wiki_birds.json

[
  {
    "name": "Wandering whistling duck",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrocygna_arcuata",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "SBG, SBTB, WCP, Marina East, Marina South, P. Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Wandering_Whistling_Duck_-_melbourne_zoo_cropped.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Formerly named tree ducks, the wandering whistling duck has its new name because of their loud whistling calls and the whistling noise their wings make during flight. They have long necks and legs and look like a cross between a goose and a duck. They have a strong head and neck with a darker crown and hindneck. The breast contains black spotting and the feathers are mostly dark brown. They range in size from 54–60 cm in height and weigh on average 750 grams. They mainly feed on grasses, waterlilies, water plants and occasionally insects and aquatic vertebrae."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser whistling duck",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrocygna_javanica",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Halus, Jurong Central Park, Kranji Marsh, SBTB, SBG, SBWR, WCP, Yishun, P. Punggol, S. Serangoon",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Dendrocygna_javanica_-_Chiang_Mai.jpg",
        "text": "In Chiang Mai Province, Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This chestnut brown duck is confusable only with the fulvous whistling duck (D. bicolor) but has chestnut upper-tail coverts unlike the creamy white in the latter. The ring around the eye is orange to yellow. When flying straight, their head is held below the level of the body as in other Dendrocygna species. The crown appears dark and the sexes are alike in plumage. They fly slowly but with rapid wing-flapping and usually produce a repetitive wheezy seasick call as they circle overhead. They are very nocturnal and often rest during the day. The outermost primary feather has the inner vane modified. They produce very prominent whistling sound while flying."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Cotton pygmy-goose",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettapus_coromandelianus",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "CCNR, Halus, Kranji Marsh, SBTB, LSR, Poyan, WCP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Cotton_Pygmy-goose.jpg",
        "text": "Male (left) followed by a female, race albipennis"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Small individuals of this species are the smallest waterfowl on earth, at as little as 160 g (5.6 oz) and 26 cm (10 in). The goose-like bill is short and deep at the base. Males have a dark brown forehead and crown and a blackish green broad collar at the base of the neck. The sides of the head and neck are whitish. The back, wing coverts and scapulars are dark brown with green and purple gloss. The female has a duller cap and a brown line through the eye. The collar is replaced by spots and the face is flecked and neck finely vermiculated unlike the male. The non-breeding or eclipse male resembles the female except that it has the broader white wing band. In flight the male has dark wings with white flight feathers tipped in black. The female has dark wings and a white trailing edge to the secondaries and a few inner primaries. They have a red iris and black legs (greenish in breeding males) and bill.",
      "Downy chicks have white superciliary stripes that meet at the back of the head which is black. A short dark eye stripe is present on the whitish face. The upperside of the neck is grey. The mantle is grey brown and two white patches are present on the scapulars. The tail is dark grey to black. The underside is buff.",
      "The hind toe is narrowly lobed. The nostril is small and oval and opens close to the base of the commissure of the bill."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Garganey",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatula_querquedula",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Changi, CCNR, Halus, Poyan, SBWR, Tuas, Marina South, Tanah Merah",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Garganey_%28Anas_querquedula%29_RWD3.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult male is unmistakable, with its brown head and breast with a broad white crescent over the eye. The rest of the plumage is grey, with loose grey scapular feathers It has a grey bill and legs. In flight it shows a pale blue speculum with a white border. When swimming it will show prominent white edges on its tertials. His crown (anatomy) is dark and face is reddish brown.",
      "Some care is needed in separating the brown female from the similar common teal, but the stronger face markings and more frequent head-shaking when dabbling are good indicators. Confusion with the female of the blue-winged teal is also possible, but the head and bill shape is different, and the latter species has yellow legs. Pale eyebrow, dark eye line, pale lore spot bordered by a second dark line.",
      "Measurements:",
      "These birds feed mainly by skimming rather than upending.",
      "The male has a distinctive crackling mating call; the female is rather silent for a female duck, but can manage a feeble quack.",
      "Garganey are rare breeding birds in the British Isles, with most breeding in quiet marshes in Norfolk and Suffolk. In Ireland a few pairs  breed in County Wexford, with occasional breeding elsewhere.",
      "The garganey is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. The status of the garganey on the IUCN Red List is least concern."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Northern shoveler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatula_clypeata",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, Poyan, SBWR (2008)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Northern_shoveler_Steve_Sinclair_outreach_use_only_%2819838806616%29.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Northern_Shoveler-Anas_clypeata_female.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species is unmistakable in the northern hemisphere due to its large spatulate bill. The breeding drake has an iridescent dark green head, white breast and chestnut belly and flanks. In flight, pale blue forewing feathers are revealed, separated from the green speculum by a white border. In early fall the male will have a white crescent on each side of the face. In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake resembles the female.",
      "The female is a drab mottled brown like other dabblers, with plumage much like a female mallard, but easily distinguished by the long broad bill, which is gray tinged with orange on cutting edge and lower mandible. The female's forewing is gray.",
      "They are 48 cm (19 in) long and have a wingspan of 76 cm (30 in) with a weight of 600 g (1.3 lb)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gadwall",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareca_strepera",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Punggol (1989)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gadwall-Anas-strepera.jpg",
        "text": " Calls recorded in the Netherlands"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Gadwall-female.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The gadwall is 46–56 cm (18–22 in) long with a 78–90 cm (31–35 in) wingspan. The male is slightly larger than the female, weighing on average 990 g (35 oz) against her 850 g (30 oz). The breeding male is patterned grey, with a black rear end, light chestnut wings, and a brilliant white speculum, obvious in flight or at rest. In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female, but retains the male wing pattern, and is usually greyer above and has less orange on the bill.",
      "The female is light brown, with plumage much like a female mallard. It can be distinguished from that species by the dark orange-edged bill, smaller size, the white speculum, and white belly. Both sexes go through two moults annually, following a juvenile moult.",
      "The gadwall is a quieter duck, except during its courtship display. Females give a call similar to the quack of a female mallard but higher-pitched, transcribed as gag-ag-ag-ag. Males give a grunt, transcribed as mep, and a whistle."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian wigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareca_penelope",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Kranji Marsh (2018), SBWR (1986-7)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Mareca_penelope_kuribo_cropped.jpg",
        "text": " Calls recorded in Dorset"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This dabbling duck is 42–52 cm (17–20 in) long with a 71–80 cm (28–31 in) wingspan, and a weight of 500–1,073 g (1.102–2.366 lb). The breeding male has grey flanks and back, with a black rear end, a dark green speculum and a brilliant white patch on upper wings, obvious in flight or at rest. It has a pink breast, white belly, and a chestnut head with a creamy crown. In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female. The female is light brown, with plumage much like a female American wigeon. It can be distinguished from most other ducks, apart from American wigeon, on shape. However, that species has a paler head and white axillaries on its underwing. The female can be a rufous morph with a redder head, and a gray morph with a more gray head."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Northern pintail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_acuta",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Poyan",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Northern_Pintails_%28Male_%26_Female%29_I_IMG_0911.jpg",
        "text": "Male and female (left-right)Call (help·info)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The northern pintail is a fairly large duck with a wing chord of 23.6–28.2 cm (9.3–11.1 in) and wingspan of 80–95 cm (31–37 in). The male is 59–76 cm (23–30 in) in length and weighs 450–1,360 g (0.99–3.00 lb), and therefore is considerably larger than the female, which is 51–64 cm (20–25 in) long and weighs 454–1,135 g (1.001–2.502 lb). The northern pintail broadly overlaps in size with the similarly-widespread mallard, but is more slender, elongated and gracile, with a relatively longer neck and (in males) a longer tail. The unmistakable breeding plumaged male has a chocolate-brown head and white breast with a white stripe extending up the side of the neck. Its upperparts and sides are grey, but elongated grey feathers with black central stripes are draped across the back from the shoulder area. The vent area is yellow, contrasting with the black underside of the tail, which has the central feathers elongated to as much as 10 cm (3.9 in). The bill is bluish and the legs are blue-grey.",
      "The adult female is mainly scalloped and mottled in light brown with a more uniformly grey-brown head, and its pointed tail is shorter than the male's; it is still easily identified by its shape, long neck, and long grey bill. In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake pintail looks similar to the female, but retains the male upperwing pattern and long grey shoulder feathers. Juvenile birds resemble the female, but are less neatly scalloped and have a duller brown speculum with a narrower trailing edge.",
      "The pintail walks well on land, and swims well. In water, the swimming posture is forward leaning, with the base of the neck almost flush with the water. It has a very fast flight, with its wings slightly swept-back, rather than straight out from the body like other ducks. In flight, the male shows a black speculum bordered white at the rear and pale rufous at the front, whereas the female's speculum is dark brown bordered with white, narrowly at the front edge but very prominently at the rear, being visible at a distance of 1,600 m (0.99 mi).",
      "The male's call is a soft proop-proop whistle, similar to that of the common teal, whereas the female has a mallard-like descending quack, and a low croak when flushed."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Green-winged teal",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_crecca",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "S. Jurong (1978)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Eurasian_teal_%28Anas_crecca%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Wintering male from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India  Calls of Eurasian teals"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Eurasian teal is one of the smallest extant dabbling ducks at 34–43 cm (13–17 in) length and with an average weight of 360 g (13 oz) in drake (males) and 340 g (12 oz) in hens (females). The wings are 17.5–20.4 cm (6.9–8.0 in) long, yielding a wingspan of 53–59 cm (21–23 in). The bill measures 3.2–4 cm (1.3–1.6 in) in length, and the tarsus 2.8–3.4 cm (1.1–1.3 in).",
      "From a distance, the drakes in nuptial plumage appear grey, with a dark head, a yellowish behind, and a white stripe running along the flanks. Their head and upper neck is chestnut, with a wide and iridescent dark green patch of half-moon- or teardrop-shape that starts immediately before the eye and arcs to the upper hindneck. The patch is bordered with thin yellowish-white lines, and a single line of that colour extends from the patch's forward end, curving along the base of the bill. The breast is buff with small round brown spots. The center of the belly is white, and the rest of the body plumage is mostly white with thin and dense blackish vermiculations, appearing medium grey even at a short distance. The outer scapular feathers are white, with a black border to the outer vanes, and form the white side-stripe when the bird is in resting position. The primary remiges are dark greyish brown; the speculum feathers are iridescent blackish-green with white tips, and form the speculum together with the yellowish-white tips of the larger upperwing coverts (which are otherwise grey). The underwing is whitish, with grey remiges, dense dark spotting on the inner coverts and a dark leading edge. The tail and tail coverts are black, with a bright yellowish-buff triangular patch in the center of the coverts at each side.",
      "In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the hen; it is more uniform in colour, with a dark head and vestigial facial markings. The hen itself is yellowish-brown, somewhat darker on wings and back. It has a dark greyish-brown upper head, hindneck, eyestripe and feather pattern. The pattern is dense short streaks on the head and neck, and scaly spots on the rest of the body; overall they look much like a tiny mallard (A. platyrhynchos) hen when at rest. The wings are coloured similar to the drake's, but with brown instead of grey upperwing coverts that have less wide tips, and wider tips of the speculum feathers. The hen's rectrices have yellowish-white tips; the midbelly is whitish with some dark streaking.",
      "Immatures are coloured much like hens, but have a stronger pattern. The downy young are coloured like in other dabbling ducks: brown above and yellow below, with a yellow supercilium. They are recognizable by their tiny size however, weighing just 15 g (0.53 oz) at hatching.",
      "The drake's bill is dark grey, in eclipse plumage often with some light greenish or brownish hue at the base. The bill of hens and immatures is pinkish or yellowish at the base, becoming dark grey towards the tip; the grey expands basewards as the birds age. The feet are dark grey in males and greyish olive or greyish-brown in females and immatures. The iris is always brown.",
      "Moults during summer. Male in eclipse resembles female, but with darker upperparts and grey bill. Flight feathers are moulted simultaneously and birds are flightless for up to 4 weeks.",
      "This is a noisy species. The male whistles cryc or creelycc, not loud but very clear and far-carrying. The female has a feeble keh or neeh quack. ",
      "Males in nuptial plumage are distinguished from green-winged teals by the horizontal white scapular stripe, the lack of a vertical white bar at the breast sides, and the quite conspicuous light outlines of the face patch, which are indistinct in the green-winged teal drake. Males in eclipse plumage, females and immatures are best recognised by their small size, calls, and the speculum; they are hard to tell apart from the green-winged teal however."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tufted duck",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aythya_fuligula",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Changi (1999)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Tufted-Duck-male-female.jpg",
        "text": "Male (above) and female (below)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult male is all black except for white flanks and a blue-grey bill with gold-yellow eyes, along with a thin crest on the back of its head. It has an obvious head tuft that gives the species its name. The adult female is brown with paler flanks, and is more easily confused with other diving ducks. In particular, some have white around the bill base which resembles the scaup species, although the white is never as extensive as in those ducks. The females' call is a harsh, growling \"karr\", mostly given in flight. The males are mostly silent but they make whistles during courtship based on a simple \"wit-oo\".",
      "The only duck which is at all similar is the drake greater scaup which, however, has no tuft and a different call.",
      "The tufted duck is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.",
      "Refer to the following table for measurements of the tufted duck:"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue-breasted quail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoicus_chinensis",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, NTL, P. Punggol, Punggol, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Excalfactoria_chinensis_%28aka%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The male king quail comes in many colors, including blue, brown, silver, maroon, dark brown & almost black. They have orange feet which are hard and able to withstand a continuous life on the ground like many other game birds. The female is similar to the male but cannot come in shades of blue. They can live up to 13 years in captivity but only 3-6 on average[citation needed].  In the wild they may live only 1.5 years. The eggs of king quail are a light, creamy-brown colour and slightly pointed at the 'top'; roughly ovular in shape."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red junglefowl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallus_gallus",
    "rarity": "U/RB+IRB",
    "location": "RB: P. Ubin. IRB: Changi, East Coast, Fort Canning, Poyan, PRP, SBG, LNR, SBTB, SBWR, Sembawang Park, Tampines",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Red_Junglefowl_-_Thailand.jpg",
        "text": "Male red junglefowl"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The nominate race of red junglefowl has a mix of feather colours, with orange, brown, red, gold, grey, white, olive and even metallic green plumage. The tail of the male roosters can grow up to 28 centimetres (11 in), and the whole bird may be as long as 70 centimetres (28 in). There are 14 tail feathers. A moult in June changes the bird's plumage to an eclipse pattern, which lasts through October. The male eclipse pattern includes a black feather in the middle of the back and small red-orange plumes spread across the body. Female eclipse plumage is generally indistinguishable from the plumage at other seasons, but the moulting schedule is the same as that of males.",
      "Compared to the more familiar domestic chicken, the red junglefowl has a much smaller body mass (around 2+1⁄4 lbs (1 kg) in females and 3+1⁄4 lbs (1.5 kg) in males) and is brighter in coloration. Junglefowl are also behaviourally different from domestic chickens, being naturally very shy of humans compared to the much tamer domesticated subspecies.",
