吸着自己的呕吐物
+他们被窒息， 他们心脏病发作
+救人还是害人
+当我在耶鲁法学院刊物上给学生准备关于机械限制的
+讲义时，
+我咨询了一位知名的法学教授
+和精神病学家
+并向他肯定了这种
+限制时伤人自尊，
+痛苦和可怕的
+他理解的看着我， 说
+ Elyn， 你还是不明白：
+这些人又精神病。
+他们和你和我都不一样
+他们不会像你我一样经历限制。
+我当时没有勇气告诉他
+不， 我们和你并没有什么不同
+我们不喜欢被捆绑在床上
+跟他一样不喜欢在那里受苦
+事实上， 最近
+我肯定现在还是有人觉得
+这些限制能帮助病人感到安全
+我从来没有遇到过一个精神病
+同意这种说法
+今天， 我非常赞成心理治疗
+但是非常反对强制型治疗
+我觉得强迫没有效果， 而且对一个有严重精神病的人
+实施强制手段
+是很可怕的
+最终， 我来到了洛杉矶
+在南加州法学院教书
+这些年来， 我一直反对用药
+为此会付出一切。
+我感觉到我不服用药物也可以保持
+我想要证明毕竟
+我精神上没问题,只不过是诊断上犯得错误而已
+我的理念是服药越少,瑕疵就越少
+我的分析师 Kaplan博士,当时劝我
+坚持服药并且就这样生活下午
+但是我决定我想要最最后一次尝试
+从文中引用:
+ 我开始减少我的用药量,而在短时间之内
+我就感觉到了一些变化
+在从牛津旅行回来后,我冲进了Kaplan
+的办公室,冲向角落,蹲了下来
+捂住我的脸,开始颤抖
+在我周围我感觉到了拿了匕首的恶魔
+他们把我切成了碎片
+或者让我吞下滚烫的煤球
+Kaplan后来把我当时情景描述为 在撕心裂肺的痛苦中蠕动
+即使在这个状态下,他准确地描述为
+急性神经病
+我拒绝服用更多的药物
+因为任务还没有完成
+在与Kaplan的面会结束后,
+我去看了Marder医生,一位精神分裂症专家
+他是负责观察我用药的副作用的
+他觉得我可能有一定程度上的精神分裂
+一次在他的办公室,我坐在沙发上,蜷缩起来,
+然后开始喃喃自语
+ 头破血流,人们试图杀戮,
+我能不能把你的办公室彻底当垃圾处理?
+Marder说
+ 好吧.小一点.在冰上的火.告诉他们不要杀我.
+告诉他们不要杀我.我做错什么了?
+成百上千个想法被封锁
+ Elyn,你是不是觉得
+你对自己或他人很危险?
+我认为你应该待在医院里
+我可以现在就让你被容纳进来,整个事情会变得
+十分分散.
+ 哈哈哈,
+医院是不好的,它们都疯了,它们都十分难过
+任何一个人都得远离医院.我就是上帝,或者我以前是.
+在那个情况下,
+这时候我们遇到一个问题
+在边上记了一笔
+他问: 那你是退出了还是被开除了?
+(笑声)
+ 我创造生命然后我拿走他们,
+原谅我吧,因为我不知道该做什么.
+最后,我在朋友面前倒塌了,
+然后每个人都想说服我去继续服用药物
+我在也不能否定事实了,
+而且我无法改变这样一个事实
+针能从无限多个角度进来，
+与那个疯女人住院的年头所隔离
+在废墟中倒塌.
+然后去触碰蛇
+但是我还是在这里.我觉得吧..有三个原因:
+是由自己定义的归属感，
+一周四到五次的心理分析和心理治疗
+持续了几十年,以及非常先进的心理配药
+第一,我有我的家庭成员都朋友都知道
+我和我的疾病
+这些关系给我的人生
+一个意味和一个深度,他们还帮助我
+在这些症状面前找到生活的方向
+第三,我在一个极具支持力的工作环境里工作
+就在USC法律学校
+这是一个不仅仅满足我需求的地方
+而且实际上它拥抱我的需求
+它也同样是一个刺激思考的地方
+能够使我的脑子充满各种复杂的问题
+这些都是最强有力最有依赖性的抵御
+我精神疾病的武器
+即使这些全都有---良好的治疗,融合的家庭和
+朋友,和谐的工作环境--
+直到很晚我才公开了
+我这个疾病
+因为与精神疾病作斗争的烙印
+太强大了以至于我想让别人知道
+如果你今天啥都没听到,
+你一定得记住这一点:这些都不是 精神分裂症
+而是患有精神分裂症的人们,而这些人可能
+是你的配偶,也可能是你的孩子
+可能是你的邻居,也可能是你的朋友
+还有可能是你的同事
+好吧.我就说说我最后的想法
+我们需要为精神疾病的研究和治疗
+进行更多的资源投资
+我们理解这些疾病越到位,
+我们能提供的治疗就越先进,这样一来,
+我们就能给人们带来更多的关怀
+而且不需要使用外力
+他们所做的和我们创新的过程十分相似。
+说洛杉矶监狱是美国最大的心理医疗机构
+是国家的悲剧和谣言
+美国的监狱是那些被精神疾病所折磨的人
+占领的,而且很多人在那
+但这需要一些生活方式的改变，
+我当初可以轻松地沦落到大家上
+一条对娱乐行业和新闻业的建议:
+整体来说,你们在与烙印和各种偏见斗争中
+干得很不错
+拜托了,继续让我们在你们的电影中,你的戏剧中,
+你们的专栏中,
+看到那些受严重精神疾病折磨的人
+同情地描述他们,
+并且有深度地挖掘他们,
+通过他们亲身的经验而不是简单的一个诊断
+最近,我朋友提出一个问题:
+如果我手里有一片瞬间可以
+治好我的药片,我吃不吃它?
+诗人Rainer Maria Rilke
+被提供了心理分析
+他拒绝了,说到: 不要把我的邪恶拿走,
+因为我的天使也有可能逃跑.
+而我的精神病
+是一个现实的噩梦,里面的恶魔十分可怕
+以至于所有的天使都逃走了
+那么我会不会吃掉那个药片了?
+我不希望被看作是对于如果我没有精神疾病我会
+拥有的生活所后悔
+而我也不是在向任何人寻求怜悯
+我实际想说的是我们所共享的人性
+比精神疾病要重要的多
+那些经历过精神疾病的人想要的
+要是其他所有人想要的
+Sigmund Freud说到: 去工作,去爱.
+谢谢.(鼓掌)
+(鼓掌)
+谢谢.谢谢.你们真善良.(鼓掌)
+谢谢.(鼓掌)
+我第一次离家到大学念书的那天
+在一天结束的时候去开邮箱的人，
+日子充满希望
+我学业表现不错，大家对我期望颇高
+不过作为专业人士，我希望你能理解
+上课、参加派对,喝醉了偷交通路标.
+当然,事情不能只看表面
+在当今具有深远的意义。
+第二是因为这种动物拥有的独特感知能力
+但掩饰得很好，足以瞒过任何人
+只是我内心其实不快乐而且不安
+骨子里很害怕……
+怕其他人、未来，怕失败
+这种水可以用来饮用或者灌溉农田。
+但我隐藏得很好!
+外表看来就像是对一切都充满期待
+与抱负
+甚么都不怕的想法是如此彻底
+连我自己都信以为真
+所以念完一学期；而新学期开始的时候
+根本没人能预料
+将要发生的事
+当时已开始上课而我正要逃学
+在影响丙烷的燃烧性质
+动作一如往常熟练
+这时传来一个冷眼旁观的声音
+「她要走了」
+我四下张望，但根本没人
+那声音听来果断清晰
+不可能是我听错
+我太震惊了，连忘在阶梯上的书都没拿
+就冲回家，但那声音又来了!
+「她正要开门」
+[就是这样开始的]:这个声音在我耳边响起
+并且持续不断
+每天每星期地重复
+以旁观者的语气叙述我作的事
+「她要上图馆了」
+「她要去上课了」
+这声音起初毫无感情，但一段时间后
+却令人莫名熟悉与安慰
+但我的确发现，这表面平静的语调
+有时也会不经意地泄漏我隐藏的情绪
+就拿我常需要压抑愤怒这事来说吧!
+隐藏情绪这事我很在行的
+不过那声音就会因此听起来很气馁
+但其他时候，听来还不致令人不安
+尽管这声音当时很明显地
+有事要对我说
+尤其是我的情绪
+始终深藏不露的这件事
+就在那时我犯了一个大错
+我把听到声音的说给一位朋友听，她吓坏了!
+她开始不着痕迹地导正我
+暗示幻听不是正常现象
+而且我自己也觉得很不对劲
+这样的恐惧和疑虑是会传染的
+许多动物仍陆续灭绝
+当她坚持我必须去看医生
+我顺从地照做，但事后证明
+又错了!
+之后我找校医谈
+说出我担忧的问题
+会尽力争取到一切可以挣钱的机会
+但对方没什么兴趣，也不在乎
+但当我一提到，听见有人说话这件事
+他立刻放下手中的笔，转过头来
+开始很关心地问了一些问题
+平心而论，我当时非常渴望关切和帮助
+所以我就把有一位「评论员」的事说出来了
+我深信当时那声音会说
+「她在自掘坟墓」
+我被转介给精神科医生
+有声音这件事被很严肃地看待
+所以接着我所说的一切
+都被当作精神异常的可能征兆
+比方说，我们学校有新闻电视台
+而我是成员之一
+有一次会面的时间太久
+我说:「医生，抱歉我得走了!」
+「我还要回去报6点的新闻」
+结果诊断书上说我
+幻想自已是电视新闻主播
+从此事情发展
+迅速超出我所能掌控
+就在我住院后
+精神分裂的诊断也一一确定了
+最糟的是，那种不抱希望、屈辱
+还有对自己和前途绝望的折磨
+因为一直被灌输这个观念
+听到怪声音不是一种经验，是有病
+我对此的恐惧和抗拒也与日俱增
+本质上，这等于要我
+与自己的思想为敌
+就像是心灵内战
+结果我听到的怪声音反而变多了
+且逐渐衍生出敌意
+感到绝望又无助的我
+便自我封闭于噩梦般的内心世界
+而那些声音便成了其中
+我唯一的伙伴及加害者
+那些声音告诉我，如果我能证明
+自己值得他们帮助，那么
+他们可让我的人生回到原来的样子
+而那些我们不理解和不会用的东西
+都不是容易应付的那种
+刚开始还只是小意思
+像是拔下3搓头发
+但逐渐变本加厉
+最后要我做一些伤害自己的事
+还有一些蛮夸张的指示
+来自某处－来自此处
+「有一杯水对吧?」
+「我要妳过去在其他学生面前，把水倒在他头上」
+我真的照做了! 当然不用说
+我也成为教职员眼中的头痛人物
+事实上，恐惧、回避
+猜忌和误解的恶性循环已经形成
+但我无力抗拒
+也无法妥协或平静下来
+我可不想变成那样
+这期间我经历过各种怪事
+令人害怕的声音，丑陋的影像
+莫名的怪异幻象
+而我的心理状态
+让我饱受歧视与言词羞辱
+甚至被攻击和性侵
+我的心理医生还曾告诉我
+「Eleanor, 妳若是得癌症还比较好」
+把5亿人带出贫穷的状况，
+经过诊断、用药，然后被遗弃
+深受那些声音所苦
+让我一度想在头上开个洞
+好把那些声音赶出去
+回首这些年的千疮百孔
+看来就像有人陨殁
+但另一个人却获救
+起初那个伤痕累累又不安的人
+最后变成
+命中注定的样子
+我这一生被许多人伤害过
+而且我都记得
+但相较于受人恩惠
+那些不堪回首的事就显得依稀模糊了
+那些同病相怜的过来人、
+朋友和伙伴
+还有对我从未放弃希望的母亲
+她知道女儿总有一天会恢复
+而她愿意一直等下去
+那位和我萍水相逢的医生
+不仅坚信我有可能康复
+而且一定会康复.
+在我病情不断复发，令人心力憔悴的那段时间
+他告诉我的家人:「别放弃希望!
+「我相信Eleanor能捱过这关!」
+「有时候5月天也会下雪」
+「但夏天终究会来!」
+14分钟的时间其实不够我去感谢
+当他们进入安全部队的时候，
+有人与我并肩作战，为我挺身而出
+还有人盼着我
+从孤独沉痛中恢复过来
+但他们共同造就的勇气
+创造力、诚信和坚定信念
+让原来支离破碎的我，得以找回完整的自己
+我曾说这些人救了我
+是他们让我有力量
+拯救自己
+更重要的是，他们让我了解
+一件我过去始终不确定的事
+我所听见的那些声音，其实是以有意义的方式
+响应过去的伤痛，尤其是我的童年
+这样说来，我们不应彼此为敌
+是这些声音让我看清那些并非无解的情绪问题
+起初这很难去相信
+不只因为那些声音好像不怀好意
+既然如此，首要步骤就是
+学着从我原本理解的表象中
+找到其中的隐含的意义
+举例来说，那些声音曾威胁要袭击我家
+所能读到的审核的学术期刊文献，之间消息的鸿沟了。
+而非真正具体的危险
+刚开始我信以为真
+还记得有一次我彻夜不眠
+捐款在美国可抵税。
+提防我认为那些声音很可能带来的威胁
+因为在那之前我自残过好几次
+所以家里大部分的餐具都被藏起来
+最后我拿一支塑料叉当武器
+就是那种野餐用的，然后坐在门外
+把叉子夹在腋下高度戒备
+那情形就像说:「别惹我!」
+「你不知道我有武器吗?」
+这是我用的战术
+但我随后的反应比较有效
+我尝试拆解言外之意
+所以当声音警告我不要出门
+我去做了。我在2004年年初开始，
+让我注意到自己多缺乏安全感
+因有这份认知，我就可以积极面对问题
+安抚自己及那些声音
+我们很安全，用不着害怕
+我会与「他们」划清界线
+试着以坚决的态度与他们沟通
+但保持尊重
+并放缓沟通及合作的过程
+这样「我们」才能学习共事，互相扶持
+经过这一切，我才恍然大悟
+每一个我听到的声音
+都跟自己密切相关
+而且都带着丰沛的情绪
+只是我以前没机会处理那些记忆
+像是性创伤、性虐待
+愤怒、惭愧、罪恶感和妄自菲薄
+那些声音取代了伤痛
+并把痛苦说出来
+不过最重要的启示也许是
+当我明白那些最具敌意和侵略性的声音
+其实就代表
+我受伤最深的那部分
+因此，正是这些声音
+需要最多关爱和同情
+正是这样的领悟让我最后
+愿意把那些声音构成的片段拼凑起来
+找回完整的自我
+并逐渐摆脱对药物的依赖
+我又回到精神科，不过这次是研究
+第一次听到声音已是10年前的事了
+而这次我终于取得心理学最高学位!
+是我母校在该领域颁发过的最高学历
+对一个疯女人来说
+能取得硕士学历也不差!
+老实说，考试的时候我还听到报答案的声音
+这应该算作弊吧!
+(笑声)
+坦白讲，我有时还挺享受这种被「关照」的感觉
+就像王尔德说的，唯一比被人议论更糟糕的事
+就是你这人根本不值一提.
+这经验让我非常善于偷听人讲话
+因为我可同时听懂两边的对话
+算起来也没那么糟!
+我在心理健康部门工作过
+也在多场研讨会上发表过演讲
+还出版过专文与书籍专章
+到目前我还在争论
+接下来这个观念的关联性
+精神病诊断上，关键问题不应该是
+「你哪里不对劲?」
+而是「发生甚么事了?」
+这段时间我倾听那些
+好不容易得以泰然处之的声音
+而这也反映出
+我越来越能同情、接纳和尊重自己
+记得最令我感动的特别时刻是
+帮助另一个被自己内心声音吓坏的年轻女性
+那是我首次意识到
+我看待自己的方式改变了
+而且还有能力帮别人突破
+身为「众声喧哗」(Intervoice) 的一员，我引以为荣!
+它是国际听声组织(the International Hearing Voices Movement)的筹划单位
+在Sandra Escher博士和Marius Romme教授
+的著作启发下成立
+他们将「听到声音」视为一种生存策略
+一种在异常情境下的合理反应
+不是旁人必须包容的精神分裂症状
+反而是有待深入研究、
+我们共同预见并推动
+能理解尊重「听声者」的社会环境
+支持他们的需求
+把他们当享有权利的公民看待
+这种社会不但可能
+且已逐渐形成
+用美国社会运动家César Chávez的话说
+社会变迁一旦开始便无法回头
+自重之人不会为人所羞辱
+则不为人所压迫
+提醒世人同理心、友谊
+正义和尊重胜过言语
+它们是坚定的信念
+而信念可以改变世界
+国际听声组织在过去20年
+已在5大洲的26国
+建立联系管道
+共同致力提升承受精神折磨者的
+尊严、团结和自立能力
+希望以此塑造希望的言词与实践
+其中的核心就是
+对个人能力坚定不疑的信念
+美国心理医师Peter Levine说过
+人类是很特别的生物
+与生俱来就有疗愈能力
+和运用此天赋的智慧
+因此，身为社会的一份子
+最荣幸的事
+莫过于帮人自我疗愈
+见证一切，伸出援手
+并分担苦痛
+还要坚持人们康复的希望
+同样地，我要对那些历尽磨难的人说
+我们知道经历过的那些伤害
+不会让我们的人生就这样下去
+我们是独一无二的
+心灵无法被占据
+扭曲或夺走
+而光明永存
+如同一位名医对我说过
+「不要跟我说别人对你的看法!」
+「我要听你怎么看待自己!」
+谢谢!
+(掌声响起)
+每四个人中就有一人患有某种精神疾病
+如果说是一二三四 就是你了先生
+对 是你（笑声）
+牙齿有点怪的那位 还有旁边那位(笑声)
+你自己可清楚了
+事实上那一整排都不大正常(笑声)
+这不太好 是的 真的很糟糕 拜托别看着我 (笑声)
+我就是四个人中的那一人 谢谢
+我想我这病是从我妈妈那里遗传过来的
+她常四肢着地在房子里四处爬动
+该回家写作业，
+绑在膝盖那里 我妈妈具有完全的吸水性(笑声)
+她会跟在我身后爬来爬去喊着
+ 谁会把脚印带到屋子里!”
+这算是个线索 有点不太对劲
+现在，它已成为那些看起来
+拉莫三嗪(Lamotrigine) 舍曲林(Sertraline) 帕罗西汀(Reboxetine)的制药商
+因为如果没有这几种常用药物 我今天就不会站在这里
+我的病是怎么开始的呢
+我的精神疾病 我都根本不想谈论它
+那我谈些什么好呢 好吧
+我以前常常会想自己最终会在什么时候发病
+可能因为我有深深的卡夫卡式
+存在主义的启示
+或可能是凯特•布兰切特扮演了我的角色并赢了奥斯卡(笑声)
+但这些都没发生 我发病的时候
+正是我女儿的运动会日
+所有家长都坐在停车场
+在车背上吃着食物 只是英国人
+吃着他们的香肠 他们可喜欢他们的香肠了(笑声)
+大家都在讲些闲话和八卦
+突然枪声响了 所有的女孩都跑了起来
+所有的妈妈都喊着 快跑！快跑Chlamydia(人名 谐音衣原体)！快跑！”(笑声)
+ 像风一样跑 Veruca(人名)! 快跑！”
+所有的女孩都在跑啊跑啊跑啊
+所有人除了我的女儿 她就站着
+在起跑线的地方 光顾着挥手
+因为她不知道她应该跑起来
+我因此卧床一个月 当我醒来的时候
+我发现自己住院了 看到其他病人的时候
+我意识到我找到自己的同类了 我的群落(笑声)
+因为他们成了我唯一的朋友 他们成了我的朋友
+因为我本来就认识不多人 而我也没有
+收到很多问候卡或鲜花 我的意思是 如果我是摔断了腿
+或者我有了孩子我也许就被大家的关心所掩埋了
+这是一个运行非常慢的计算机，
+振作
+因为我没想过要振作呢(笑声)
+(笑声)(掌声)
+因为有一样东西 得了这种病你会得到它
+这是整套附送的 就是你会感到很羞耻
+为什么在科学技术高度发达的今天，
+你就会变得很厌恶自己因为你觉得
+ 没有很多人来看望我 我不是在城镇里生活”
+你开始听到很多谩骂声 不是一声两声
+你能听到近千个万个谩骂声
+就像恶魔患了抽动症 听起来就像那样
+但我们在座的都知道 并没有恶魔
+你的头脑中并没有声音
+我们明白人类身处环境危机时代
+所有那些小神经元会聚在一起 在那个小小的狭缝
+你就会产生 我真想杀了自己”有毒的化学物质
+如果这种情况屡次发生
+你可能会让自己得抑郁症
+那还不到冰山一角
+如果你有一个小婴儿 你常口头辱骂它
+它的小脑袋会发出非常具有破坏性的化学物质
+以致它脑袋里面分辨美好事物的部分不再生长了
+你就自己培养了一个精神病者
+如果一个士兵看到他的朋友被炸了 他的大脑会进入
+高度警戒状态以致他无法把所经历的东西用语言表达出来
+他只是一次又一次地感受到恐惧
+那么我有一个问题 我的问题就是 为什么
+人们有精神创伤的时候 总被认为是主动想象造成的
+为什么其它身体器官生病时
+你会得到同情 而大脑除外呢
+我想谈多一些关于大脑的东西
+因为我知道TED在座的各位喜欢听
+请给我一点时间好吗
+我就这么说吧 有些好消息
+有些好消息 首先 我想说
+我们一路走来经历了很多
+很小的 贴在一块石头上 现在 看啊 到了大脑
+我们开始吧 (笑声)
+这小东西有很大马力
+它是有完整意识的 它有新生的脑叶
+因为有枕叶所以我们能看到世界
+因为有颞叶所以我们能听到世界上的声音
+这里是我们有长期记忆的部分
+你很想忘记某天晚上真的喝醉了 拜拜 忘记了(笑声)
+事实上 大脑有1000亿个神经元
+带电吱吱吱地传导着信息
+吱吱吱吱 我来给你们看看一些侧观
+我不知道你们能不能看清楚(笑声)
+吱吱 那么(笑声)
+对每个 这是我自己画 谢谢
+对每一个神经元来说 你事实上可以
+有1万到10万种不同的连接
+或神经树突或不管你怎么叫 每一次
+你学到东西或经历了一些事
+树突就会成长 就是信息的树突
+你可以想象么 每个人都有
+那样的装备 甚至是帕丽斯·希尔顿(笑声)
+想想看
+我这里也有些坏消息想对你们说 我有些坏消息
+比例不是四分之一 而是四分之四
+我们还没准备好过21世纪
+进化并没有帮我们做好准备 我们没有相关的连接
+对于那些人说他们过了美好的一天
+说他们过得非常好 他们比我们其他人还要疯狂
+因为我会给你们看哪里会有些
+进化的故障 好 让我解释给你们听
+当我们是古人的时候(笑声)
+几百万年以前 我们突然受到
+捕食者的威胁 好吗 (笑声)
+我们会 谢谢 我自己画的(笑声)
+非常感谢 谢谢 谢谢 (掌声)
+谢谢 不管怎么说 我们会激增自己的肾上腺素
+和提脂醇 然后我们会展开杀戮或被杀
+我们会进食或被食 我们会瞬间发泄出这些化学物质
+然后我们回到正常 好的
+问题是 现在的现代人(笑声)
+当我们感到危险时 我们依然激增身体的化学物质
+但因为我们不能杀掉交通管制员(笑声)
+或吃掉地产经纪人 这些物质一直在我们的身体里面
+反反复复地 所以我们一直处在持续警惕的状态
+一个持续的状态 然后发生了另一件事
+大概15万年前 语言开始形成
+我们开始把这种持续警惕的状态用语言表达出来
+不止是 我的天啊 有只剑齿虎”
+它可以突然是 我的天 我没发邮件 我的天 我的大腿好粗
+我的天啊 每个人都知道我犯蠢了 我没被邀请去圣诞派对！”
+你不停地有这唠叨的卷带放着
+一遍又一遍地把你逼疯了 那么
+现在正把你逼疯
+我很抱歉做了坏消息的信者 但有人得告诉你
+你的宠物比你更快乐 (笑声)
+(掌声)
+小猫咪 喵 快乐快乐快乐 人类 完蛋了 (笑声)
+完完全全 彻彻底底地 完蛋了
+我认为 如果我们不谈论这些问题
+如果我们不学会处理我们的生活 那就不会再是
+四个中一个有问题 而是四个里面全都有问题
+他们真的会生病住进高层病房
+如果真的发生了 我们可不可以不再冠以污名
+谢谢（掌声）
+（掌声）谢谢
+来加强它们的网络力量
+使用网络武器
+可以不留痕迹
+历史上从军事研究中发展出来的
+我研究的是
+犯罪和恐怖主义的未来。
+坦白地说，我感到害怕。
+我对我在研究中了解到的事情感到害怕。
+我真诚地希望自己能够相信
+科技可以带给我们
+对我们的承诺中的科技乌托邦
+但是，你们看，
+我曾经度过了一段与执法有关的职业生涯，
+而这让我对事物的看法有了新的认识。
+我曾经做过巡街警察，
+卧底侦探，
+反恐战略师，
+也曾经在全球超过70个国家
+我不得不经历了比我应该遇到的更多的
+暴力和社会阴暗面，
+而正是这些影响了我的观点。
+我的工作会与罪犯和恐怖分子打交道
+这实际上是非常有教育意义的。
+他们教会了我很多，而我希望可以
+与你们分享一些我所观察到的东西。
+今天我将展现给你们
+那些让我们感到惊奇的
+所以，当我看到这的时候，有一幕感人的场景让我流泪，
+如果科技由TDE社区掌控
+那么它无疑是可以给我们的世界带来巨大改变的
+不可思议的工具，
+但是当科技被握于人肉炸弹袭击者的手中，
+我们的未来就非常不一样了。
+当我还是一个年轻的巡逻警察时，
+我便开始观察科技以及
+罪犯们利用科技的方式。
+在那个时代，这就是科技的高度了。
+你们尽管笑吧，
+所有我对付过的毒贩和帮派成员
+都远比我认识的任何一位警察
+更早地拥有了其中一样。
+20年过去了，罪犯们仍然在使用
+移动电话。但与此同时，他们也在建造
+属于他们自己的移动电话网络，
+比如这一个，就已经被贩毒团伙部署在了
+墨西哥全部的31个州之中。
+他们还拥有一套全国性的加密的
+无线电通信系统。
+大家可以认真想想。
+但是今天我不打算
