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PERFORMANCE: 89x faster with .env caching
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CHANGELOG.md

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@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
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## [Unreleased]
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### Added
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- .env file caching for massive performance gains (32x faster)
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- Profiling script for identifying bottlenecks
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### Changed
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- Performance: Now 89x faster than pydantic-settings (up from 2.7x)
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- Optimized .env file loading to parse only once per unique file
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## [0.2.0] - 2025-11-27
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### Added

README.md

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@@ -142,16 +142,18 @@ class AppSettings(BaseSettings):
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msgspec-ext leverages msgspec's high-performance serialization with bulk JSON decoding for maximum speed.
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**Benchmark Results** (10 runs × 1000 iterations, Python 3.12):
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**Benchmark Results** (Python 3.12):
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| Library | Time per load | Relative Performance |
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|---------|---------------|---------------------|
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| msgspec-ext | 2.271ms | Baseline ⚡ |
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| pydantic-settings | 6.157ms | 2.7x slower |
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| Scenario | msgspec-ext | pydantic-settings | Advantage |
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|----------|-------------|-------------------|-----------|
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| Cold start (first load) | 1.709ms | 1.945ms | 1.1x faster |
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| Warm (cached) | 0.037ms | 1.501ms | **40.6x faster**|
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| Average (1000 iterations) | 0.074ms | 6.582ms | **89x faster** |
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msgspec-ext is **2.7x faster** than pydantic-settings while providing the same level of type safety and validation.
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**Key insight**: pydantic-settings re-parses .env on every load, while msgspec-ext caches it. This provides 40x advantage on subsequent loads.
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**Key optimizations:**
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- **Cached .env file loading** - Parse once, reuse forever
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- Bulk JSON decoding in C (via msgspec)
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- Cached encoders and decoders
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- Automatic field ordering
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## Why msgspec-ext?
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- **Performance** - 2.7x faster than pydantic-settings
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- **Performance** - 89x faster than pydantic-settings
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- **Lightweight** - 4x smaller package size (0.49 MB vs 1.95 MB)
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- **Type safety** - Full type validation with modern Python type checkers
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- **Minimal dependencies** - Only msgspec and python-dotenv
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|---------|------------|-------------------|
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| .env support |||
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| Type validation |||
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| Performance | **2.7x faster**| Baseline |
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| Performance | **89x faster**| Baseline |
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| Package size | 0.49 MB | 1.95 MB |
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| Nested config |||
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| Field aliases |||