      "Male junglefowl are significantly larger than females and have brightly coloured decorative feathers. The male's tail is composed of long, arching feathers that initially look black, but shimmer with blue, purple, and green in direct light. He also has long, golden hackle feathers on his neck and on his back. The female's plumage is typical of this family of birds in being cryptic and adapted for camouflage. She alone looks after the eggs and chicks. She also has a very small comb and wattles (fleshy ornaments on the head that signal good health to rivals and potential mates) compared to the males.",
      "During their mating season, the male birds announce their presence with the well known \"cock-a-doodle-doo\" call or crowing.  Within flocks, only dominant males crow. Male red junglefowl have a shorter crowing sound than domestic roosters; the call cuts off abruptly at the end. This serves both to attract potential mates and to make other male birds in the area aware of the risk of fighting a breeding competitor. A spur on the lower leg just behind and above the foot serves in such fighting. Their call structure is complex and they have distinctive alarm calls for aerial and ground predators to which others react appropriately."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Little grebe",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachybaptus_ruficollis",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Halus, P. Ubin, KRP, Kranji Marsh, P. Punggol, Punggol, Singapore Quarry, Tampines Quarry",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Little_grebe_Zwergtaucher.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Tachybaptus_ruficollis_-_Bueng_Boraphet.jpg",
        "text": "Two adults in breeding plumage, below with feathers pressed against the body, for low buoyancy."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The little grebe is a small water bird with a pointed bill. The adult is unmistakable in summer, predominantly dark above with its rich, rufous colour neck, cheeks and flanks, and bright yellow gape. The rufous is replaced by a dirty brownish grey in non-breeding and juvenile birds.",
      "Juvenile birds have a yellow bill with a small black tip, and black and white streaks on the cheeks and sides of the neck as seen below. This yellow bill darkens as the juveniles age, eventually turning black in adulthood.",
      "In winter, its size, buff plumage, with a darker back and cap, and “powder puff” rear end enable easy identification of this species. The little grebe's breeding call, given singly or in duet, is a trilled repeated weet-weet-weet or wee-wee-wee which sounds like a horse whinnying."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rock pigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_livia",
    "rarity": "VC/IRB",
    "location": "urban areas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Paloma_brav%C3%ADa_%28Columba_livia%29%2C_Palacio_de_Nymphenburg%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania01.JPG",
        "text": "Adult male in Germany"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult of the nominate subspecies of the rock dove is 29 to 37 cm (11 to 15 in) long with a 62 to 72 cm (24 to 28 in) wingspan. Weight for wild or feral rock doves ranges from 238–380 g (8.4–13.4 oz), though overfed domestic and semidomestic individuals can exceed normal weights. It has a dark bluish-grey head, neck, and chest with glossy yellowish, greenish, and reddish-purple iridescence along its neck and wing feathers. The iris is orange, red, or golden with a paler inner ring, and the bare skin round the eye is bluish-grey. The bill is grey-black with a conspicuous off-white cere, and the feet are purplish-red. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is typically around 22.3 cm (8.8 in), the tail is 9.5 to 11 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in), the bill is around 1.8 cm (0.71 in), and the tarsus is 2.6 to 3.5 cm (1.0 to 1.4 in).",
      "The adult female is almost identical in outward appearance to the male, but the iridescence on her neck is less intense and more restricted to the rear and sides, whereas that on the breast is often very obscure.",
      "The white lower back of the pure rock dove is its best identification characteristic; the two black bars on its pale grey wings are also distinctive. The tail has a black band on the end, and the outer web of the tail feathers are margined with white. It is strong and quick on the wing, dashing out from sea caves, flying low over the water, its lighter grey rump showing well from above.[self-published source?]",
      "Young birds show little lustre and are duller. Eye colour of the pigeon is generally orange, but a few pigeons may have white-grey eyes. The eyelids are orange and encapsulated in a grey-white eye ring. The feet are red to pink.",
      "When circling overhead, the white underwing of the bird becomes conspicuous. In its flight, behaviour, and voice, which is more of a dovecot coo than the phrase of the wood pigeon, it is a typical pigeon. Although it is a relatively strong flier, it also glides frequently, holding its wings in a very pronounced V shape as it does. As prey birds, they must keep their vigilance, and when disturbed a pigeon within a flock will take off with a noisy clapping sound that cues for other pigeons to take to flight. The noise of the take-off increases the faster a pigeon beats its wings, thus advertising the magnitude of a perceived threat to its flockmates.",
      "Pigeons feed on the ground in flocks or individually. Pigeons are naturally granivorous, eating seeds that fit down their gullet. They may sometimes consume small invertebrates such as worms or insect larvae as a protein supplement. As they do not possess an enlarged cecum as in European wood pigeons, they cannot digest adult plant tissue; the various seeds they eat containing the appropriate nutrients they require. While most birds take small sips and tilt their heads backwards when drinking, pigeons are able to dip their bills into the water and drink continuously, without having to tilt their heads back. In cities they typically resort to scavenging human garbage, as unprocessed grain may be impossible to find. Pigeon groups typically consist of producers, which locate and obtain food, and scroungers, which feed on food obtained by the producers. Generally, groups of pigeons contain a greater proportion of scroungers than producers.",
      "Pigeons, especially homing or carrier breeds, are well known for their ability to find their way home from long distances. Despite these demonstrated abilities, wild rock doves are sedentary and rarely leave their local areas. It is hypothesized that in their natural, arid habitat, they rely on this sense to navigate back home after foraging as deserts rarely possess navigational landmarks that may be used.",
      "A rock pigeon's lifespan ranges from 3–5 years in the wild to 15 years in captivity, though longer-lived specimens have been reported. The main causes of mortality in the wild are predators and persecution by humans.[citation needed] Some sources state the species was first introduced to North America in 1606 at Port Royal, Nova Scotia. Although other sources cite Plymouth and Jamestown settlements in the early 17th century as the first place for species introduction in North America."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oriental turtle-dove",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptopelia_orientalis",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Sisters' Is. (2018)[7]",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Orientalturtledove.JPG",
        "text": "S. o. erythrocephala from southern India with no grey on forehead"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Oriental turtle dove is very similar in plumage to the European turtle dove. It is a little larger than that species, particularly in the case of orientalis, about the same size as a collared dove. It shares the black and white striped patch on the side of its neck made of silver-tipped feathers, but the breast is less pink, and the orange-brown wing feathers of the turtle dove are replaced with a browner hue, and darker centres giving a scaly appearance. The tail is wedge shaped, like the turtle dove.[which?] The flight is more relaxed and direct than that of its relative.[which?]",
      "The calls are different from the purring of the European turtle dove. It is a four-syllable her-her-oo-oo. There are significant call differences within the populations as well."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red collared-dove",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptopelia_tranquebarica",
    "rarity": "C/IRB",
    "location": "Admiralty Park, Changi, Halus, NTL, PRP, P. Punggol, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Streptopelia_tranquebarica.jpg",
        "text": "Male in Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The red collared dove is a relatively small species, with a length of 20.5–23 cm (8.1–9.1 in) and a weight of around 104 g (3.7 oz).The male has a bluish head and light red-brown body with a black ring round its neck, while the female is similar but pinkish all over."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Spotted dove",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilopelia_chinensis",
    "rarity": "VC/RB",
    "location": "urban areas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Spotted_dove_%28Spilopelia_chinensis_suratensis%29.jpg",
        "text": "S. c. suratensis in India"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Spotted_dove_--_Spilopelia_chinensis_cropped_%26_noise-processed.png",
        "text": "S. c. tigrina (tigrina) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Calls"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The ground colour of this long and slim dove is rosy buff below shading into grey on the head and belly. There is a half collar on the back and sides of the neck made of black feathers that bifurcate and have white spots at the two tips. The median coverts have brown feathers tipped with rufous spots in the Indian and Sri Lankan subspecies which are divided at the tip by a widening grey shaft streak.",
      "The wing feathers are dark brown with grey edges. The centre of the abdomen and vent are white. The outer tail feathers are tipped in white and become visible when the bird takes off. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are duller than adults and do not acquire the neck spots until they are mature. The length ranges from 28 to 32 centimetres (11.2 to 12.8 inches).",
      "Abnormal plumages such as leucism can sometimes occur in the wild."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian emerald dove",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcophaps_indica",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Admiralty Park, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Chalcophaps_indica_-a_pair_in_captivity-8a.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The common emerald dove is a stocky, medium-sized pigeon, typically 23–27 cm (9.1–10.6 in) in length. The back and wings are bright emerald green. The flight feathers and tail are blackish, and broad black and white bars show on the lower back in flight. The head and underparts are dark vinous pink, fading to greyish on the lower belly. The eyes are dark brown, the bill bright red and legs and feet rufous.The male has a white patch on the edge of the shoulders and a grey crown, which the female lacks. Females will tend to have a browner complexion with a grey mark on the shoulder. Immature birds resemble females but have brown scallops on their body and wing plumage."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Zebra dove",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopelia_striata",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "urban areas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Geopelia_striata_1_crop_-_Chinese_Garden.jpg",
        "text": "A zebra dove in Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The birds are small and slender with a long, narrow tail. The upperparts are brownish-grey with black-and-white barring. The underparts are pinkish with black bars on the sides of the neck, breast and belly. The face is blue-grey with bare blue skin around the eyes. There are white tips to the tail feathers. Juveniles are duller and paler than the adults. They can also have brown feathers. Zebra doves are 20–23 centimetres in length with a wingspan of 24–26 cm.",
      "Their call is a series of soft, staccato cooing notes. In Thailand and Indonesia, the birds are popular as pets because of their calls and cooing competitions are held to find the bird with the best voice. In Indonesia this bird is called perkutut. In the Philippines they are known as batobatong katigbe (\"pebbled katigbe\") and kurokutok; in Malaysia this bird is called merbuk, onomatopoeic to their calls. They are also known as tukmo in Filipino, a name also given to the spotted dove (Spilopelia chinensis) and other wild doves."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Little green-pigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treron_olax",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Treron_olax.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": []
  },
  {
    "name": "Pink-necked green-pigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treron_vernans",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Treron_vernans_male_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg",
        "text": "Male in Kent Ridge Park, Singapore"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Treron_vernans_female_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg",
        "text": "Female in Kent Ridge Park, Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The pink-necked green pigeon is a medium-sized pigeon, measuring 25 to 30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in length and weighing around 105–160 g (3.7–5.6 oz). The species has  sexually dimorphic plumage. The male has a grey head, pinkish neck and upper breast, and the rest of the breast is orange. The back is olive green and the wings are green with black primaries and yellow edging on the tertiaries which create a yellow bar across the wing in flight. The belly is yellowish with grey flanks, and the tail is grey with a black band at the end, and a chestnut uppertail coverts. The female is smaller overall, has a yellowish belly, throat and face, and greenish crown and back of the neck, although is otherwise similar to the male. The legs are pink or reddish, and the bill is white, pale blue green or grey. Juvenile birds look similar to females but are greyer above.",
      "Pigeons in the genus Treron are unusual in the family for not having cooing calls, instead making whistling and quacking noises, but some cooing notes have been recorded for the pink-necked green pigeon, as the male makes a tri-syballic whistling call ending in a coo. It is also reported to make a rasping krrak krrak... call, but the species is generally held to not be particularly vocal, usually only calling in communal roosts and when it finds food."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Cinnamon-headed green-pigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treron_fulvicollis",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "CCNR, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR, TEG",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/TreronFulvicollis.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The cinnamon-headed green pigeon (Treron fulvicollis) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and rural gardens. It is threatened by habitat loss."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Orange-breasted green-pigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treron_bicinctus",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Treron_bicincta_-Wilpattu_National_Park%2C_Sri_Lanka_-pair-8.jpg",
        "text": "A pair in Wilpattu National Park, Sri Lanka"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The orange-breasted green pigeon (Treron bicinctus) is a pigeon found across tropical Asia south of the Himalaya across parts of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Like other green pigeons, it feeds mainly on small fruit. They may be found in pairs or in small flocks, foraging quietly and moving slowly on trees. The nape is blue-grey and the crown is yellowish green. The uppertail coverts are bronzed and the undertail coverts are unmarked rufous. The male has a pinkish band on the upper breast with a broader orange one below while the female has a bright yellow breast."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thick-billed green-pigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treron_curvirostra",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BBC, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Springleaf, St. John Is., Sentosa, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Thick-billed_Green_Pigeon_%28Treron_curvirostra%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Rather small-sized pigeon being under 26 cm (10 in) as compared to other green pigeons. A thick pale greenish bill with red base, broad bluish-Green eye ring, grey crown and maroon mantle diagnostic.  Wings have black primary and secondaries with yellow outer edge. Underside green in both sexes. Thighs dark green with whitish scales. Female has greenish undertail coverts with whitish scales. Males have maroon dorsum and dull chestnut undertail coverts."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jambu fruit-dove",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilinopus_jambu",
    "rarity": "U/NBV",
    "location": "BBNP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, DFNP, JLG, Kranji Marsh, KRP, MFP, P. Punggol, SBG",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/JambaFruitDove.jpg",
        "text": "A male at the Cincinnati Zoo"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The jambu fruit dove (Ptilinopus jambu) is a smallish colourful fruit dove. It is a resident breeding species in southern Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei and the Indonesian islands of Kalimantan, Sumatra and Java.",
      "The jambu fruit dove inhabits mangrove swamps and lowland rain forests up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and is also found in second growth woodland. The male holds a breeding territory, advertised by raising its wings, bobbing its body and cooing. It will defend its territory with a quick peck if the territorial display fails. The female builds a flimsy nest of twigs, roots and grasses, which are collected by her mate, in a tree and lays one or sometimes two white eggs which are incubated for about 20 days to hatching, with a further 12 or more days to fledging.",
      "The jambu fruit dove is 23–27 cm (9.1–10.6 in) long and weighs about 42 g (1.5 oz). It is a plump small-headed bird with soft feathers and very distinctive colouring including a white eye ring, orange bill and red legs. The call is a soft, low coo.",
      "The adult male has a crimson face with a black chin, unmarked green upperparts and white underparts, with a pink patch on the breast and a chocolate brown undertail. The female differs from the male by having a dull purple face with a dark chin. The underparts are green with a white belly and cinnamon undertail. The immature jambu fruit dove resembles the female but has a green face. The young male acquires its full adult plumage in about 39 weeks from fledging. Immature males are similar in appearance to females.",
      "The jambu fruit dove is a shy and inconspicuous bird, camouflaged against the forest canopy by its green plumage. It is usually seen alone or in pairs, but a sizable flock may gather when feeding at a fruit tree. It eats fruit directly from the tree, or from the ground if items have been dropped by hornbills or monkeys. Like other doves, but unlike most birds, it can drink by sucking.",