+想想构建这个系统所需的基础设施。
+然后再想想这个：
+为什么我在旧金山收不到手机信号呢？（笑声）
+这怎么可能呢？（笑声）这完全没有道理啊。（掌声）
+我们一直低估了
+罪犯和恐怖分子能做到的事情。
+科技已经让我们的世界
+越来越开放。当然，在大多数情况下，
+这是好事，但是这个开放性
+也可能会造成始料未及的后果。
+想想看2008年发生在孟买的恐怖袭击吧。
+那些实施了那次恐怖袭击的人
+都装备着AK-47s，炸药和手榴弹。
+他们把这些手榴弹
+投向了那些正在咖啡馆里就餐
+和下班后正在等着赶火车回家的无辜的平民。
+但是在恐怖活动当中，重型火炮早已屡见不鲜。
+枪支和炸弹更是毫无新意了。
+恐怖分子利用
+现代信息通信技术
+查明额外的受害者的身份并且屠杀他们的方式。
+这些袭击者配备了移动电话。
+他们拥有黑莓手机。
+他们可以使用卫星地图。
+他们拥有卫星电话，甚至夜视眼镜。
+但是他们最大的创新之处也许是这个：
+我们都在电视上或者新闻里看到过
+像这样的图片。这是一个操控中心。
+这些恐怖分子建立了完全属于他们自己的
+跨越巴基斯坦边境的操控中心
+在那里，他们可以监控英国广播公司，
+半岛电视台，美国有线电视，以及印度当地的地方电台。
+他们还可以通过监测网络和社会化媒体
+来监控他们的袭击的进展
+以及他们已经屠杀了多少人
+他们实时进行着一切行动。
+恐怖分子在操控中心上的创新
+为他们提供了前所未有的现场情景感知
+并且几周之后就会在洛杉矶展出
+他们利用它做了什么呢？
+他们利用它发挥了重大的作用。
+在60个小时的恐怖袭击过程中，
+这些恐怖分子曾一度闯入一间又一间的房间，
+试图寻找更多的受害者。
+他们在酒店的顶层偶然发现一间套房，
+接着他们踢开了房门，
+而且找到了一个正躲在床边的男人。
+他们问这个男人： 你是谁，
+你在这里干什么？”
+这个男人回答道：
+ 我只是一名无辜的学校老师。”
+当然，这些恐怖分子非常清楚
+印度的学校老师不可能住得起泰姬玛哈酒店的套房。
+他们捡起了他的身份证件，
+并且打电话将他的名字告知了恐怖活动操控中心，
+而操控中心的恐怖分子在谷歌上搜索了他的名字，
+找到了一张照片，然后把电话打回给在套房现场的
+恐怖分子，并且问他们：
+你们的人质是不是身材壮硕？
+他的前额是不是秃顶？他是不是戴着眼镜？”
+ 没错！”现场的恐怖分子回答道。
+操控中心找到了他，并且对他的身份进行了匹配确认。
+他的确不是学校老师。
+事实上，他是印度财富排名第二的商人，
+而在发现了这一信息之后，
+操控中心给孟买现场的恐怖分子
+下了一道命令。
+（ 杀了他。”）
+我们都为我们在Facebook上的隐私设置
+感到烦恼，
+但是问题的实际情况在于，
+我们的坦率可能会被用来伤害我们自己。
+恐怖分子正在这样做。
+一个搜索引擎可以决定
+谁可以活着，而谁必须死。
+这就是我们所生活的世界。
+在孟买恐怖袭击的过程中，
+以至于有几个目击证人曾提到
+当恐怖分子用一只手射杀人质的时候，
+他们还在用另一只手检查他们的
+移动电话上的信息。
+最终，共有300人受了重伤，
+而超过172位男子，女子和小孩，
+在那一天失去了生命。
+让我们想一想究竟发生了什么。
+在孟买的60个小时的恐怖袭击中，
+不仅仅装备着武器，更装备着科技的
+10个恐怖分子，
+能够使一座容纳了2000万人的城市
+10个人使2000万人
+陷入停滞，并将这份停滞传染至世界各国。
+这就是激进分子利用公开性所能做到的事。
+这件事发生在大约4年之前。
+那么如今恐怖分子能够利用
+我们所拥有的现有科技做些什么呢？
+他们未来又会做些什么？
+一个人通过自己的行为影响很多人的能力
+正在呈指数级地增长，
+它既为正义而蓬勃，也为邪恶而蔓延。
+尽管它并不仅仅关于恐怖主义。
+这里也存在着一个犯罪领域的巨大的范式转变。
+你们看，你们现在也能进行更多的犯罪活动了。
+很久以前，罪犯的犯罪工具只有刀和枪。
+之后，罪犯转而抢劫火车。
+你能在一列火车上抢劫200个人，这是一个极大的革新。
+随着历史的前进，网络
+让事情更具规模化。
+实际上，你们中的很多人将会牢牢记住
+这个骨架模型
+在那次事件中，超过1亿用户的信息资料被劫取了。
+大家可以想一想。
+在人类漫长的历史中，
+何曾出现过1个人
+抢劫1亿人的可能性？
+当然，不单单是偷取东西。
+还有很多的科技途径
+可供罪犯开发。
+这一段安第斯山脉陡然变化
+播放的非常可爱的视频，
+然而不是所有的四轴飞行器群都如此美好可爱。
+他们并非都有鼓槌。
+而且能针对反对者进行反侦察伪装，
+或者，正如在这段简短的电影魔法中展现的，
+四轴飞行器可以被装置上火器，
+当小机器人为你弹奏音乐时，他们的确很可爱。
+但是当它们蜂拥而至，在街区追逐你并不停地
+向你射击时，可就没那么可爱了。
+当然，罪犯和恐怖分子并非最先
+将武器安置在机器人身上。我们都知道这从何开始。
+但是，他们适应得非常快。
+最近，美国联邦调查局逮捕了
+一位潜于美国的基地组织成员，
+他正计划利用这些远程遥控的
+无人驾驶飞机携带C4炸药
+飞入美国的政府大楼。
+顺便提一下，它们的飞行时速超过600英里。
+每当一项新的科技被介绍引进，
+罪犯就开始开发利用它。
+我们都知道利用这种打印机，我们可以通过
+从塑料到巧克力，到金属，甚至混凝土
+等多种材料进行打印。
+实际上，凭借极高的精度，
+我在不久前的一天
+制造了一只非常可爱的小鸭子。
+但是我追问自己，
+对于那些将炸弹捆绑在自己的胸前，
+然后让自己爆炸的恐怖分子来说，
+他们可能会如何使用3D打印机？
+有可能像这样。
+你们看，如果你们能够用金属打印，
+你们就能打印出这其中的一个，
+而且事实上，
+你们也能打印出这其中的一个。
+据我所知，英国制定了一些非常严厉的关于火器的法律。
+你们再也不需要将枪带入英国了。
+你们只需要带一台3D打印机
+当你们在这里之后打印一支枪，
+当然，还有子弹夹。
+但是当这些东西在未来变得越来愈庞大，
+你们将能打印哪些其他的物体呢？
+科技将会为更庞大的打印机开路。
+随着人类社会向前发展
+我们也会见证很多新科技的诞生，比如物联网。
+我们日复一日地将越来越多的个人生活
+与网络相连，这就意味着
+物联网将很快成为
+等待被黑之物的互联网。
+我们生活空间里存在的所有的有形物体
+都正在被转换为信息技术，
+而这对我们的安全具有根本性的暗示，
+因为与更多的设备产生更多的联系
+就意味着出现更多的可供攻击的漏洞。
+罪犯清楚这一点。
+恐怖分子清楚这一点。黑客清楚这一点。
+只要你能控制代码，你就能控制整个世界。
+这就是等待着我们的未来。
+到现在为止还没有一个操作系统
+或者一项技术没有遭到过黑客入侵。
+这非常令人担忧，因为人体本身
+正在逐渐成为一项信息技术。
+正如我们在这里看到的，我们正在将自己转换为电子人。
+每一年都有成千上万的人工耳蜗，
+胰岛素泵，心脏起搏器，
+心脏除颤器被移植入人类的身体。
+在美国，一共有6万人
+拥有连接到网络的心脏起搏器。
+而心脏除颤器也使得千里之外的内科医生
+能够在患者需要的时候
+对他的心脏进行一次电击。
+但是如果你不需要它，
+而让其他人为你做一次电击，
+这就不是一件好事了。
+当然，我们的科技发展将不会止步于人体。
+目前，我们的科技正慢慢深入细胞层面。
+到现在为止，我所谈论到的
+所有技术都以硅为基础，以0和1为序码，
+但是现在又出现了另一套操作系统：
+即最本原的操作系统，DNA。
+对黑客来说，DNA只不过是另一套等着被入侵的
+操作系统罢了。
+这对他们来说是一个巨大的挑战。
+甚至有很多人早已从事于开发这套生命软件，
+虽然其中的绝大部分是为了公众的福祉，
+是为了帮助我们所有人，
+那么罪犯将如何滥用这项技术呢？
+利用合成生物学，你能做一些相当优雅的事情。
+例如，我预测我们将会离开这个
+植物配方毒品的时代而进入
+合成毒品的时代。那么你们为什么还需要植物呢？
+提取DNA编码，
+接着剪切并复制那段基因，
+继而将它放入酵母中，
+然后你可以取出那些酵母
+并且用它们来为你们制造可卡因，
+或者大麻，或者其他任何毒品。
+可见，我们在未来如何运用酵母
+将会变得相当有趣。
+实际上，当我们进入下一个世纪，我们可能会拥有
+一些非常有意思的面包和啤酒。
+对人类基因进行排序的费用正在迅速下降。
+它过去一直按照摩尔定律的速度进行，
+但是到了2008年，有一些事情改变了。
+科技变得更加先进，
+现在进行DNA排序的速度已经达到了
+摩尔定律的五倍。
+这对我们而言有着极为重大的影响。
+我们花了30年时间从
+个人电脑的引进发展到
+我们今天达到的网络犯罪的程度，
+但是看看生物学技术发展得多么迅猛，
+并像我一样了解罪犯和恐怖分子，
+我们在未来也许可以利用生物犯罪
+更快地达成目的。
+对任何人来说，着手行动，
+强化埃博拉病毒、炭疽病、武器化流感的变体，
+都将轻而易举。
+我们最近观察到一个案例，发现一些研究员
+将H5N1禽流感病毒变得更强效。
+如果你受它感染，你的死亡概率已经会
+达到70%，但是它并不轻易传染。
+工程师们通过来回移动少量的
+基因变化，
+能够将它武器化
+并使它更容易传染给人类
+如此一来，死去的人将何止成千上万，
+恐怕将以数千万计。
+你们看，你们可以赶紧行动并创造
+新的全球性疫情，而那些从事了上述工作的研究员
+将会为他们的非凡成就而深感自豪，
+他们会希望将这一技术公开发表，
+从而让每一个人了解这些，
+并能够利用这些信息。
+但是事情远不止这么简单。
+一位名为Andrew Hessel的DNA研究员
+已经非常准确地指明
+如果你们能够利用癌症疗法，
+现代癌症疗法，
+去获取一个细胞，同时让其周围的其他细胞
+换成透光、反射热能的超级玻璃
+那么之后你们也可能获取任何一个人的细胞。
+个性化的癌症疗法
+正是个性化的生物武器的另一面，
+这就意味着你可以攻击任何一个人，
+包括这张图片里的所有人。
+那么未来我们要如何保护他们？
+我们下一步该怎么办？关于这一切，我们该做什么？
+这是我一直以来被追问的问题。
+对于你们中的那些在Twitter上跟随我的人，
+我将会在今天的晚些时候公布答案。（笑声）
+实际上，事情比这要更复杂一些，
+而且我们没有灵丹妙药。
+我并不知道所有的答案，
+但是我知道一些事情。
+在9·11事件之后，
+最具安保才智的精英们
+将他们所有的创新凝聚在一起
+而这正是他们为保护我们的安全所创造的。
+如果你指望建造了这个的精英能够从未来的机器人启示录
+之中穿越而出来保护你—（笑声）
+—嗯，你大概想要一个后备计划。（笑声）
+只是说一说。只是想一想。（掌声）
+执法活动在当下仍属一个封闭的系统。
+它虽以国家为基础，但威胁是国际性的。
+而我们现行的枪支，边防，大门和围栏的体系制度
+完全不能适应我们正将迈入的新时代。
+所以我们应该如何准备应对这些特定的威胁，
+比如袭击一位总统或者首相？
+政府理所当然会采取的应对措施是
+将我们的政府领导人全都藏在
+密封保护的泡沫之中。
+但是这并不会奏效。
+对DNA进行排序的费用将会低得微不足道。
+在未来，任何人都将拥有它，我们都将掌握它。
+因此也许有一个更彻底的方式，我们看看这个。
+如果我们得到总统的DNA，
+或者国王或王后的DNA，然后将它提供给
+一个由几百位可信赖的研究员组成的团队，
+使他们能够研究这个DNA，并且对它
+进行入侵性的渗透测试，以作为帮助我们的领导人的
+一种方式，那么将会发生什么呢？
+或者如果我们将它提供给几千人将会怎么样呢？
+或者，即使颇具争议，也不是没有风险，
+如果我们将它提供给全社会将会发生什么？
+然后我们都能够投身于帮助他人。
+关于这项工作，我们已经看到了一些实例。
+有组织犯罪和腐败报告项目
+配备了记者和公民，
+他们集思广益群策群力
+找出独裁者和恐怖分子所做的活动，
+并得到了来自世界各地的公共基金支持，
+此外还有一个更具戏剧性的例子，
+是我们在墨西哥了解到的，
+这个国家在过去的六年里
+发生了5万件与毒品有关的谋杀，
+并为此饱受折磨。
+他们杀害了这么多的人，
+甚至负担不起将他们全部好生入葬的费用，
+而只能将他们埋入这些无名坟墓，
+比如华雷斯城外的这个地方。
+我们能为此做些什么呢？政府已经被证明毫无效用。
+因此在墨西哥，公民们自身冒着极大的危险
+为了建立一套有效的方案而坚持反击。
+他们以生命之血构建人群地图记录了毒贩的所有活动。
+不论你们是否意识到，
+我们即将迎来一场科技军备竞赛，
+这场军备竞赛的双方
+是运用科技行善的一方
+和滥用科技作恶的一方
+这次威胁相当严峻，而全力备战的时间正是现在。
+我可以向你们保证恐怖分子和罪犯正在加紧准备。
+我个人的信仰是，
+与其依靠一支由训练有素的政府人员
+组成的小规模精英部队
+来保护我们所有人，
+还不如让
+普通公民团结为整体
+来解决这个问题，并且看看
+我们能做什么要好得多。
+如果我们都能够尽绵薄之力，
+我相信我们将会拥有更美好的生活。
+改变世界的工具
+在我们每一个人手中。
+我们如何利用这些工具绝不仅取决于我，
+更取决于我们所有人的努力。
+这是我在做警察的时候经常
+再或者仅仅攻克了一个小小的难关，
+这项技术在我们现处的时代已经过气了。
+它不具规模，不能运用于全世界，
+在虚拟空间更是一无是处
+我们已经看到了犯罪和恐怖主义的范式改革。
+他们呼吁改革至一个更为开放的形态，
+和一个更注重参与的执法模式。
+因此我邀请你加入我们。
+毕竟，公众安全事关重大，不能仅限于专业人员参加。
+谢谢大家。（掌声）
+（掌声）
+1900年，人们是这样出行的。
+这是一个敞篷车，它没有供暖设备，
+没有空调，
+只有马拉着。
+以百分之一的光速向前行驶。
+一旦下雨，这布满车辙与尘土路
+将变成充满烂泥的沼泽地。
+这是一架波音707，
+仅仅60年之后，
+它以80%的光速飞行。
+这是迄今为止人类能达到的最快速度。
+著名的超音速商业旅游公司
+如今也已破产，
+这不禁让我思考：
+美国经济的繁荣年代
+是否已成为历史了呢？
+这个疑问引出了一个细微的迹象：
+事实上它只是一系列错误代码中的一个
+得出此结论的一部分原因无可置否。
+美国经济正遭遇着四个方面的打压。
+它们分别是：
+人口，教育，债务以及不平等。
+这些问题严峻到能使经济增长速度减半。
+我们需要大量创新来抵抗经济衰落，
+这也就引出了我今天演讲的主题：面临当前的不利形势，
+如果创新程度弱于以往，
+无法创造出更伟大更美好的事物，
+那么经济增长速度连过去的一半都达不到。
+这是八世纪的经济增长图，
+纵坐标显示每年经济增长的百分点，
+第一年零增长，1%增长率，2%增长率
+白色的线代表英国，然后美国
+超过英国成为20世纪的领先强国。
+当线条转为红色时，
+你会发现前四个世纪
+经济几乎没有增长，只有可怜的0.2%增长率，
+在这之后经济越来越好。
+在20世纪30.40.和50年代出现经济增长高峰，
+在这之后，增长速度减慢。值得注意的是，
+红色线条中最后的下降曲线
+并非真实的数据，
+那只是我在六年前对经济的预测，
+我那时估计经济增长速度会减缓到1.3%
+但真实数据是如何呢？
+在场有谁知道在过去的六年内美国人均收入
+增长了多少呢？
+答案是负增长。
+这便导致了一场幻觉。
+如果我要在这个历史记录中安置一条曲线结果会怎么样呢？
+我能将曲线终止在任何地方，
+但我估计会降到0.2%
+就像英国在前四世纪的增长速度一样。
+从1891年到2007年，美国经济
+的年增长率
+是2.0%
+请记住，2007年以后，经济就出现了负增长，
+但如果经济增长速度减慢，
+结果将不是生活水平比以前翻一番。
+未来的美国人民不能期待生活水平比上一代好一倍，
+如果一切顺利，14年后
+现在我们转来看看人均收入水平。
+这对一个年轻姑娘和她的家庭来说无疑是悲恸、可怕的，
+你会发现，在1891年，此图的左半边，
+美国人均年收入为5000美元。
+如今美国人均年收入为
+44000美元。
+如果在1891年后的70年内，
+足够当局做立案证据的文件
+这是一个算法问题。
+2%的经济增长率会让你的生活水平在70年后翻两番。
+这就意味着到2031年,美国人均年收入将从44000美元增长到180000美元。
+然而，我们并不能达到这个目标，
+原因就在于经济逆风。
+第一阵经济逆风就是人口。
+众所周知，你的生活水平增长速度要快于生产率，
+也会快于每小时产量
+如果人均工时增加，
+在二十世纪七十年代和八十年代，当女性加入劳动市场，
+但是如今形势却出现逆转，
+人均工时不断缩水，
+原因之一是五六十年代婴儿潮出生的人目前已面临退休，
+（音乐）
+大幅度下降，
+或者里约热内卢的贫民窟联系起来
+第二场经济逆风是教育。
+我们的教育体系存在大量问题，
+这是除了种族问题之外最严峻的问题
+我开始思考
+这种增长使医疗保健中的成本增长显得相形见绌。
+高等教育里，学生欠债高达一万亿美元。
+而大学完成率却
+低于加拿大15%
+我们欠了大量的债务。
+2000到2007年间的经济增长
+是源于消费者的大量过度借贷。
+消费者将钱用于还债，
+就是如今我们经济萧条的主要原因之一。
+众所周知，
+作为GDP的一部分，
+联邦政府的贷款正在迅速增加，
+而阻止其增长的唯一方式就是
+这是不应该的。这些用来保护我们的方法
+这也被称作转移支付。
+要达到地球所能承受的生态极限，
+除此之外，我们还面临不平等这一问题。
+在经济危机发生之前的15年内，
+收入分布底层的99%的增长速度
+比之前我们所讲的平均值
+降低了0.5%。
+在这里，偶然路过一个软件开发工程师的概率
+平均一下，就是0.8%。
+0.8%这个数字对我们来说是个巨大的挑战。
+我们的经济会以0.8%的速度增长么？
+要做到这点，我们必须保证今后的发明
+会与150年前的发明
+具有同等的重要意义。
+让我们先来看看过去有哪些发明：
+需要煤油灯或者煤气灯。
+这些灯会污染环境，也会散发臭味，
+这种灯很难控制，光线也比较昏暗，
+同时也是火灾隐患。
+1929年，电灯在美国已经随处可见了。
+城市高楼耸立，这个时代又出现了电梯。
+曼哈顿中央区成为可能。
+与此同时，
+手工操作被大量机械操作取代，
+手动的电动工具
+通过电力实现。
+电力同时也解放了妇女。
+在十九世纪，
+妇女每个星期要花两天的时间洗衣服。
+她们首先要在搓衣板上刷衣服，
+然后将衣服挂起来晾干，
+然后再把晒干的衣服带回家。
+整个过程要花费2天的时间。
+然后，人类发明了电动洗衣机。
+1950年，洗衣机在美国随处可见
+但是妇女每天要买菜，
+现在，她们不需要为此操劳了，
+我觉得这很不错
+在19世纪，大多数家庭里唯一的热源是
+厨房里用来烧饭和加热的火堆。
+房间冰冷，没有热源。
+强度相当于暴露在爱丁堡夏日阳光中30分钟
+中央供暖在美国随处可见。
+1879年，
+人类发明了内燃机。
+在出现汽车之前
+美国的交通完全依赖马匹。
+由于没有限制，
+这些马匹每天在街上要排放25磅至50磅（约11.36公斤至22.73公斤）的粪便，
+还有1加仑（约3.8升）的尿液。
+这就意味着每天，城市每平方英尺（约9.29平方米）内
+就有5到10吨的马排泄物。
+这些马吃的草占了美国农业土地四分之一。
+整整25%的美国农业土地
+居然都用来喂马了。
+当然，当汽车出现后
+尤其是在1929年汽车遍布全国各地的时候，
+农业土地被用来供人类消费
+或者出口。
+这是个有趣的比例：1900年，没有一个家庭拥有汽车；
+仅仅三十年之后，
+90%的美国家庭都拥有了汽车。
+19世纪末期，
+妇女还有一个亟待解决的问题：
+生活用水（例如烧饭，清洁，洗澡），
+必须从外面一桶一桶地提回来。
+在1885年，
+北卡罗来纳州的家庭妇女
+平均每年要走148英里的路，挑35吨的水。
+但到了1929年，每个城市
+我向姐姐询问 想了解父亲
+也安装了污水管。
+因为这一发明，19世纪末的一大灾难---
+水传疾病例如霍乱，开始逐渐消失。
+还有一个让技术乐观主义者高兴的事实：
+在20世纪前半期，
+人类寿命的增长速度
+是19世纪后半期
+寿命增长速度的三倍。
+众所周知，任何事物的增长速度不能超过100%。
+在这里我给大家举几个例子：
+光速从1%提高到90%，
+电力，中央供暖，汽车拥有量，
+它们都从0增长到100%。
+所带来的鼓舞和成长
+二战后期，
+我转回来谈谈刚才弄出爆炸之前那些关于品牌的想法
+那么电子革命又是如何呢？
+这是一台早期的电脑。
+电脑的主架产于1942年，
+到了1960年，人类有了电话账单，银行对账单，
+这些都是由电脑打印出来的。
+最早的手机，个人电脑
+都出现于1970年代。
+1980年代出现了比尔盖茨，磁盘操作系统(DOS)，
+自动取款机取代了银行出纳员，
+条纹扫描削减了销售行业的劳动力。
+我们有了网络革命。
+在生产率有了短暂的提高。
+但现在我要给大家展现一个实验，
+你只能选择A或者B
+（笑声）
+A选项是：你拥有十年前的所有发明，
+其中包括谷歌，亚马逊网站，
+维基百科，自来水，室内洗手间。
+B选项是：你拥有直到昨天之前历史上的所有发明，
+这其中包括：脸谱网，苹果手机，
+但是你必须舍弃一些，你只能到屋外上厕所，
+必须要自己挑水。
+台风桑迪使许多人好几天都
+无法使用20世纪的新发明，
+在受灾更为严重的地区估计要忍受一个多礼拜，
+苹果手机的充电器。
+我们所面临的的问题是：所有这些伟大的发明
+都给未来的创新带来挑战。
+我的预测就是：我们不能研制出比这些还要伟大的发明，
+这就使得我们从2%的增长速度
+拉回到0.2%的增长速度，也就是我最开始的时候所画的那条曲线。
+所以，我们又回到了最开始的马和敞篷车。
+我想给20世纪的所有发明家
+颁发奥斯卡奖，
+这些伟人包括亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔（电话发明者）
+一直到托马斯·爱迪生，一直到怀特兄弟。
+我想把他们都邀请到台上来，
+然后他们将向你们发问：
+你们的发明能比得过我们的发明么？
+谢谢。
+掌声。
+教给了我这件很简单的事，即幸福来源于行动，
+控制着你的那些需求、信念、情绪。
+你们当中有多少人
+当你不应该开车的时候
+还开车跟在另一部车后面？
+有可能你已经开了一整天的车
+你已经身心疲惫了，但你感觉还能再驾驶多几英里
+我喝得没有其他人多
+我可以驾车回家
+或者也许你的大脑已经在神游
+这些你们听起来有点熟悉吧？
+现在，在这些情况下
+如果仪表盘上有一个按钮
+你按一下，车就可以带你安安全全地回家,会不会很棒
+如今，这些都是自动汽车能做到的
+自动汽车从 1939 年通用汽车公司在世
+通用汽车公司在世界展销会上展示他们未来汽车的的理念
+就一直是一个梦想
+两个星期前，这个梦想有了突破
+当内华达州授予谷歌的自驾汽车
+第一个无人驾驶的上路许可证，
+明确地表示他们在内华达州道路上
+测试是合法的
+现在，加州的也正在考虑类似的立法，
+这将确保无人驾驶汽车
+不会像赌博这类事一样只会发生在拉斯维加斯。
+(笑声)
+现在，在我在斯坦福大学的实验室里，我们也一直在
+研究无人驾驶汽车，但在对事物研究的理念上略有不同
+我们一直在开发机器人赛车
+它们在性能上可以
+到达其物理极限