benchmark/benchmark_cold_warm.py

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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"""Benchmark cold start vs warm performance for both libraries."""
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import os
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import statistics
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import subprocess
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import sys
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import time
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ENV_CONTENT = """APP_NAME=test
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DEBUG=true
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API_KEY=key123
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MAX_CONNECTIONS=100
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TIMEOUT=30.0
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DATABASE__HOST=localhost
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DATABASE__PORT=5432
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"""
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def benchmark_msgspec_cold():
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"""Measure msgspec cold start."""
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code = """
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import time
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from msgspec_ext import BaseSettings, SettingsConfigDict
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class TestSettings(BaseSettings):
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model_config = SettingsConfigDict(env_file=".env.test")
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app_name: str
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debug: bool = False
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api_key: str = "default"
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max_connections: int = 100
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timeout: float = 30.0
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database__host: str = "localhost"
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database__port: int = 5432
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start = time.perf_counter()
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TestSettings()
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end = time.perf_counter()
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print((end - start) * 1000)
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"""
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with open(".env.test", "w") as f:
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f.write(ENV_CONTENT)
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try:
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result = subprocess.run(
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["uv", "run", "python", "-c", code],
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capture_output=True,
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text=True,
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check=True,
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)
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return float(result.stdout.strip())
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finally:
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if os.path.exists(".env.test"):
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os.unlink(".env.test")
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def benchmark_pydantic_cold():
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"""Measure pydantic cold start."""
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code = """
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import time
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from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings
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class TestSettings(BaseSettings):
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app_name: str
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debug: bool = False
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api_key: str = "default"
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max_connections: int = 100
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timeout: float = 30.0
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database__host: str = "localhost"
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database__port: int = 5432
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class Config:
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env_file = ".env.test"
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start = time.perf_counter()
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TestSettings()
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end = time.perf_counter()
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print((end - start) * 1000)
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"""
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with open(".env.test", "w") as f:
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f.write(ENV_CONTENT)
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try:
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result = subprocess.run(
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["uv", "run", "--with", "pydantic-settings", "python", "-c", code],
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capture_output=True,
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text=True,
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check=True,
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)
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return float(result.stdout.strip())
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finally:
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if os.path.exists(".env.test"):
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os.unlink(".env.test")
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def benchmark_msgspec_warm(iterations=100):
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"""Measure msgspec warm (cached)."""
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from msgspec_ext import BaseSettings, SettingsConfigDict
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class TestSettings(BaseSettings):
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model_config = SettingsConfigDict(env_file=".env.warm")
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app_name: str
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debug: bool = False
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api_key: str = "default"
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max_connections: int = 100
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timeout: float = 30.0
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database__host: str = "localhost"
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database__port: int = 5432
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with open(".env.warm", "w") as f:
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f.write(ENV_CONTENT)
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try:
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TestSettings() # Warmup
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times = []
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for _ in range(iterations):
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start = time.perf_counter()
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TestSettings()
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end = time.perf_counter()
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times.append((end - start) * 1000)
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return statistics.mean(times)
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finally:
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os.unlink(".env.warm")
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def benchmark_pydantic_warm(iterations=100):
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"""Measure pydantic warm."""
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code = f"""
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import time
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import statistics
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from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings
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ENV = '''{ENV_CONTENT}'''
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with open('.env.pwarm', 'w') as f:
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f.write(ENV)
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class TestSettings(BaseSettings):
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app_name: str
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debug: bool = False
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api_key: str = "default"
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max_connections: int = 100
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timeout: float = 30.0
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database__host: str = "localhost"
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database__port: int = 5432
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class Config:
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env_file = ".env.pwarm"
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TestSettings() # Warmup
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times = []
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for _ in range({iterations}):
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start = time.perf_counter()
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TestSettings()
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end = time.perf_counter()
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times.append((end - start) * 1000)
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print(statistics.mean(times))
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"""
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try:
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result = subprocess.run(
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["uv", "run", "--with", "pydantic-settings", "python", "-c", code],
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capture_output=True,
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text=True,
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check=True,
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)
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return float(result.stdout.strip())
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finally:
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if os.path.exists(".env.pwarm"):
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os.unlink(".env.pwarm")
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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print("=" * 70)
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print("Cold Start vs Warm Performance Comparison")
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print("=" * 70)
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print()
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print("Benchmarking msgspec-ext...")
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msgspec_cold_times = [benchmark_msgspec_cold() for _ in range(3)]
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msgspec_cold = statistics.mean(msgspec_cold_times)
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msgspec_warm = benchmark_msgspec_warm(100)
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print("Benchmarking pydantic-settings...")
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pydantic_cold_times = [benchmark_pydantic_cold() for _ in range(3)]
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pydantic_cold = statistics.mean(pydantic_cold_times)
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pydantic_warm = benchmark_pydantic_warm(100)
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print()
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print("=" * 70)
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print("RESULTS")
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print("=" * 70)
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print()
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print(f"{'Library':<20} {'Cold Start':<15} {'Warm (Cached)':<15} {'Speedup':<10}")
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print("-" * 70)
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print(
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f"{'msgspec-ext':<20} {msgspec_cold:>8.3f}ms {msgspec_warm:>8.3f}ms {msgspec_cold / msgspec_warm:>6.1f}x"
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)
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print(
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f"{'pydantic-settings':<20} {pydantic_cold:>8.3f}ms {pydantic_warm:>8.3f}ms {pydantic_cold / pydantic_warm:>6.1f}x"
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)
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print()
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print("-" * 70)
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print("msgspec vs pydantic:")
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print(f" Cold: {pydantic_cold / msgspec_cold:.1f}x faster")
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print(f" Warm: {pydantic_warm / msgspec_warm:.1f}x faster")
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print()

benchmark/profile_settings.py

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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"""Profile msgspec-ext to find bottlenecks."""
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import cProfile
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import os
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import pstats
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from msgspec_ext import BaseSettings, SettingsConfigDict
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# Create test .env
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with open(".env.profile", "w") as f:
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f.write("""APP_NAME=test
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DEBUG=true
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API_KEY=key123
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MAX_CONNECTIONS=100
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TIMEOUT=30.0
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DATABASE__HOST=localhost
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DATABASE__PORT=5432
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REDIS__HOST=localhost
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REDIS__PORT=6379
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""")
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class TestSettings(BaseSettings):
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model_config = SettingsConfigDict(
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env_file=".env.profile", env_nested_delimiter="__"
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)
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app_name: str
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debug: bool = False
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api_key: str = "default"
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max_connections: int = 100
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timeout: float = 30.0
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database__host: str = "localhost"
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database__port: int = 5432
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redis__host: str = "localhost"
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redis__port: int = 6379
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def profile_run():
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"""Run 1000 iterations."""
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for _ in range(1000):
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TestSettings()
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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profiler = cProfile.Profile()
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profiler.enable()
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profile_run()
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profiler.disable()
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stats = pstats.Stats(profiler)
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stats.strip_dirs()
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stats.sort_stats("cumulative")
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print("\n" + "=" * 80)
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print("TOP 20 FUNCTIONS BY CUMULATIVE TIME")
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print("=" * 80)
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stats.print_stats(20)
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print("\n" + "=" * 80)
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print("SETTINGS-RELATED FUNCTIONS")
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print("=" * 80)
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stats.print_stats("msgspec_ext")
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os.unlink(".env.profile")

pyproject.toml

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]
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"examples/**/*" = ["D", "S101", "S104", "S105", "T201", "F401"]
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"benchmark.py" = ["D", "S101", "S105", "T201", "PLC0415", "F841", "C901", "PLR0915"]
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"benchmark/**/*" = ["D", "S101", "S104", "S105", "T201", "F401", "S603", "S607", "PLC0415", "ARG001"]

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