      "Extensive deforestation in Indonesia and Malaysia means that this dove is now threatened, although its ability to live in second growth and at higher elevation means that its situation is not as critical as that of some forest bird species. The jambu fruit dove is evaluated as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Green imperial-pigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducula_aenea",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "BBNP, CBP, Halus, Loyang, PRP, P. Ubin, P. Tekong",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/DuculaAenea.JPG"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The green imperial pigeon is a large, plump pigeon, 45 centimetres (18 in) in length. Its back, wings and tail are metallic green. The head and underparts are white, apart from maroon undertail coverts. Sexes are similar. The bird's call is deep and resonant, and is often the first indication of the presence of this treetop species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mountain imperial-pigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducula_badia",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "P. Ubin (2012, 2016-7)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Mountain_Imperial_Pigeon_Mahananda_Wildlife_Sanctuary_West_Bengal_India_09.05.2016.jpg",
        "text": "Ducula badia insignis from Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The mountain imperial pigeon is the largest pigeon species in its range at 43–51 cm (17–20 in) long. It has a fairly long tail, broad, rounded wings and slow wing-beats. The head, neck and underparts are vinous-grey with a contrasting white throat and brownish-maroon upperparts and wings, though the upper part of the body can be duller. The underwing is slate-grey and the tail is blackish with a grey horizontal line. The combination the maroon back with the large size give this species a distinctive appearance. Its call consists of a deep, resonant boom that is only detectable at close range."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pied imperial-pigeon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducula_bicolor",
    "rarity": "R/NBV, U/F",
    "location": "NBV: P. Salu, Singapore Strait, Southern Islands; F: BBNP, Bt Batok West, JLG, LNR, Poyan, PRP, Tuas, WCP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ducula_bicolor_-_Chinese_Garden.jpg",
        "text": "Pied imperial pigeon in Singapore."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The pied imperial pigeon (Ducula bicolor) is a relatively large, pied species of pigeon. It is found in forest, woodland, mangrove, plantations and scrub in Southeast Asia, ranging from Myanmar and Thailand, throughout Indonesia and east to the Philippines (where it is locally called as balud-puti) and the Bird's Head Peninsula in New Guinea. It is mainly found on small islands and in coastal regions. It remains locally common, and is therefore considered to be of least concern by BirdLife International and IUCN."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Greater coucal",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centropus_sinensis",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "woodlands: CCNR, Halus, Mandai, NTL, Poyan, PRP, SBG, SBWR, TBHP, Venus Dr",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Greater_coucal_crop.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a large species of cuckoo at 48 cm. The head is black, upper mantle and underside are black glossed with purple. The back and wings are chestnut brown. There are no pale shaft streaks on the coverts. The eyes are ruby red. Juveniles are duller black with spots on the crown and there are whitish bars on the underside and tail. There are several geographic races and some of these populations are sometimes treated as full species. Earlier treatments included the brown coucal (C. (s.) andamanensis) under this name. Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) suggest that the race parroti may be a full species – the southern coucal which is found in peninsular India (northern boundary unclear). The race intermedius of the Assam and Bangladesh region is smaller than the nominate race found in the sub-Himalayan zone. Songs of the races are said to vary considerably. Race parroti of southern India has a black head and the underparts glossed blue and has the forehead, face and throat more brownish. The sexes are similar in plumage but females are slightly larger.",
      "Leucicistic specimens have been observed.",
      "The nominate race is found from the Indus Valley through the sub-Himalayan and Gangetic plains to Nepal, Assam and the Bhutan foothills into southern China (Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian).",
      "The young when hatched have black skin and white hairy feathers (termed as trichoptiles) forming a fringe over the eye and beak. The centre of the belly is pinkish and the upper mandible is black with a pink edge. The iris is brown, gape yellow and feet dark brown-gray.The juvenile of race parroti is unmarked dull black on the underside (contra barred in the northern races) and much darker, dusky chestnut on the wings. Race bubutus found in Southeast Asia has a distinct call. Individuals from the Western Ghats are very similar in size to the lesser coucal Centropus bengalensis but the latter has a stubbier bill, shorter tail, wing tips extending beyond the tertials and a chestnut wing lining, dark eyes and a tail with green/bronze sheen. Females of the race parroti develop dusky or sooty wing coverts between November and January and the northern boundary of the race is along the Punjab plains where it forms intermediates with the northern forms."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser coucal",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centropus_bengalensis",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "grasslands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Lesser_coucal_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BB_from_Kole_Wetlands_DSCN9697.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This slightly smaller-sized and shorter-billed coucal has a very long hind claw, the longest within the genus. The overall plumage, as in many other coucals, is of a blackish bird with a long tail and rufous wings. They have two plumages, a breeding plumage in which the head and upper back are glossy with dark shafts to the feather and a duller non-breeding plumage in which the feather shafts on the head and back are whitish. The wing coverts also have pale shafts showing as whitish streaks on the brown feathers. The central upper tail coverts are barred and very long. The iris is darker brown and not the crimson red as in the greater coucal. Juveniles have black spots, bars and have a browner colour."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chestnut-bellied malkoha",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaenicophaeus_sumatranus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, JEG, Mandai, Poyan, TBHP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Chestnut-bellied_Malkoha.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The chestnut-bellied malkoha (Phaenicophaeus sumatranus) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and subtropical or tropical swampland.It is threatened by habitat loss.",
      "Not to be confused with the chestnut-breasted malkoha."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chestnut-winged cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamator_coromandus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, SBTB, Halus, JEG, JLG, Murai, Poyan, PRP, P. Punggol, Simpang, SBG, SBWR, TEG, Tuas, Khatib Bongsu, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Chestnut-winged_Cuckoo_by_Rejaul_Karim.jpg",
        "text": "Chestnut-winged cuckoo in Guwahati, Assam, July 2020"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This dark and crested cuckoo has chestnut wings, a glossy black crest and a graduated tail (the feathers shortening in steps from the center outwards) whose terminal edges are white and inconspicuous unlike the white tips of the Jacobin cuckoo which is found in parts of its range. The black capping on the head is broken from black of the back by a white collar that extends to the sides of the neck. The lower parts are rufous turning to dark grey towards the vent. Young birds are dusky with a scaly appearance to the wing feathers."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pied cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamator_jacobinus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Halus (2013-4, 2015)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Jacobin_Cuckoo_%28Clamator_jacobinus%29_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "An adult (India)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This medium-sized, slim black and white cuckoo with a crest is distinctive. The white wing patch on the black wing and the pattern make it unmistakable even in flight. They are very vocal during the breeding season. The call is a ringing series of whistling notes \"piu-piu\" with the calls of the nominate form more rapid and slightly Mellower.",
      "In India the subspecies serratus (Sparrman, 1786) is a summer breeding visitor to northern India and is believed to migrate to southern Africa. This is larger and longer winged than the nominate subspecies found in the southern peninsular region and Sri Lanka is said to be a local migrant. No ringing evidence exists to support the actual migration to Africa.",
      "In Africa, subspecies serratus and pica (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) show two phases, a pied phase with white or whitish below and a black phase where the only white is on the wing patch. Mating appears to be assortative, with pied phase males pairing with pied phase females. An all-rufous color phase has been noted in Central Africa. There is lack of clarity on the migration and plumage variation involved. Subspecies pica has been said to be the form that migrates between Africa and India however Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) suggest serratus as being the valid name for the Afro-Indian migrants.",
      "In the past some other African subspecies have been suggested such as hypopinarus from South Africa and caroli from the Gabon."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian koel",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudynamys_scolopacea",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "Islandwide (including offshore islands)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Asian_koel.jpg",
        "text": "Male (nominate race)"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Eudynamys_scolopacea_-_20080801.jpg",
        "text": "Female (nominate race) Calls (recorded in Singapore) Song of male, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Asian koel is a large and long-tailed cuckoo measuring 39–46 cm (15–18 in) and weighing 190–327 g (6.7–11.5 oz). The male of the nominate race is glossy bluish-black, with a pale greenish grey bill, the iris is crimson, and it has grey legs and feet. The female of the nominate race is brownish on the crown and has rufous streaks on the head. The back, rump and wing coverts are dark brown with white and buff spots. The underparts are whitish, but is heavily striped. The other subspecies differ in colouration and size. The upper plumage of young birds is more like that of the male and they have a black beak.They are very vocal during the breeding season (March to August in the Indian Subcontinent), with a range of different calls. The familiar song of the male is a repeated koo-Ooo. The female makes a shrill kik-kik-kik... call. Calls vary across populations.",
      "They show a pattern of moult that differs from those of other parasitic cuckoos. The outer primaries show a transilient (alternating) ascending moult (P9-7-5-10-8-6) while the inner primaries are moulted in stepwise descending order (1-2-3-4).(Payne citing Stresemann and Stresemann 1961)"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian emerald cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysococcyx_maculatus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Sentosa (2017-8), Ulu Pandan Park Connector (2020)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Male_Asian_Emerald_Cuckoo_%28Chrysococcyx_maculatus%29_on_branch.jpg",
        "text": "Male (♂) from Rama IX Park in Bangkok, Thailand"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Emerald_Cuckoo_Mahananda_WLS_West_Bengal_India_02.11.2015.jpg",
        "text": "Female (♀) from Mahananda WLS in West Bengal, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Asian emerald cuckoo grows to a length of about 18 cm (7 in). The adult male has  an iridescent dark green head, upper parts and upper breast, a white lower breast and a green barred belly. Bare skin round the eye is orange and the beak is orange/yellow tipped with black. The adult female has coppery-green upper parts, rusty brown crown and nape and green-barred underparts. Both sexes show a white band on the underwing when in flight. The underparts of the juvenile male lack the white lower breast and are more heavily barred. The voice is a “chweek” uttered while flying, and various whistled twitters."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Violet cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysococcyx_xanthorhynchus",
    "rarity": "U/RBWV",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, JEG, Mandai, NTL, PRP, Poyan, P. Ubin, SBG, Simpang, Springleaf",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Violet_Cuckoo.jpg",
        "text": "Violet Cuckoo (Male)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The males have glossy violet feathers on the head and upper parts of the body. The blackish tail has a white tip, and barred outer feathers. The most spectacular feature is the brightly iridescent violet chin and upper breast. The belly is white with broad black, green or violet bars. Mature males also have a red eye-ring. The closely related species, C. amethystinus has a glossy blue-violet throat patch rather than reddish violet of this cuckoo.",
      "The females have mottled, greenish-bronze upper parts and a dark brown crown. There are white markings around the eyes and sometimes on the forehead. The central tail feathers are greenish while the outer feathers are rufous with greenish bars. The outer rectrices are barred black and white. The breast is whitish with bronze-green bars and variably washed rufous markings.",
      "Juveniles have barred rufous and greenish bronze feathers on the upper parts of the body, a bright rufous crown, rufous and mottled green or brown wings, a barred brown and rufous tail and brown-barred white under parts."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysococcyx_basalis",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Changi Beach, CCKC, Halus, Kranji, P. Punggol, P. Tekong, Punggol, Sentosa, Tuas, Marina East, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Horsfield%27s_Bronze-Cuckoo_Newhaven.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo (Chrysococcyx basalis) is a small cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. Its size averages 22g and is distinguished by its green and bronze iridescent colouring on its back and incomplete brown barring from neck to tail. What distinguishes the Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo from other bronze-cuckoos is its white eyebrow and brown eye stripe. The Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo is common throughout Australia preferring the drier open woodlands away from forested areas."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Little bronze-cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysococcyx_minutillus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Little_Bronze_Cuckoo_male_Kobble.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The little bronze cuckoo (Chrysococcyx minutillus) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. It is found in Southeast Asia, New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. It is the world's smallest cuckoo, at 17 grams (0.60 oz) and 15 cm (6 in). The subspecies rufomerus and crassirostris are sometimes given specific status."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Banded bay cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacomantis_sonnerati",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, Halus, Marina East, NTL, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/BandedBayCuckoo.jpg",
        "text": "C. s. sonneratii from kerala, India Calls"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adults are bright rufous or bay on the head and back and are broadly barred with dark brown. The bill is long and slightly curved. A whitish supercilium is distinctive above a dark eye-line. The wing is darker and tail is graduated with a dark brown centre. The tail has a subterminal black band and white tips to the feathers. The sexes are alike. The iris is yellow and the bill is black while the base of the lower mandible is greenish grey. The tarsi are grey. The juvenile is similar but has a pale lower mandible and white fringes to the feathers of the upper body.",
      "The overall length is about 22 cm making it about the same size as the syntopic Cacomantis merulinus and Cacomantis variolosus. The hepatic forms of those can be similar but supercilium, long beak and barred tail distinguish this species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Plaintive cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacomantis_merulinus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Poyan, PRP, Punggol, SBWR, Tampines, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Plaintive_Cuckoo_Cacomantis_merulinus_-_Cropped.jpg",
        "text": "at Nai Yang, Phuket"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The plaintive cuckoo is fairly small, measuring about 21–24 cm (8.3–9.4 in) long. The adult male is grey-brown above and orange below with a grey head, throat and upper breast. The tail feathers have white tips. The legs and feet are yellow, the eye is red and the bill is black above and yellow below. The adult female is sometimes similar to the male but often occurs in a \"hepatic\" morph. This form is reddish-brown above with dark bars. The underparts are paler with fainter barring. There is a pale stripe over the eye and the tail has dark bars along its whole length. Juvenile birds are similar to hepatic females but are paler and have dark streaks rather than bars on the crown and throat.",
      "The male has several plaintive whistling calls. These include an ascending series of three-note phrases and a series of 11 or 12 descending notes."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brush cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacomantis_variolosus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Coney Is., Halus, JLG, NTL, Poyan, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Sentosa, Khatib Bongsu",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Brush_Cuckoo_Oct_2007.JPG"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The brush cuckoo is about 22–26 cm (8.7–10.2 in) long. The plumage of adult males and females is similar. The head is pale grey, the breast is buff, the back is grey-brown, and the underside of the tail is brown with white tips and bars. The eye has a narrow, pale ring around it, and the feet are olive-pink. Juvenile plumage is heavily barred dark brown. The wings are sharply pointed and backswept in flight. Underwings are grey-brown with pale buff underwing coverts and a white or pale buff bar. The brush cuckoo has a similar appearance to the pallid cuckoo, and especially the fan-tailed and chestnut-breasted cuckoo."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Square-tailed drongo-cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surniculus_lugubris",
    "rarity": "U/RBWV",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, JLG, Mandai, NTL, PRP, Poyan, SBG, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Square-tailed_Drongo-Cuckoo_2.jpg",
        "text": "Khao Yai National Park - Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It can be easily distinguished by its downcurved beak and the white barred vent and outer undertail, and the tail only notched with slightly flared tips. In flight a white wing-stripe is visible from below. It is a brood parasite on small babblers. It is not known how or whether the drongo-like appearance benefits this species but it is suspected that it aids in brood-parasitism just as hawk-cuckoos appear like hawks.",