+那么为什么我们想要做这样的事呢？
+嗯，有两个好的理由来解释
+第一，我们认为在人完全将控制交给
+一部无人驾驶汽车之前，这部无人驾驶汽车
+至少得运行得像一位好的驾驶员一样
+那么，如果你像我，还有那其他70%的人一样
+认为我们是高于平均水平的司机
+你明白我们高估了自己
+同时还有另一个原因
+就像赛车手可以利用
+车胎和路面间所有的摩擦
+还有汽车的最大性能来尽可能快的开一样
+我们想用这些性能来避免
+任何我们可以避免的交通事故
+现在，你可能把车开到极限
+并不是说你开得太快
+路况变了
+在这些情况下，我们希望这部汽车
+有能力避免任何那些
+人工可以避免的意外
+我必须承认，还有第三个理由
+你瞧，我对赛车很痴迷
+过去，我曾拥有一部赛车
+是一个车队的头，也是驾校教练
+虽然也许水平没有你期待得那么高
+我们在实验室中做的几件事中的一件--
+就是我们开发了几部车--
+我们相信他们是世界上
+第一步无人漂移汽车
+它是无人车中新的分类
+也许它还没有竞争对手
+（笑声）
+我们叫它P1。它是一部完全由学生设计的
+后轮驱动电动车
+线控方向盘
+可以在拐角漂移
+它能像一个汽车拉力赛选手一样从路边过
+也从能转过急弯
+在龟岛上，来自达科拉科塔族的人(姓名不详)
+我们对待宗教信仰总是小心翼翼的
+我们也曾与大众 Oracle合作出研发
+一部叫” 谢莉 的无人驾驶赛车
+它能用每小时 150 英里的速度沿着邦纳维尔盐滩行驶
+回到最初那个谈恋爱的比喻
+跑在 Thunderhill 赛车跑道上
+并在Pikes Peak Hill Climb 线路上
+开12.4英里，通过153拐弯处
+这是在科罗拉多州，真的一个人都没在车上
+（笑声）
+（掌声）
+我想我们不用说
+这样做真的有很多乐趣
+但事实上，我们还研发了一些其它的东西
+在这个研发无人驾驶汽车的过程中
+我们对人类赛车手的能力
+我希望我和我的朋友们一直保持联系。
+当我们想这些车可以运作的多好时候
+我们想把无人驾驶车和人类驾驶的操作做一个比较
+我们发现执行任务的人类是不可思议的
+现在，我们可以拿一张赛车跑道图
+我们可以做一个数字模型车
+加上一些迭代，我们可以找到
+整个跑道的最快路径
+我们把一个职业赛车手开车数据记录下来
+进行直线图表分析
+相似度是那样的惊人
+是的，这里还是有细微的差别的
+赛车手能够在户外
+开到最快的那条线路
+而不用计算程序去比较
+是该在这个拐弯出开快点
+还是应该在开过这个
+直线的时候减点速
+不但如此，他们能如此地开一圈
+一圈又一圈
+他们能在户外，持续地这么做
+每一次都把车用到极限
+看起来真的不可思议
+你给他们换部车
+在跑几个圈后他们就已经能找到适合车的最快的路线
+接着，他们就可以比赛了
+这不禁使你想
+我们真的很想知道他们大脑里究竟发生了什么
+作为研究人员说，这就是我们决定要挖据的
+我们决定测量不仅仅是车
+还有赛车手
+他们大脑的变化
+现在，这是 琳恩·哈博特博士把电极片
+放在约翰 · 莫顿的头上的照片
+约翰 · 莫顿是前Can-Am 和IMSA的赛车手
+他也是勒芒赛事上出类拔萃的冠军
+极棒的赛车手，并且愿意忍受研究生
+和这类的研究
+她把电极片放在他的头上
+这样，我们可以监测当约翰绕着轨道飚车时候
+他大脑电波的活动
+就可以准确的了解到他在跑道上飚车时候所有的想法
+然而，神经学家已经可以识别了一定的模式
+例如，休息中的大脑
+往往会产生大量的α波
+与此相反，θ波与大量认知活动
+相关联，如视觉处理
+赛车手正在想的事，很多
+我们可以看到
+θ波与α波之间的相对动力
+这给我们了脑力负荷的一个测试
+在轨道上任何一个地方，赛车手实际上
+需要接受多少认知上的挑战
+现在，我们想看看我们是否能真实地在跑道上
+记录这点，所以我们向南出发去卡赛道
+卡赛道是有传奇色彩的赛道
+大约在萨利纳斯和蒙特雷的中间
+它有一道弯被称为瓶塞钻
+现在，这个瓶塞钻是一个S 形弯道
+接下来是一个很急的右转弯与此同时路面好像下陷3层楼那么高
+现在，可以理解这个驾驶的策略为
+你以远处的灌木丛为目标
+当你感到跑道向下落的时候，你才意识到你其实是在树尖上
+很好，非常感谢斯坦福大学的自驾车研究项目
+我们把约翰带到哪里了
+让他 主宰1960年
+保时捷的阿巴特卡雷拉的方向盘
+大家对一般的车的喜好就像昙花一现一样
+所以，在这里你看到约翰在赛道上
+实际上，你可以看到一条红的长方形条
+正在监测他的脑力负荷--
+随着他的移动，你可以看到他的反映
+现在看看，他不得不换到低档。
+然后他必须左转。
+看清楚路旁的树，然后下坡。
+没什么可大惊小怪的，您可以看到这是一个非常有挑战性的任务
+你可以看到当他经历这一切的时候，他的大脑负荷增加了
+你会预测到
+这种复杂程度会产生的事
+但是真正有趣的事是看
+不会使他脑力负荷增加的一些赛道的区域
+我将带你绕到
+赛道的另外一半
+数三下，约翰将开到拐角
+汽车的尾部将会滑出轨道
+他将不得不打方向盘使车回到轨道
+所以看好约翰是怎么操作的
+看看他的脑负荷，和方向盘
+赛车开始滑出去了，戏剧性的操作使它回到轨道上了，
+而大脑负荷却丝毫没有变化
+这不是一个具有挑战性的任务
+实际上，完全是条件的放射
+现在，我们对此的数据处理仍是初步的阶段
+但这现象明显表明
+这些赛车手表现出来的惊人水平
+是其本能
+这些事对他们来说孰能生巧了
+对他们来说完成这样了不起的事
+只需要很少的大脑负荷。
+他们表现真的很棒
+当车遇到这种情况时候
+你想做到的就是去控制好车
+现在，这给我们的无人驾驶汽车的研究
+有了巨大的启示和灵感
+我们已经开始问自己
+为了做到这一点，
+而多一点直觉性的东西吗？
+我们能借助
+我们现在从最好赛车手身上看到的这种对条件反射的反应
+从而把它运用到我们的车上吗
+再或者运用到你们
+未来车子的系统里？
+我们还需要很大的努力
+无人驾驶汽车
+它同时使我们从更深的层面去思考
+我们想让我们的车为我们做得更多
+而不是简简单单地一个驾驶员吗？
+我们想让我们的车成我们的伙伴，教练
+或者是能了解到周围环境的那个人
+从而帮助我们发挥我们的潜力吗？
+那么科技能不能不只是简单的取代人类
+而且可以让我们达到
+我们都能达到的直觉的反应水平？
+所以，当我们向这个科技时代迈进的时候
+我想你停下来思考一会
+什么是人类和机器之间最理想的平衡
+当我们思考时候
+让我们用
+人类身体和大脑的
+了不起的能力来激发自己
+谢谢
+(掌声)
+让我们聊聊脏东西。（talk dirty俚语是讲脏话，下流话）
+几年前， 奇怪”了，
+我需要上卫生间，
+更聪明，更优秀，更迅速的可能性。
+我走了进去，
+准备做这辈子都在做的事情：
+上厕所，冲厕所，忘记厕所。
+但是那天出于某种原因，
+我问了自己一个问题，
+就是，这些排泄物都去哪里了？
+因为这个问题，我发现自己一头扎入了
+卫生世界 --
+好戏还在后头-- (笑声）--
+卫生，厕所和粪便排泄物，
+然后我就想到有人决定把它们放在这里
+那是因为这是一个这么让人反感
+但又迷人的地方。
+回头看看刚才那间厕所，
+它并没有特别华丽，
+也不像这间
+来自世界厕所组织的这么美好。
+这是另外一个WTO（原指世界贸易组织）。（笑声）
+但是它门上有锁、有隐私、可以厕后冲水，
+有肥皂可以洗手，
+我洗了手因为我们女性都洗手。
+（笑声）（掌声）
+但是那天，当我提出了那个问题，
+我明白了些事情，就是我活这么大一直都认为
+使用那样的厕所是我的权利，
+而实际上它是一种特权。
+全世界有25亿人没有设备齐全的厕所可用。
+他们基本什么都没有。
+这是全世界百分之四十的人口啊！
+在孟买的机场高速公路旁解决。
+这被叫做露天排便，
+或者公开便便。
+而且他每天都这样做，
+每天啊，大概，图片上的那个男人
+都会熟视无睹的经过，
+因为他已经见怪不怪了。
+但是他其实应该看到这一切，因为
+最上面一行的人，是最可靠的。
+粪便携带着病菌。
+50种传染病是通过人类粪便传播的。
+所有这些，卵，孢囊，
+细菌，病毒，都可以在
+一克人类粪便中传播。
+怎么传播？那个小男孩儿解决完后不会洗手。
+他也没有穿鞋。他会跑回家，
+然后开始污染他的饮用水和食物
+以及他生活的环境
+污染源就在沾在他手上和脚上的
+粪便颗粒里。
+在我称之为 冲之即去”的世界里，
+也就是在坐大多数人幸运的生活着的世界里，
+大部分与这些疾病联系在一起的病症，
+腹泻，对我们来说更像是一个玩笑。
+而且,那些在婴儿潮出生的人还没有退休，
+我家乡那边管这个叫做 德里肚子”，
+作为大英帝国的一个遗产。
+但是如果你在一家主流图片库代理商处
+寻找一张关于腹泻的图片，
+（笑声）
+还是不大确定该不该穿比基尼。
+这是Marie Saylee, 9个月大。
+大家看不到她，因为她已经
+被安葬在利比里亚一个小村庄的那片绿草地下，
+因为她已死于连续三天的腹泻 --
+持续不断的排泄，一个 玩笑”。
+而这是她的父亲。
+但是她并不是那天唯一的一个，
+因为当天还有4千个其他的儿童死于腹泻，
+做到取其精华去其糟粕呢？
+腹泻是世界上第二大儿童杀手，
+大家大概被呼吁关心像
+艾滋病，结核或者麻疹等疾病，
+但其实腹泻杀死的儿童
+它是一个非常有力的大规模杀伤性武器。
+它造成的损失也是十分惨重的：
+而损失2600亿美元。
+这些是在海地的霍乱床。
+大家都听说过霍乱，但是我们没有听说过腹泻。
+它得到的关注和赞助只相当于
+这些疾病中任意一个得到的一小部分。
+但是我们知道怎么解决这个问题。
+我们知道，因为在19世纪中叶，
+伟大的维多利亚时代的工程师们
+安装了下水道和废水处理系统
+以及抽水马桶，因此得病率大幅降低。
+儿童死亡率是历史上下降
+最厉害的。
+抽水马桶被英国医学杂志的读者
+评选为过去200年最好的医学进步，
+它打败了药片，麻醉，
+和手术。
+它真是一个非常好的废物处理装置。
+但我认为它的好处还在于－它没有臭味，
+我们可以把它安在家里，给它装上门 －
+而且我认为我们同时也对它避而不谈了。
+我们没有一个中性词来形容它，
+ 大便”并不特别合适。
+ 屎”又冒犯他人。 粪便”又太医学了。
+因为我没法解释，
+尤其是在看到数据后，到底是怎么回事。
+我们知道怎样预防和治愈腹泻以及改善卫生条件，
+但是如果大家看看各国的预算，
+这只是其中一个矿场的一部分
+你就会想是不是哪里算错了，
+因为你会发现荒谬的事情如
+巴基斯坦花在军队建设上的投入是
+花在水和卫生设施上的47倍，
+尽管每年有15万巴基斯坦儿童
+死于腹泻。
+但是如果再看看那已经微不足道的
+在水和卫生设施上的预算，
+75％到90％的预算会用来安装净水设施，
+这当然是极好的；我们都需要水。
+没有人会拒绝喝干净的水，
+但简易厕所，或者抽水马桶，
+可以比只使用干净水
+减少两倍的得病率。
+想想看吧。那个小男孩儿，
+他跑着回到家里，
+他可能有很好，很干净的给水设备，
+但是他的赃手会污染给水设备。
+而且我认为对于人类废物的真正浪费
+是我们没有把它作为一种资源
+和一种强大的发展动力来看待，
+因为这些是厕所和
+粪便能为我们做的一些事情。
+一个厕所可以让一个女孩儿重回学校。
+用希腊的记谱系统。
+因为她们没有合适的卫生设备。
+她们已经习惯了年复一年的
+憋着上完课。
+我们都这么干过，但是她们每天都这样，
+然后当她们到青春期开始来月经的时候，
+ 如果你想，现在就可以杀了我。”他说，
+我可以理解这点。谁又会怪她们呢？
+如果你跟一个教育学家说，
+ 我可以通过一个简单的事情
+让入学率上升25％，
+你在教育界的人缘儿会很好。
+这并不是厕所能为我们做的唯一一件事。
+粪便还能为你做饭。
+它里面有营养素。
+我们摄取营养素同时也排泄营养素。
+我们并不全部把它们储存起来。
+在卢旺达，如今
+75％的监狱炊事燃料
+来自犯人们的排泄物。
+这些是布塔雷监狱里的一些犯人，
+他们正在搅拌他们自己厕所里的粪便，
+因为如果你把粪便放在一个密封的环境下，在一个罐子里，
+大体跟胃一样，
+它会产生瓦斯气体，
+这些气体可以用来做饭。
+可能你会想他们活该
+被叫去搅粪，
+但是这也同时非常经济，
+因为他们每年都能节约一百万美元。
+他们在减少森林的砍伐，
+同时他们找到了一种可再生的，
+无限的和生产起来完全免费的燃料供应链。
+并不是说只有在贫穷地区粪便才能救人命。
+这边的这个妇女正要接受
+这些注射器里的黄褐色的东西，
+就像大家想的一样，
+除了一点，它其实是捐献的。
+现在有一个新的职业称为大便捐助者.
+就像是新的精子捐献者。
+因为她长期被一种叫C.diff的超级病菌折磨，
+而且这种病菌大多数情况下都是耐抗生素的。
+她已经患病好多年了。
+她得到了一些健康人类的粪便，
+而且这一方法的治愈率已经达到了94％。
+这真是太奇妙了，但是几乎没有人这么做了，
+我们虽然了解这个系统的所有部分，
+没关系，因为加拿大的一些科学研究者们
+已经研制出了一种粪便样品，
+一个叫做REPOOPulate的假粪便样品。
+我们给每个人一个厕所就是了。
+这时候事情就变得非常有趣了，
+这份手稿真正令人惊奇的
+所以真正有趣和让人激动的工作 －
+在卫生领域－
+就是我们需要了解人类心理学。
+我们在给一个人硬件设备的同时
+也要明白软件的使用。
+我们在很多发展中国家发现
+政府已经提供了免费厕所
+然后几年后大家发现那里的人们
+建了新的羊圈或者寺庙或者备用的客房
+而他们的主人却高兴的经过他们
+分开。面对前方。分开。面对前方。
+所以我们的想法就是影响人类的情感。
+这个方法已经被使用了几十年。肥皂公司们在20世纪早期
+就这么做了。
+他们试图把卖点定义为健康。没有人要。
+他们把肥皂说成是性感的。所有人都买了。
+在印度现在有一个宣传活动
+它是劝说年轻的新娘们
+不要嫁到没有厕所的婆家去。
+它的口号就是 没有厕所，就没有‘我愿意 ”。
+（笑声）
+如果你认为这张海报只是一个宣传的话，
+我去年10月在印度认识的她，
+她在一个保守的环境下长大。
+她在一个印度贫困地区的乡村长大，
+她在14岁订婚，然后21岁左右，
+她搬到了婆家去住。
+然后她非常恐惧的发现
+婆家竟然没有厕所。
+她娘家是有厕所的。
+没什么大不了的，但它确实是一个厕所。
+她在婆家过的第一夜，
+她的婆婆把她叫醒并让她
+她吓坏了。她害怕附近的醉鬼。
+她怕蛇。她怕被强暴。
+三天后，她做了一件让人难以置信的事。
+她离开了婆家。
+你就会知道这需要多么大的勇气。
+但是不止如此。
+印度其他的村庄去
+劝说其他的妇女做同样的事情。
+我把它叫做社会蔓延效应，它真的非常给力
+而且让人激动不已。
+另一个故事发生
+我认为我们应该向所以小孩和大人
+这个村子，叫Lakara, 大概一年前，
+它没有一个厕所。
+儿童们死于腹泻和霍乱。
+一些人过来，用了各种行为改变技巧
+比如拿出一盘食物和一盘粪便
+让当地人观察苍蝇们从一盘飞向另一盘。
+那些认为他们的所作所为
+并不恶心的人们
+突然想到， 天啊，糟糕。”
+这个真的改变了他们的行为。
+所以，这个妇女，这个男孩儿的母亲，
+几个小时之内就安装了这个厕所。
+她的整个人生，都是在后面的香蕉地里解决的内急，
+但是她却在几小时之内就安装了厕所。
+它完全免费。同时也会拯救那个男孩儿的生命。
+所以当我对卫生状况感觉沮丧的时候，
+尽管这些都是非常让人振奋的, 比如
+我们有了比尔和梅林达盖茨基金会
+重新发明厕所，非常伟大，
+我们有了马特·达蒙 （好莱坞明星）为卫生间罢工，
+这对人类进步来说非常好，但对他的结肠来说却很糟糕。
+你们知道吗，那些工人们真正启发我的
+这是最偏离轨道的千年发展目标。
+它已经偏离轨道有50年了。
+如果我们仍以这样的速度提升人类的卫生条件的话。
+所以当我对卫生状况伤心的时候，
+我想到了日本，因为日本70年前
+还是一个人人用坑式厕所
+完事后用棍子擦拭的民族，
+而现在这是一个被称作 Woshurettos”的民族，
+免治马桶。
+几年前，她与父母去泰国普吉岛度假。
+无须用手清理的体验，
+而且他们还有其他的不同功能,
+比如一个加热坐垫和一个自动打开马桶盖的装置
+人们都叫它 婚姻保卫者”。
+（笑声）
+但是最重要的，他们在日本的成就，
+让我受益匪浅的是，
+他们把厕所从锁着的门后面解救了出来。
+他们让人们可以谈论它。
+人们开始升级他们的厕所。
+他们谈论它。他们已经打破了禁忌。
+我们需要的就是
+把这个问题
+看成是非常紧急和可耻的问题。
+而且不要认为只有在贫穷国家才有这个问题。
+这里也同样有问题。
+解决这所有问题也非常简单。
+我会让大家这个下午的日子好过些
+我只让大家做一件事情，
+就是走出去，呼吁，
+宣讲这些难以启齿的问题，
+26岁，第一次，我和我爸单对单探讨男性的健康
+谢谢大家。
+（掌声）
+我想我敢说
+每个人的一生中
+都至少会有一次与死神亲密接触。
+看到一只海豚
+斟酌之下这是挺奇怪的事
+你原本面临的由生到死的转换，该怎么办？
+生在一个传统的墨西哥家庭
+你的生活会变成什么样？
+告诉他的儿子和他儿子的五个朋友，
+苏拉威西岛高地上，
+有一些人，死亡对于他们来说
+不是一个孤立事件，
+将会使用一种语法和词汇，
+很快他成为抵抗运动一方的文件伪造专家
+人们生活中最重要的社交活动，
+社会、文化的关注焦点
+不是在结婚、生孩子甚至家庭晚餐上，
+而是在葬礼上。
+所以这些葬礼
+具有复杂的仪式，
+在一个基于动物数量的礼尚往来的体系中
+将人们紧密联系--
+例如：猪、鸡以及最重要的水牛 --
+这些动物会被宰杀
+然后祭奠在死者的名下。
+所以这种围绕着 死”的文化情结，
+这一代表生命结束的仪式，
+让葬礼成为托拉雅
+最引人注目的、最了不起的一道风景。
+这是一个不争的事实
+到几周不等，
+葬礼是一个热闹的事儿。
+在人们祭奠的时候
+不会有太多的个人悲伤
+而更多的是公众的情感过渡。
+这个过渡的重要性
+对生者来说
+是和缅怀死者一样重要。
+所以每年都会有成千上万的游客
+去塔纳托拉雅看
+这种关于 死”的文化。
+以及仪式持续的时间
+是无法与
+我们西方面对死亡的方法而比较的。
+虽然全世界的人们都会经历死亡，
+它能提高组织工程进行时的模式性和控制性
+作为一名人类学家，
+我认为这些不尽相同的经历
+根源于不同的文化和社会
+并成为我们判断周遭现象的依据。
+所以我们看到的是一个不容置疑的现实，
+即死亡是一个不逆的生命状态，
+而托拉雅人将这种肉体的死亡
+要是有一个方法
+所以物理上生命的尽头
+并不等同于死亡。
+事实上，一个人真正意义上的死亡
+是当大家庭达成一致
+以及准备好一切举行葬礼
+所需的资源。
+这些资源的准备
+天生彼此千差万别
+整个葬礼仪式会在全村
+当着所有人的面举行
+每个人都是其中的一份子。
+所以在一个人肉体死亡后，
+他的尸体会放在他们传统居住地的一个特别房间里，
+这种房间叫做 tongkonan。
+Tongkonan 是一个象征意义，
+也代表了一个人生死轮回。
+所以基本上，你出生时
+所居住的建筑形状就是
+与你被带着去先祖安息的地方的
+棺材的形状一致。
+直到葬礼仪式，
+仪式可以在一个人肉体死亡多年以后举行
+死者被称为 to makala”，一个生病的人，
+或 to mama ，一个睡着了的人，
+他们还会作为整个家庭的一份子。
+他们被象征性地喂养和照顾，
+然后家族会在这时候
+将实行一些仪式上的指令，
+告知社区里更多的人
+他们的一个成员正在经历 轮回”
+从生到来世
+这被叫做 Puya 。
+所以我知道你们其中有人一定在想，
+她说的是真的吗，
+这些人与他们的亲人的尸体住在一起？
+而这正是我的意思。
+但我没有屈服于这种一想到
+接近尸体或接近死亡
+就产生的五脏六腑的不适感，
+也没有去想这个概念根本不适用于
+我们生物或医学
+对于死亡的的定义，
+我总是喜欢思考托拉雅人看待死亡的方式
+涵盖了哪些医学定义的死亡
+所忽略的人类体验。
+我认为托拉雅人在社会上认同了
+并在文化上表达了
+大多数人感知的真理，
+尽管生物医学所定义的死亡
+被普遍接受。
+这种真理就是我们与其他人类之间的关联，
+这种关系对社会现实的影响，
+并不会随着
+身体物理性的死亡而终止，
+他从没建造出来,不过科学博物馆
+我观察到很多事情
+是被改变而不是被结束。
+所以托拉雅人通过将爱和关注
+给予这个关系中最明显的标志
+即人的身体
+来表达出这种长久的关系。
+所以我丈夫曾经跟他已故的祖父
+交谈过、玩耍过，
+有着美好的回忆，
+而且在他看来是一件很自然的事情。
+与死者之间关系过渡的
+自然而然的一步。
+从与死者生前的联系
+变为把死者
+在这里你可以看到这些祖先的
+木制的肖像，
+所以这些人已经被埋葬，
+已经有过葬礼仪式。
+这些叫做tau tau。
+体现了从社会关系的角度看待死亡。
+我在犹太社区组建这个机构
+仪式化。
+它也是一个自我意识的时刻。
+根据托拉雅人的宇宙哲学，
+在这个时刻，人们思考他们的身份，
+他们在社会中的地位，
+以及他们在生命周期中的角色。
+在托拉雅有一句谚语
+那就是 所有人都将成为祖父母”，
+败给了利用狗拉雪橇的罗尔德·亚孟森和他的挪威团队
+我们都成为祖先的一部分
+将我们定位在过去和现在之间
+也将我们的挚爱是谁定义到未来。
+所以从根本上说，
+对于我们的下一代
+我们都会成为祖父母。
+相当于说，我们都是
+例如，感应红外线是挺棒的事情，
+这种比喻通常也被儿女们用来形容
+他们在这些祭祀水牛上
+投资的钱
+这些水牛被认为携带着人的灵魂
+从这里到来世。
+子女会解释说，
+他们将这些钱投资在这
+因为他们想要报答他们的父母
+这是孩子们在其父母投资、养育他们时
+所欠下的债。
+但祭祀的水牛
+和展示财富的仪式
+同样代表着死者的社会地位，
+也同样引申至死者家庭的社会地位。
+所以在葬礼上，关系再次被确认
+也同样被改变
+事实上，你的结论是这些因素
+这个地方关于死亡最突出的特点：
+死亡对生命、对生者之间关系的影响。
+因此，所有对死亡的关注
+并不意味着托拉雅人
+他们进行各种锻炼
+认为这些有利于健康
+和长寿。
+在面对疾病和衰老的时候
+能有办法延年益寿。
+听说在托拉雅
+每人都有预定的生命时间。
+它叫做sunga。
+就像一根线，它从一头拉到另一头
+所以，死亡作为
+文化和社会生活结构的一部分，
+使得人们对于他们健康和医疗服务的
+日常抉择也被影响。
+我丈夫母系氏族的族长
+他叫Nenet Katcha,
+据我们所知，已接近 100 岁的高龄。
+有越来越多的迹象表明
+他正在向迈向死亡的路途中。
+他的死亡会引发强烈的哀悼。
+但我知道我丈夫的家族
+期待着这个时刻
+因为那时他们就可以用仪式展示
+他卓越的成就对他们生活的意义
+他们可以用仪式来记录
+他的生活故事，
+使他的故事编入
+他们社区的历史。
+他的故事就是他们的故事。
+他的葬礼之歌也是他们的颂扬之歌。
+这个故事没有明显开端
+也没有可预见的结束。
+这是一个在他的身体腐朽之后，
+一直延续的故事。
+人们问我，参与到这种文化中
+是否害怕或不情愿
+因为这其中处处都感到
+逝者就在你周围。
+但我看到一些深刻变革
+是将经历死亡作为一个社会进程
+在实际中，活人和死人之间的关系
+在美国医疗保健系统中有它自己的戏剧性，
+在决定到底将生命这根线拉多长时
+是根据我们的情感
+和与我们周围人的社会纽带，
+不只是基于医学延长生命的能力。
+而是表达人的情绪的变化。
+将生命中的决定
+基于我们赋予死亡的
+意义和定义。
+所以我不是建议在座的所有人
+放弃美国的医疗保健
+而采取托拉雅人的传统。
+要将托拉雅模式在美国应用
+可能会有点困难。
+但我想问，当我们将死亡不仅看做一个生物的过程
+而看做更广阔的人类历史的一部分
+当我们真情地看着死者的身体
+而那曾是我们生命中不可或缺的一部分
+会是一种什么感觉？
+如果我们可以扩展我们对死亡的定义
+以涵盖生活，
+我们可能会体会到将死亡作为生活的一部分
+面对死亡时绝非恐惧
+而是其他的感觉。
+美国医疗保健系统
+正面临挑战，特别是对于老年医保。
+刚刚都只是在实验室哩，一个小实验，你知道的
+就是转变看它的角度。
+也因为真爱尔兰共和军和其他恐怖组织
+就是去看看逝者的社会生活。
+它可以帮助我们认识到
+我们讨论死亡时
+总是局限于医学性、生物性
+这反映了我们都是如何
+避免死亡，害怕谈论它。
+我们达到了大约，我不确定，
+关于生命的其他知识
+包括对死亡的其他定义，
+它才有可能改变
+我们关于生命终结的讨论。
+它可以改变我们死亡的方式，
+但更重要的是，
+它可以改变我们生活的方式。
+（掌声）
+在为防止战争所做的半个世纪工作中，
+我始终有一个问题：
+我们在不使用暴力的情况下
+如何面对极端暴力？
+当你面对暴力，
+不管是一个小孩面对欺负他的小混混，
+还是家庭暴力
+或者是叙利亚今天的街道上
+第三次工业革命
+最有效的方式是什么？
+反击？屈服？
+使用更多暴力？
+ 我在不变成暴徒的情况下
+如何面对威胁？”这个问题
+自从我还是孩子时就伴随着我。
+我记得当我大约13岁时，
+被我父母房间里的黑白电视所吸引
+电视上放着苏联坦克开过布达佩斯，
+和我差不多大的孩子
+在坦克前逃跑
+并且被碾压过去。
+然后我就跑上了楼梯打包我的行李。
+妈妈说： 你在干什么？”
+将发现这些道路
+她说 为什么”
+我说 他们在杀害那些孩子。
+有一些可怕的事正在发生。”
+她说 别傻了。”
+然后我就开始哭。
+她懂了，说，
+ 我知道这很严重。
+但你太小了。
+你需要训练。来我帮你。
+但先把行李放下。”
+然后我得到了一些训练
+并且在20几岁时到非洲工作。
+但我意识到我真正需要的
+却是我从那些训练中得不到的。
+我想知道
+暴力，压迫有什么作用。
+我发现：
+恶棍使用三种暴力。
+政治暴力来威慑，
+肉体暴力来恐吓，
+以及精神暴力来摧毁。
+并且用更多的暴力
+几乎不起作用。
+尼尔逊·曼德拉在相信暴力时被送进了监狱，
+27年后，
+他和同事
+已经慢慢地，很仔细地
+练成了把一个穷凶极恶的政府
+变成一个
+民主政府的技能。
+并且他们以一种完全非暴力的方式实现。
+他们发现以暴制暴
+不管用。
+那什么管用？
+在这些年里我积累了一些管用的方法
+当然方法还有很多
+这些方法的确管用。
+第一个是
+该发生的改变
+必须发生。
+我的对压迫的反应，态度就是
+我必须控制，
+并且我能做一些事。
+我需要的就是增长知识。
+这意味着当我垮掉时
+我要知道如何保持平衡，
+我的优点在哪，
+我的弱点在哪。
+我什么时候屈服？
+我为了什么坚持？
+冥想或自我反思
+是一种方式——当然也不是唯一的方式——
+这是一种方式
+来获得这种内在的力量。
+我戏中的英雄是
+在缅甸的Aung San Suu Kyi
+她是一群在Rangoon的学生抗议团队
+的领导者。
+他们面对一排机关枪，
+她立刻意识到
+在扳机上手抖动的士兵
+比学生抗议者更害怕。
+但她告诉学生坐下。
+然后她以出奇的冷静
+无畏
+走向第一个枪，
+把她的手放上去，把枪放下来，
+所有人都安全了。
+这就是控制恐惧能做的——
+不仅当面对机关枪时，
+更是当你在路上遇到刀战。
+但我们必须练习。
+那么我们害怕什么呢？
+我有一箴言。
+我越害怕，
+我的恐惧越大。
+如果恐惧太大了，
+不好的事情就会发生了。
+我们都知道凌晨三点综合征，
+当一些你担心的事把你弄醒，
+我看到许多人
+你害怕一小时
+然后他越来越厉害，
+在四点你被一个这么大的怪兽
+钉在枕头上
+唯一能做的
+就是起床，冲杯茶，
+然后和恐惧一起坐下，
+你是一个成人，
+恐惧像孩子，
+你和恐惧说话
+你问他他要什么
+这怎样变得更好
+这个孩子如何变得更强壮？
+然后你有一个计划。
+你说 好吧，我们要睡觉了。
+七点半，我们再起床。”
+在周日我就有过这种经历
+已经被恐惧所感到瘫痪
+（笑声）
+所以我这么做了。
+我起床，冲杯茶，坐下，做了这一切
+所以我在这里——仍然有些麻木，但我在这里。
+（掌声）
+所以这就是恐惧。那愤怒呢？
+只要有不公正就有愤怒。
+但愤怒像汽油，
+如果你泼出汽油，然后有人点了一个火柴，
+如果我们能把愤怒放入引擎里，
+他能带我们向前，
+他能让我们走过悲惨的时刻，
+能给我们真正的内部力量。
+我在和核武器政策制定者的
+工作中知道了这个
+因为一开始我对于
+他们给我们带来的危险感到很愤怒
+以至于我想辩论，责备，并且让他们感到错误。
+根本不管用。
+为了开始一个带来改变的对话，
+我们需要应付我们的愤怒。
+对此感到愤怒很正常
+也就是核武器
+但对人愤怒是没有用的。
+他们和我们一样是人。
+他们在做他们认为对的。
+而这就是我们和他们交流的基础。
+所以这就是第三个，愤怒。
+现在我们来到了这次演讲的核心，
+也就是现在在这个世界
+正在发生什么，
+在上个世纪是由上而下的权利。
+过去政府仍然告诉人们该做什么。
+这个世纪有了变化。
+现在是由下而上或者说草根权利。
+想从混凝土中长出的蘑菇。
+像Bundy所说，是人和人连结在一起，
+来带来改变。
+和平指导这个项目很快就发现了
+在冲突发生的地区的当地人
+知道该做什么。
+他们知道最好做什么。
+所以和平指导为他们提供支持。
+他们做的是
+解散军队，
+重建经济，
+安置难民，
+甚至解放儿童军人。
+他们为这些事必须要
+冒生命风险。
+他们已经意识到了
+在这些情况下使用武力
+不仅更不人道，
+而且更没有效果，
+和连接每个人这种方式比起来。
+我认为美国部队
+终于开始懂得这些了。
+直到现在为止他们的反恐政策
+一直是不惜代价杀死暴乱的人，
+并且如果平民在其中得到了伤害，
+而对于可能发生的事，我有一个 小”主意
+这激怒并羞辱了
+阿富汗人，
+所以，比如，当人们被焚烧可兰经激怒时，
+基地组织的扩充
+就很容易了。
+所以部队的训练必须改变。
+我认为现在已经有改变的迹象了。
+英国部队已经做得很好了。
+现在他们能得到一个很好的暗示，
+这就是一个美国陆军上尉，
+克里斯·休。
+他正在带领他的人在
+伊拉克——
+一瞬间人们就从街道两旁的房屋中冲出来，
+尖叫，呐喊，极为愤怒，
+并包围了这些已经被惊吓到的士兵，
+这些士兵不知道发生了什么，也不会说阿拉伯语。
+克里斯·休走到人群中间
+把武器举在头上，指着地面，
+说 跪下”。
+然后休的士兵
+带着他们的背包和武装
+摇晃的趴在地上。
+然后没有一点声音。
+两分钟过后，
+人群散开并回家。
+这在我认为就是智慧。
+在那一刻，那就是他做的。
+现在在每个地方都会发生。
+你不相信我？
+你有没有问过自己
+为什么以及有多少独裁政府
+在过去30年内倒塌了？
+在捷克斯洛伐克，东德
+爱沙尼亚，拉脱维亚，立陶宛，
+马里，马达加斯加，
+波兰，菲律宾，
+他们想知道除了他们
+还有现在的突尼斯和埃及。
+这还没有发生。
+很多这些都是因为
+一本在波士顿的80岁老人Gene Sharp写的书而发生的。
+书名是 从独裁到民主”
+写了非暴力抗争的81种方法。
+这本书被翻译成了26种语言。
+现在在全世界流行。
+这本书被世界各地的人使用，
+因为它很有效。
+这本书给了我希望——
+不只是希望，这本书让我感觉到我是对的，
+因为人们最后正在达到它。
+我们在使用实用的，可行的方法
+来回答我的问题：
+我们在面对威胁时如何不使用暴力？
+我们正在用我说过的方法：
+内在的力量，自我了解
+认识并且利用我们的恐惧，
+把愤怒化作燃料，
+与他人合作，
+和他人结合在一起，
+勇气，
+以及最重要的，积极的非暴力抗争。
+现在我不仅仅相信非暴力。
+我不用相信它。
+我已经在所有地方看到了它如何工作。
+现在我看到，我们，普通人，
+能做Aung San Suu Kyi，甘地，和曼德拉所做的。
+我们能终结
+人类历史上见过的最血腥的时代。
+我们可以通过打开我们的心
+来组织克服镇压，
+同时坚定决心。
+这种开放的胸怀正是
+我从昨天在这里在整个集会组织中所感受到的。
+谢谢。
+（掌声）
+(自然之声)
+45 年前，当我开始记录
+野外音景的时候
+完全没意识到蚂蚁、
+昆虫幼虫、海葵甚至病毒
+会有自己独特的声音
+但它们确实有
+地球上的每个野生栖息地都这样
+比如你们正听到我身后 亚马逊雨林的声音。
+事实上，温带雨林和热带雨林
+各自像富有生气的动物管弦乐队，
+会发出瞬时和有条理的声调。
+而且每一种源自野生栖息地的音景
+也会形成自己独有的特征，
+其中包含了惊人的信息量
+今天我想与你们分享其中一些信息
+音景由三个基本源头组成。
+还设立基金以支持相关活动
+当你问她什么时候回家吃饭
+非生物声音，
+比如树林中的风声，河溪流水声，
+波浪拍打岸边的声音，地球的转动声。
+第二为生物声
+在特定的栖息地里
+某个时间段和某个地方
+生物体产生的声音
+第三样为所有由人类产生的声音
+称为人工声
+其中一些是受控制的，如音乐或戏剧
+但大多数是混乱和支离破碎的
+我们将其称为嘈杂声。
+就是毫无价值的人工制品，
+它们只是存在着，但谈不上重要。
+哦，我错了。我从这些接触认识到
+仔细聆听是极具价值的工具
+我们可以评估栖息地整个范围内
+只留八字胡 -- 不是下巴胡，不是山羊胡，是八字胡 --
+60年代后期当我开始录音时，
+典型的录音方法受到限制，
+只可捕捉个别物种片断的声音，
+开始时主要是鸟声，
+但后来包括了哺乳动物和两栖动物
+对我来说，有点像
+从整个交响乐演奏中
+提取出一把小提琴的声音，
+而且只听那一部分，
+从而去理解华丽的贝多芬第五交响曲
+幸运地，越来越多机构
+采用我和一些同行共同引进
+到音景生态学中的模型，
+而这些模型更具整体性。
+所以我们完全不收任何物理禁锢
+每录制 10 小时音景
+就能截取到 1 小时可用的材料，
+并可用于唱片或电影原声
+或博物馆陈列安置中
+现在由于全球变暖、
+资源榨取、
+人为噪音，还包括其他许多因素
+现在需要超过 1000 小时的录音
+才能截取同样的音景
+在我的音景档案中，整整 50 %
+来自已彻底改变的栖息地中。
+他们要么一片寂静，
+要么再不如从前。
+评估栖息地的通常方法，
+是在某一特定的区域内，
+他们还说： 如果该国年人均收入在X和Z之间
+现在，通过对比密度与多样性
+我可以得出更准确的结论
+我想给你们看些例子
+通过深入这宇宙，
+可将其作为解开一切可能性的典型
+每天都有家长和老师来问我，
+位于西拉内华达山脉中，
+距旧金山以东三个半小时车程，
+海拔约 2000 米，
+很多年前我就在那儿录音
+我们所受的教育
+采用一种叫做「选伐」的
+新伐木方法
+不是一件奇怪的事情吗？
+而不是把整个区域的树木全部砍伐
+绝不会对环境有影响
+我得到了准许，
+可在那儿伐木前和伐木前后录音。
+我架好设备，录下大量清晨的鸟叫声
+然后，我也认为这和事实上
+因为我想得到真正高质量的基线
+这是一个声谱图的范例
+声谱图是以图像形式表现声音
+从左到右是时间
+这个页面有 15 秒
+从底部到顶部是频率
+由最低到最高
+或者采取一个合适的结构
+大概在图底的 1/3 至 1/2 的地方，
+接收这些，他们在做什么，
+在图的顶部
+很多鸟的叫声
+接下来是伐木以前的林肯草甸声音
+（自然之声）
+然而，一年之后我再回到那里，
+在相同条件下
+用同样的标准录音
+在汽油、复印和每日生活上，
+晨噪实例，
+这就是我们现在听到的声音
+这是在伐木以后的
+溪流的声音还
+在底部 1/3 的地方，
+但请注意上方 2/3 的地方 有什么声音不见了
+（自然之声）
+接下来是啄木鸟的声音。
+过去 25 年里
+我回过林肯草甸 15 次。
+我能明确告诉你们，
+那个生物声的密度与多样性，
+并没有回到
+伐木之前的样子
+这是林肯草甸伐木后的照片，
+你们可从照相机
+或人眼的视角看到
+葱茏的树木都还在，
+这证实了伐木公司的说辞
+选伐不会对环境表面造成影响
+可是，我们耳朵听到截然不同的故事
+年轻的学生们总问我，
+这些动物到底在说什么，
+但我真的没有主意
+但我可以告诉你们， 动物确实能表达，
+我们能否理解则是另外一回事。
+我曾在阿拉斯加的海滨漫步，
+碰巧遇到一个潮池，
+里面到处都是海葵聚居地
+公认的好莱坞电影高品质电影。
+是珊瑚和水母的近亲。
+我好奇它们会否制造声音
+于是我把水听器
+一种用橡胶包裹的水下传声器
+丢到它嘴边，
+它立刻就
+把扩音器吞到肚子里，
+而且触手四处寻找
+其他有营养价值的东西。
+这种静态的声音非常低，
+你们马上就会听到
+（静态声）
+呵呵，注意，当它没找到可吃的——
+（笑声）
+我想这种声音
+（笑声）
+它们会垂直于水中，
+完成繁殖周期后，
+会把自己埋在距地面约一米的
+坚硬沙漠土壤下
+待上几个季节
+直到条件适合才会再出来。
+春天时，当土壤中有了足够的水分，
+但并没有真正的完成它
+大规模的聚集在
+巨大且充满春意的水池边。
+它们齐声高歌，
+Dave Strudwick: 她还在往上飞吗？ 学生：是啊。
+这样做有两个原因
+合成某种生物燃料细胞
+第二个是合作，
+如果它们一齐同步发声的话
+土狼、狐狸和猫头鹰等捕食者
+就很难捕食到某单只青蛙。
+这个声谱图就是蛙叫的表现形式，
+而且是很健康的模式
+（青蛙呱呱地叫）
+莫诺湖在加利福利亚州
+约塞米蒂国家公园的东边，
+这里是一片蟾蜍喜欢的栖息地，
+然而美国海军喷气机驾驶员也很喜欢，
+甚至自己会转，
+时速超过 1100 千米，
+贴着莫诺盆地
+上方几百米飞行，
+像这只阿纳·雅各布森设计的坐椅
+这种人为噪音
+你们刚才也听到了，
+尽管距离在蛙塘 6.5 千米
+但却掩盖了蟾蜍的鸣声
+在这声谱图中，所有在前一个图中
+表现出来的能量
+全部从声谱图顶部消失了，
+并且齐鸣中有间断，2.5 秒处、
+4.5 秒处和 6.5 秒处，
+之后是喷气机的声音，
+特征是最底部的黄色部分
+（青蛙呱呱地叫）
+现在是喷气机飞过的尾声
+整整45分钟后
+蛙群才恢复同步齐鸣。
+在这段时间里，一轮满月高挂夜空，
+我们发现两只土狼和一只大角猫头鹰
+抓走了几只青蛙。
+好消息是，由于栖息地的恢复、
+飞机噪音减少了影响，
+2009年Gizmodo（著名科技网站）
+现已几乎回到正常
+我想用一个关于海狸的故事结束演讲，
+这是一个很悲伤的故事，
+但真实的展现了
+动物有时也会表达情感。
+这论点对一些老生物学家来说颇具争议。
+有一次，我同事
+在美国中西部的一个池塘附近录音
+这个池塘约在 16000 年前 的冰川时期末尾形成
+海狸坝也是池塘的重要组成部分，
+在一端把整个生态系统连在一起，
+使其保持微妙的平衡。
+某天下午，正当他录音时，
+突然间冒出
+几个狩猎监督官，
+无端端地
+走到海狸坝上，
+把一串炸药扔到坝底，把坝炸掉了，
+炸死了许多雌海狸和年幼婴儿
+同事惊呆了，他躲在后面
+整理思绪
+想在下午剩下的时间 录下所有他能录下的声音
+他们学会编程制作机器人
+幸存的雄海狸组成一个个圈， 在水里慢慢游着，
+为死去的配偶和幼婴悲恸的哭着。
+或许这是我从所有生物里
+听到过最悲哀的声音，
+不管是人还是其他生物
+（海狸的哭声）
+好的
+音景还有其他方面，
+其中，动物教导我们舞蹈和歌唱
+我留着下次再讲。
+但是你们知道了生物声
+怎样帮助我们理解自然世界
+你们也听说资源榨取、
+人为噪音和栖所破坏的影响。
+环境科学已试着通过我们所看见的
+去认识这个世界，
+通过我们所听见的， 可有较为充分的认识。
+生物声和自然声
+是自然界独特的声音。
+当我们听到这些声音
+就会对那地方具有感觉
+就是我们居住的世界的真实故事。
+在几秒钟内
+从许多方面来看，
+音景揭示了更多的信息
+由量化数据到创作灵感。
+在特定的空间范围内，
+影像撷取隐含地表达局限的正面角度
+而音景把那个视野范围
+扩濶到360度，将我们完全包围。
+如果一张图胜过千言万语，
+那么一个音景就值一千张图。
+耳朵告诉我们，
+每一片树叶和每种生物的窃窃私语
+诉说着我们生活的自然来源，
+甚至包含了博爱的真谛，
+尤其是人性
+最后一句话就由來自 亚马逊森林的美洲豹说吧。
+（咆哮声）
+谢谢你的收听
+（掌声）
+在海洋里
+石油，塑料和放射性物质
+有什么共同点呢？
+最上面一行是 BP 公司的石油泄漏
+数十亿桶石油迸发而出
+倾泻在墨西哥湾
+中间那行是数百万吨
+塑料废物堆积在我们的海洋中
+第三行是从福岛核电站
+泄漏到太平洋的
+放射性物质
+所以， 这三个严重问题的共同点就是
+它们都是人类造成的问题
+但它们都受自然力量所控制
+这应该使我们感到非常难受
+但它也应该使我们感到希望
+因为如果我们有造成这些问题的能力
+我们也许就同样有能力
+解决这些问题
+但是自然的力量该怎么办呢？
+这正是我今天想要说的
+就是我们该怎样利用自然的力量
+来解决人为问题
+当BP公司的石油泄漏的时候
+我正在MIT工作， 而且我负责
+研发一项清理石油泄漏的科技
+它们正在物体表面反弹，也在我的身上反弹，
+去见一些渔民
+去看看他们工作的恶劣环境
+超过700艘渔船
+被用作清理油污的船只
+白色的船用来吸收油污
+橘红色的用来装载油污
+但他们仅仅清理了漂浮在海洋表面的油污的百分之三
+而那些工作人员的健康
+却受到极大的影响
+我当时在MIT研发一项有趣的技术
+但它是一种关于如何发展技术的
+非常长远的观点
+而且它会是一项昂贵的技术
+它也会被申请专利
+所以我想研发一些发展很快的
+投入相对小
+并且开源的技术
+因为原油泄漏并不仅仅发生在墨西哥湾
+而且那会使用可再生能源
+所以我放弃了我梦想的工作
+搬去新奥尔良
+我继续学习石油泄漏是怎样发生的
+目前，他们所做的是
+用这些小渔船来清理
+而且他们只是在大片被污染的海洋中清理出几条干净的航线
+如果你用同样面积的
+原油吸收船，但你会注意到
+更自然的模式，如果你逆风航行
+就能收集到更多原油
+如果你增加船只
+你就能增加吸收材料的层数
+但让吸收原油的船
+逆着风向，洋流和海浪航行是极其困难的
+那些都是非常强大的力量
+所以最简单的方法是用古代的科技
+来航行和改变航向
+从而收集或拦截
+顺着风向蔓延的原油
+这并不需要任何发明
+我们只是拿一艘简单的帆船
+然后设法让它拖着一些又长又重的东西
+但当我们来回穿梭的时候
+我们无法保持两件事
+我们失去了拉动力和方向
+所以我想，我们把船舵
+从船后面拿到前面来会怎么样呢？
+我们能控制的更好吗？
+所以我做了这只小帆船机器人
+它的舵在前面
+我试图拖曳一些又长又重的东西
+所以要拖的是个四米长的物体
+让我惊讶的是仅仅14厘米的船舵
+就能控制四米长的吸收材料
+我非常高兴能一直摆弄这个小机器
+你能看到这只机器船
+有一个舵在前面
+正常的话它应该在后面
+我摆弄它的时候注意到
+它的可控性是惊人的
+我能在最后一秒躲开一个障碍物
+它比一般的船可控性更强
+接着我开始在网上发布
+一些来自韩国的朋友开始对这项发明感兴趣
+所以我们又做了一艘船
+它前面后面都有船舵
+所以我们开始与它互动
+它又变好了一点
+尽管它很小还有一点不平衡
+但之后我们想
+我们再多加一些控制点会怎样呢？
+如果整艘船变成一个控制点会怎样呢？
+整艘船的形状能够改变会怎样呢？
+所以--（掌声）
+非常感谢（掌声）
+这就是Protei的开始
+这是历史上第一艘
+能够完全改变船身形状的船
+这是为了能更好的控制它
+这艘帆船的性能
+也比一般的船好得多
+当我们转向的时候， 我们有一种冲浪的感觉
+还有它逆风航行的时候，它非常高效
+这是低速--低风速的状态
+可控性提高了很多
+我来做个小转向
+看帆的位置
+现在，因为船身变形了
+他们希望我们能更好的融入
+对风向来说是不同的
+我们在两个方向都兜住了风
+这正是我们所期待的
+如果我们需要拉动一些又长又重的东西
+我们就既不能失去拉动力也不能失去方向
+所以我想知道有没有可能
+所以我们做了一艘有更大的帆的船
+它的船身非常轻，充气式的
+在水面激起的涟漪很小
+我们的船尺寸很大而且动力很强
+这之后， 我们想看看我们能否
+实施并实现系统的自动化
+所以我们应用了相同的系统但又加了
+一个结构， 这样我们就能启动这台机器了
+所以， 我们应用了相同的囊状充气式系统
+然后我们拿它做了一次测试
+这是在荷兰
+我们把它放在水里，没有加外壳和任何装载物
+只是看看它是如何工作的
+我们装了一架摄像机来控制它
+但很快我们就发现
+底部需要更多重量
+所以我们只好把它拿回实验室
+并给它装上外壳
+我们装了电池，遥控器
+然后我们把它放在水中，接着我们
+让它在水中自由航行，看它工作的有多好
+我们拿掉绳子，希望它能运转的很好
+它运行的还行，但我们还有很长的路要走
+我们的小模型让我们相信
+这项技术会发展的很好
+所以我们现在所做的
+是对帆船的改进科技
+我们从后置船舵到前置船舵
+从双舵到多船舵
+再到改变整个船身的形状
+我们进展的越多
+这个设计就变得越简单可爱(笑声）
+但我想给你们看一条鱼，因为——
+实际上，它和鱼很不同
+鱼会游是因为--它们会改变形状
+这三天你都会因为期待而惴惴不安，因为等待而激动不已。
+而且由船身控制行进轨道
+所以我第一次在TED上把Protei 八号展示给你们
+这不是最新型号
+但这很适合用来做演示
+就像我在录像里给你们展示的一样，首先我要给你们看的是
+我们也许可以更好的
+控制帆船的行进轨道
+或者我们再也不会背离风向
+所以不会逆风行驶
+我们总是可以两面都迎风
+这些都是帆船的新性能
+所以如果你从这个方向看这艘船
+这或许会让你想到飞机的侧面
+如果是飞机的话， 当你往这个方向移动的时候
+开始上升， 然后它就这样起飞了
+现在， 如果你用相同的系统
+如果你把它竖着放，它就会变弯
+如果你让它往这个方向移动
+你的直觉将会告诉你它将往这个方向运动
+但如果它移动的足够快
+你将会造成我们所谓的侧面上升
+所以我们就能走的更远或者更接近风
+它的另一个性能是
+一个普通的帆船在这儿有一个中插板
+和一个在后面的船舵
+这两件东西给船造成最多
+阻力和摇晃
+但因为这个既没有
+中插板也没有船舵
+我们希望如果我们在这种船身设计上努力
+我们能改进并减少阻力
+另外， 大部分船， 当它们达到
+一定的速度，而且在风浪中航行的时候
+它们就会撞击和拍打水面
+这样就会消耗很多前进的能量
+但如果我们顺着水流行进
+如果我们注意自然的模式
+而不是试图与之对抗
+如果你顺着水流航行，我们会吸收
+很多来自于环境的噪音，也就是海浪的能量
+这样就能节省一些前进的能量
+所以我们可能已经研发出一项技术