      "The square-tailed drongo-cuckoo was formerly considered conspecific with the fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo (together known as the Asian drongo-cuckoo), but vocal and morphological differences suggested that the species should be split.  That treatment is followed here."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Large hawk-cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierococcyx_sparverioides",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, JLG, P. Punggol, PRP, Sentosa, Tuas, Khatib Bongsu",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Large_hawk-cuckoo_%28Hierococcyx_sparverioides%29_JEG1947.jpg",
        "text": " Calls"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The large hawk-cuckoo (Hierococcyx sparverioides) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. It has a wide breeding distribution from temperate Asia along the Himalayas extending to East Asia. Many populations winter further south. They are known for their loud and repetitive calls which are similar to that of the common hawk-cuckoo but do not rise in crescendo. They are also somewhat larger and adults can be readily told apart from the smaller common hawk-cuckoo by the black patch on the chin. They are brood-parasites of babblers and laughing-thrushes."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierococcyx_nisicolor",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, CCKC, Coney Is., JLG, Kusu Is., Mandai, PRP, Poyan, P. Punggol, Sembawang, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Hodgson%27s_Hawk_Cuckoo%2C_Cherapunjee%2C_Meghalaya%2C_India.jpg",
        "text": "At Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (Hierococcyx nisicolor), also known as the whistling hawk-cuckoo is a species of cuckoo found in north-eastern India, Myanmar, southern China and southeast Asia.",
      "Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo is a brood parasite. The chick evicts bona fide residents of the parasitized nest, thus becoming the sole occupant.  Under normal circumstances, this would reduce the provisioning rate as the foster parents see only one gape.  To counteract this, the Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo displays gape-coloured patches of skin under its wing to simulate additional gapes; the strategy appears to increase the provisioning rate.  This is in contrast to other species of cuckoo (such as the common cuckoo) which increase the rapidity of high pitched hunger calls to increase the provisioning rate.",
      "Although the skin patch is not gape shaped, it is convincing: host parents occasionally place food into the patch.",
      "Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo was formerly regarded as having four subspecies. The Philippine hawk-cuckoo is now commonly treated as a separate species, H. pectoralis. The remaining forms are also now split into three species: Malaysian hawk-cuckoo (H. fugax), Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (H. nisicolor) and rufous hawk-cuckoo or northern hawk-cuckoo (H. hyperythrus).",
      "The common name commemorates the British naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Malaysian hawk-cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierococcyx_fugax",
    "rarity": "R/NBV",
    "location": "BAMKP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Halus, JLG, Poyan, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Hodgson%27s_Hawk_Cuckoo%2C_Cherapunjee%2C_Meghalaya%2C_India.jpg",
        "text": "At Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (Hierococcyx nisicolor), also known as the whistling hawk-cuckoo is a species of cuckoo found in north-eastern India, Myanmar, southern China and southeast Asia.",
      "Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo is a brood parasite. The chick evicts bona fide residents of the parasitized nest, thus becoming the sole occupant.  Under normal circumstances, this would reduce the provisioning rate as the foster parents see only one gape.  To counteract this, the Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo displays gape-coloured patches of skin under its wing to simulate additional gapes; the strategy appears to increase the provisioning rate.  This is in contrast to other species of cuckoo (such as the common cuckoo) which increase the rapidity of high pitched hunger calls to increase the provisioning rate.",
      "Although the skin patch is not gape shaped, it is convincing: host parents occasionally place food into the patch.",
      "Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo was formerly regarded as having four subspecies. The Philippine hawk-cuckoo is now commonly treated as a separate species, H. pectoralis. The remaining forms are also now split into three species: Malaysian hawk-cuckoo (H. fugax), Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (H. nisicolor) and rufous hawk-cuckoo or northern hawk-cuckoo (H. hyperythrus).",
      "The common name commemorates the British naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Indian cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuculus_micropterus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, JLG, Mandai, MFP, NTL, Poyan, P. Punggol, SBG, SBWR, Sembawang, Sentosa, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Indian_Cuckoo_%28J%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a medium-sized cuckoo with both sexes alike. It has grey upperparts while the underside has broad black barring. The tail is barred with a broad subterminal dark band and a white tip. Young birds have white markings on the crown and white chin and throat contrasting with a dark face. Juveniles are browner and have broad white tips to the head and wing feathers. The eye-ring is gray to yellow (a feature shared with the common hawk-cuckoo). The iris is light brown to reddish. The female differs from the male in being slightly paler grey on the throat and in having more brown on the breast and tail. The barring on the belly is narrower than in the male. Nestlings have an orange-red mouth and yellow flanges to the gape.",
      "The call is loud with four notes. They have been transcribed as \"orange-pekoe\", \"bo-ko-ta-ko\", \"crossword puzzle\" or \"one more bottle\". In northern India, they can be locally common during the breeding season with densities estimated at a calling bird for every 2 km2 (0.77 sq mi).",
      "They feed on hairy caterpillars and other insects but sometimes take fruits. They usually feed on the upper canopy, gleaning insects, sometimes making aerial sallies for flying termites or rarely even by hovering lower near the ground."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Himalayan cuckoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuculus_saturatus",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, CCNR, Coney Is., JLG, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Himalayan_Cuckoo_Gnathang_Valley_East_Sikkim_India_23.09.2018.jpg",
        "text": "From Gnathang Valley East Sikkim, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Himalayan cuckoo (Cuculus saturatus) is a species of cuckoo in the genus Cuculus. It breeds from the Himalayas eastward to southern China and Taiwan. It migrates to southeast Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands for the winter.",
      "It was formerly known as \"Oriental cuckoo\" and contained several subspecies found over most of Asia. In 2005, it was determined that this \"species\" consists of three distinct lineages:",
      "These are usually seen as distinct species nowadays. As the type specimen of the former \"Oriental\" cuckoo is a bird of the Himalayan population, the name saturatus applies to the Himalayan cuckoo if it is considered a species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Malaysian eared-nightjar",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostopodus_temminckii",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "BBNP, CCNR",
    "images": [],
    "description": [
      "The Malaysian eared nightjar (Lyncornis temminckii) is a species of nightjar in the family Caprimulgidae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray nightjar",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgus_jotaka",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, JLG, SBWR, TBHP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Grey_Nightjar.jpg",
        "text": "in Eaglenest, Arunachal Pradesh, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The grey nightjar (Caprimulgus jotaka) is a species of nightjar found in East Asia. It is sometimes treated as a subspecies of the jungle nightjar (C. indicus), its South Asian relative."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Large-tailed nightjar",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgus_macrurus",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Caprimulgus_macrurus.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The large-tailed nightjar (Caprimulgus macrurus) is a species of nightjar in the family Caprimulgidae.It is found along the southern Himalayan foothills, eastern South Asia, Southeast Asia and northern Australia. This species is a resident of the countries of Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.",
      "In Malaysia it is known to frequent cemeteries at night, hence its rather macabre common name burung tukang kubur (\"graveyard nightjar\")https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_Tukang_Kubur"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Savanna nightjar",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgus_affinis",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "grasslands: Changi, Halus, NTL, P. Ubin, Punggol, Seletar East, TEG, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Caprimulgus_affinis.jpg",
        "text": " Calls of C. a. monticolus (Rajasthan)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The savanna nightjar (Caprimulgus affinis) is a species of nightjar found in South and Southeast Asia. Eight subspecies are recognised: C. a. monticolus, C. a. amoyensis, C. a. stictomus, C. a. affinis, C. a. timorensis, C. a. griseatus, C. a. mindanensis and C. a. propinquus. Its habitat is open forest and areas with scrub. Its length is about 25 cm (9.8 in). The upperparts are brownish-grey and vermiculated, with pale brown speckles. The underparts are brown, with bars. The savanna nightjar is nocturnal. Its call is a loud, repetitive chweep, mainly given in flight. The IUCN Red List has assessed the species to be of least concern because it has a large range and its population trend is stable."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Silver-rumped needletail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaphidura_leucopygialis",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "CCNR, Changi, Poyan",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Silver-rumped_Spinetail.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The silver-rumped spinetail (Rhaphidura leucopygialis) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-throated needletail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundapus_caudacutus",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, Henderson Waves",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/White-throated_needletail_Hunting_over_Wolotschajewka_Perwaja_%28cropped%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The white-throated needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus), also known as needle-tailed swift or spine-tailed swift, is a large swift in the genus Hirundapus. It is reputed to reach speeds of up to 170 km/h (105 mph) in horizontal flight, but this is unverified because the methods used to measure its speed have not been published.",
      "They build their nests in rock crevices in cliffs or hollow trees. They do not like to sit on the ground and spend most of their time in the air. They feed on small, flying insects like beetles, flies, bees and moths.",
      "The white-throated needletail is a migratory bird, breeding in Central Asia and southern Siberia, and wintering south in the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. It is a rare vagrant in Western Europe and has been recorded as far west as Norway, Sweden and Great Britain. In June 2013, an individual was spotted in Great Britain after 22 years. It later flew into a wind turbine and died; its body was sent to a museum.",
      "White-throated needletails are large swifts with a robust, barrel-like body. They measure about 20 cm and weigh between 110 and 120 grams. They are greyish-brown except for a white throat and a white patch, extending from the base of the tail to the flanks.",
      "Needle-tailed swifts get their name from the spined end of their tail, which is not forked as it is in the typical swifts of the genus Apus.",
      "The white-throated needletail was first described by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Hirundo caudacuta. Their current genus Hirundapus is constructed from the names of the  swallow genus Hirundo and the swift genus Apus. The specific name caudacutus comes from the Latin words cauda meaning \"tail\" and acutus meaning \"pointed\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Silver-backed needletail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundapus_cochinchinensis",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, DFNP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Silver-backedNeedletail.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The silver-backed needletail (Hirundapus cochinchinensis) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae.It is found in Southeast Asia, Sumatra, Java and Taiwan.  It is a vagrant to Christmas Island.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown-backed needletail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundapus_giganteus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Brown-backedNeedletail.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The brown-backed needletail (Hirundapus giganteus), or brown needletail, is a large swift.",
      "These birds have very short legs which they use only mainly for clinging to vertical surfaces. They never settle voluntarily on the ground and spend most of their lives in the air, living on the insects they catch in their beaks.",
      "These swifts are resident breeders in hill forests in southern Asia from India east to Indonesia and the Philippines.",
      "They build their nests in rock crevices in cliffs, laying 3-5 eggs. The flight is impressively fast, even compared to other swifts.",
      "The brown-backed needletail is a very large swift, and at 23 cm is bigger than the Alpine swift and the white-throated needletail. It has a similar build to the latter species, with a heavy barrel-like body. They are dark brown except for a white undertail, which extends on to the flanks.",
      "The Hirundapus needletailed swifts get their name from the spiny end to the tail, which is not forked as in the Apus typical swifts."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Plume-toed swiftlet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocalia_affinis",
    "rarity": "U/R",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Hunting_plume-toed_swiftlets.png"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The plume-toed swiftlet is 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) in length with a square tail. The back and upper surface of the wings are uniformly dark greenish-blue with a moderate gloss. The throat and upper breast are dark grey merging into large greyish chevrons over the lower breast and flanks, usually becoming white over the belly. There is a tuft of small feathers on the hallux, the rear facing toe. This species lacks a pale contrasting rump and has no white spots on the inner webs of the tail feathers."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-nest swiftlet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodramus_maxima",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "islandwide, including offshore islands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/AerodramusMaximus.Wokoti.jpg",
        "text": "at Upper Peirce Reservoir, Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus maximus) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.",
      "It is one of the main sources of edible nests for bird's nest soup."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Germain's swiftlet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodramus_germani",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Germain%27s_swiftlet.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This swiftlet is 12 cm long and weighs 13 to 14 grams. The plumage is blackish-brown above, but much paler on the underparts. The tail is slightly forked and the wings are long and narrow. The bill and feet are black. The nominate subspecies C. g. germani from Hainan south to Thailand and northern Malaysia has a whitish rump, but  C. g. amechanus of the rest of Malaysia has a grey rump. These two forms are sometimes considered to be subspecies of the edible-nest swiftlet.",
      "Several calls are uttered including a loud zwing and various chip calls used for echolocation in dark caves.",
      "Himalayan swiftlet winters within the range of Germain's swiftlet, but is larger and bulkier, and has a greyer rump than C. g. germani."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common swift",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apus_apus",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Apus_apus_-Barcelona%2C_Spain-8_%281%29.jpg",
        "text": "In Barcelona, Spain"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Common swifts are 16–17 cm (6.3–6.7 in) long with a wingspan of 38–40 cm (15–16 in) and entirely blackish-brown except for a small white or pale grey patch on their chins which is not visible from a distance. They have a short forked tail and very long swept-back wings that resemble a crescent or a boomerang.",
      "Their call is a loud scream in two different tone pitches, the higher of which issues from the female. They often form 'screaming parties' during summer evenings, when 10–20 swifts will gather in flight around their nesting area, calling out and being answered by nesting swifts. Larger \"screaming parties\" are formed at higher altitudes, especially late in the breeding season. The purpose of these parties is uncertain, but may include ascending to sleep on the wing, while still breeding adults tend to spend the night in the nest.[citation needed] Tracking swifts at their breeding colonies using radar has revealed that individuals often occur in flocks during evening ascent and dawn descent but not during the subsequent evening descent or prior dawn ascent, suggesting that this flocking benefits the swifts via cue acquisition and information exchange between individuals or through extending social behaviour. "
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pacific swift",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apus_pacificus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, KRP, P. Ubin, Singapore Strait, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Pacific_Swift.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "At 17–18 cm (6.7–7.1 in) in length, the Pacific swift is the largest of the Apus swifts. It has a 43-to-54-cm (17-to-21-in) wingspan. Females are slightly heavier than males, averaging 44.5 g (1.57 oz) against 42.5 g (1.50 oz). It is similar in general shape to the common swift, although slightly longer-winged and with a more protruding head. The fork of the tail is deeper, and the rump is broader. The upperparts are black, apart from a white rump band and a somewhat greyer head. The underparts are black, although white fringes to the feathers give the belly a scaly appearance when seen well from below. The tail and the upper wings are black, and the underwings are brown. The eyes are brown and the small bill and very short legs are black. The sexes are identically plumaged, and juveniles differ from the adults only in that the feathers show pale fringes, particularly on the wings. The southern subspecies, A. p. kurodae, has a narrower white rump (15 mm/0.6 in against the nominate form's 20 mm/0.8 in), a grey throat and blacker underparts. Juveniles of migratory Apus swifts have a partial moult prior to migration, but retain the larger wing feathers. The moult is completed in the wintering grounds, where adults have a complete moult.",