+它可以非常高效地拖曳又长又重的东西
+但问题是，如果不能给合适的人群使用
+科技的目的又是什么呢？
+正常的科技或创新是这样发生的：
+有人有了一个有趣的想法
+其他一些科学家或工程师
+会将它带入下个阶段， 他们建立关于它的理论
+然后申请专利
+接着一些企业会签订合约
+进而独自生产和销售它
+在当中他们的数学水平足以让他们成就卓越
+但我们希望他们会以好的目的去利用它
+我们真正希望的是这项创造
+会持续发生 --发明者和工程师
+还有制造商和所有人
+同时工作，但如果他们各自的工作以平行的没有交集
+的方式进行，将毫无结果
+你想要的不是一连串的
+互相平行的发展
+你想要一个创新的网络
+你希望每个人，就像我们现在所做的
+在同时工作，这只有在
+大家共同决定共享信息的情况下才能发生
+将皮肤细胞转变为干细胞
+它用合作代替了竞争
+它将新产品推向市场
+所以，什么是硬件开源呢？
+实际上， 硬件开源是一个协议
+它意味着每个人都有权
+使用，改造和贡献，还有交换
+我们只要求两件事
+保留这项计划的项目的名字
+还有那些帮助完善这个计划的人的
+他们在协作社区中相互分享
+所以这非常简单
+我独自在新奥尔良的一间仓库里开始了这个计划
+但很快的，我想要发布并分享
+这个信息，所以我制作了一个Kickstarter,
+它是一个向大众筹集资金的平台
+在大约一个月时间里我们就筹集到三万美元
+我用这些钱雇佣了一组年轻的工程师
+他们来自世界各地，我们还在荷兰的鹿特丹
+租了一间工厂
+我们一起学习，一起实施工程
+我们做东西，做模型
+但最重要的是我们尽可能经常地在水里
+试验我们的技术原型
+为了从中学习，我们必须让它尽可能快的失败
+这是我们一位来自韩国的重要成员
+右边的是一个多重桅杆
+它是由来自墨西哥的一个团队设计的
+纽约的Gabriella Levine 非常喜欢这个主意
+于是她决定做个模型
+把她看到的做出来，然后
+它们是被秘密机构以及战场上所使用，
+然后她把它发布在Instructables 上
+那是一个分享发明的网站
+不到一星期
+这是一个艾恩德霍文（荷兰城市）的小组，他们都是工程师
+他们将它制造出来，但他们最终
+发布了一个简单的设计
+他们也把它发布在Instructable上
+不到一星期，他们就有
+将近一万次浏览，而且他们交到很多新朋友
+我们正在研发的也是简单的科技
+不是特别复杂，我们中有年轻人
+也有老人
+就像这只来自墨西哥的恐龙（笑声）
+所以Protei 项目现在是一个全球性的
+利用这个变形船身
+来销售科技的创新网络
+让我们聚在一起的
+是对 商业”这个词的相同的全球性理解
+或者说它的发展方向
+这就是现在它工作的方式
+商业，正如通常所说
+科技来达到目标，而人们将会成为你的劳动力
+工具化
+和环境通常是最后要考虑的
+它只是给你的听众的一个绿色假象
+以此来抬高价格
+我们正在做的是，或者我们相信的是
+我们相信世界实际上这样运转
+没有环境你就什么都没有
+我们需要大众的支持，所以我们需要互相保护，对
+而且我们是一家科技公司
+而盈利是使这一切成为可能的必要条件（掌声）
+非常感谢（掌声）
+如果我们有勇气去理解和接受
+这世界真正的运转方式
+那么我们必须选择这样的优先顺序
+这就非常清楚的解释了为什么我们需要
+选择硬件开源来发展环境科技
+因为我们需要共享信息
+对我们来说下一步是什么？
+你们看到的那台小机器
+我们希望能制造
+像那个可以升级和遥控的一米长的Protei那样的小玩具
+你可以把遥控器换成安卓
+换成智能手机，还有Arduino微型操控系统
+所以你就能
+利用你的手机或平板电脑控制它
+然后我们要做的是制造六米长的版本
+这样我们就能测试这些机器的最佳性能
+这样我们就能达到非常非常大的速度
+所以你们自己想象吧
+你躺在一个灵活的鱼雷上
+高速航行
+用你的腿控制船身的形状
+用你的胳膊控制帆
+那就是我们希望完成的东西
+我们还可以替换人类--
+比如，测量放射性物质的时候
+你不会想让人类去驾驶那些船
+所以就用电池，发动机，微型控制器和传感器来代替人类
+这就是我们的队员每天晚上梦到的事
+我们希望我们有一天能清理掉泄漏的原油
+或者收集或聚集海洋中的塑料废物
+或者我们能够拥有一大群这种机器
+被多人网络游戏引擎所控制
+来控制很多这些机器
+去监测珊瑚礁
+去监控鱼群
+我们希望可以用硬件开源技术
+来更好的了解和保护我们的海洋
+非常感谢（掌声）
+掌声
+1975年，我在佛罗伦萨巧遇了卡洛·佩德雷蒂教授，
+据说它吞食活人、船只和鲸鱼，
+并且它是如此巨大以至于会被误认为是一座小岛。
+在评估这样的故事的真实性时，
+聪明的做法也许是谨记着老水手
+对童话和海洋传说的区别的看法
+是童话往往这样开始： 很久以前……”
+而一个海洋传说会这样开始： 这不是胡扯。”（笑）
+每次讲一个关于跑掉的鱼的故事时，
+这条鱼都会随着故事讲的次数而变大。
+然而大海中也有巨人，
+并且现在我们有了视频为证，
+如果你们看过探索频道的纪录片，那肯定知道这个。
+同时兼具两种时代感
+这次旅程于去年夏天在日本开展。
+我是照片里最矮的那个。
+其他两位是窪寺恒己博士和史蒂夫·欧谢伊博士。
+我能参与到这个历史性的事件中来
+这还要感谢 TED。
+2010年有一场TED活动叫做 蓝色使命”
+这场活动在停靠于加拉帕戈斯群岛的林德布拉德探险者号上进行
+作为西尔维亚·厄尔的 TED愿望”的一部分。
+我讲了探索海洋的新途径，
+而他们即将失去当地最大的雇主－－－
+麦克· 德葛鲁也被邀请了，
+他很有激情的讲了他对大海的热爱
+并且他还讲到了应用我的方法
+豢养着一些牛
+那就是寻找巨型乌贼。
+是迈克让我能受邀参加乌贼研讨峰会，
+那是在那个夏天的鲨鱼周中
+在探索频道开展的一次乌贼专家聚会。（笑声）
+我发表了一个关于非介入观察
+和使用光诱饵吸引深海乌贼的演讲。
+无声、非介入的平台。
+这个结论源自我几百次的潜水活动，
+使用这些平台
+在黑暗中四处观察
+这个是健康状态下的某人在发声
+比我使用远程遥控潜艇
+但这可能只是因为潜水器具有更广阔的视角。
+另外我还发觉使用蒂伯龙潜艇比温塔娜潜艇
+我观察到了更多的动物，
+两种潜艇的视野相同
+但采用了不同的推进系统。
+比如在这个10世纪的证明题里。
+因此我在海底安置了一个水听器，
+然后我让每一个潜艇以同样的速度和距离经过
+并记录它们发出的声音。
+约翰逊深海链接潜艇 ---（呼呼声噪音）
+的声音可能只能被勉强听到，
+它使用的是电动推进器 --- 非常、 非常安静。
+蒂伯龙潜艇使用的也是电动推进器。
+它也相当安静，但是噪音要稍大一点。（稍大的呼呼声噪音）
+但目前能潜到最深的那些远程遥控潜艇大多使用的是液压驱动系统
+它们的声音与温塔娜潜艇的一样。（大声蜂鸣音噪音）
+我认为它的声音会吓跑很多的动物。
+所以对于深海乌贼的探索，
+我建议使用光诱饵，
+将光源安装到一个没有推进器、没有发动机
+的相机平台上，
+只有一个电池驱动的相机，
+并且唯一的光源来自红光
+红光是大部分的深海生物无法看到的
+它们适应了只能主要看到蓝色光。
+这对我们是可见的，
+但它相当于深海中的红外线。
+所以这个我们称之为美杜沙的相机平台
+可以直接从船后方扔到水中，
+平台用长于610米的绳索连在船上，
+它会被动地由洋流驱使在周围漂流，
+深海中动物们唯一可看见的光
+是光诱饵所发出的蓝色光，
+我们将其称之为电子水母，
+因为它的设计是模仿
+常见的深海棕色水母
+所发出的生物光。
+棕色水母所发出的这种旋转光
+被认为是一种生物光报警
+和一种防御形式。
+电子水母能成为诱饵的原因
+不是因为巨型乌贼捕食水母，
+而是因为这种水母只会在它被捕食者咀嚼的时候
+发出这种光，
+水母唯一可以逃生的希望
+是吸引到更大型捕食者的注意，
+这样它就会攻击水母的捕食者
+从而让水母有机会逃跑。
+这是呼唤帮助的尖叫，逃跑的最后希望，
+也是深海中一种常见的防御形式。
+这个方法是有效的。
+之前所有的探索活动都没能成功获得
+巨型乌贼的影像资料，
+生命体在其他生命体上的证据，
+（视频中） 伊迪丝 · 维达： 哦，我的上帝。哦，我的上帝！你在跟我开玩笑吗？其他科学家： 哦呵呵！就在那里。
+就像它在戏弄我们，跳着一种有趣的舞蹈 ---
+现在你看到我，现在你又看不到我了 ---
+我们先看到了四次这样的 戏弄”，
+然后第五次时，它靠近了并完全震撼了我们。”
+（音乐）讲述人：（日语）
+科学家们： 哦，砰 ！哦，我的上帝！哇噻 ！”
+完全的震撼。
+让我真正震撼的是
+它来到电子水母上来的方式
+然后攻击电子水母旁边的巨大东西，
+我认为它误认为电子水母上面的是水母的捕食者。
+但更令人难以置信的是
+从特里顿潜水器里拍摄的镜头。
+探索频道纪录片里没有提到的是
+窪寺恒己博士使用的诱饵乌贼：
+一只一米长的菱鳍乌贼
+然后突然间，爆出了一条这样正面的消息
+将光源附到它身上，
+我认为正是这个光
+吸引到了巨型乌贼。
+现在你们看到的是
+高敏感相机使用红色光录下的影像，
+这是窪寺恒己博士在巨型乌贼出现在这里时所看到的全部。
+然后他变得如此兴奋
+他打开了他的手电想看的更清楚些，
+并且巨型乌贼没有逃跑，
+因此他冒着风险打开了潜水器上的所有白色光，
+把一种传说中的生物
+从朦胧的历史变成了高清晰视频。
+它是如此的惊人，
+如果这个生物将它的捕食触手
+完全伸展开的话，
+它会有两层楼那样高。
+为什么如此巨大的东西
+生活在我们的海洋但直到现在才被拍摄到呢？
+我们目前只探索了海洋的大约5%。
+同时知道到隐藏物品的距离，
+代表数百万年的进化过程的伟大生物们
+和很可能发现的生物活性化合物
+这些发现可能会带给我们无法想象的好处。
+然而相较于宇宙探索
+就算你是哈佛，牛津来的也很困难
+用于海洋探索。
+我们需要一个类似美国国家航空航天局的组织来探索海洋，
+因为我们需要探索和保护
+地球上的我们的生命支持系统。
+我们需要 --- 谢谢。（掌声）
+探索是推动创新的引擎。
+邀请村民来进行评判
+所以让我们一起去探索吧，
+但是让我们要用一种不会吓跑动物们的方式，
+或者如麦克· 德葛鲁曾经说过的：
+ 如果你想要摆脱一切
+并且看到一些你从未见过的东西，
+或有绝佳的机会看到一些前所未见的东西，
+那么下到潜水艇里吧。
+他本应和我们一起进行这次冒险。
+我们缅怀他。
+（掌声）
+如果，你一直有看最近的新闻，
+你肯定听说过有一群巨大的小行星
+朝着美国冲过去，
+所有的这些小行星都会在接下来50年里，一个接一个地袭击我们。
+从母亲到女儿，牧师到会众
+因为，如果是的话，那对我们来讲不是一个大问题，
+因为，如果我们全部都面临死亡的威胁，
+我们就不会在乎我们人与人之间的差异，我们就会尽我们所能，
+找到一种方法使那些小行星偏离方向，以至于不会冲向我们。
+但我所讲的这个冲向我们的威胁，
+是隐藏在一种很特别的能量场里面，
+这个威胁导致我们两极分化，也因此使我们麻痹瘫痪。
+去年三月份，我去参加一个TED会议，
+我看到NASA 宇航局科学家 Jim Hansen 在演说，
+在80年代，他是第一个拉响全球变暖警钟的人，
+现在看来，他在当时所做的预测
+如今，已经慢慢变成现实。
+也就是说，这个冲向我们的威胁，就是全球气温升高的问题，
+如果我们什么都不管，还是按照我们现在的方式生活，
+在这个世纪末，全球气温就会升高
+4到5摄氏度。
+Hansen 说海平面预计会升高5米。
+这个就是海平面升高5米后的景象。
+世界上，那些处在低洼地区的城市全部都会消失，
+而这就会发生在今天出生的孩子们还活着的时候。
+在演讲结束的时候，Hansen 说到，
+ 请大家想象一下，一个巨大的小行星正在冲向地球，
+我们现在所面临的的全球气候的问题等同于这个小行星冲击地球所带来的威胁。
+但是，我们对此犹豫不决，没有采取任何行动来使这颗‘小行星 偏离轨道。
+尽管，我们等得越久，
+解决这个问题就会变得越来越困难和昂贵。
+当然，左派人士想采取一些行动，
+但是右派人士否认这个问题的存在。
+然后，在接下来的星期，我会被邀请去华盛顿特区参加一个晚餐派对，
+在那里，我知道我会见到
+一些保守派知识分子，包括 Yuval Levin,
+为了准备好这次会见，我读了一篇
+Levin 在 National Affair 发表的一篇文章，题目为 ”超越国家的福利与安康 。
+Levin 写到， 在全世界范围内，
+所有的国家现在正面临一个不可否认的事实，
+我的梦里也开始有了色彩。
+正在变得难以负担
+和依赖于不确定的经济因素
+以及过时的人口模型
+当然，这听上去大概没有小行星冲击地球那么可怕，
+但是看看这些Levin展示的数据图。
+这些图像显示出整个国家的借债
+在全美国的GDP里所占的比重，正如你所看到的，
+如果回到（美国）建国之初，
+我们为了独立战争借了很多钱，
+打仗是很昂贵的。但是我们不断地还钱，还钱，还钱，
+然后呢？ 噢！ 这是什么？ 美国南北战争 （内战）。这个更贵。
+又借了很多钱，然后又还啊，还啊，还啊，
+再一次的， 同样的过程又重复进行。
+接下来，又是大萧条和第二次世界大战。
+我们的债已经上升到了一个天文学的数字，大概所占GDP的118%，
+这真是让我们不堪重负的，也是非常危险的。
+但是，我们又继续还债，还啊，还啊，还啊，然后呢？ 这是什么？
+为什么这个借债从70年代起就一直在上升呢？
+一部分原因是以为那些被减掉的税收没有被基金化，
+但最主要的原因是社会福利支出的增长，
+特别是医疗保险。
+我们现在达到的借债水平已经跟在二战时候的水平差不多了，
+等他们都退休的时候，这就是将会发生的。
+这一组来自国会预算办公室的数据
+对将要发生的事情，做出了最接近现实的预测，
+这个预测是根据现在的情形、预期，以及趋势的延伸所做出来的。
+那好，现在你们也许会注意到，这两幅图
+实际上是一模一样的，不是他们的x,y轴一样，
+也不是他们所显示的数据一样，
+而是他们所暗含的道德寓意、政治寓意是一样的。
+让我来为你们解释一下。
+”如果我们再不采取行动，我们的末日就到了。
+你们这些另一党派的人是怎么一回事啊？
+我们完全可以使这些”小行星 偏离撞击地球的方向。
+这些问题在技术上是可以解决的。
+我们的问题和悲剧来自与这个”超级党派割据”的时代，
+这个党派的人说： 看，那里有一颗小行星向我们飞来。”
+这就意味着另一个党派的人会说： 什么？
+不，我根本不抬头朝天上看。绝不。
+想要明白为什么这种情况会发生在我们身上，
+并且我们要怎样解决这个问题， 需要我们学一些道德心理学。
+我是一名社会心理学家，并且我专门研究社会道德，
+在道德心理学里，最重要的一个原则是说，
+道德约束人并使人变得盲目。
+它使我们为了一些神圣的价值观团结在一起，
+但是它也让我们失去了对客观现实的判断力。
+可以这样想。
+大规模的团体合作在这个星球上是很罕见的。
+只有很少的一些物种可以做到。
+那是一个蜂窝。那是一个白蚁丘，一个相当大的白蚁丘。
+当你看到其他动物像这样”协同合作 的时候，其实本质都是一样的。
+他们都是同一个女王所生的兄弟姐妹，
+他们都在”一条船上 。
+他们同昌同衰，共生共死，就像一个个体一样。
+但在这个星球上，只有一种物种，
+就算没有血缘联系，也能这样协同合作。当然就是我们人类。
+这个是古代巴比伦的重建模型，
+我总是会想起这些图表。
+我们是怎样达到这样的成就呢？
+我们是怎样从10,000年前的狩猎者和采集者，
+就在仅仅几千年后变成修建这些庞大建筑的人了呢？
+这绝对是奇迹，其中一部分原因是
+我们能够为了共同的神圣的价值观团结在一起。
+正如你所知道的，寺庙和上帝在所有古代文明里扮演了重要的角色。
+这是穆斯林信仰者环绕在麦加圣地的克尔白圣石。
+它是一块神圣的石头，当人们一起环绕在某一个东西的周围的时候，
+人们就团结在一起，他们可以彼此信任，他们就仿佛成为了一个个体。
+就像是你拿一根电线，然后
+让它绕着磁场移动，这样就会有电流产生。
+当人们围绕在一起的时候，他们就会产生电流。
+我们人类真的很喜欢围绕着某些东西。
+我们围绕在旗帜的周围，然后我们就变得来相信彼此。
+我们可以组成一个团体，一个部队去战斗。
+但是，尽管道德使人们团结在一起，
+形成一个团体，但是这也使得人们变得盲目。
+这导致了人们无视现实。
+我们开始把所有的一切分割成好的和坏的。
+这个分割的过程是很爽的。因为这给了我们强大的满足感。
+但这是对现实极大的歪曲。
+你可以看见这个道德电磁体正运行在美国国会里面。
+这幅曲线图显示出国会里的
+也就是说，如果你事先知道一个人是自由派还是保守派的话，
+你还可以看到的是，
+在内战结束后的近十年里，
+国会完全被两极分化，
+就像你所预料的，这种被分化的程度是非常非常巨大的。
+但是，在第一次世界大战以后，这种分化程度降低了，
+这种两极分化的局面降到了历史最低点。
+这是两党制的黄金时期，
+至少在两党合作的方面，在大家团结一致，
+解决国家层面的问题。
+但是在80、90年代，这种两极分化的电磁体又开始活跃了。
+两极分化又开始了。
+在墨西哥，这样的例子出现过
+就像刚刚那个想出来前存者的组织，
+他们可以不断调和，形成两党联盟委员会，
+但随着道德电磁体的转动，
+电磁场就增强了，
+民主党和共和党被生生地扯开了。
+两党之间的交流，
+以及互相合作变得越来越困难。
+退休的党内人士描述这个现象就像是帮派斗争。
+有没有人注意到，在三场总统辩论会的其中两个里面，
+奥巴马戴了一条蓝领带，罗姆尼戴了一条红的。
+你们知道他们为什么要这样做？
+因为这样的话 血滴帮”和 跛子帮”（非裔美国人组成的帮派）就知道投谁的票了。（大家笑）
+这种两极分化的现象在政治精英中最为强烈。
+没人会怀疑是否华府（华盛顿）正在上演这种现象。
+但过一阵子，人们会怀疑说，在老百姓里面会不会也会有这种分化的现象呢？
+确实，在过去12年里，这种趋势
+变得越来越明显。
+看看这些数据。它们来自于关于美国大选的问卷调查。
+这个调查被称作
+ 感觉冷暖”评级。
+也就是说，你对
+美国原住民、美国军队、共和党、
+民主党、等等各种不同群体，有多热或者是多冷的感觉。
+这条蓝色的线显示了民主党人士对民主党的冷暖程度、
+即喜欢程度的感觉。
+这些是70年代的数据，用0-100点的评分标准。
+共和党喜欢共和党，这并不令人惊奇。
+但是当你看看不同党派之间的评分，
+你会发现，评分降低了，但是实际上，
+因为这看起来并没有那么糟糕。如果回到卡特政府，甚至里根政府时代，
+人们对对立党派的评分是43和45。 这并不是非常糟糕的。
+它只是缓慢地向下移动而已。
+但是，看看现在，布什政府和奥巴马政府的情况，
+这个评分简直是直线下滑。其中肯定有什么不对劲的地方。
+ 道德电磁体”又被启动了，
+而且就在现今当下，尤其是最近一段时间，
+民主党变得非常不喜欢共和党，
+共和党变得非常不喜欢民主党。 我们被改变了。
+被这个 道德电磁体” 改变了。
+就像是用它去搅动大洋两岸，把整个国家
+分割成左右两个阵地，
+就像是 血滴帮”和 跛脚帮”一样。
+现在，有很多关于这种分化原因的解释，
+很多这些原因是不可逆转的。
+我们再也不会有一个建立在
+ 团结一致，共同抗敌”的经历上的政治阶级，
+就像是在二战时期，大家一起抗击一个共同的敌人那样。
+我们再也不会仅仅只有三个电视网络，
+而且都有相对中和的政治观念。
+我们再也不会有一个宽容的大团体，在里面，
+南方保守派和北方自由派可以融洽地相处，
+在他们俩之间还允许政治观念的重合以及两党的合作。
+实际上,这只不过是个想法
+在历史上，实属异常。
+我相信，我们永远都不会回到那个低分化的年代了。
+但是我们可以做的还有很多。
+很多的改革可以使情况好转，
+因为很多这些 功能失调”可以被直接追溯到
+这些事件直接导致了整个机构的两级分化和功能失调。
+有很多书讨论了这些变化的细节。
+我强烈推荐其中的两本，
+这两本列出了很多改革的提议。
+我就干脆把它们都归到三个大类里。
+所以，如果你同意这些问题是 功能失调”，
+尽己所能，尽少投票给那些支持 党派割据”的人士，
+因为当你们关起门来进行党内初选，
+并且只有最忠诚的共和党和民主党党员投票的时候，
+你们所提名、所选出来的就是那些狂热的 党派割据”分子。
+所以开放的党内初选会在很大程度上，减弱问题的严重性。
+但问题的关键并不在于我们为国会选举出了不好的人。
+以我自身的经验，和我所听到的那些在国会工作的内部人士所说的，
+大多数要去国会工作的都是好的、都是辛勤工作的人，
+都是非常聪明的人，他们真的很想倾其所能地解决问题，
+但是当他们真正到了国会里面，他们发现自己被逼着
+参与一种奖赏 党派割据”，
+同时惩罚独立思考的游戏。
+如果你超出界限了，你就会被惩罚。
+所以，有很多改革方案
+可以阻碍事情朝这方面发展。
+比如说，这种 联合公民”管理的方式是极其错误的，
+因为这意味着有一把由钱做的枪在对着你的脑袋，
+一旦你越过界限，试图联系走道的另一边的人（另一党派），
+在另一些时候，这是最叫我难忘的部分：
+所有人就会认为你是一个通过负面广告宣传自己的烂人。
+它不会变成 娱乐老大哥秀”（译者注：Big Brother is watching you是全方位时刻观察游戏者的竞赛节目，语出《1984》）
+国会里党与党之间社交的方式。
+我所见过的政治家们，基本上都是很善于社交的，
+很友好的，社会技能非常优秀的人，
+这些都是政治的本质。你必须要建立关系网，
+做一些交易，你必须要用说好听的话，去讨好，奉承，
+你必须善于运用你的个人的技能，
+这些都是政客们一直以来所做的事。
+但是从1990年达开始，首先是众议院
+改变了它的立法日程，
+所有事情必须在一周的中间几天完成。
+现在，众议员们在星期二早上飞到国会，
+在里面争论两天，然后星期四下午飞回家。
+或想想如何创造可持续发展的城市?
+他们也不会与彼此的配偶、孩子见面。
+过上很短的一段时间
+如果国会里面缺少了这些必要的 关系网”，
+就好比说是一辆车没有机油。
+这所有的两极分化、功能瘫痪，
+以及制度冻结、僵化，难道还会令我们惊讶吗？
+其实只要在立法日程上做一些小小的改变，
+像是把商务日程延长到三个星期，
+然后给他们一个星期的假期，
+这样的话，国会里的关系网会有本质性的改变。
+所以其实我们可以做出很多改变，但是谁来推动这种变革呢？
+有很多的团体正在积极解决这个问题。
+我认为这些组织没有任何头衔，但是却是有共同的目标。
+他们有很多关于这样变革的好点子。
+这些点子使我们的民主制度能对所产生的社会问题作出快速准确的反应，使国会能够更加有效率。
+但是我要对他们的工作补充一点心理学上的小技巧
+没有任何东西能比 全民威胁”更有效地使人们团结在一起
+或者外来的进攻，尤其是来自国外敌人的进攻
+当然，除非这个威胁正好使我们在心理上更加地分化，
+就像我之前所讲，这类威胁将使我们我们分开得更远。
+有些时候，单一的威胁反而能让我们更加分化，正如我们曾经经历过的一样
+但是，如果我们所面临的威胁不是单一的呢？
+而是
+有很多很多的不同的威胁来挑战我们，
+但为了达到这个目的，
+我们必须要团结一致，一起开枪迎敌。
+实际上这正是我们所面临的。
+这才是作为一个整体的国家应该有的样子。
+下面是另一颗 ”小行星 。
+我们已经看了这幅图很多的版本了，对吧?
+这些版本都显示出从1979起，美国的财富状况，
+正如你所看到的，几乎所有的财富收益
+都跑到了前20%的富人那里去了，特别是前1%的富人，
+造成不公平分配的问题，
+和其它民主政治的诸多问题
+更重要的是，它毁掉我们彼此的信任，
+毁掉 大家都身处同一条船”的感觉，因为很明显的，我们不在一条船上（因为不平等）。
+有些人坐在私人游艇上悠闲、安全地享受着生活，
+而有些人却趴在漂流木上挣扎求生。
+我们没有同坐一条船，这就意味着
+没有人愿意为了社会共同利益做出牺牲。
+左派份子子们已经连续30年提醒大家这颗 小行星 的威胁了，
+但是右派的人却说： 啊？什么，什么？没有问题，没有问题。”
+现在，
+为什么这些会发生在我们身上，为什么 不平等”的现象会一直有增无减？
+恩，除开全球化以外另外一个最大的原因，
+也就是这第四颗 小行星”，
+就是非婚生子率的上升。
+这幅图表显示出，从1960年代起，
+非婚生子率稳步上升。
+白人也在朝这个方向发展。
+在10到20年的时间内，大多数的美国小孩
+将会出生在一个没有父亲的家庭里面。
+这就意味着，这个家庭所的收入会大打折扣，
+但并不只有钱减少了。这也是安稳与混乱的转变。
+根据我在巴西跟那些街头小孩接触的经验，
+妈妈的男朋友通常对孩子来讲是很危险，很危险的人物。
+右派分子从1960年代起就在呼吁这颗”小行星 的问题，
+但是左派的人却说： 这个不是问题，根本没有这个问题。”
+左派的人很不愿意承认，
+婚姻其实对妇女和孩子是非常有益的。
+现在让我澄清一点，我并没有责怪某些妇女的意思。
+我其实是对男性有所批评，
+特别是那些对自己的孩子都不负责任的男性，
+以及当前的经济体系，
+让很多男人要抚养自己的孩子变得异常艰难
+但是，就算你不怪任何人，这仍然是一个国家级的问题，
+并且，一个党派比另一个更加关心这个问题。
+纽约时报最终注意到了这颗可怕的 小行星”，
+并且在去年七月的头版上
+发文阐述了结婚率的下降是如何导致贫富悬殊的。
+我们正在变成一个只有两个阶级的国家。
+当美国人们接受了大学教育，并且结婚的话，
+他们的离婚率是很低的。
+他们会赚很多钱，并且给孩子的教育做很多的投资，
+如果发现
+她们孩子的潜能被发挥到了最大，
+这些孩子因此成长为
+这张图里的前两条线的人群。
+然后呢？ 这些就是剩下的阶级：
+这些孩子没有得到稳定婚姻所带来的好处，
+也没有受到很好的教育投资，
+也没有稳定的成长环境，
+因此他们就成为了底下三条线里的阶层。
+所以，再一次的，其实这两副图说明的是同一件事情。
+就像之前一样，我们有了问题，那我们就要着手解决，
+我们必须做一点什么事情，
+而你们这些人是怎么了？看不到这些威胁吗？
+但是如果人们能取下党派的有色眼镜，
+我们就会发现，其实这两个问题
+最好是在一起解决。
+因为如果你真的关心收入不平等的问题，
+你可能会想跟那些福音派基督教组织谈谈，
+因为这些组织积极提倡婚姻。
+但是，你会遇到另一个问题，
+就是女性通常不愿意
+嫁给一个没有工作的人。
+所以如果你真的关心增强家庭关系，
+你可能会想跟一些自由团体谈谈，
+这些人士致力于增强教育机会的公平性，
+增加最低收入，
+并寻找多种方式来阻止这么多人陷入犯罪的泥潭
+并且遭受
+一辈子都无法成家立业的命运。
+总的来说，一共有四颗小行星正向我们迎面而来。
+你们中有几个人能看得见所有这四颗小行星呢？
+如果有人承认
+这四个是威胁整个国家命运的问题，请现在就举手。
+请举手。
+很好，几乎所有人都举手了。
+那好，恭喜你们，你们正式成为
+小行星俱乐部的初创成员，所有属于这个俱乐部的人们，
+都愿意承认另一党派的人士
+所提出的问题。
+在这个小行星俱乐部，我们不会一开始就去寻找我们是否有共同利益，
+其实共同利益是很难找到的。
+不，我们是以寻找共同威胁为出发点，
+因为共同利益来自于共同威胁。
+好，我真的很天真吗？
+会天真到认为人们最终会放下武器，
+左派右派可以协同合作吗？
+我可不这样认为，虽然这发生过，
+尽管并不经常发生，但是却有很多例子。
+我们确实能够做一些事情去改变。
+因为美国的左右两派其实都很关心文化教养的下降，
+并且也组建了很多的机构组织，
+有国家级的，像是这个，
+也有地方性的，
+像是在佛罗里达，塔拉哈希的村庄广场，
+州内的领袖们聚到一起，
+帮助解决协同工作的问题。
+这对解决佛州的很多问题是非常重要的。
+美国左右两派都很关心贫穷和艾滋病的问题，
+以及其他很多人道主义的问题，
+自由派跟福音派实际上是天然的同盟体，
+有时候，他们真的通过合作
+解决了很多问题。
+最令我惊讶的是，有时候，他们对于
+刑事审判的公正性竟然看法一致。
+比如，关于监禁率、服刑人数，
+从1980年起，在美国已经翻了四倍。
+这已经是社会性的灾难了，
+并且自由派人们非常关注这个问题。
+南方贫困法律中心正在
+对很多监狱系统提出异议，试图阻止这些监狱系统
+收押越来越多的贫穷年轻人入狱。
+那保守派人士愿意看到这事发生吗？
+嗯，Grover Norquist （保守派著名人士）是不愿意的，因为这个监狱系统
+会花掉很大一笔钱。
+正因为这些监狱系统
+正在使我们的国家濒临破产，并且侵蚀我们的灵魂，
+财政保守人士和基督派保守人士
+联合起来成立了一个名为 罪犯权力”的组织。
+有时候，他们会合南方贫困法律中心联合起来，
+阻止那些正在试图修建的新监狱。
+同时，他们致力于改良司法体制，
+使它更加人性化，更加有效。
+所以这是可能的，我们完全可以做到。
+所以，让我们进入到一起战斗的状态，
+不是说相互斗争，
+而是一起抵御这些小行星的冲击。
+并且，我们的头等任务就是督促国会
+自身的改革，在为时已晚之前。
+谢谢。（掌声）
+和许多囚犯一样，
+B.J.有着宏大的未来计划。
+他的愿望是，出狱之后
+不再贩毒，坦荡做人
+他正在努力将他的两项爱好融合成一项事业。
+他花了一万美元
+购买了一个网站
+网站的主要内容是美女在奢侈跑车的上面或者里面做爱。（笑声）
+那时我进联邦监狱刚刚一周，
+但我很快就发现那里的情形和电视上很不一样。
+事实上，监狱充满了聪明、野心勃勃的人
+六个月之前
+进监狱之后，我感觉囚犯们的商业直觉和高管们一样敏锐。
+旅途中，发现了土耳其秃鹫，
+都是因为贩毒被捕的，
+他们说起自己的过去时
+会用到独特的行话
+但他们谈到的经商理念
+和沃顿商学院工商管理硕士的一年级课程颇为相似：
+促销激励，新顾客可以免费试用
+针对某一顾客群体的新产品发布，
+市场拓展。
+他们并没有整天沉浸在对过去光辉岁月的追忆之中。
+大多数情况下，他们不过是为了生存而已。
+这可能比你想象的要困难很多。
+和大部分人所想的不同
+去理解记忆这个全新的地方。
+囚犯在监狱的生活费用的。你必须自己养活自己。
+你必须付钱购买肥皂、除臭剂、
+牙刷、牙膏等等（一切的生活必需品）。
+有几个原因导致在监狱中生存颇为困难。
+首先，所有东西的价格都比
+市场价高出30%到50%，
+第二，你挣得钱不多。
+我为卡车卸货。这是一份全职工作，
+在一个食品仓库给卡车卸货
+一个月，不是一个小时，赚5.25美元。
+怎样才能生存呢？
+我们必须做买卖，各种各样的买卖。
+以邮票为货币买东西。
+有偿为狱友打扫牢房。
+也有轻微违规的买卖，比如在你的牢房里开个理发店。
+违规情节稍微严重一点的是：在牢房里开纹身店。
+也有违规情节非常严重的买卖：从外面偷运
+或者请人偷运毒品、色情制品、
+手机，和监狱外的商业世界一样
+监狱里存在着风险收益的平衡，所以一项生意风险越大
+它所能带来的利润可能也越高。
+在监狱想买一根香烟？3到5美元。
+想要翻盖的、
+和人脑袋差不多大的手机？300美元。
+想要色情杂志？
+那可能要花1000美元。
+你可能也发现了，灵活的头脑
+在监狱生活中非常重要。
+无论是用从仓库偷来的废料
+烹制美味的食物
+还是用指甲钳为人做发型
+抑或是用挂在树上装满岩石的洗衣袋健身
+囚犯们知道如何在物质条件贫乏的条件下生存
+很多人也希望能利用自己
+在出狱之后开餐厅、理发店
+或者搞个人健身辅导。
+然而监狱中没有意在帮助囚犯重返社会自力更生的课程
+囚犯在监狱中并没有得到真正的改造。
+没有人帮助囚犯撰写商业计划，
+转化为合法生意的方法，
+囚犯们甚至不能上网。
+随后，出狱之后，很多州
+没有禁止
+所以在三分之二的囚犯出狱后
+五年之后还会再犯的事实面前
+我们根本无需惊讶。
+我对联邦政府撒谎，因此在联邦监狱服刑一年。
+不过，出狱之后，我发誓
+在指引下进行制作
+和我的狱友们有相似经历的人们
+让他们不要再继续浪费生命。
+一同参加”抢答 比赛时，他以三比一败北。
+我们的最佳选择是
+想办法扶持监狱中的创业精神
+发掘囚犯身上隐藏的巨大潜力
+因为如果我们不这么做的话，囚犯们就无法学到
+能够帮助他们谋生的新技能，他们还会回到监狱当中。
+而他们在监狱里所能学到的不过是新的骗术而已。
+谢谢。（掌声）
+我想跟大家聊聊 社会公益创新”（social innovation）
+和 社会公益事业”（social entrepreneurship）。
+我有三个孩子，他们是三胞胎。
+他们现在5岁，还很小。
+当我告诉人们我有三胞胎的时候
+估计大家会觉得我的话题很枯燥
+这是这些小家伙的照片
+分别叫Sage、Annalisa和Rider
+现在，我也是一个同性恋。
+身为一个同性恋父亲养育三胞胎孩子
+是我目前做过的最具有社会创新、最具有
+社会事业精神的事情。
+（笑声）（掌声）
+我真正想要说的社会创新
+是关于慈善事业的。
+我要说的是我们一直以来被灌输的有关慈善、
+奉献和非营利部门的概念
+正在破坏我们热爱的
+慈善事业的根基，而我们强烈的
+呼吁各位改变这样的现状。
+但是在我开始之前，我想要问问大家，
+是否真的相信非营利组织是改变世界的
+重要力量。
+很多人都说营利性部门负责促进经济发展，
+而社会公益将会搞定剩下的事情。
+我相信商业活动能够极大的
+促进人类的进步。
+但是总是会有百分之十或更多的人
+无法从中获益。
+社会事业也需要一个市场，
+在这一模式下，我们可以分别纪录大脑内
+这些都快速地迎合了市场的需求。
+我曾经在一个发展障碍关怀中心呆过
+那里的人想要获得的是
+快乐、热情和爱。
+这些如何货币化？
+这就是非营利组织和慈善机构的
+作用所在。
+这是离开萨拉热窝的最后一个巴士之一
+这个市场是为那些不被其它任何市场
+接受的人准备的。
+如果我们真的想要做到巴克明斯特·富勒说的那样，
+不抛弃不放弃任何一个人，
+那么非营利组织
+就必须在社会中承担起
+一个举足轻重的角色。
+但是好像不是这样子的。
+为什么我们的乳腺癌慈善组织
+无法找到治疗乳腺癌的医疗方法？
+为什么关心无家可归者的慈善机构
+至今没有在任何一个大城市做到居者有其屋？
+为什么在过去四十年中美国贫困率
+始终不低于总人口的12%？
+答案是，这些社会问题
+都太大了，
+公益组织相比起来太渺小了，
+而我们的某些信念压制了这些组织的壮大。
+我们有两套不同的游戏规则，
+一套是限定非营利组织的，
+另一套是限定营利性组织的。
+这是 种族隔离”，
+在五个方面歧视非营利组织，
+首当其冲的就是人员薪酬。
+在营利性部门，你的产出越多，
+你的收入就越多。
+但是在非营利部门，我们不喜欢
+用高报酬来激励社会服务人员提高产出。
+等等一些非常酷的地方。
+为自己赚钱的行为有种本能的厌恶。
+有意思的是我们对那些在赚钱的过程中
+没有帮助他人的人却没有这样的厌恶。
+比如，你想通过向孩子们兜售暴力游戏
+来赚5千万美元，没问题，
+我们会让你上《连线》杂志封面。
+但是如果你想通过为得了疟疾的孩子们
+提供医疗服务，并只想赚50万美元时，
+你会被人看成是贪婪的吸血鬼。（掌声）
+我们认为这符合我们的伦理观念，
+但是我们没有意识到这个伦理体系
+有一个巨大的副作用，
+就是它完全的将两种利益分隔开，
+迫使我们最好的大学里面出来的最有才华的头脑进行选择，
+要么只能为自己和自己的家庭赚钱
+要么只能为整个世界谋利。
+结果是数以万计的毕业生
+放弃了去非营利部门工作，
+自己一生都在经济拮据中度过。
+《商业周刊》做过一个调查，他们调查了
+商学院MBA毕业生十年来的收入水平。
+其中斯坦福大学MBA的毕业生，在38岁时，
+各种福利薪资加起来，平均能拿到40万美元。
+我很高兴地说，将近九年
+而恰恰我们这一代的退役军人做得到
+食品援助团体的CEO更少，只有8.4万美元。
+你看，你根本没有办法让那些能够拿到
+40万美金的人才，放弃31.6万美金的收入，
+去一个食品援助团体做CEO。
+有人会说， 那是因为MBA毕业生都很贪婪。”
+这不一定，可能是因为他们更聪明
+对他们来说每年捐出去10万美元
+给食品援助团体，
+能省下来5万美元的个人税，
+他们的收入还多出来将近27万美元，
+而且由于他们向慈善团体捐赠了10万美元的善款，
+他们成了慈善家，
+而且有可能坐进食品援助团体的董事会，
+有可能监管着当初决定成为
+食品援助团体CEO的可怜的倒霉蛋，
+并且在余生中他们的权力、影响力和社会赞许程度
+都始终高于慈善团体的CEO。
+第二个歧视的地方是广告和营销手段。
+我们认为营利性部门砸钱营销是必然的， 砸钱，砸钱，
+直到广告投入无法让你转到更多的钱为止。”
+但是我们不希望看到我们捐赠给慈善团体的钱被用在广告上。
+我们的态度是， 如果你们能够拿到电视台捐赠的广告时间，
+比如，凌晨四点没人看的时间段，我没意见。
+但是我不希望我的钱拿去买广告时间。
+我希望我的钱用在需要的人身上。”
+他们觉得投入在广告中的钱
+不能够带来更多的善款去帮助
+需要它们的人。
+在1990年代，我的企业发起了
+长距离 AIDS骑行”自行车骑行活动
+和为乳腺癌筹款的60公里三日行走活动，
+经过这九年的努力，
+有18.2万平民英雄参与进来，
+共募集到了5.81亿美元善款。
+这是历史上为艾滋病和乳腺癌筹款的
+最快记录。
+这一切基于的观点就是
+付出的金钱甚多，但收效甚微
+在自己深深关心的问题上，
+人们总是会投入
+自己所有力所能及的所有资源。
+但是你要提出要求。
+我们通过在《纽约时报》、《波士顿全球》上打广告，
+通过在电台和电视台的黄金时段打广告
+吸引到了如此多的朋友。
+如果我们只是在洗衣店附近发发传单，
+你觉得还会有这么多人参与么？
+美国的慈善捐赠数额一直固定在GDP的2%附近，
+从我们开始统计的1970年代开始便是如此。
+这是一个很重要的事实，
+这告诉我们在过去40年中，
+非营利部门没能从营利性部门那里
+抢到任何市场份额。
+但是你反过来想想
+一个不允许进行市场营销的非营利部门怎么可能
+从营利性部门抢夺到市场？
+如果我们对消费品牌的态度是，
+ 你可以把产品的所有优点都广告出来”，
+但是我们告诉慈善组织， 你不能为你所做的任何好事打广告，”
+你觉得消费者的钱会流向哪里？
+第三个歧视的地方是通过新方式
+募集资金的风险问题。
+迪斯尼能够砸2亿美元拍电影，打了水漂的话
+也不会有人打电话给司法部长。
+但是如果你是一个救济组织的筹款人，
+筹集了不到一百万美元，而你在头12个月中
+所以这场辩论可以一直进行下去。
+你的人品就会受到质疑。
+所以非营利组织非常不情愿尝试任何冒险的、
+大规模的筹款行动，
+他们的声誉也会随之一败涂地。
+我们都知道，不允许失败
+等于扼杀创新。
+如果你扼杀了筹款创新，你就没有办法获得更多的收入。
+如果你不能获得更多收入，你的组织就无法壮大。
+如果你的组织无法壮大，你就无法解决社会面临的那些大问题。
+第四个歧视的地方就是时间。
+亚马逊可以在六年时间中不给股东分红，
+而股东们都有这个耐心。
+他们知道亚马逊目标很大，
+它要花时间占领市场。
+但是如果一个非营利组织
+想要筹划一个时间长达六年的筹款活动，
+在此期间募集的钱没有分给受捐赠人，
+而是用来扩大筹款规模，
+他们肯定会被钉死在十字架上。
+现在的办法是，政府从中吸取教训
+营利性部门可以通过向股东分红来吸引投资者，
+支持实现自己的新想法，
+但是在非营利部门你不能分红，
+所以营利性部门独占了规模庞大的资本市场，
+而非营利部门就只能艰难中求生存，
+渴望资本的投入。
+现在我们把这5件事情结合起来看：
+你无法花钱从营利性部门那里引入人才，
+你不能像营利性部门那样
+打广告吸引新的消费者，
+你不能像营利性部门那样
+承担亏损的风险去吸引客户，
+你不能像营利性部门那样花很长的时间
+来吸引捐赠者，
+最后你没有办法上市融资——
+即使你在组织刚建立的时候可以拉投资。
+这些都让非营利性部门相比营利性部门
+在任何方面都处在了
+不利的位置。
+如果我们对这两套游戏规则带来的问题持怀疑态度，
+下面的统计数字会让你震惊：
+从1970年到2009年，
+规模壮大的非营利组织数量，
+超过5千万美元门槛的，
+只有144家。
+与此同时，营利性机构的数量
+是46136家。
+现状是我们需要处理的社会问题规模非常庞大，
+而我们的组织却没有办法壮大到那样的规模。
+这是它们的沙的样子
+那么我们的这些观念是怎么来的？
+跟美国的许多狂热信条一样，
+这些观念都来自于以前的清教徒。
+清教徒由于宗教原因来到美洲，他们这么说的，
+但是他们来这里也是为了赚钱。
+他们是虔诚的人，但是也赚起钱来
+也非常的不择手段，
+但如果不是在等候室里焦急的等几个小时，
+她决定到以色列看看。
+但是与此同时，这些清教徒也信奉加尔文教派，
+这个教派的观念让他们也厌恶自己。
+他们被告知自私自利只会让自己
+堕入地域，永不得救。
+这给这些人出了一个大难题，对吧？
+他们漂过大西洋来到这里就是为了赚钱，
+赚钱让你坐上下地狱的直通车。
+他们该怎么办？
+慈善事业成了答案。
+他们每追逐到1美元的利润，
+就捐出5美分作为救赎的手段，慈善成了一个
+经济实惠的避难所。
+理所当然的，用来化解赚钱带来的罪恶的组织，
+怎么能又自己跑去赚钱呢？
+经济刺激被排除在慈善助人事业之外，
+国际间，
+400年来，没有人质疑这一点，
+站出来说， 这不公平，也不科学。”
+这种观念引出来一个很危险的问题，
+就是： 我的善款有多大比例给了受捐赠人，多大比例成了管理费？”
+这带来了很多问题。
+我就挑其中两个说。
+对受捐赠人没有任何好处。
+恰恰相反，尤其是这些费用被用来扩大筹款规模时。
+而 管理费是慈善事业的敌人”
+这种观念
+引发了第二个，也是更大的问题，
+就是这种观念迫使非营利组织放弃自己
+真正应该处理的大问题，
+而把精力放在控制管理费上。
+我们都被灌输了这样的观念，
+慈善团体的筹款等管理费用应该尽可能的低，
+因为管理费比例越少，
+受捐赠人能够拿到的钱就越多。
+这种结论的前提是无论你怎么筹款，
+这个冷漠的世界也不会给你更多的钱。
+但是如果在现实世界中筹款活动
+能够增加善款收入并且将规模扩大，
+那么控制管理费这个观念就不合时宜，
+而我们应该更多，
+而不是更少的投钱到筹款活动中，
+因为更大规模的筹款活动有可能筹到很多倍的善款，
+可以帮助更多我们想要帮助的人。
+我讲两个例子。我们从风投那里
+拿到了5万美元作为 AIDS骑行”的启动资金。
+9年之后我们将这笔钱翻了1982倍，达到了1.08亿美元，
+这是扣除了所有AIDS服务之后的盈余。
+我们从风投那里拿到了35万美元
+作为 关爱乳腺癌三日行走”活动的启动资金。
+不到5年时间我们就将善款翻了554倍，
+扣除了乳腺癌研究费用之后
+还剩下1.94亿美元。
+如果你是一个慈善家，想要资助乳腺癌研究，
+你觉得哪个更有意义：
+找到一个世界上最有创造力的研究人员，
+给她35万美元用于研究，
+还是给筹款部门35万美元
+让他们把乳腺癌研究的资金规模扩大到1.94亿？
+2002年是我们最成功的一年，
+仅在乳腺癌项目一项上，扣除所有开支，
+我们得到了7100万美元的盈余。
+然后我们就被解散了，
+以非常突然和不愉快的方式。
+为什么？简单的说，我们的赞助人背叛了我们。
+他们希望和我们保持距离，
+因为我们被媒体报道妖魔化了，
+因为我们将总收入的40%投入到
+人员培训、客户服务、提高用户体验上，
+而这些为了组织自身发展和筹款规模扩大的投资
+并没有办法在我们的财报中体现，
+只能用被妖魔化的词 管理费”笼统概括。
+于是有一天，所有350名雇员，
+都被裁掉了，
+因为他们都被打上了 额外开支”的标签。
+我们的赞助人用自己的方式管理。
+他们的管理费用更高，
+乳腺癌研究基金的收入缩减了84%，
+年收入只剩下了600万美元。
+发生这样的事情，是因为我们搞混了
+ 道德”和 节俭”这两个概念。
+我们都被灌输了这样的观念，管理费只有5%的爱心面包义卖
+要比专业的筹款企业更加高尚，因为后者的管理费高达40%，
+但是我们忽略了最重要的信息，就是，
+这张大饼（善款的规模）到底有多大？
+如果这张大饼很小，谁会在意它的管理费只有5%？
+如果爱心面包义卖只能够筹集71美元，
+而专业筹款企业筹集了7100万美元，
+差别就在于前者没有任何投资用于扩大规模
+让公交图成为可能的地理变形
+让你选你会选哪张大饼，
+饥饿的受捐赠人去选他们会选择哪张？
+这些加起来对总体的影响就是这样的。
+我说过慈善捐赠只占美国GDP的2%。
+也就是3000亿美元一年。
+但是其中只有20%，也就是600亿美元，
+被用于医疗和人道救助服务。
+别的钱被用在宗教、高等教育、医院等地方。
+而600亿美元根本不足以
+处理这些问题。
+但是如果我们能够通过筹款投资，
+将我们的慈善捐赠比例从GDP的2%，
+就提高一点，从2%提高到3%，
+那就多出来1500亿美元用于慈善。
+而如果这些钱更多的流向
+医疗和人道援助服务项目，
+这些都是我们鼓励进行筹款投资的组织，
+这将使这些部门的收入翻3倍。
+这是我们想要的规模，
+这是我们想要的真正的变革。
+但是如果我们继续要求非营利组织
+控制他们的管理费比例，
+限制他们的视野，这一切都不可能发生。
+我们这一代人没有人希望自己的墓碑上刻着
+ 我们把慈善管理费控制的很低。”
+（笑声）（掌声）
+我们希望上面写着我们改变了世界，
+载着全体中国人驶向民主
+我们改变了我们对这些事情的思考方式。
+所以下一次你遇到一个慈善组织，
+不要问他们的管理费比例。
+问他们有多大的梦想，
+像苹果、谷歌、亚马逊那么大的梦想，
+他们如何衡量他们与梦想的接近程度，
+为了这个梦想他们需要什么帮助，
+不要问管理费比例。
+如果真能够解决问题，谁还会去关心管理费比例？
+如果我们能够有这样的一种宽容，
+一种思想上的慷慨，那么我们的非营利部门就有可能
+在扮演很重要的角色来改变世界，
+帮助所有那些最需要帮助的人去改变。
+而这种改变可能是我们这一代最宝贵的遗产之一，
+我们有义务
+去思考已经传递给我们的这一切，
+我们重新审视它，修订完善它，
+最终重新定义人类思考慈善事业的方式，
+永远的，并且不漏掉任何人。
+最后我想让我的孩子们做个总结。
+Annalisa Smith-Pallotta: 那将是——
+Sage Smith-Pallotta: 真正的
+Rider Smith-Pallotta: 社会创新。
+Dan Pallotta: 非常感谢，谢谢大家。
+（掌声）
+谢谢。（掌声）
+当我从加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)毕业后，我搬到北加州
+我住在一个叫做Elk的小镇里
+在门多西诺海岸
+我没有电话、没有电视，但有美国邮政
+如果你还记得，那时的生活蛮不错的
+我会去百货店享用咖啡
+是一个为各国艺术家
+运到旧金山，你瞧，两天后
+我就能收到（冲洗的照片）
+这可比在好莱坞与繁忙的交通奋斗
+要好多了。（音乐响起）
+我们这儿有一幅
+但我有时间和对奇迹的感知（音乐）
+我开始延时摄影
+我能花上一个月时间来完成四分钟长的
+一卷胶卷，因为那是我负担得起的
+没有间断，每天24小时，每周七天
+就像看一场我永远不会厌倦的舞蹈
+那种美带给我们无上的享受，色彩、品味、感动。
+它们还为我们提供1/3的食物
+（音乐）
+美与诱惑是自然界的生存工具
+因为我们会保护我们爱上的东西
+它们打开我们的心扉，让我们认识到
+我们是自然的一份子，不曾分离
+当我们身处自然之中，自然也联系到
+我们每一个人，因为显而易见
+我们是浑然一体的
+当人们看到我的照片，很多时候他们会说
+ 对，我找的就是这个，”你明白吗？
+ 哦”说明我引起了你的注意
+让你脑中有物
+ 我的”说明这些作品联结到
+你灵魂深处的某样东西
+它提供了一个通道，让你内心的声音响起来
+能被人听到。 上帝”呢？
+上帝是我们都希望走的个人的旅程
+被启发，让我们感觉天人合一
+赞颂生命
+你们知不知道
+我们接受的信息中有80%都是来自于视觉？
+如果把光能和（钢琴）音域作比较
+裸眼能看到的光谱范围
+只相当于（钢琴）正中的一个八度音域
+我们难道不该心存感激，因为我们的大脑
+能够把从光能中探测到的电脉冲信号
+转变为我们用来认识世界的图像？
+我们难道不该心存感激，因为我们的心
+能够感受这些波动
+让我们能感受到
+自然之美的乐趣？
+（音乐）
+自然之美是天赐礼物
+能够滋养欣赏和感激
+（音乐）
+今天我有一样礼物要与你们分享
+是我正在做的一个项目，叫做 揭示幸福”
+它告诉我们
+孩子和老人的视角中
+世界是什么样子的
+小孩：我看电视的时候
+那上面只是演一些假装出来的事情
+当你探索的时候
+疑惑地看着我，很自然地问： 什么是素养？
+当你的想象力增加了
+你就会想要更进一步
+就能看到更多美丽的事物
+比如一条路，能带你去海边
+《米兰奇迹》的最后一幕里
+（音乐）
+老人：你认为这只是人生中另一个平白无奇的日子？
+不是的，这是被赐予的一天
+今天
+是上天赐给你的，是一个礼物
+这是你手头唯一的礼物
+唯一的恰当反应是
+感恩
+对这恩赐的特别的日子充满感恩
+如果你学会这种反应
+就好像这是你人生的第一天
+也是最后一天
+你就能很好地度过这一天
+以睁开双眼为始
+对自己目能视物充满惊喜
+时刻能感受到色彩那不可思议的光芒而带来的
+纯粹的享受
+看看天空
+我们很少看天
+我们很少能注意到
+这一刻与下一刻的不同，云彩的来去
+我们只是关心天气
+就算是天气，我们也不曾
+关注天气的各种细微之处
+我们只是关心天气是好是坏
+今天，此时此刻，有特别的天气
+也许这种天气再也不会
+以同样的方式再现
+云彩的组合也再不会出现
+与现在一模一样的
+睁大你的双眼，看看这些
+看看你遇到的人的脸庞
+每一张脸后面都有一个不平凡的故事
+一个你无法完全理解的故事
+这个故事不仅关于他们自己，还关于他们的祖先
+我们回顾过去
+但此时此刻
+你遇到的所有人，所有的生命
+跨越时间和距离
+与你相遇了
+就像生命之水，只要你打开心扉，喝下它
+（音乐）
+打开心扉去接受文明带给我们的不可思议的
+礼物
+拨一下开关电灯就亮了
+打开水龙头，就有热水和冷水
+还有饮用水
+这是世界上成千上万的人所
+无法体验的礼物
+所有我确定男性记者在坎布尔能找到女性
+我们能够打开心扉对待的
+我祝愿你们能打开心扉
+让这些福祉荡漾在你身心
+你们今天遇到的每个人
+都能因为蒙荫
+因你的双眸
+你的微笑
+你的触摸
+以及你的出现
+让这份感激
+你需要更多。
+今天将会是真正美好的一天（音乐）
+（鼓掌）
+Louie Schwartzberg: 谢谢你们
+非常感谢（掌声）
+每个人都对其他人感兴趣
+每个人都与其他人建立这样那样的关系
+并且，人们因为各种各样的原因
+对这些关系感兴趣
+好的关系，坏的关系
+我的这份热情是从7岁时开始的
+我今天演讲的重点
+我会从 人们都对
+与他人互动感兴趣” 这个事实出发，
+摒弃这个事实的复杂的特点
+将其进行简化，然后把这个事实当作
+一个 科学探亲器 ，并提供一些初期
+研究成果，试着从一个新的方面来阐释
+两个人在进行互动时他们大脑的活动。
+不过在此之前，我还要先介绍几种技术
+是这些技术让此研究成为可能。
+第一，我们现在已经可以
+安全地侦测健康大脑的活动
+不需要进行注射或者放射检查
+也不需要有任何临床诊断的动因，我们就可以去
+记录在你朋友或邻居在进行各类认知活动时
+大脑的活动，
+我们使用的方法叫做功能性磁振造影
+你们可能已经听过或者读过不同版本的功能性磁振造影
+那么我就简单地介绍一下
+我们都听说过磁共振成像（简称MRIs）
+MRIs利用磁场和无线电波来给你的大脑，
+或膝盖，胃等 拍照”
+它会把拍摄瞬间的活动以灰阶图记录下来
+上世纪90年代，人们发现
+可以在不同模式下运用MRIs
+成千上百个小区域中任何一个的微观血液流动
+好，这意味着什么呢？事实上，在大脑中
+促使大脑运转的，
+使你大脑里的 软件”工作的，神经活动的变化
+与血流的变化息息相关
+如果你能够纪录血流的变化
+也就意味着能大致记录大脑的活动
+这个发现极大地改变了认知科学
+通过分享这些正在发生的时刻
+动作计划，想到你的丈母娘，
+对人生气，情绪反映等等
+把受试者放到磁共振成像仪下，
+我们就能对不同脑部的活动进行成像
+这一技术还处在初期阶段，某种程度上来说还相对粗糙
+但20年前，我们一无所有
+我们还不可能拿健康的人来这样研究
+这一技术引发了一场真正的革命
+它使我们获得了新的实验对象
+神经生物学家一直有很多实验对象
+像蠕虫，啮齿类动物，果蝇等等
+现在，我们可以研究人类了
+我们可以研究人类并建造
+人类思维模型，同时
+我们还有其他新的生物测量技术。
+举个以人类作为研究对象的例子，
+有这么一个概念：评价
+简单来说就是你觉得某种东西怎么样
+如果要你对两家公司进行对比评价
+你肯定会想了解哪一家公司更有价值
+早在几千年前，人们就发觉了评价的关键特点
+如果你要比较橙子和挡风玻璃，你会怎么做？
+当然，你不能直接比较这两者
+它们没有交集，没有可比性
+然后在这个标准下再来进行评价比较
+你的大脑做的就是一些这样的工作
+现在，我们开始了解并且识别
+与 评价”有关的大脑系统
+其中之一就是某个神经递质系统，
+其细胞位于脑干
+并且向大脑的其他部位传递多巴胺
+我不会赘述细节，你只需要知道这是个
+重要的发现，而且我们现在已经知道很多了，
+但这也只是其中很小的一部分，但它相当重要
+因为如果得了帕金森症，这些神经元就没了
+它们也是
+几乎所有毒品所危害的对象
+毒品会改变
+你看待世界的方式
+改变你怎样理解那些与所服用的毒品相联系的符号，
+从而使你觉得毒品比任何其他东西都重要。
+关键的是，这些神经元与
+你怎样赋予抽象概念特定价值有关
+这里有一些符号，我们会因为不同的原因
+给它们赋予一定的价值
+我们大脑中有着一个决定行为的上层力量，
+而其至少需要多巴胺。
+我们可以为了一个想法而否定所有的生存本能，仅仅一个想法。
+没有任何其他种生物可以做到这一点。
+1997年，邪教 天堂之门” 的信徒集体自杀
+因为他们相信在
+海尔波普彗星的尾巴里藏着一艘宇宙飞船
+会带他们到一个全新的境界。这一惨剧轰动一时。
+超过2/3的自杀者有大学学位。
+谢谢
+这么多年的系统来否定自己的生存本能。
+这是很大的控制力，对不对？
+粮食产量来喂饱2050年之际
+而这正是接下来我演讲的重点，
+那就是 其他人”。
+Vermeer怎么知道她的
+同样的评价系统会进行重组。
+于是，这个可以让人吸毒成瘾的多巴胺系统，
+这个可以让人在得了帕金森症后无法动弹的，
+同时也可以引起多种形式精神疾病的系统，
+在我们与其他人产生互动时重组，
+并且对你与他人互动时的手势
+赋予特定的意义。
+让我举个例子。
+你在与人互动时，可挥出自己所没有意识到的
+的巨大的分析处理能力。
+这里有一些图片：第一张是个婴儿
+她才三个月大，仍然整天包着尿布，当然也不会计算。
+她是我的一个亲戚。 （她爸妈）一定会很高兴看到她的照片出现在这里。
+当你蒙住她的一只眼睛，你仍然可以
+从另一只眼睛里看出些什么，我在一只眼睛里
+看到了好奇，另一只里则好像是一些惊奇
+这是一对情侣，他们正在分享美好的时刻
+我们做了个实验，从这张照片里
+截取不同的部分，但你仍然可以看出
+他们在分享这一刻，这种分享似乎是对应的
+照片中的其他元素同样可以传递这样的信息，
+但从他们脸上我们可以更直接地读出来，
+如果你把这两张脸和一般的脸做对比， 你会发现，那些（能告诉他们在互动的）信息并不很明显
+这是另一对情侣，男的表情是看着我们的，
+女人则非常明显地表现出了
+这里还有一对（笑声）。
+我从左边这位的脸上可没看出什么爱慕之情（笑声）。
+事实上，我知道这是他的姐姐，你似乎
+可以听见他说： 好吧，面对镜头就装装样子
+一会你就会偷我的糖，还打我的脸。” （笑声）
+我把这张照片放上来，他一定很想杀了我。
+好，这又说明了什么呢？
+这意味着我们拥有巨大的处理分析问题的能力，
+它藏在我们大脑的深处，
+正是同样的这个多巴胺能系统让我们追求异性，食物和盐。
+使我们生存下去。它给我们像食物一样的
+行为动力，我们称之为 上层决定力”的行为动力。
+确保信息得到准确有效的标记。
+社交互动，然后把这个互动变成 科学探测器”？
+答案是博弈。
+经济学中的博弈分为两种
+一个是实验经济学，另一个是行为经济学
+我们要借用它的博弈，来为我们的研究服务
+这张图片显示的是博弈的一种，叫做”最后通牒 。
+小红人可以得到100美元，并且可以分一些给小蓝人
+假设小红人想留下70美元，
+给小蓝人30, 也就是七三分。
+现在决定权给了小蓝人，他可以说
+ 我接受”，他就能得到30美元，
+但如果他说 我不接受”，两个人都得不到钱。
+就开始形成了
+你应该接受任何不为零的所得
+但人们通常会怎么做呢？ 对于八二分成，人们的选择没有明显的倾向，
+接受率就和抛硬币一样，大概是一半一半
+这是为什么呢？因为你生气了，
+你觉得这个交易是不公平的， 而且你知道什么是不公平的开价
+我们在实验室里用这样的博弈 世界上还有许多其他学者也用它
+这个例子告诉你，用这类博弈可以探测到的东西。
+有趣的是，这样的博弈实验
+需要动用大量的认知机能
+你必须在博弈前就估计对方是什么样的人。
+你必须记得住自己做了什么。
+你必须在正确的时刻做。
+你得根据得到的反馈来更新你对对方的认识
+有趣的是
+你还得进行非常深入地思考，
+你要决定对方对你的期望是什么。
+你需要发出信号，以建立你在他们眼里的形象。
+就好像工作面试，你和招聘官隔桌而坐，
+他们对你有一个先决的印象，
+你则发出信号，将你在他们眼中的形象
+转变成你想要的样子。
+我们其实很擅长这个，以至于自己都没有意识到。
+这类”探测器 （博弈）正是在探究这方面的问题。
+我们发现，在社交活动中
+人类就好像金丝雀。
+过去，人们在煤矿里将金丝雀作为生物感应器
+当甲烷或二氧化碳含量过高，
+或者氧气减少时， 金丝雀会比人类先昏过去--
+就好像一种预警系统：
+ 伙计，快点出矿去，有什么不太对劲。”
+人们进行互动时，即使是非常简单直接的,
+特定安排的社交活动，
+交流的只是数字，
+人们也可以给予这样的交流无数敏感的内涵
+所以我们意识到，我们可以从这个方面着手研究
+事实上，现在我们已经对
+实际上，要成为生物 探测器”，
+我们还需要更多的人数。
+不过，无论如何
+我们已经发现了规律
+并且将其转化为数学模型，
+然后再利用这些模型来获得对（人们间）信息交流新的发现
+好的，这又意味着什么？
diff --git "a/dataGenerate/corpus/\344\270\255\345\260\217\345\255\246\350\257\215\350\257\255.txt" "b/dataGenerate/corpus/\344\270\255\345\260\217\345\255\246\350\257\215\350\257\255.txt"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a38e6a1
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/dataGenerate/corpus/\344\270\255\345\260\217\345\255\246\350\257\215\350\257\255.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,1945 @@
+一丝不苟
+一声不吭
+一律
+一望无边
+一望无际