      "This species is usually straightforward to identify. The white-rumped swift is similar to Pacific swift, but its slender body and long, deeply forked tail make it appear quite different from its more powerfully built relative. A possible pitfall is a partially leucistic common swift with a white rump. The Pacific swift can be distinguished with care by its deeper tail fork, longer wings, bigger head, larger white throat patch and patterned underparts. In parts of Southeast Asia, migrating Pacific swifts pass through the resident ranges of former subspecies, and good views are then necessary to be sure of correct identification.",
      "The calls given by flocks near the breeding areas are typical swift screams, including a trilled tsiririri or harsher spee-eer. They resemble the cries of the common swift, but are softer and less wheezy. Pacific swifts are less vocal on the wintering grounds, but produce a variety of twitters and buzzes."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "House swift",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apus_nipalensis",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Buangkok, Changi, CCNR, DFNP, Halus, Henderson Waves, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/House_Swift.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The house swift (Apus nipalensis) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is found in Japan, Nepal, and Southeast Asia. It is capable of flying long distances by alternately shutting off hemispheres of their brain in-flight. In May 2012, one was discovered in Ladner, British Columbia, the first known sighting in North America.",
      "It was formerly considered a subspecies of the little swift."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian palm-swift",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypsiurus_balasiensis",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCKC, CCNR, Halus, KRP, Poyan, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Asian_Palm_Swift.svg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Asian palm swift (Cypsiurus balasiensis) is a small swift. It is very similar to the African palm swift, Cypsiurus parvus, and was formerly considered to be the same species.",
      "It is a common resident breeder in tropical Asia from India to the Philippines. The down and feather nest is glued to the underside of a palm leaf with saliva, which is also used to secure the usually two or three eggs. This is a bird of open country and cultivation, which is strongly associated with oil palms.",
      "This 13 cm long species is mainly pale brown in colour. It has long swept-back wings that resemble a crescent or a boomerang. The body is slender, and the tail is long and deeply forked, although it is usually held closed. The call is a loud shrill scream.",
      "Sexes are similar, and young birds differ from adults mainly in their shorter tails. Asian palm swift has very short legs which it uses only for clinging to vertical surfaces, since swifts never settle voluntarily on the ground.",
      "These swifts spend most of their lives in the air, living on the insects they catch in their beaks. Asian palm swifts often feed near the ground, and they drink on the wing."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray-rumped treeswift",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiprocne_longipennis",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "BAMKP, BBNP, Bidadari, CCNR, KRP, Mandai, SBG, TBHP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Grey_Rumped_Treeswift.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adult males have a distinct dark grey throat and chest contrasting with a white belly. Ear coverts are dull orange red/chestnut colored. Adult females lack the dull orange-red/chestnut coloration on the ear coverts. When perched, the wing tips cross over across the tail. Both sexes have a greenish sheen to the upper parts."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Whiskered treeswift",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiprocne_comata",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Hemiprocne_comata_26084033.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The whiskered treeswift (Hemiprocne comata) is a species of bird in the family Hemiprocnidae. It is the smallest of 4 species in genus Hemiprocne and is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.",
      "Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Slaty-breasted rail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewinia_striata",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "tall grass areas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Slaty-breasted_Rail_Gallirallus_striatus_photographed_in_Malaysia_in_2013_by_Devon_Pike.jpg",
        "text": "Slaty-breasted rail in Malaysia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The slaty-breasted rail (Lewinia striata) is a rail species native to the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Breeding has been recorded in July near Dehradun in the foothills of the Indian Himalayas. Despite traditionally being considered part of Gallirallus, recent genetic studies have consistently placed it in the genus Lewinia, which is now formally recognised by the IUCN and IOC."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian moorhen",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallinula_chloropus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Halus, Kranji Marsh, Poyan, WCP, Marina South, P. Punggol, Serangoon",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Common_moorhen_%28Gallinula_chloropus%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "G. c. chloropus from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India call"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The moorhen is a distinctive species, with dark plumage apart from the white undertail, yellow legs and a red frontal shield. The young are browner and lack the red shield. The frontal shield of the adult has a rounded top and fairly parallel sides; the tailward margin of the red unfeathered area is a smooth waving line. In the related common gallinule of the Americas, the frontal shield has a fairly straight top and is less wide towards the bill, giving a marked indentation to the back margin of the red area.",
      "The common moorhen gives a wide range of gargling calls and will emit loud hisses when threatened. A midsized to large rail, it can range from 30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 in) in length and span 50 to 62 cm (20 to 24 in) across the wings. The body mass of this species can range from 192 to 500 g (6.8 to 17.6 oz)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian coot",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulica_atra",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Poyan",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Fulica_atra%2C_Bl%C3%A4sshuhn_am_Adenauer-Weiher.jpg",
        "text": ""
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Eurasian coot is 36–38 cm (14–15 in) in length with a wing-span of 70–80 cm (28–31 in); males weigh around 890 g (31 oz) and females 750 g (26 oz). It largely black except for the white bill and frontal shield (which gives rise to the phrase \"as bald as a coot\", in use as early as 1430). As a swimming species, the coot has partial webbing on its long strong toes. The sexes are similar in appearance.",
      "The juvenile is paler than the adult, has a whitish breast, and lacks the facial shield; the adult black plumage develops when about 3–4 months old, but the white shield is only fully developed at about one year old.",
      "This is a noisy bird with a wide repertoire of crackling, explosive, or trumpeting calls, often given at night.",
      ""
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray-headed swamphen",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrio_poliocephalus",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "Halus, Kranji Marsh, Neo Tiew, TEG, Poyan",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Grey-headed_swamphen_%28Porphyrio_poliocephalus%29_male.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Grey-headed_swamphen_%28Porphyrio_poliocephalus%29_female.jpg",
        "text": "FemaleBoth, Vembanad Lake, Kerala"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Grey-headed swamphen (Porphyrio poliocephalus) is a species of swamphen occurring from the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent to southern China and northern Thailand. It used to be considered a subspecies of the purple swamphen, but was elevated to full species status in 2015; today the purple swamphen is considered a superspecies and each of its six races are designated full species.",
      "The male has an elaborate courtship display, holding water weeds in his bill and bowing to the female with loud chuckles.",
      "The grey-headed swamphen was introduced to North America in the late 1990s due to avicultural escapes in the Pembroke Pines, Florida area. State wildlife biologists attempted to eradicate the birds, but they have multiplied and can now be found in many areas of southern Florida. Ornithological authorities consider it likely that the swamphen will become an established part of Florida's avifauna. It was added to the American Birding Association checklist in February 2013."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Watercock",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallicrex_cinerea",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, Jurong East, Kranji Marsh, Poyan, SBG, SBWR, Tuas, Khatib Bongsu, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Gallicrex_cinerea_-Basai_Wetlands%2C_near_Gurgaon%2C_Haryana%2C_India-8.jpg",
        "text": "Male at Basai Wetlands, near Gurgaon, Haryana, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The watercock (Gallicrex cinerea) is a waterbird in the rail and crake family, Rallidae. It is the only member of the genus Gallicrex. Traditionally held to be closely related to moorhens (which the adult male visually closely resembles), it is actually member of a mostly tropical Asian clade containing also Aenigmatolimnas, Amaurornis, Himantornis and Megacrex.",
      "Their breeding habitat is swamps across south Asia from India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka to south China, Korea, Japan, Philippines and Indonesia. They nest in a dry location on the ground in marsh vegetation, laying 3-6 eggs. These large rails are mainly permanent residents throughout their range.",
      "The body of this rail is flattened laterally to allow easier passage through the reeds or undergrowth. It has long toes and a short tail.",
      "Adult male watercocks are 43 cm (17 in) long and weigh 476–650 g (1.049–1.433 lb). They have mainly black-grey plumage with red legs, bill, extended frontal shield and horn. Young males are buff in colour, darkening as they mature. Their bill is yellow and their legs are green.",
      "Female birds are smaller at 36 cm (14 in) and 298–434 g (10.5–15.3 oz). They are dark brown above and paler below. the plumage is streaked and barred with darker markings. The bill is yellow and the legs are green. The downy chicks are black, as with all rails.",
      "These birds probe with their bill in mud or shallow water, also picking up food by sight. They mainly eat insects and small fish and seeds. They forage on the ground.",
      "Watercock are quite secretive, but are sometimes seen out in the open. They are noisy birds, especially at dawn and dusk, with a loud, gulping call."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-breasted waterhen",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaurornis_phoenicurus",
    "rarity": "C/RBWV",
    "location": "islandwide",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Amaurornis_phoenicurus_-_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adult white-breasted waterhens have mainly dark grey upperparts and flanks, and a white face, neck and breast. The lower belly and undertail are cinnamon coloured. The body is flattened laterally to allow easier passage through the reeds or undergrowth. They have long toes, a short tail and a yellow bill and legs. Sexes are similar but females measure slightly smaller. Immature birds are much duller versions of the adults. The downy chicks are black, as with all rails.",
      "Several subspecies are named for the populations that are widely distributed. The nominate subspecies is described from Sri Lanka but is often widened to include chinensis of mainland India and adjoining regions in Asia, west to Arabia and east nearly to Japan. The remaining subspecies are those from islands and include insularis of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, midnicobaricus of the central Nicobars, leucocephala of Car Nicobar, maldivus of the Maldives, javanicus of Java and leucomelanus of Sulawesi and the Lesser Sundas."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-browed crake",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaurornis_cinerea",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Halus, Kranji Marsh, SBWR, Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Porzana_cinerea_-_Bueng_Boraphet.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The white-browed crake (Poliolimnas cinereus) is a species of bird in the family Rallidae. It is found in Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, Fiji, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, India, Malaysia, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, and Vanuatu.",
      "Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. The Iwo Jima rail, a doubtfully valid subspecies formerly native to Iwo Jima, is now extinct."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-legged crake",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallina_fasciata",
    "rarity": "U/RBWV",
    "location": "BBNP, BBC, BTNR, CCNR, Halus, MFP, P. Ubin, SBG, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Red-Legged_Crake.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a medium-large crake (length 24 cm). Its head, neck and breast red-brown, paler on throat. Its upper parts are grey-brown. Underparts and underwings are barred black and white. Its bill is green and its legs are red."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Slaty-legged crake",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallina_eurizonoides",
    "rarity": "VR/WVPM",
    "location": "Admiralty Park, Bedok, Haig Road, Jurong Is., JLG, LPR, Sentosa, Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Slaty-legged_crake_%28Rallina_eurizonoides%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Rallina eurizonoidesMangaon, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The slaty-legged crake is about 25 cm long. Its body is flattened laterally to allow easier passage through the undergrowth. It has long toes and a short tail. Colouring includes a brown back, chestnut head and breast, and strong black-and-white barring on the flanks, belly and undertail. The throat is white, the bill is yellowish, and the legs are green.  Sexes are similar; juveniles are dark brown above and below, although they have the belly barring and white throat.",
      ""
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ruddy-breasted crake",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapornia_fusca",
    "rarity": "U/RBWV",
    "location": "BAMKP, Changi, Halus, Kranji Marsh, LSR, Punggol, P. Punggol, Tampines, Tuas, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Ruddy-breasted_Crake_%28Porzana_fusca%29_in_Kolkata_I_IMG_2677.jpg",
        "text": "In  Kolkata, West Bengal, India."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The ruddy-breasted crake (Zapornia fusca), or ruddy crake, is a waterbird in the rail and crake family Rallidae.",
      "Its breeding habitat is swamps and similar wet areas across South Asia from the Indian subcontinent east to south China, Japan and Indonesia. It has been recorded as a vagrant from the Australian territory of Christmas Island. It is mainly a permanent resident throughout its range, but some northern populations migrate further south in winter.",
      "This crake nests in a dry location on the ground in marsh vegetation, laying 6-9 eggs.",
      "The ruddy-breasted crake is about 22–23 cm long. The body is flattened laterally to allow easier passage through the reeds or undergrowth. It has long toes and a short tail. Coloring includes a pale brown back and chestnut head and underparts, with white barring on the flanks and undertail. The bill is yellowish, and the eyes, legs, and feet are red.",
      "The sexes are similar, but juveniles are dark brown with some white spotting.",
      "These birds probe in mud or shallow water and also pick up food by sight. They forage for shoots, berries and insects, as well as large snails, which they eat by using their bills to peck through the hard shell.",
      "Ruddy-breasted crakes are territorial, but are quite secretive, hiding amongst grassy shrubs and bushes when disturbed."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Band-bellied crake",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porzana_paykullii",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "JLG (2011, 2014), SBG (2018)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Mandarin_v%C3%ADzicsibe.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The band-bellied crake (Zapornia paykullii) is a species of bird in the family Rallidae.It breeds in Manchuria, eastern China and northern Korea ; it winters throughout Southeast Asia.",
      "It is getting rare due to habitat loss.",
      "In 1813 the Swedish taxon author Sven Ingemar Ljungh named the bird after the naturalist Gustaf von Paykull."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Baillon's crake",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapornia_pusilla",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Bt. Batok, Halus, NTL, SBTB, Tampines, Tuas, P. Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Porzana_pusilla_-_Mount_Annan_Botanical_Garden.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "They are 16–18 cm (6.3–7.1 in) in length, and are similar to the only slightly larger little crake. Baillon's crake has a short straight bill, yellow or green without a red base. Adults have mainly brown upperparts with some white markings, and a blue-grey face and underparts. The rear flanks are barred black and white. They have green legs with long toes, and a short tail which is barred underneath.",
      "Immature Baillon's crakes are similar to the adults, but have extensively barred underparts. The downy chicks are black, as with all rails."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Masked finfoot",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopais_personata",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "SBWR (1999), USR (2002, 2010)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Masked_Finfoot.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The masked finfoot is an underwater specialist with a long neck, a striking sharp beak and lobed feet which are green. The male and female both have a black mask and eyebrow that contrasts with a white eyering and lateral cervical stripe. The rest of the neck is grey, the breast is pale and the back, wings and tail are rich brown. The males have an all black chin while the females have a white chin."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Beach thick-knee",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esacus_magnirostris",
    "rarity": "Ex/R",
    "location": "Southern Islands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Esacus_giganteus_-Daintree%2C_Queensland%2C_Australia-8_%281%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The beach stone-curlew (Esacus magnirostris) also known as beach thick-knee is a large, ground-dwelling bird that occurs in Australasia, the islands of South-east Asia. At 55 cm (22 in) and 1 kg (2.2 lb), it is one of the world's largest shorebirds. At a mean of 1,032 g (2.275 lb) in males and 1,000 g (2.2 lb) in females, it the heaviest living member of the Charadriiformes outside of the gull and skua families.",
      "It is less strictly nocturnal than most stone-curlews, and can sometimes be seen foraging by daylight, moving slowly and deliberately, with occasional short runs. It tends to be wary and fly off into the distance ahead of the observer, employing slow, rather stiff wingbeats. The beach stone-curlew is a resident of undisturbed open beaches, exposed reefs, mangroves, and tidal sand or mudflats over a large range, including coastal eastern Australia as far south as far eastern Victoria, the northern Australian coast and nearby islands, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It is uncommon over most of its range, and rare south of Cairns.",
      "A single egg is laid just above the high tide line on the open beach, where it is vulnerable to predation and human disturbance.",
      "The beach stone-curlew is classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-winged stilt",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himantopus_himantopus",
    "rarity": "VR/WVPM+RB",
    "location": "WVPM: Changi, Kranji Marsh, LSD, SBWR, P. Punggol. RB: P. Tekong (2019)[8]",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Black-winged_stilt_%28Himantopus_himantopus%29.jpg",
        "text": "H. h. meridionalis (South Africa)"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Front_and_back_black-winged_stilts.jpg",
        "text": "at Ameenpur lake, Telangana, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adults are 33–36 cm (13–14 in) long. They have long pink legs, a long thin black bill and are blackish above and white below, with a white head and neck with a varying amount of black. Males have a black back, often with greenish gloss. Females' backs have a brown hue, contrasting with the black remiges. In the populations that have the top of the head normally white at least in winter, females tend to have less black on head and neck all year round, while males often have much black, particularly in summer. This difference is not clear-cut, however, and males usually get all-white heads in winter.",
      "Immature birds are grey instead of black and have a markedly sandy hue on the wings, with light feather fringes appearing as a whitish line in flight."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pied stilt",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himantopus_leucocephalus",
    "rarity": "VR/RB",
    "location": "P. Tekong (2019)[9]",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Himantopus_leucocephalus_-_Hexham.jpg",
        "text": "Adult pied stilt"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The pied stilt grows to a length of about 14 in (36 cm) with a wingspan of about 26.5 in (67 cm). The back of the head and neck, the back and the upper surfaces of the wings are glossy greenish-black. The undersides of the wings are plain black and the remainder of the plumage is white, apart from the tail feathers which are tinged with grey. The long, thin legs are pink and the toes have black claws. The long slender beak is black and the irises and the eyelids are red."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-bellied plover",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvialis_squatarola",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Pluvialis_squatarola_%28summer_plumage%29.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "They are 27–30 cm (11–12 in) long with a wingspan of 71–83 cm (28–33 in) and a weight of 190–280 g (6.7–9.9 oz) (up to 345 g (12.2 oz) in preparation for migration). In spring and summer (late April or May to August), the adults are spotted black and white on the back and wings. The face and neck are black with a white border; they have a black breast and belly and a white rump. The tail is white with black barring. The bill and legs are black. They moult to winter plumage in mid August to early September and retain this until April; this being a fairly plain grey above, with a grey-speckled breast and white belly. The juvenile and first-winter plumages, held by young birds from fledging until about one year old, are similar to the adult winter plumage but with the back feathers blacker with creamy white edging. In all plumages, the inner flanks and axillary feathers at the base of the underwing are black, a feature which readily distinguishes it from the other three Pluvialis species in flight. On the ground, it can also be told from the other Pluvialis species by its larger (24–34 mm, 0.94–1.34 in), heavier bill."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pacific golden-plover",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvialis_fulva",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "rivers, coasts, mudflats, open areas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Pluvialis_fulva_-Bering_Land_Bridge_National_Preserve%2C_Alaska%2C_USA-8.jpg",
        "text": "In breeding plumage at Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, Alaska"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Pluvialis_fulva_2_-_Laem_Pak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "In non-breeding plumage at Laem Pak Bia, Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis fulva), or Pacific golden-plover is a medium-sized plover. The genus name is Latin and means relating to rain, from pluvia, \"rain\". It was believed that golden plovers flocked when rain was imminent. The species name fulva is Latin and refers to a tawny colour.",
      "The 23–26 cm long breeding adult is spotted gold and black on the crown, and back on the wings. Its face and neck are black with a white border, and it has a black breast and a dark rump. The legs are black. In winter, the black is lost and the plover then has a yellowish face and breast, and white underparts.",
      "It is similar to two other golden plovers: the Eurasian and American plovers. The Pacific golden plover is smaller, slimmer and relatively longer-legged than the European golden plover, Pluvialis apricaria, which also has white axillary (armpit) feathers. Overall, the Pacific golden plover is found to be more similar to the American golden plover, Pluvialis dominica, with which it was once considered conspecific as \"lesser golden plover\". The Pacific golden plover is slimmer than the American species, has a shorter primary projection, longer legs, and is usually found to have more yellow on the back.",
      "This wader forages for food on tundra, fields, beaches and tidal flats, usually by sight. It eats insects and crustaceans and some berries.",
      "The breeding habitat of Pacific golden plover is the Arctic tundra from northernmost Eurosiberia into western Alaska. It nests on the ground in a dry open area.",
      "It is migratory and winters in south Asia and Australasia. A few winter in California and Hawaii, USA.  In Hawaii, the bird is known as the kōlea, and in New Zealand it is known to Māori as kuriri. It is very rare vagrant to western Europe. They return to the same wintering territory each year, which allowed scientists in Hawaii to attach tiny light level geolocator devices to the birds and then retrieve them the following year in the same location. This research revealed that these birds make the 4800 km non-stop flight between Alaska and Hawaii in 3–4 days."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray-headed lapwing",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanellus_cinereus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Kranji, NTL, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Vanellus_cinereus.JPG"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The grey-headed lapwing is 34–37 cm long. It has a grey head and neck, darker grey breast band and white belly. The back is brown, the rump is white and the tail is black. This is a striking species in flight, with black primaries, white under wings and upper wing secondaries, and brown upper wing coverts.",
      "Adults of both sexes are similarly plumaged, but males are slightly larger than females. Young birds have the white areas of plumage tinged with grey, a less distinct breast band, and pale fringes to the upperpart and wing covert feathers. The call of the Grey-headed Lapwing is a sharp chee-it."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-wattled lapwing",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanellus_indicus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Bt. Batok West, Changi, Kranji, Marina East, NTL, Punggol, P. Punggol, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR, Sarimbun, Tuas, Warren",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Red-wattled_lapwing_%28Vanellus_indicus%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Vanellus indicus indicus Calls"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Red-wattled lapwings are large waders, about 35 cm (14 in) long. The wings and back are light brown with a purple to green sheen, but the head, a bib on the front and back of the neck are black.  Prominently white patch runs between these two colours, from belly and tail, flanking the neck to the sides of crown.  Short tail is tipped black.  A red fleshy wattle in front of each eye, black-tipped red bill, and the long legs are yellow. In flight, prominent white wing bars formed by the white on the secondary coverts.",
      "Race aigneri is slightly paler and larger than the nominate race and is found in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and the Indus valley. The nominate race is found all over India. The Sri Lankan race lankae is smaller and dark while atronuchalis the race in north-eastern India and eastern Bangladesh has a white cheek surrounded by black.",
      "Males and females are similar in plumage but males have a 5% longer wing and tend to have a longer carpal spur. The length of the birds is 320–350 mm, wing of 208–247 mm with the nominate averaging 223 mm, Sri Lanka 217 mm. The Bill is 31–36 mm and tarsus of 70–83 mm. Tail length is 104–128 mm.",
      "It usually keeps in pairs or trios in well-watered open country, ploughed fields, grazing land, and margins and dry beds of tanks and puddles. They occasionally form large flocks, ranging from 26 to 200 birds. It is also found in forest clearings around rain-filled depressions. It runs about in short spurts and dips forward obliquely (with unflexed legs) to pick up food in a typical plover manner. They are said to feed at night being especially active around the full moon. Is uncannily and ceaselessly vigilant, day or night, and is the first to detect intrusions and raise an alarm, and was therefore considered a nuisance by hunters. Flight rather slow, with deliberate flaps, but capable of remarkable agility when defending nest or being hunted by a hawk.",
      "Its striking appearance is supplemented by its noisy nature, with a loud and scolding did-he-do-it call, uttered both in the day and night.",
      "Leucistic abnormal plumages have been noted.",
      "The local names are mainly onomatopoeic in origin and include titeeri (Hindi), titawi (Marathi), tittibha (Kannada), tateehar (Sindhi), titodi (Gujarati), hatatut (Kashmiri), balighora (Assamese), yennappa chitawa (Telugu), aal-kaati (Tamil, meaning \"human indicator\")."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Masked lapwing",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanellus_miles",
    "rarity": "U/F",
    "location": "Mandai, Seletar West, Tanjong Rhu",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Prague_07-2016_Zoo_img02_Vanellus_miles.jpg",
        "text": "V. m. miles"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Vanellus_miles_novaehollandiae.jpg",
        "text": "V. m. novaehollandiae"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The masked lapwing is the largest representative of the family Charadriidae. It measures from 30 to 37 cm (12 to 15 in) in length and has a wingspan of 75–85 cm (30–33 in), and has a conspicuous yellow spur on the carpal joint of each wing. The nominate subspecies (V. m. miles) weighs 191–300 g (6.7–10.6 oz), while the southern race (V. m. novaehollandiae) is larger and weighs 296–412 g (10.4–14.5 oz). The subspecies from northern Australia and New Guinea (V. m. miles) has an all-white neck and large yellow wattles with the male having a distinctive mask and larger wattles. The subspecies found in the southern and eastern states of Australia and in New Zealand (V. m. novaehollandiae), and often locally called the spur-winged plover, has a black neck-stripe and smaller wattles. (Note that the northern-hemisphere spur-winged plover is a different bird.)",
      "The birds have a wide range of calls which can be heard at any time of the day or night: the warning call, a loud defending call, courtship calls, calls to its young, and others. Since this bird lives on the ground it is always alert and even though it rests it never sleeps properly."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser sand-plover",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadrius_mongolus",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "rivers, coasts, mudflats",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Charadrius_mongolus_-_Laem_Phak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "Laem Phak Bia, Ban Laem, Phetchaburi, Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This chunky plover is long-legged and long-billed. Breeding males have grey backs and white underparts. The breast, forehead and nape are chestnut, and there is a black eye mask. The female is duller, and winter and juvenile birds lack the chestnut, apart from a hint of rufous on the head. Legs are dark and the bill black.",
      "In all plumages, this species is very similar to the greater sand plover, Charadrius leschenaultii. Separating the species may be straightforward in mixed wintering flocks on an Indian beach, where the difference in size and structure is obvious; it is more difficult to identify a lone vagrant to western Europe, where both species are very rare. The problem is compounded in that the Middle Eastern race of greater sand plover is the most similar to the lesser. The lesser usually has darker legs, a white forehead, and a more even white wing bar than the greater."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Greater sand-plover",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadrius_leschenaultii",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, LSD, Marina Barrage, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Greater_Sand_Plover_1_-_Lee_Point.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This chunky plover is long-legged and thick-billed. Breeding males have grey backs and white underparts. The breast, forehead and nape are chestnut, and there is a black eye mask. The female is duller, and winter and juvenile birds lack the chestnut, apart from a hint of rufous on the head. Legs are greenish and the bill black.",
      "In all plumages, it is very similar to lesser sand plover, Charadrius mongolus. Separating the species may be straightforward in mixed wintering flocks on an Indian beach, where the difference in size and structure is obvious; it is another thing altogether to identify a lone vagrant to western Europe, where both species are very rare. The problem is compounded in that the Middle Eastern race of the greater sand plover is the most similar to the lesser species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Malaysian plover",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadrius_peronii",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, LSD, Marina Barrage, P. Semakau, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Charadrius_peronii_-_Laem_Pak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Charadrius_peronii_-_Laem_Phak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Malaysian plover is 15 cm (5.9 in) in length. The male can be recognized by a thin black band around the neck; the female has a thin brown band. Its legs are pale. Its voice is a soft twit."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kentish plover",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadrius_alexandrinus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Marina Barrage, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Kentish_plover_%28Charadrius_alexandrinus%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Charadrius alexandrinus from Akshi Beach, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Kentish plover is a small shorebird weighing around 40 g as an adult. Both male and female birds have black bills and dark legs, however adults have dimorphic plumage. During the breeding season, males have a black horizontal head bar, two incomplete dark breast-bands on each side of their breast, black ear coverts and a rufous nape and crown (although there is some variation between breeding populations), whereas the females are paler in these areas, without the dark markings. In the early breeding season, it is easy to distinguish between males and females since the ornaments are very pronounced, but as the breeding season progresses, the differences between the two sexes decrease. Moreover, males have longer tarsi and longer flank feathers than females. Longer flank feathers are thought to be an advantage for incubation and brood care, as the quality of feathers is associated with heat insulation.There are multiple significant predictors of plumage ornamentation in Kentish plovers. Firstly, the interaction between the advancement of the breeding season and rainfall seem to affect ornamentation. Male ornaments become more elaborated over the course of a breeding season in regions with high rainfall, whereas in regions with low rainfall, male ornaments become lighter. Secondly, the interaction between the breeding system and the sex can predict the degree of plumage ornamentation. In polygamous populations, the sexual ornaments are more pronounced, generating a stronger sexual dimorphism than in monogamous populations. The difference is especially witnessed in males, whereby the ornaments are darker and smaller in polygamous populations compared to monogamous populations, where males have lighter and larger ornaments. This is thought to be the result of a trade-off between the size and intensity of the ornaments."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common ringed plover",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadrius_hiaticula",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Changi, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Charadrius_hiaticula_tundrae_Varanger.jpg",
        "text": "Adult Calls recorded in Norfolk, England"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adults are 17–19.5 cm (6.7–7.7 in) in length with a 35–41 cm (14–16 in) wingspan. They have a grey-brown back and wings, a white belly, and a white breast with one black neckband. They have a brown cap, a white forehead, a black mask around the eyes and a short orange and black bill. The legs are orange and only the outer two toes are slightly webbed, unlike the slightly smaller but otherwise very similar semipalmated plover, which has all three toes slightly webbed, and also a marginally narrower breast band; it was in former times included in the present species. Juvenile ringed plovers are duller than the adults in colour, with an often incomplete grey-brown breast band, a dark bill and dull yellowish-grey legs.",
      "This species differs from the smaller little ringed plover in leg colour, the head pattern, and the lack of an obvious yellow eye-ring."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Little ringed plover",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadrius_dubius",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "open areas, rivers, coasts",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Little_ringed_plover_%28Charadrius_dubius%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "C. d. jerdoni from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adult little ringed plovers have a grey-brown back and wings, a white belly and a white breast with one black neckband. They have a brown cap, a white forehead, a black mask around the eyes with white above and a short dark bill. The legs are flesh-coloured and the toes are all webbed.",