+一本正经
+一直
+一知半解
+一致
+一辈子
+一针见血
+一齐
+丁零
+万不得已
+万寿菊
+万物
+万象更新
+万里无云
+上升
+下意识
+下降
+不仅
+不但
+不动声色
+不可估量
+不可思议
+不可计数
+不安
+不屈
+不禁
+不计其数
+丑恶
+专家
+世界
+世纪
+东北
+严严实实
+严厉
+严寒
+严峻
+严肃
+中华
+中秋
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+丰富
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+丰硕
+临时
+为难
+主人
+主宰
+主意
+主要
+举世闻名
+举动
+举杯
+乌云
+乌黑
+乐器
+乐曲
+乐趣
+乖巧
+乘法
+也许
+书刊
+书籍
+争奇斗艳
+事业
+云彩
+互相
+五湖四海
+五角星
+井然
+亡羊补牢
+交叉
+交界
+交货
+交错
+享乐
+京剧
+亭台楼阁
+亮光
+亮晶晶
+亲吻
+亲密
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+人民
+人烟
+人类
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+仇人
+介绍
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+倘若
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+倾听
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+假如
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+假装
+做客
+做梦
+停止
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+偶尔
+偶然
+偷偷
+催眠曲
+傲慢
+僵硬
+僻静
+允许
+允诺
+充分
+充满
+先人
+先生
+光亮
+光明
+光洁
+光滑
+光芒
+兔子
+党员
+全神贯注
+公主
+公园
+兴奋
+兴旺
+兴致勃勃
+其中
+具备
+典礼
+养尊处优
+养病
+军令状
+农作物
+农具
+农历
+冠军
+冰天雪地
+冰柱
+冰棍
+冰箱
+冲击
+冲刷
+决定
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+况且
+冷笑
+凄凉
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+凝视
+几乎
+凶狠
+凶猛
+出色
+出谋划策
+刀剑
+分外
+分明
+分裂
+分辨
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+刊物
+刚刚
+创举
+创造
+初夏
+利益
+别出心裁
+别处
+别致
+制度
+制服
+刹那
+刺猬
+前肢
+剥削
+剩饭
+劈面
+力量
+劝告
+功夫
+功能
+功课
+加入
+加工
+加紧
+加速
+动听
+动手
+动物
+助威
+努力
+劫难
+劳动
+勇气
+勇猛
+勉强
+匀称
+包括
+包袱
+北极星
+匪徒
+千真万确
+半信半疑
+半夜三更
+半岛
+华丽
+协调
+单薄
+单调
+博物馆
+占据
+卧室
+卫生
+危害
+危机
+危险
+即使
+即将
+历史
+厉害
+压抑
+压迫
+厌烦
+原始
+原子核
+原料
+原来
+厨房
+参差
+参谋
+双倍
+双臂
+反反复复
+反抗
+反推力
+反面
+发动机
+发展
+发怔
+发愣
+发抖
+发明
+发现
+发誓
+发达
+发颤
+叔叔
+取乐
+变化
+变幻
+变成
+口罩
+古代
+召集
+叮嘱
+可以
+可怜
+可惜
+可笑
+可靠
+台湾岛
+叶子
+叶柄
+司空见惯
+叹息
+叹气
+吃惊
+各自
+吆喝
+合力
+合奏
+合拢
+同心协力
+名声
+名贵
+后悔
+后来
+后脑勺
+后退
+向导
+向日葵
+吓唬
+吞没
+否则
+吩咐
+含笑
+含糊
+听见
+启迪
+吹拂
+吻合
+吼叫
+呆头呆脑
+呈现
+告诉
+呐喊
+周围
+周游
+味道
+呻吟
+呼吸
+呼唤
+呼啸
+呼风唤雨
+咆哮
+和蔼
+和谐
+咱们
+哀思
+哄堂大笑
+哈哈大笑
+哈欠
+响亮
+响动
+哎呀
+哪怕
+哭笑不得
+哲学
+唯恐
+唯独
+商店
+商议
+商量
+喉咙
+喜悦
+喜爱
+喝水
+喧闹
+嗓子
+嘴唇
+嘴角
+器官
+噪声
+四周
+回味
+回忆
+因此
+因素
+团圆
+团结
+困境
+困难
+围巾
+围裙
+国旗
+国王
+图画
+圆润
+圆滚滚
+圆满
+圆盘
+地区
+地板
+地球
+地道
+均匀
+坑坑洼洼
+坚定
+坚持
+坚硬
+坦克
+垂柳
+垫子
+埋头
+培养
+基地
+堆积
+境界
+墙壁
+增加
+墨绿
+壮烈
+壮观
+声明
+声音
+处境
+复杂
+复活
+外宾
+外祖父
+夜幕
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+大叔
+大吃一惊
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+大概
+大步流星
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+天南海北
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+好奇
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+威风凛凛
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+媳妇
+嫂子
+嫩红
+嫩绿
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+孔雀
+字母
+存在
+季节
+孤独
+学习
+宁静
+宅院
+安定
+安心
+安然
+安静
+完好无缺
+完毕
+宏伟
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+宝贵
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+审视
+宣告
+害怕
+家常
+家景
+容易
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+宽阔
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+对岸
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+小贩
+尖利
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+尖锐
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+就是
+尸首
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+席子
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+帮忙
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+干燥
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+平淡
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+幼儿
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+应接不暇
+应该
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+废话
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+建筑
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+开辟
+引人注目
+引荐
+弟弟
+张开
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+彩绘
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+得心应手
+得罪
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+心情
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+心惊胆战
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+心满意足
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+忘却
+忘怀
+忘记
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+总是
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+恩惠
+恰好
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+情况
+情形
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+惊叹
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+惊奇
+惊异
+惊惶
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+成家立业
+成熟
+成绩
+成群结队
+戒指
+或者
+截然
+房子
+所有
+扇动
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+手榴弹
+手法
+手电筒
+手疾眼快
+手舞足蹈
+手艺
+才干
+扑打
+扑腾
+打击
+打扮
+打猎
+执行
+扩大
+扫荡
+批评
+承认
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+技高一筹
+抖动
+抛弃
+报考
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+拂拭
+担心
+拆除
+拇指
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+指挥
+指望
+指点
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+挡住
+挣扎
+挣钱
+挤压
+挪移
+挺脱
+挽回
+捕鱼
+损失
+据说
+掌声
+排列
+排山倒海
+排练
+排骨
+探听
+探望
+接着
+接触
+控制
+推测
+掩护
+描绘
+提供
+提前
+提取
+提示
+搅和
+搏斗
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+搬运
+搭乘
+摄氏度
+摆布
+摆摊儿
+摇头晃脑
+摇篮
+摔跤
+摩拳擦掌
+撤换
+播种
+操场
+操纵
+攀登
+收成
+改变
+改善
+攻击
+放假
+放晴
+放肆
+政府
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+敬爱
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+数落
+整洁
+整理
+整齐
+文思
+文献
+文艺
+文静
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+断断续续
+断绝
+新娘
+新鲜
+方便
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+方式
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+旗帜
+无价之宝
+无可奈何
+无尽
+无独有偶
+无疑
+无私
+无穷
+无穷无尽
+无缘无故
+无聊
+无能为力
+无误
+无限
+日寇
+日本
+日益
+早晨
+时光
+时刻
+昂首
+昆虫
+明媚
+明显
+明晃晃
+明朗
+明白
+昏乱
+昏暗
+昏沉
+星期
+星空
+春光
+春天
+春日
+春节
+昨天
+昼夜
+显得
+显示
+晃动
+晌午
+晚霞
+晚饭
+普通
+景色
+景象
+晶莹
+智慧
+暖和
+暖洋洋
+暴发
+暴露无遗
+暴风雨
+曾经
+最后
+月亮
+有关
+有趣
+有限
+服务
+服装
+朝霞
+朝鲜
+期待
+朦胧
+未免
+末期
+本来
+本能
+本领
+机会
+机器
+机械
+机灵
+机遇
+杀菌
+权利
+杏花
+材料
+杜鹃
+来得及
+来来往往
+杯子
+松手
+松树
+松脂
+松针
+松鼠
+板凳
+构成
+果树
+果真
+枝干
+枝条
+枪栓
+枫叶
+枯竭
+枯萎
+染缸
+柔和
+柔嫩
+柔美
+柳叶
+柳枝
+柳树
+树枝
+树梢
+树苗
+样子
+根据
+根本
+格外
+格局
+桂花
+桃花
+桅杆
+桌子
+梅花
+梦乡
+梦想
+梳理
+检查
+检阅
+森林
+椅子
+植树
+楼梯
+榕树
+榨油
+模型
+模糊
+横七竖八
+樱桃
+橡皮
+次序
+欢快
+欢迎
+欣然
+欣赏
+欧洲
+欺负
+歇凉
+歌唱
+歌声
+武艺
+死得其所
+残暴
+殿堂
+毁坏
+毁灭
+母亲
+母鸡
+毒手
+比如
+毕业
+毛病
+毛茸茸
+毛虫
+毡帽
+民族
+气势
+气味
+气息
+氧气
+水墨画
+水泥
+水稻
+永远
+求饶
+汇集
+汉子
+汗毛
+汗珠
+汛期
+池塘
+汤圆
+汹涌澎湃
+汽笛
+沉寂
+沉思
+沉睡
+沉郁
+沉重
+沙哑
+沙漠
+没精打采
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+滴答
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+潇洒
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+澄碧
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+瀑布
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+灵巧
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+灿烂
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+炭火
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+烤鸭
+烦琐
+热乎乎
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+热烈
+热血沸腾
+热辣辣
+热闹
+焉知非福
+焦急
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+煤炭
+照例
+照办
+照耀
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+熟练
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+爷爷
+牙齿
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+真理
+眨眼通宵
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+瞬间
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+种子
+种类
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+稀罕
+程度
+稿纸
+空空如也
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+空隙
+穿戴
+突然
+窗前
+窗帘
+窗户
+窟窿
+立刻
+童年
+童话
+端庄
+竹子
+笑呵呵
+笑嘻嘻
+笑话
+笔直
+笨拙
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+笼罩
+等待
+筋疲力尽
+答应
+签字
+简单
+管理
+簇拥
+类似
+粉刷
+粉碎
+粉身碎骨
+粗壮
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+精巧
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+精疲力竭
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+精美
+精致
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+糖果
+糟糕
+系统
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+繁忙
+繁星
+繁殖
+纠正
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+纯熟
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+组成
+细小
+细胞
+终于
+经历
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+经验
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+结局
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+继续
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+编织
+缝隙
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+耐心
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+联系
+联结
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+肥料
+肥皂泡
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+脑袋
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+风景名胜
+风暴
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+飞越
+飞驰
+饭菜
+饭馆
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+饺子
+香味
+香甜
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+马蹄
+驾驶员
+骄傲
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+骏马
+骤然
+高傲
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+高远
+高速公路
+鬼脸
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+鲜美
+鲜艳
+鲜花
+鲫鱼
+鸽子
+鹅卵石
+麦子
+麻烦
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+黄昏
+黄河
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+黑乎乎
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+鼓点
+鼓舞
+齐头并进
+齿轮
+龙舟
+龟裂
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/dataGenerate/corpus/\346\210\220\350\257\255.txt" "b/dataGenerate/corpus/\346\210\220\350\257\255.txt"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c89bea
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/dataGenerate/corpus/\346\210\220\350\257\255.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,2246 @@
+实事求是
+达成协议
+引人注目
+出口创汇
+成千上万
+当务之急
+一如既往
+因地制宜
+不正之风
+脱颖而出
+紧密结合
+不知不觉
+坚持不懈
+卓有成效
+众所周知
+独立自主
+举世瞩目
+理所当然
+小心翼翼
+举足轻重
+参政议政
+兴致勃勃
+自力更生
+源远流长
+显而易见
+方方面面
+出人意料
+得天独厚
+达成共识
+源源不断
+与众不同
+自言自语
+开拓进取
+不以为然
+来之不易
+见义勇为
+不约而同
+百科全书
+大街小巷
+竭尽全力
+初具规模
+大案要案
+自然而然
+错综复杂
+兴高采烈
+意想不到
+形形色色
+不知所措
+突如其来
+家喻户晓
+惊心动魄
+层出不穷
+安居乐业
+多党合作
+截然不同
+愈演愈烈
+独一无二
+微不足道
+长治久安
+颁布实施
+息息相关
+此时此刻
+一无所知
+力所能及
+再接再厉
+脚踏实地
+无能为力
+不复存在
+聪明才智
+轰轰烈烈
+突飞猛进
+不失时机
+自强不息
+势在必行
+玩忽职守
+刻不容缓
+一丝不苟
+付诸实施
+优胜劣汰
+成效显著
+理直气壮
+五花八门
+刮目相看
+紧锣密鼓
+古今中外
+义不容辞
+相辅相成
+不折不扣
+循序渐进
+世世代代
+忧心忡忡
+意味深长
+自始至终
+初见成效
+无动于衷
+一心一意
+标本兼治
+必由之路
+鲜为人知
+不言而喻
+当家作主
+不遗余力
+拔地而起
+恶性循环
+出乎意料
+滔滔不绝
+栩栩如生
+激动人心
+眼花缭乱
+直截了当
+耳目一新
+触目惊心
+生机勃勃
+总而言之
+不败之地
+德才兼备
+拜金主义
+风风雨雨
+聚精会神
+兢兢业业
+此起彼伏
+史无前例
+方兴未艾
+比比皆是
+有条不紊
+随心所欲
+一目了然
+掉以轻心
+断断续续
+争先恐后
+翻天覆地
+有声有色
+不尽相同
+风云变幻
+继往开来
+纷至沓来
+记忆犹新
+一举一动
+视而不见
+万无一失
+超级市场
+摆脱困境
+大势所趋
+同心同德
+有目共睹
+声势浩大
+根深蒂固
+久而久之
+博大精深
+独生子女
+喜闻乐见
+与日俱增
+从无到有
+急功近利
+一视同仁
+恍然大悟
+雪上加霜
+廉洁奉公
+安然无恙
+心甘情愿
+雄心勃勃
+一帆风顺
+大起大落
+束手无策
+相提并论
+诸如此类
+勃勃生机
+先发制人
+语重心长
+力不从心
+心满意足
+顺理成章
+座无虚席
+不屈不挠
+背道而驰
+不同寻常
+当之无愧
+别开生面
+不堪设想
+持之以恒
+高瞻远瞩
+沸沸扬扬
+审时度势
+赖以生存
+五颜六色
+风俗习惯
+按劳分配
+熙熙攘攘
+丰功伟绩
+欣欣向荣
+咄咄逼人
+归根结底
+坚韧不拔
+一无所有
+干涉内政
+时时刻刻
+针锋相对
+津津乐道
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+倚老卖老
+以柔克刚
+饮鸩止渴
+庸人自扰
+欲擒故纵
+八面玲珑
+必然王国
+膘肥体壮
+东施效颦
+鬼哭狼嚎
+海誓山盟
+画地为牢
+九牛一毛
+开怀畅饮
+老调重弹
+手不释卷
+损兵折将
+投桃报李
+文过饰非
+以貌取人
+才貌双全
+大吹大擂
+大义灭亲
+敌我矛盾
+孤军深入
+黑灯瞎火
+力争上游
+图谋不轨
+才思敏捷
+调虎离山
+攻无不克
+功过是非
+过眼云烟
+襟怀坦白
+外强中干
+安危冷暖
+不解其意
+不足挂齿
+缓兵之计
+豁达大度
+开卷有益
+口出狂言
+天崩地裂
+为虎作伥
+抓耳挠腮
+大放厥词
+光阴似箭
+力所不及
+时不再来
+掩耳盗铃
+以邻为壑
+潮涨潮落
+炒买炒卖
+惩恶扬善
+分化瓦解
+老奸巨猾
+班门弄斧
+赤膊上阵
+冲昏头脑
+打家劫舍
+对牛弹琴
+解甲归田
+神态自若
+正中下怀
+不识抬举
+吃饱穿暖
+混淆是非
+老少咸宜
+里通外国
+污言秽语
+贻害无穷
+不善言谈
+付之一笑
+鬼迷心窍
+合二而一
+一毛不拔
+语惊四座
+残兵败将
+恩重如山
+飞扬跋扈
+吐故纳新
+衣不蔽体
+油腔滑调
+飞来横祸
+含而不露
+狐假虎威
+祸从天降
+亦喜亦忧
+按劳取酬
+奉若神明
+各执己见
+海枯石烂
+身强体壮
+指桑骂槐
+躲闪不及
+狐朋狗友
+眼疾手快
+自愧不如
+出口成章
+多谋善断
+胆大心细
+见所未见
+借尸还魂
+井底之蛙
+劳苦功高
+胸无大志
+濒临绝境
+悔之晚矣
+洁白无瑕
+锦绣前程
+成人之美
+吃亏上当
+老于世故
+是非分明
+冤家路窄
+成名成家
+离心离德
+同出一辙
+心怀叵测
+凶相毕露
+豆蔻年华
+指鹿为马
+不思悔改
+丑态百出
+传经送宝
+夫唱妇随
+话中有话
+择善而从
+弃暗投明
+惩前毖后
+独立王国
+放虎归山
+害人不浅
+探囊取物
+同床异梦
+温故知新
+莺歌燕舞
+饱食终日
+过河拆桥
+锦囊妙计
+力大无穷
+坦诚相待
+缘木求鱼
+自不量力
+安民告示
+不求上进
+封建残余
+含沙射影
+悉听尊便
+叶公好龙
+造谣中伤
+白日做梦
+弊多利少
+寸土必争
+有口难辩
+坐井观天
+不打自招
+几经曲折
+常驻机构
+声名大振
+玉石俱焚
+不耻下问
+查无实据
+唇亡齿寒
+肝脑涂地
+无往不胜
+坐收渔利
+比翼双飞
+臭名远扬
+大献殷勤
+改恶从善
+添枝加叶
+不亢不卑
+踌躇不前
+戴罪立功
+丢三落四
+俯首帖耳
+实心实意
+恃强凌弱
+万全之策
+闻过则喜
+一睹为快
+引而不发
+专横跋扈
+不上不下
+大显神通
+泛泛而谈
+光杆司令
+天诛地灭
+理屈词穷
+镇静自若
+壮志凌云
+百读不厌
+大材小用
+短线产品
+精妙绝伦
+妖言惑众
+一表人材
+杯盘狼藉
+才尽其用
+乘人不备
+臭不可闻
+胆小如鼠
+结党营私
+金无足赤
+是非不分
+凯旋而归
+有眼无珠
+隔墙有耳
+鸡犬不留
+惟利是图
+蹉跎岁月
+穿凿附会
+金盆洗手
+笑里藏刀
+星移斗转
+百般挑剔
+兵贵神速
+鸡鸣狗盗
+十冬腊月
+悲观厌世
+胆识过人
+刁钻古怪
+动机不纯
+勾勾搭搭
+狗仗人势
+望风而逃
+一丘之貉
+以卵击石
+暗送秋波
+成群结伙
+鸡飞蛋打
+兔死狐悲
+一孔之见
+贼喊捉贼
+朝秦暮楚
+大轰大嗡
+动荡不已
+封官许愿
+嫁祸于人
+望梅止渴
+衣冠禽兽
+百般刁难
+手疾眼快
+浩气长存
+兼听则明
+以怨报德
+众口难调
+杯弓蛇影
+臭味相投
+词不达意
+飞针走线
+负荆请罪
+管中窥豹
+谈笑自若
+天作之合
+一通百通
+造谣生事
+知彼知己
+横眉怒目
+水滴石穿
+顿开茅塞
+别有天地
+撤职查办
+攻其不备
+将功赎罪
+刻舟求剑
+包干到户
+鼎足之势
+丢盔卸甲
+口蜜腹剑
+天理不容
+由始至终
+安家立业
+海角天涯
+火中取栗
+将功折罪
+白璧无瑕
+笨鸟先飞
+残渣余孽
+穿山越岭
+瓮中捉鳖
+别树一帜
+不足为凭
+车载斗量
+天怒人怨
+有口无心
+暗自思量
+暗箭难防
+慌作一团
+借花献佛
+不可言状
+混淆黑白
+嫉贤妒能
+聪颖过人
+丢卒保车
+祸起萧墙
+生命攸关
+插翅难逃
+刀山火海
+狡兔三窟
+众怒难犯
+笨嘴笨舌
+耳听为虚
+威风扫地
+白费心机
+心口如一
+用兵如神
+罪不容诛
+挨门逐户
+厚古薄今
+寻根问底
+暗箭伤人
+东游西逛
+书香门弟
+吃里爬外
+锋芒所向
+海底捞月
+盖世无双
+惟命是从
+知过必改
+怙恶不悛
+老马识途
+不咎既往
+偷天换日
+知情不举
+坐视不救
+帮派体系
+春满人间
+耳聋眼花
+化为己有
+空话连篇
+按劳付酬
+常年不懈
+超人一等
+妒贤嫉能
+决一胜负
+一发千钧
+暗自欢喜
+百问不烦
+惩腐倡廉
+寸草不留
+翻然悔悟
+不分敌我
+声威大震
+高手林立
+坐地分赃
+假情假义
+纵虎归山
+层峦迭嶂
+厂校挂钩
+丢魂落魄
+寻踪觅迹
+低头丧气
+居功自恃
+惟才是举
+按章行事
+秉公守法
+等闲置之
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dataGenerate/dataSynthesis.py b/dataGenerate/dataSynthesis.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0cf1f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dataGenerate/dataSynthesis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
+'''
+@File : dataSynthesis.py
+@Time : 2023/09/02 09:56:52
+@Author : chenyang
+@Version : 1.0
+@Desc : 使用模版+元数据合成训练样本
+'''
+
+import os, sys
+sys.path.insert(0, os.getcwd())
+import re
+import random
+import json
+import argparse
+from tqdm import tqdm
+from typing import List, Dict, Any, Tuple
+
+from utils import split_Mix_word
+
+random.seed(10010)
+
+class DataSynthesis:
+ def __init__(self, templatePath:str, datasetDir:str) -> None:
+ # 合成数据的模板路径
+ self.templatePath = templatePath
+ # 合成数据的目录
+ self.datasetDir = datasetDir
+ # 合成数据的源语料目录
+ self.baseCorpusDir = "dataGenerate/corpus"
+ # 需要合成的场景,对应template.json中的意图类别
+ self.intentList = ["TranslationEnZh","TranslationZhEn","IdiomExplanation",
+ "CreateSentence","Antonym", "Synonym","GroupWord"]
+
+ def convert2slotLabel(self, sentence:str, slotName:str) ->str:
+ """转换句子或词转换为对应的Solt标签"""
+ words = split_Mix_word(sentence)
+ if "#" in sentence: #这里#用于标记slot位置，无特殊意义。
+ slotLabel = [slotName if word!="#" else word for word in words]
+ else:
+ slotLabel = [f"B-{slotName}" if i==0 else f"I-{slotName}" for i in range(len(words))]
+ return " ".join(slotLabel)
+
+ def __generate_label(self, corpusList, intent, intentTemplates, sampleN, corpusName, slotDict):
+ """生成标签数据"""
+ samples = []
+ for item in tqdm(corpusList, desc=intent): #源数据通过模板进行数据扩展
+ item = item.strip("-").strip()
+ # 生成slot标签, 这里生成的都是单槽位的数据 样例: template="翻译:{TransEnZhSentence}",
+ template = random.choice(intentTemplates)
+ pattern = r".*\{(.*)\}.*"
+ slotName = re.findall(pattern, template)[0]
+ slotLabel0 = self.convert2slotLabel(item, slotName)
+
+ template1 = template.replace("{%s}"%slotName, "#")
+ slotLabel1 = self.convert2slotLabel(template1, slotName="O")
+ slotLabel = slotLabel1.replace("#", slotLabel0)
+
+ sampleText = template.replace("{%s}"%slotName, item)
+ assert len(slotLabel.split(" "))==len(split_Mix_word(sampleText)), "分词和slot id数量不对应"
+ samples.append((intent, sampleText, slotLabel))
+
+ if not slotDict.get(slotName): slotDict.update({slotName:None})
+ #为防止单个源数据语料巨大(5w+), 导致单一样本占比过大。增加了单个语料的采样样本数量限制
+ if len(samples) > sampleN:
+ print(f"number of samples={len(samples)}, generated by {corpusName}")
+ break
+ return samples
+
+ def __synthsis_training_data(self, templateDict:Dict, slotDict:Dict, intent:str, sampleN:int=10) -> List:
+ """自动合成意图识别和槽位填充的数据和标签"""
+ datalist = []
+ synthesisDict = templateDict[intent]
+ intentTemplates = synthesisDict["template"]
+ intentCorpusNames = synthesisDict["corpus"]
+
+ for corpusName in intentCorpusNames:
+ corpusPath = os.path.join(self.baseCorpusDir, corpusName)
+ assert os.path.exists(corpusPath), f"Not found {corpusPath}, please check."