      "This species differs from the larger ringed plover in leg colour, the head pattern, and the presence of a clear yellow eye-ring."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oriental plover",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadrius_veredus",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Changi, LSD",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Charadrius_veredus_West_Timor_0.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adult male in breeding plumage: white face, throat and fore-crown; grey-brown hind-crown, hind-neck and back; belly white, demarcated with narrow black band and then broad chestnut breast band merging into white throat.  Female, juvenile and non-breeding male: generally grey-brown upperparts and white belly; pale face with white streak above eye.  Measurements: length 21–25 cm; wingspan 46–53 cm; weight 95 g.Among the redbreasted Charadrius plovers, this bird is relatively large, longlegged and long-winged."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Greater painted-snipe",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostratula_benghalensis",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "Halus, Jurong Central Park, Jurong West, Kranji Marsh, Pasir Ris Farmway, Punggol, Tuas, SBG",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Greater_Painted-snipe_%28Female%29_I2_IMG_9477.jpg",
        "text": "Male on water"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Medium-sized, plump wading bird. Long reddish-brown bill, slightly decurved at tip, and distinct white or pinkish eye patch. Rounded, buff-spotted wings and short tail. White of breast extends up around top of folded wing. The painted-snipe is not related to the true snipes and differs from them in habits, flight and appearance, being far more colorful and having longer legs than the snipes. It is unusual in that the female is larger and more brightly colored than the male, with the sides of the head, neck and throat a rich chestnut brown, and a distinct black band across the breast; the male is paler and greyer."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pheasant-tailed jacana",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophasianus_chirurgus",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Halus, HNP (Hindhede Quarry), NTL (Kranji Marshes), SBTB, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Pheasant_tailed_jacana_2016.jpg",
        "text": "The breeding plumage is marked by the elongated central tail feathers, white front, wing, and the silky golden nape feathers"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The pheasant-tailed jacana is conspicuous and unmistakable. It is the longest species in the jacana family when the tail streamers are included. This is the only jacana to have a different breeding and non-breeding plumages. The breeding plumage is marked by the elongated central tail feathers that given the bird its name. The body is chocolate brown, with a white face and the back of the crown is black with white stripes running down the sides of the neck that separate the white of the front of neck and the silky golden yellow of the nape. The wings are predominantly white. In flight the white wing shows a black border formed by black on the outermost primaries and the tips of the outer secondaries and the primaries. The wing coverts are pale brown and the scapulars may be glossed green or purple. In the non-breeding season the top of the head and back are dark brown and only a trace of the golden nape feathers may be seen. A dark eyestripe runs down the sides of the neck and forms a dark necklace on a slightly sullied white front. The outer two primaries have a slender (lanceolate or spatulate) extension that broadens at the tip. The fourth primary has an acute tip formed by the shaft after the loss of webbing. Young birds have brown upper parts and the dark necklace is broken. Some traces of the black stripe on the side of the neck and white wings separate them from somewhat similar looking immatures of the bronze-winged jacana. They have strongly developed sharp white carpal spurs which are longer in females. The spurs may also undergo moult but has not been specifically described in this species. The tail is short and strongly graduated. The bill is more slender than in the bronze-winged and is bluish-black with a yellow tip when breeding and dull brown with yellowish base when not breeding. The leg is dark bluish grey and the iris is brown.",
      "Shufeldt described the skeletal features of a specimen from Luzon as being typical of jacanas but that the skull resembles in some ways to those of sandpipers. The skull and mandibles are slightly pneumatized unlike other bones and the sternum has a notch on the side which serve as attachment points to long and slender xiphoidal processes."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian Whimbrel",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numenius_phaeopus",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "rivers, coasts, mudflats",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Whimbrel_Numenius_phaeopus.jpg",
        "text": "N. p. phaeopus"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Whimbrel_-_Lee_Point_Reserve.jpg",
        "text": "N. p. variegatus"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a fairly large wader though mid-sized as a member of the curlew genus. The English name is imitative of the bird's call. The genus name Numenius is from Ancient Greek noumenios, a bird mentioned by Hesychius. It is associated with the curlews because it appears to be derived from neos, \"new\" and mene \"moon\", referring to the crescent-shaped bill. The species name phaeopus is the Medieval Latin name for the bird, from Ancient Greek phaios, \"dusky\" and pous, \"foot\".",
      "It is 37–47 cm (15–19 in) in length, 75–90 cm (30–35 in) in wingspan, and 270–493 g (9.5–17.4 oz; 0.595–1.087 lb) in weight. It is mainly greyish brown, with a white back and rump (subspecies N. p. phaeopus and N. p. alboaxillaris only), and a long curved bill (longest in the adult female) with a kink rather than a smooth curve. It is generally wary.",
      "The usual call is a rippling whistle, prolonged into a trill for the song.",
      "The only similar common species over most of this bird's range are larger curlews. The whimbrel is smaller, has a shorter, decurved bill and has a central crown stripe and strong supercilia.",
      "There are 5 subspecies:"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Little curlew",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numenius_minutus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Tuas (1997)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Numenius_minutus_1.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The little curlew (Numenius minutus) is a wader in the large bird family Scolopacidae. It is a very small curlew, which breeds in the far north of Siberia. It is closely related to the North American Eskimo curlew.",
      "The word \"curlew\" is imitative of the  Eurasian curlew's call, but may have been influenced by the Old French corliu, \"messenger\", from courir , \"to run\". It was first recorded in 1377 in  Langland's Piers Plowman. The genus name Numenius is from Ancient Greek noumenios, a bird mentioned by Hesychius. It is associated with the curlews because it appears to be derived from neos, \"new\", and mene, \"moon\", referring to the crescent-shaped bill. The species name is from Latin minutus, \"small\".",
      "This is a strongly migratory species, wintering in Australasia. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, including once in Blankenberge, Belgium, in September 2010.",
      "This bird breeds in loose colonies in forest clearings in river valleys. The nest is a ground scrape. It winters inland on grassland, cultivation or near fresh water, mainly in northern Australia but also as far south as St Kilda, South Australia. It is gregarious, forming sizeable flocks. This species feeds by probing soft mud for small invertebrates.",
      "It is mainly greyish brown, including the underwings, with a white belly, and a short, for a curlew, curved bill. It has a head pattern like a Eurasian whimbrel, with crown and superciliary stripes. The call is a repetitive whistle."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Far Eastern curlew",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numenius_madagascariensis",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Changi, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Numenius_madagascariensis_1_-_Stockton_Sandspit.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Far Eastern curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) is a large shorebird most similar in appearance to the long-billed curlew, but slightly larger. It is mostly brown in color, differentiated from other curlews by its plain, unpatterned brown underwing. It is not only the largest curlew but probably the world's largest sandpiper, at 60–66 cm (24–26 in) in length and 110 cm (43 in) across the wings. The body is reportedly 565–1,150 g (1.246–2.535 lb), which may be equaled by the Eurasian curlew. The extremely long bill, at 12.8–20.1 cm (5.0–7.9 in) in length, rivals the bill size of the closely related long-billed curlew as the longest bill for a sandpiper.",
      "The Far Eastern curlew spends its breeding season in northeastern Asia, including Siberia to  Kamchatka, and Mongolia. Its breeding habitat is composed of marshy and swampy wetlands and lakeshores. Most individuals winter in coastal Australia, with a few heading to South Korea, Thailand, Philippines and New Zealand, where they stay at estuaries, beaches, and salt marshes. During its migration the Far Eastern curlew commonly passes the Yellow Sea.",
      "It uses its long, decurved bill to probe for invertebrates in the mud. It may feed in solitary but it generally congregates in large flocks to migrate or roost. Its call is a sharp, clear whistle, cuuue-reee, often repeated.",
      "As of 2006, there are an estimated 38,000 individuals in the world. Formerly classified as least concern by IUCN, it was found to have been rarer than previously believed and thus its status was updated to \"vulnerable\" in the 2010 IUCN red list of threatened species.",
      "In Australia its status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act is \"critically endangered\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian curlew",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numenius_arquata",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Eurasian_Curlew.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Eurasian curlew or common curlew (Numenius arquata) is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae. It is one of the most widespread of the curlews, breeding across temperate Europe and Asia. In Europe, this species is often referred to just as the \"curlew\", and in Scotland known as the \"whaup\" in Scots.",
      "This is the largest wader in its range, at 50–60 cm (20–24 in) in length, with an 89–106 cm (35–42 in) wingspan and a body weight of 410–1,360 g (0.90–3.00 lb). It is mainly greyish brown, with a white back, greyish-blue legs and a very long curved bill. Males and females look identical, but the bill is longest in the adult female. It is generally not possible to recognize the sex of a single Eurasian curlew, or even several ones, as there is much variation; telling male and female of a mated pair apart is usually possible however.",
      "The familiar call is a loud curloo-oo.",
      "The only similar species over most of the curlew's range is the Eurasian whimbrel (N. phaeopus). The whimbrel is smaller and has a shorter bill with a kink rather than a smooth curve. Flying curlews may also resemble bar-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica) in their winter plumages; however, the latter have a smaller body, a slightly upturned beak, and legs that do not reach far beyond their tail tips. The Eurasian curlew's feet are longer, forming a conspicuous \"point\".",
      "The curlew exists as a migratory species over most of its range, wintering in Africa, southern Europe and south Asia. Occasionally a vagrant individual reaches places far from its normal range, such as Nova Scotia and the Marianas. It is present all year in the milder climates of Ireland and the United Kingdom and its adjacent European coasts."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bar-tailed godwit",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limosa_lapponica",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Mandai Mudflat, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Bar-tailed_Godwit.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding plumage"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Limosa_lapponica_2_-_Taren_Point.jpg",
        "text": "Non-breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The bar-tailed godwit is a relatively short-legged species of godwit. The bill-to-tail length is 37–41 cm (15–16 in), with a wingspan of 70–80 cm (28–31 in). Males average smaller than females but with much overlap; males weigh 190–400 g (6.7–14.1 oz), while females weigh 260–630 g (9.2–22.2 oz); there is also some regional variation in size (see subspecies, below). The adult has blue-grey legs and a long, tapering, slightly upturned bi-colored bill: pink at the base and black towards the tip. The neck, breast and belly are unbroken brick red in breeding plumage, and dark brown above. Females breeding plumage is much duller than males, with a chestnut to cinnamon belly. Breeding plumage is not fully apparent until the third year, and there are three distinguishable age classes; during their first migration north immature males are noticeably paler in colour than more mature males. Non-breeding birds seen in the Southern Hemisphere are plain grey-brown with darker feather centres, giving them a striped look, and are whitish underneath. Juveniles are similar to non-breeding adults but more buff overall with streaked plumages on flanks and breast.",
      "Alaska-breeding bar-tailed godwits show an increase in body size from north to south, but this trend is not apparent in their non-breeding grounds in New Zealand; birds of different sizes mix freely.",
      "Limosa lapponica is distinguished from the black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa) by its black-and-white horizontally-barred (rather than wholly black) tail, and lack of white wing bars. The most similar species is the Asiatic dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus).",
      "There are now five generally accepted subspecies of bar-tailed godwit, listed from west to east:",
      ""
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-tailed godwit",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limosa_limosa",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Mandai Mudflat, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Black-tailed_Godwit_Uferschnepfe.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-tailed godwit is a large wader with long bill (7.5 to 12 cm (3.0 to 4.7 in) long), neck and legs. During the breeding season, the bill has a yellowish or orange-pink base and dark tip; the base is pink in winter. The legs are dark grey, brown or black. The sexes are similar, but in breeding plumage, they can be separated by the male's brighter, more extensive orange breast, neck and head. In winter, adult black-tailed godwits have a uniform brown-grey breast and upperparts (in contrast to the bar-tailed godwit's streaked back). Juveniles have a pale orange wash to the neck and breast.",
      "In flight, its bold black and white wings and white rump can be seen readily. When on the ground it can be difficult to separate from the similar Bar-tailed Godwit, but the black-tailed godwit's longer, straighter bill and longer legs are diagnostic. Black-tailed godwits are similar in body size and shape to bar-taileds, but stand taller.",
      "It measures 42 cm (17 in) from bill to tail with a wingspan of 70–82 cm (28–32 in). Males weigh around 280 g (9.9 oz) and females 340 g (12 oz). The female is around 5% larger than the male, with a bill 12–15% longer.",
      "The most common call is a strident weeka weeka weeka.",
      "A study of black-tailed godwits in the Netherlands found a mortality rate of 37.6% in the first year of life, 32% in the second year, and 36.9% thereafter."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ruddy turnstone",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenaria_interpres",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, LSD, Mandai Mudflat, P. Tekong, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Arenaria_interpres_%28habitus%29.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in breeding plumage"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Ruddy_Turnstone_2345_-_Boat_Harbour.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in non-breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a fairly small and stocky bird, 22–24 cm (8.7–9.4 in) long with a wingspan of 50–57 cm (20–22 in) and a weight of 85–150 g (3.0–5.3 oz). The dark, wedge-shaped bill is 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) long and slightly upturned. The legs are fairly short at 3.5 cm (1.4 in) and are bright orange.",
      "In all seasons, the plumage is dominated by a harlequin-like pattern of black and white. Breeding birds have reddish-brown upper parts with black markings. The head is mainly white with black streaks on the crown and a black pattern on the face. The breast is mainly black apart from a white patch on the sides. The rest of the underparts are white. In flight it reveals a white wingbar, white patch near the base of the wing and white lower back, rump and tail with dark bands on the uppertail-coverts and near the tip of the tail. The female is slightly duller than the male and has a browner head with more streaking.",
      "Non-breeding adults are duller than breeding birds and have dark grey-brown upperparts with black mottling and a dark head with little white. Juvenile birds have a pale brown head and pale fringes to the upperpart feathers creating a scaly impression.",
      "Birds of the subspecies morinella are smaller with darker upperparts and less streaking on the crown.",
      "The ruddy turnstone has a staccato, rattling call and also a chattering alarm-call which is mainly given during the breeding season."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Great knot",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_tenuirostris",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "Changi, LSD, Mandai Mudflat, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Calidris_tenuirostris_-_Laem_Phak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "Nonbreeding"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Calidris_tenuirostris_-_Great_Knot.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species has short dark legs and a medium-length thin dark bill. Breeding adults have mottled greyish upperparts with some rufous feathering.  The face, throat and breast are heavily spotted black, and there are also some streaks on the rear belly. In winter the plumage becomes uniformly pale grey above. This bird is closely related to the more widespread red knot. In breeding plumage, the latter has a distinctive red face, throat and breast. In other plumages, the great knot can be identified by its larger size, longer bill, deeper chest, and the more streaked upperparts.",
      "These birds forage on mudflats and beaches, probing or picking up food by sight. They mainly eat molluscs and insects.",
      "The great knot is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red knot",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_canutus",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Red-Knot-for-Wiki.jpg",
        "text": "Calidris canutus rufa, breeding plumage"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Red_Knot_1_-_Boat_Harbour.jpg",
        "text": "Non-breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "An adult red knot is the second largest Calidris sandpiper, measuring 23–26 cm (9.1–10.2 in) long with a 47–53 cm (19–21 in) wingspan. The body shape is typical for the genus, with a small head and eyes, a short neck and a slightly tapering bill that is no longer than its head. It has short dark legs and a medium thin dark bill. The winter, or basic, plumage becomes uniformly pale grey, and is similar between the sexes. The alternate, or breeding, plumage is mottled grey on top with a cinnamon face, throat and breast and light-coloured rear belly. The alternate plumage of females is similar to that of the male except it is slightly lighter and the eye-line is less distinct. Canutus, islandica and piersmai are the \"darker\" subspecies. Subspecies rogersi has a lighter belly than either roselaari or piersmai, and rufa is the lightest in overall plumage. The transition from alternate to basic plumages begins at the breeding site but is most pronounced during the southwards migration. The molt to alternate plumage begins just prior to the northwards migration to the breeding grounds, but is mostly during the migration period.",