+ with open(corpusPath) as f: corpusList = f.readlines()
+ samples = self.__generate_label(corpusList, intent, intentTemplates, sampleN, corpusName, slotDict)
+ # 合并多个源数据合成的数据
+ datalist += samples
+ return datalist
+
+ def __split_dataset(self, datalist:List, testRatio=0.1) -> Tuple[List, List, List]:
+ """train:dev:test = 8:1:1 """
+ random.shuffle(datalist)
+
+ n = int(testRatio * len(datalist))
+ testList = datalist[:n]
+ devList = datalist[n:2*n]
+ trainList = datalist[2*n:]
+ return trainList, devList, testList
+
+ def __call__(self, sampleN:int, *args: Any, **kwds: Any) -> None:
+ assert os.path.exists(self.templatePath), f"Not found {self.templatePath}."
+ with open(self.templatePath) as f: templateDict = json.load(f)
+
+ # 合成每个任务场景的数据
+ trainset, devset, testset = [],[],[]
+ slotDict = {}
+ for intent in self.intentList:
+ assert templateDict.get(intent), f"Not found [{intent}] in {self.templatePath}"
+ datalist = self.__synthsis_training_data(templateDict,slotDict, intent,sampleN)
+ trainList, devList, testList = self.__split_dataset(datalist)
+ print(f"intent={intent},totalN={len(datalist)}, #trainList={len(trainList)},#devList={len(devList)}, #testlist={len(testList)}")
+
+ trainset += trainList; devset+=devList; testset += testList
+ print(f"#trainset={len(trainset)}, #devset={len(devset)}, #testset={len(testset)}")
+
+ # save all dataset
+ random.shuffle(trainset); random.shuffle(devset); random.shuffle(testset)
+ for mode in ["train", "dev", "test"]:
+ outdir = os.path.join(self.datasetDir, mode)
+ os.makedirs(outdir, exist_ok=True)
+ for i, filename in enumerate(["label", "seq.in", "seq.out"]):
+ with open(os.path.join(outdir, filename), "w") as f:
+ f.write("\n".join([item[i] for item in eval(f"{mode}set")]))
+ # save intent and slot label
+ intentList = ["UNK"] + self.intentList
+ slotList = ["PAD","UNK","O"]
+ for slot in slotDict.keys():
+ slotList += [f"B-{slot}", f"I-{slot}"]
+ with open(os.path.join(self.datasetDir,"intent_label.txt"), "w") as f:
+ f.write("\n".join(intentList))
+ with open(os.path.join(self.datasetDir,"slot_label.txt"), "w") as f:
+ f.write("\n".join(slotList))
+ print(f"output dir = {self.datasetDir}")
+
+if __name__=="__main__":
+ """Usage
+ python3 dataGenerate/dataSynthesis.py
+ """
+ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+ parser.add_argument("--templatePath", type=str, default="data/templates/template.json",
+ help="预定义模板路径")
+ parser.add_argument("--datasetDir", type=str, default="data/generalQA",
+ help="预定义模板路径")
+ parser.add_argument("--sampleN", type=int, default=10000,
+ help="每个源数据采样的样本数")
+ args = parser.parse_args()
+ datasynObj = DataSynthesis(args.templatePath, args.datasetDir)
+ datasynObj(args.sampleN)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data_loader.py b/data_loader.py
index dbaa512..8da7b92 100644
--- a/data_loader.py
+++ b/data_loader.py
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
import torch
from torch.utils.data import TensorDataset
-
-from utils import get_intent_labels, get_slot_labels
+from utils import get_intent_labels, get_slot_labels, split_Mix_word
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -67,14 +66,16 @@ def to_json_string(self):
class JointProcessor(object):
"""Processor for the JointBERT data set """
- def __init__(self, args):
+ def __init__(self, args, task):
self.args = args
+ self.task = task
self.intent_labels = get_intent_labels(args)
self.slot_labels = get_slot_labels(args)
self.input_text_file = 'seq.in'
self.intent_label_file = 'label'
self.slot_labels_file = 'seq.out'
+
@classmethod
def _read_file(cls, input_file, quotechar=None):
@@ -91,7 +92,10 @@ def _create_examples(self, texts, intents, slots, set_type):
for i, (text, intent, slot) in enumerate(zip(texts, intents, slots)):
guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, i)
# 1. input_text
- words = text.split() # Some are spaced twice
+ if self.task=="generalQA":
+ words = split_Mix_word(text)
+ else:
+ words = text.split() # Some are spaced twice
# 2. intent
intent_label = self.intent_labels.index(intent) if intent in self.intent_labels else self.intent_labels.index("UNK")
# 3. slot
@@ -118,7 +122,8 @@ def get_examples(self, mode):
processors = {
"atis": JointProcessor,
- "snips": JointProcessor
+ "snips": JointProcessor,
+ "generalQA": JointProcessor,
}
@@ -208,20 +213,20 @@ def convert_examples_to_features(examples, max_seq_len, tokenizer,
def load_and_cache_examples(args, tokenizer, mode):
- processor = processors[args.task](args)
+ processor = processors[args.task](args, args.task)
# Load data features from cache or dataset file
cached_features_file = os.path.join(
- args.data_dir,
- 'cached_{}_{}_{}_{}'.format(
- mode,
+ args.cache_dir,
+ '{}_{}_{}_{}'.format(
args.task,
+ mode,
list(filter(None, args.model_name_or_path.split("/"))).pop(),
args.max_seq_len
)
)
- if os.path.exists(cached_features_file):
+ if os.path.exists(cached_features_file) and args.use_cache:
logger.info("Loading features from cached file %s", cached_features_file)
features = torch.load(cached_features_file)
else:
@@ -241,6 +246,7 @@ def load_and_cache_examples(args, tokenizer, mode):
features = convert_examples_to_features(examples, args.max_seq_len, tokenizer,
pad_token_label_id=pad_token_label_id)
logger.info("Saving features into cached file %s", cached_features_file)
+ if not os.path.exists(args.cache_dir):os.makedirs(args.cache_dir)
torch.save(features, cached_features_file)
# Convert to Tensors and build dataset
diff --git a/main.py b/main.py
index eca6fe4..6d79c4e 100644
--- a/main.py
+++ b/main.py
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@ def main(args):
trainer.load_model()
trainer.evaluate("test")
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+def args_parse():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("--task", default=None, required=True, type=str, help="The name of the task to train")
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ def main(args):
parser.add_argument("--model_type", default="bert", type=str, help="Model type selected in the list: " + ", ".join(MODEL_CLASSES.keys()))
parser.add_argument('--seed', type=int, default=1234, help="random seed for initialization")
- parser.add_argument("--train_batch_size", default=32, type=int, help="Batch size for training.")
+ parser.add_argument("--train_batch_size", default=64, type=int, help="Batch size for training.")
parser.add_argument("--eval_batch_size", default=64, type=int, help="Batch size for evaluation.")
parser.add_argument("--max_seq_len", default=50, type=int, help="The maximum total input sequence length after tokenization.")
parser.add_argument("--learning_rate", default=5e-5, type=float, help="The initial learning rate for Adam.")
@@ -66,6 +65,12 @@ def main(args):
parser.add_argument("--use_crf", action="store_true", help="Whether to use CRF")
parser.add_argument("--slot_pad_label", default="PAD", type=str, help="Pad token for slot label pad (to be ignore when calculate loss)")
+ parser.add_argument("--use_cache", action="store_true", help="Whether to use cache dataset")
+ parser.add_argument("--cache_dir", type=str, default="data/cached", help="Where to cache dataset")
+ return parser
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ parser = args_parse()
args = parser.parse_args()
args.model_name_or_path = MODEL_PATH_MAP[args.model_type]
diff --git a/model/modeling_jointbert.py b/model/modeling_jointbert.py
index 08e53c5..1d5bc21 100644
--- a/model/modeling_jointbert.py
+++ b/model/modeling_jointbert.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def __init__(self, config, args, intent_label_lst, slot_label_lst):
def forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask, token_type_ids, intent_label_ids, slot_labels_ids):
outputs = self.bert(input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask,
token_type_ids=token_type_ids) # sequence_output, pooled_output, (hidden_states), (attentions)
- sequence_output = outputs[0]
+ sequence_output = outputs[0] # hidden_states, B, Length, dim
pooled_output = outputs[1] # [CLS]
intent_logits = self.intent_classifier(pooled_output)
diff --git a/predict.py b/predict.py
index abcdd00..27ccd9f 100644
--- a/predict.py
+++ b/predict.py
@@ -4,14 +4,16 @@
from tqdm import tqdm, trange
import numpy as np
+import requests
import torch
from torch.utils.data import TensorDataset, DataLoader, SequentialSampler
-from utils import init_logger, load_tokenizer, get_intent_labels, get_slot_labels, MODEL_CLASSES
+from utils import init_logger, load_tokenizer, get_intent_labels, get_slot_labels, MODEL_CLASSES, split_Mix_word
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
def get_device(pred_config):
return "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() and not pred_config.no_cuda else "cpu"
@@ -41,10 +43,14 @@ def load_model(pred_config, args, device):
def read_input_file(pred_config):
lines = []
+
with open(pred_config.input_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
for line in f:
- line = line.strip()
- words = line.split()
+ if pred_config.task=="generalQA":
+ words = split_Mix_word(line.strip())
+ else:
+ line = line.strip()
+ words = line.split()
lines.append(words)
return lines
@@ -124,8 +130,42 @@ def convert_input_file_to_tensor_dataset(lines,
return dataset
+def download_file(url: str, fname: str, chunk_size=1024):
+ """Helper function to download a file from a given url"""
+ resp = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+ total = int(resp.headers.get("content-length", 0))
+ with open(fname, "wb") as file, tqdm(
+ desc=fname,
+ total=total,
+ unit="iB",
+ unit_scale=True,
+ unit_divisor=1024,
+ ) as bar:
+ for data in resp.iter_content(chunk_size=chunk_size):
+ size = file.write(data)
+ bar.update(size)
+
+def download(model_dir):
+ """下载模型"""
+ if not model_dir.endswith("generalQA"): return None
+ url = "https://huggingface.co/52AI/generalQA_intent_slotFilling/resolve/main"
+ filenames = ["config.json", "pytorch_model.bin", "training_args.bin"]
+ os.makedirs(model_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ def download_with_url(data_url, data_filename):
+ if not os.path.exists(data_filename):
+ print(f"Downloading {data_url} to {data_filename}...")
+ download_file(data_url, data_filename)
+ else:
+ print(f"{data_filename} already exists, skipping download...")
+ for filename in filenames:
+ data_url = os.path.join(url, filename)
+ data_filename = os.path.join(model_dir, filename)
+ download_with_url(data_url, data_filename)
+
def predict(pred_config):
+ # download pretrained model from huggingFace
+ download(pred_config.model_dir)
# load model and args
args = get_args(pred_config)
device = get_device(pred_config)
@@ -196,6 +236,8 @@ def predict(pred_config):
slot_preds_list[i].append(slot_label_map[slot_preds[i][j]])
# Write to output file
+ outdir = os.path.dirname(pred_config.output_file)
+ if not os.path.exists(outdir): os.makedirs(outdir)
with open(pred_config.output_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
for words, slot_preds, intent_pred in zip(lines, slot_preds_list, intent_preds):
line = ""
@@ -204,21 +246,18 @@ def predict(pred_config):
line = line + word + " "
else:
line = line + "[{}:{}] ".format(word, pred)
- f.write("<{}> -> {}\n".format(intent_label_lst[intent_pred], line.strip()))
+ f.write("<{}> -> {}\n\n".format(intent_label_lst[intent_pred], line.strip()))
- logger.info("Prediction Done!")
+ logger.info(f"Prediction Done! savepath = {pred_config.output_file}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
init_logger()
- parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-
+ # parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+ from main import args_parse
+ parser = args_parse()
parser.add_argument("--input_file", default="sample_pred_in.txt", type=str, help="Input file for prediction")
parser.add_argument("--output_file", default="sample_pred_out.txt", type=str, help="Output file for prediction")
- parser.add_argument("--model_dir", default="./atis_model", type=str, help="Path to save, load model")
-
parser.add_argument("--batch_size", default=32, type=int, help="Batch size for prediction")
- parser.add_argument("--no_cuda", action="store_true", help="Avoid using CUDA when available")
-
pred_config = parser.parse_args()
predict(pred_config)
diff --git a/readme_en.md b/readme_en.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f14794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/readme_en.md
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# JointBERT
+
+(Unofficial) Pytorch implementation of `JointBERT`: [BERT for Joint Intent Classification and Slot Filling](https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10909)
+
+## Model Architecture
+
+
+
+
+
+- Predict `intent` and `slot` at the same time from **one BERT model** (=Joint model)
+- total_loss = intent_loss + coef \* slot_loss (Change coef with `--slot_loss_coef` option)
+- **If you want to use CRF layer, give `--use_crf` option**
+
+## Dependencies
+
+- python>=3.6
+- torch==1.6.0
+- transformers==3.0.2
+- seqeval==0.0.12
+- pytorch-crf==0.7.2
+
+## Dataset
+
+| | Train | Dev | Test | Intent Labels | Slot Labels |
+| ----- | ------ | --- | ---- | ------------- | ----------- |
+| ATIS | 4,478 | 500 | 893 | 21 | 120 |
+| Snips | 13,084 | 700 | 700 | 7 | 72 |
+
+- The number of labels are based on the _train_ dataset.
+- Add `UNK` for labels (For intent and slot labels which are only shown in _dev_ and _test_ dataset)
+- Add `PAD` for slot label
+
+## Training & Evaluation
+
+```bash
+$ python3 main.py --task {task_name} \
+ --model_type {model_type} \
+ --model_dir {model_dir_name} \
+ --do_train --do_eval \
+ --use_crf
+
+# For ATIS
+$ python3 main.py --task atis \
+ --model_type bert \
+ --model_dir atis_model \
+ --do_train --do_eval
+# For Snips
+$ python3 main.py --task snips \
+ --model_type bert \
+ --model_dir snips_model \
+ --do_train --do_eval
+```
+
+## Prediction
+
+```bash
+$ python3 predict.py --input_file {INPUT_FILE_PATH} --output_file {OUTPUT_FILE_PATH} --model_dir {SAVED_CKPT_PATH}
+```
+
+## Results
+
+- Run 5 ~ 10 epochs (Record the best result)
+- Only test with `uncased` model
+- ALBERT xxlarge sometimes can't converge well for slot prediction.
+
+| | | Intent acc (%) | Slot F1 (%) | Sentence acc (%) |
+| --------- | ---------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ---------------- |
+| **Snips** | BERT | **99.14** | 96.90 | 93.00 |
+| | BERT + CRF | 98.57 | **97.24** | **93.57** |
+| | DistilBERT | 98.00 | 96.10 | 91.00 |
+| | DistilBERT + CRF | 98.57 | 96.46 | 91.85 |
+| | ALBERT | 98.43 | 97.16 | 93.29 |
+| | ALBERT + CRF | 99.00 | 96.55 | 92.57 |
+| **ATIS** | BERT | 97.87 | 95.59 | 88.24 |
+| | BERT + CRF | **97.98** | 95.93 | 88.58 |
+| | DistilBERT | 97.76 | 95.50 | 87.68 |
+| | DistilBERT + CRF | 97.65 | 95.89 | 88.24 |
+| | ALBERT | 97.64 | 95.78 | 88.13 |
+| | ALBERT + CRF | 97.42 | **96.32** | **88.69** |
+
+## Updates
+
+- 2019/12/03: Add DistilBert and RoBERTa result
+- 2019/12/14: Add Albert (large v1) result
+- 2019/12/22: Available to predict sentences
+- 2019/12/26: Add Albert (xxlarge v1) result
+- 2019/12/29: Add CRF option
+- 2019/12/30: Available to check `sentence-level semantic frame accuracy`
+- 2020/01/23: Only show the result related with uncased model
+- 2020/04/03: Update with new prediction code
+
+## References
+
+- [Huggingface Transformers](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers)
+- [pytorch-crf](https://github.com/kmkurn/pytorch-crf)
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index f3c1e16..583400b 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-torch==1.6.0
+python>=3.8
+torch==2.0.1
transformers==3.0.2
-seqeval==0.0.12
+seqeval==1.2.2
pytorch-crf==0.7.2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/utils.py b/utils.py
index 3ca6dc9..a32bffa 100644
--- a/utils.py
+++ b/utils.py
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@
MODEL_CLASSES = {
'bert': (BertConfig, JointBERT, BertTokenizer),
+ 'bertzh': (BertConfig, JointBERT, BertTokenizer),
'distilbert': (DistilBertConfig, JointDistilBERT, DistilBertTokenizer),
'albert': (AlbertConfig, JointAlbert, AlbertTokenizer)
}
MODEL_PATH_MAP = {
'bert': 'bert-base-uncased',
+ 'bertzh': 'bert-base-chinese',
'distilbert': 'distilbert-base-uncased',
'albert': 'albert-xxlarge-v1'
}
@@ -105,3 +107,77 @@ def get_sentence_frame_acc(intent_preds, intent_labels, slot_preds, slot_labels)
return {
"sementic_frame_acc": sementic_acc
}
+
+
+
+enSet = set("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ-\'")
+digitSet = set("1234567890")
+pinyinSet = set("āáǎàōóǒòēéěèīíǐìūúǔùüǖǘǚǜ")
+def is_zh(c):
+ x = ord (c)
+ if x >= 0x4e00 and x <= 0x9fbb:
+ return True
+ # CJK Compatibility Ideographs
+ elif x >= 0xf900 and x <= 0xfad9:
+ return True
+ # CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
+ elif x >= 0x20000 and x <= 0x2a6d6:
+ return True
+ # CJK Compatibility Supplement
+ elif x >= 0x2f800 and x <= 0x2fa1d:
+ return True
+ else:
+ return False
+
+def alphabet2typeArray(alphabet):
+ """标记输入字符串每个字符的类型"""
+ type1 = np.empty([len(alphabet)], np.int32)
+ for i, c in enumerate(alphabet):
+ if is_zh(c):
+ type1[i]=0 #中文
+ elif c in enSet:
+ type1[i]=1 #英文
+ elif c in pinyinSet:
+ type1[i]=1 #拼音
+ elif c in digitSet:
+ type1[i]=2 #数字
+ elif c=="\u3000" or c==" ":
+ type1[i]=3 #空格
+ else:
+ type1[i]=4 #符号
+ return type1
+
+def split_Mix_word(str1):
+ """对混合字符串进行分词，中文字符分，英文和数字合并，符合单独"""
+ typeList = alphabet2typeArray(str1) # 0:zh, 1:en, 2:digst 3:space 4:symbol
+
+ words = [] # 存放分割好的词,字
+ prevtype = -1 # 标记上一次的type
+ tmpword = "" # 记录需要合并的字符
+ for i, (char, type1) in enumerate(zip(str1, typeList)):
+ if tmpword and prevtype != type1 and not(prevtype==1 and type1==2):
+ words.append(tmpword)
+ tmpword = ""; prevtype = type1
+ if type1==0:
+ words.append(char)
+ elif type1==1 or type1==2:
+ tmpword += char
+ prevtype = type1
+ elif type1 ==3: continue
+ elif type1 == 4: words.append(char)
+ if i==len(str1)-1 and tmpword: words.append(tmpword)
+ return words
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ # 中英混合分词测试
+ strlist = [
+ # "play the top20 best chicane songs on deezer",
+ "add the entire album into indie español"
+ # "In this page, we will show you how to share a model增加样本#数量12",
+ # "请问In this page, we will show you how to share a model",
+ # "12加14等于多少?",
+ # "我喜欢旅游"
+ ]
+ for str1 in strlist:
+ words = split_Mix_word(str1)
+ print(words)
\ No newline at end of file