      "The large size, white wing bar and grey rump and tail make it easy to identify in flight. When feeding the short dark green legs give it a characteristic 'low-slung' appearance. When foraging singly, they rarely call, but when flying in a flock they make a low monosyllabic knutt and when migrating they utter a disyllabic knuup-knuup. They breed in the moist tundra during June to August. The display song of the male is a fluty poor-me. The display includes circling high with quivering wing beats and tumbling to the ground with the wings held upward. Both sexes incubate the eggs, but the female leaves parental care to the male once the eggs have hatched.",
      "Juvenile birds have distinctive submarginal lines and brown coverts during the first year. In the breeding season the males can be separated with difficulty (<80% accuracy in comparison to molecular methods) based on the more even shade of the red underparts that extend towards the rear of the belly.",
      "The weight varies with subspecies, but ranges between 100 and 200 g (3.5 and 7.1 oz). Red knots can double their weight prior to migration. Like many migratory birds they also reduce the size of their digestive organs prior to migration. The extent of the atrophy is not as pronounced as species like the bar-tailed godwit, probably because there are more opportunities to feed during migration for the red knot. Red knots are also able to change the size of their digestive organs seasonally. The size of the gizzard increases in thickness when feeding on harder foods on the wintering ground and decreases in size while feeding on softer foods in the breeding grounds. These changes can be very rapid, occurring in as little as six days."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ruff",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_pugnax",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Changi, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Philomachus_pugnax_-Diergaarde_Blijdorp-8c.jpg",
        "text": "Males in breeding plumage in the Netherlands"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Ruff_female_RWD.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The ruff has a distinctive gravy boat appearance, with a small head, medium-length bill, longish neck and pot-bellied body. It has long legs that are variable in colour but usually yellow or orange. In flight, it has a deeper, slower wing stroke than other waders of a similar size, and displays a thin, indistinct white bar on the wing, and white ovals on the sides of the tail.This species shows sexual dimorphism. Although a small percentage of males resemble females, the typical male is much larger than the female and has an elaborate breeding plumage. He is 29–32 cm (11–13 in) long with a 54–60 cm (21–24 in) wingspan, and weighs about 180 g (6.3 oz). In the May-to-June breeding season, the typical male's legs, bill and warty bare facial skin are orange, and he has distinctive head tufts and a neck ruff. These ornaments vary on individual birds, being black, chestnut or white, with the colouring solid, barred or irregular. The grey-brown back has a scale-like pattern, often with black or chestnut feathers, and the underparts are white with extensive black on the breast. The extreme variability of the main breeding plumage is thought to have developed to aid individual recognition in a species that has communal breeding displays, but is usually mute.",
      "Outside the breeding season, the typical male's head and neck decorations and the bare facial skin are lost and the legs and bill become duller. The upperparts are grey-brown, and the underparts are white with grey mottling on the breast and flanks.",
      "The female, or \"reeve\", is 22–26 cm (8.7–10.2 in) long with a 46–49 cm (18–19 in) wingspan, and weighs about 110 g (3.9 oz). In breeding plumage, she has grey-brown upperparts with white-fringed, dark-centred feathers. The breast and flanks are variably blotched with black. In winter, her plumage is similar to that of the male, but the sexes are distinguishable on size. The plumage of the juvenile ruff resembles the non-breeding adult, but has upperparts with a neat, scale-like pattern with dark feather centres, and a strong buff tinge to the underparts.",
      "Typical adult male ruffs start to moult into the main display plumage before their return to the breeding areas, and the proportion of birds with head and neck decorations gradually increases through the spring. Second-year birds lag behind full adults in developing breeding plumage. They have a lower body mass and a slower weight increase than full adults, and perhaps the demands made on their energy reserves during the migration flight are the main reason of the delayed moult.",
      "Ruffs of both sexes have an additional moult stage between the winter and final summer plumages, a phenomenon also seen in the bar-tailed godwit. Before developing the full display finery with coloured ruff and tufts, the males replace part of their winter plumage with striped feathers. Females also develop a mix of winter and striped feathers before reaching their summer appearance. The final male breeding plumage results from the replacement of both winter and striped feathers, but the female retains the striped feathers and replaces only the winter feathers to reach her summer plumage. The striped prenuptial plumages may represent the original breeding appearance of this species, the male's showy nuptial feathers evolving later under strong sexual selection pressures.",
      "Adult males and most adult females start their pre-winter moult before returning south, but complete most feather replacement on the wintering grounds. In Kenya, males moult 3–4 weeks ahead of the females, finishing before December, whereas females typically complete feather replacement during December and early January. Juveniles moult from their first summer body plumage into winter plumage during late September to November, and later undergo a pre-breeding moult similar in timing and duration to that of the adults, and often producing as brightly coloured an appearance.",
      "Two other waders can be confused with the ruff. The juvenile sharp-tailed sandpiper is a little smaller than a juvenile female ruff and has a similar rich orange-buff breast, but the ruff is slimmer with a longer neck and legs, a rounder head, and a much plainer face. The buff-breasted sandpiper also resembles a small juvenile ruff, but even the female ruff is noticeably larger than the sandpiper, with a longer bill, more rotund body and scaly-patterned upperparts."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Broad-billed sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_falcinellus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Mandai Mudflat, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Broad_billed_sandpiper_by_Sreedev_Puthur.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Broad-billed sandpipers are small waders, slightly smaller than the dunlin, but with a longer straighter bill, and shorter legs. The breeding adult has patterned dark grey upperparts and white underparts with blackish markings on the breast. It has a pale crown stripe and supercilia.",
      "In the boreal winter, they are pale grey above and white below, like a winter dunlin, but retaining the head pattern. Juveniles have backs, similar to young dunlin, but the white flanks and belly and brown-streaked breast are distinctive.",
      "Contact call is a dry, whistling “dree-it, dree-it” and a clicking “dik dik”."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sharp-tailed sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_acuminata",
    "rarity": "R/V",
    "location": "Changi",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Calidris_acuminata_-_Hexham_Swamp.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Sharp-tailed_Sandpiper_-_Boat_Harbour.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Measurements:",
      "Breeding adults are a rich brown with darker feather centres above, and white underneath apart from a buff breast. They have a light superciliary line above the eye and a chestnut crown. In winter, sharp-tailed sandpipers are grey above. The juveniles are brightly patterned above with rufous colouration and white mantle stripes.",
      "This bird looks a lot like the pectoral sandpiper, within whose Asian range it breeds. It differs from that species in its breast pattern, stronger supercilium and more rufous crown. It has some similarities to the long-toed stint, but is much larger than the stint."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Curlew sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_ferruginea",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, LSD, Mandai Mudflat, P. Tekong, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Calidris_ferruginea%2C_winter_adult%2C_Pak_Thale.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "These birds are small waders, similar to dunlins, but differ in having a longer down-curved beak, longer neck and legs and a white rump. They have a length of 18–23 cm (7.1–9.1 in), weight of 44-117 g and wingspan of 38–41 cm (15–16 in). The breeding adult has patterned dark grey upperparts and brick-red underparts. In winter, this bird is pale grey above and white below, and shows an obvious white supercilium. Juveniles have a grey and brown back, a white belly and a peach-coloured breast."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Temminck's stint",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_temminckii",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Temmincks_Stint.jpg",
        "text": "In breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "These birds are very small waders, at 13.5–15 cm (5.3–5.9 in) length. They are similar in size to the little stint (Calidris minuta) but shorter legged and longer winged. The legs are yellow and the outer tail feathers white, in contrast to little stint's dark legs and grey outer tail feathers.",
      "This is a rather drab wader, with mainly plain brown upperparts and head, and underparts white apart from a darker breast. The breeding adult has some brighter rufous mantle feathers to relieve the generally undistinguished appearance. In winter plumage, the general appearance recalls a tiny version of common sandpiper.",
      "The call is a loud trill."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Long-toed stint",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_subminuta",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, NTL, Pulau Punggol, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Calidris_subminuta_-_Pak_Thale.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The long-toed stint is a very small wader measuring just 13 to 16 cm (5.1 to 6.3 in) in length with a wingspan of 26.5 to 30.5 cm (10.4 to 12.0 in). It weighs about 25 g (0.9 oz). It has a small head and short, straight sharp-tipped beak. The neck is slender, the belly rounded and the long legs are set well back. The toes are long and slender, especially the middle one. The primary feathers extend as far as the tail. The crown is brown and there is a pale streak just above the eye. The upper parts are brown with the centres of the feathers darker brown. The breast is speckled with pale brown and the underparts are white. The legs and feet are yellow and the beak dark brown, apart from the base of the lower mandible which is yellow or pale brown.",
      "This bird has a distinctive stance and its flight call distinguishes it from other sandpipers. On the ground it can be confused with the red-necked stint (Calidris ruficollis) but is more finely built and slightly smaller."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Spoon-billed sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_pygmeus",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Changi",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Eurynorhynchus_pygmeus_2_-_Pak_Thale.jpg",
        "text": "non-breeding"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Eurynorhynchus_pygmeusIbis1869P012AA.jpg",
        "text": "breeding"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The most distinctive feature of this species is its spatulate bill. The breeding adult bird is 14–16 cm in length, and has a red-brown head, neck and breast with dark brown streaks. It has blackish upperparts with buff and pale rufous fringing. Non-breeding adults lack the reddish colouration, but have pale brownish-grey upperparts with whitish fringing to the wing-coverts. The underparts are white and the legs are black.",
      "The measurements are; wing 98–106 mm, bill 19–24 mm, bill tip breadth 10–12 mm, tarsus 19–22 mm and tail 37–39 mm.",
      "The contact calls of the spoon-billed sandpiper include a quiet preep or a shrill wheer. The song, given during display, is an intermittent buzzing and descending trill preer-prr-prr. The display flight of the male includes brief hovers, circling and rapid diving while singing."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-necked stint",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_ruficollis",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Mandai Mudflat, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Red-necked_Stint_-_Boat_Harbour.jpg",
        "text": "Winter plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "These birds are among the smallest of waders, very similar to the little stint, Calidris minuta, with which they were once considered conspecific. The red-necked stint's small size, fine dark bill, dark legs and quicker movements distinguish this species from all waders except the other dark-legged stints. It measures 13–17 cm (5.1–6.7 in) in length, 28–37 cm (11–15 in) in wingspan and 21–51 g (0.74–1.80 oz) in body mass. It can be distinguished from the western sandpiper and the semipalmated sandpiper in all plumages by its combination of a fine bill tip, unwebbed toes, and longer primary projection.",
      "The breeding adult has an unstreaked orange breast, bordered with dark markings below, and a white V on its back. In winter plumage identification is difficult, although it is shorter legged and longer winged than the little stint. Juveniles have more contrasting mantle plumage and weaker white lines down the back than their relative. The call is a hoarse \"stit\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sanderling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_alba",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Changi, LSD, P. Tekong, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Calidris_alba_-_Laem_Phak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "Non-breeding plumage, Laem Phak Bia, Phetchaburi, Thailand"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Sanderling_%28Calidris_alba%29_breeding_plumage.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding plumage, Farmoor Reservoir, Oxfordshire"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The sanderling is a small plump sandpiper, 18–20 cm (7.1–7.9 in) in length. Its weight ranges from 40–100 g (1.4–3.5 oz). The winter bird is very pale, almost white apart from a dark shoulder patch. This is the source of the specific name, alba, which is the Latin for \"white\". Later in the summer, the face and throat become brick-red. The juvenile bird is spangled black and white, and shows much more contrast than the adult.",
      "If its size is misjudged, a sanderling in breeding plumage can be mistaken for some varieties of stint, or a sanderling in winter plumage can be mistaken for a dunlin or red knot. It can be told from other small wading birds, given good views, by its lack of a hind toe. Its behavior is also distinctive."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dunlin",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_alpina",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Changi",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Dunlin_%28Calidris_alpina%29_juvenile.jpg",
        "text": "Juvenile, Farmoor Reservoir, Oxfordshire Display song recorded in Cardiganshire, Wales"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Measurements:",
      "An adult dunlin in breeding plumage shows the distinctive black belly which no other similar-sized wader possesses. The winter dunlin is basically grey above and white below. Juveniles are brown above with two whitish \"V\" shapes on the back. They usually have black marks on the flanks or belly and show a strong white wingbar in flight.",
      "The legs and slightly decurved bill are black. There are a number of subspecies differing mainly in the extent of rufous colouration in the breeding plumage and the bill length. Bill length varies between sexes, the females having longer bills than the males.",
      "On the tip of the Dunlin's bill is a soft covering that fills with blood and with many nerve endings, forming a sensitive probe that is used to locate invertebrate prey in mud and sand. Although the bill can look sharp-pointed in dead specimens, in life it is blunt."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Little stint",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_minuta",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "P. Ubin (2017)[10]",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Little_Stint_%28Calidris_minuta%29_2.jpg",
        "text": "Non-breeding adult in Egypt"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Its small size, fine dark bird, dark legs and quicker movements distinguish this species from all waders except the other dark-legged stints. It can be distinguished from these in all plumages by its combination of a fine bill tip, unwebbed toes and long primary projection. The call is a sharp \"stit\".",
      "The breeding adult has an orange wash to the breast, a white throat and a strong white V on its back. In winter plumage identification is difficult. Juveniles have pale crown stripes and a pinkish breast.",
      "An apparent hybrid between this species and Temminck's stint has been reported from the Netherlands."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pectoral sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidris_melanotos",
    "rarity": "R/V",
    "location": "Changi",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Pectoral_Sandpiper3.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in breeding plumage"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Pectoral-sandpiper-floreana.jpg",
        "text": "Adult non-breeding"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This bird looks similar to the widely sympatric sharp-tailed sandpiper (\"C.\" acuminata), which is not a member of the stint clade however. The pectoral sandpiper is a largish calidrid (21 cm (8.3 in) in length, with a wingspan of 46 cm (18 in)) with a grey-brown back, brownest in the summer male, and grayest in winter. The pectoral sandpiper has a grey breast, sharply demarcated at its lower edge, which gives this species its English name; this clear dividing line is particularly conspicuous if the birds are turned towards the observer. The legs are yellowish, and the bill is olive with a darker tip.",
      "The juveniles are more brightly patterned above with rufous coloration and white mantle stripes.",
      "This species differs from the sharp-tailed sandpiper in its breast pattern, weaker supercilium and grayer crown."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian dowitcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnodromus_semipalmatus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Asian_Dowitcher_6436.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adults have dark legs and a long straight dark bill, somewhat shorter than that of the long-billed dowitcher. The body is brown on top and reddish underneath in breeding plumage. The tail has a black and white barred pattern. The winter plumage is largely grey.",
      "Their breeding habitat is grassy wetlands in inland Siberia and Manchuria. They migrate to southeast  Asia as far south as northern Australia, although both the breeding and wintering areas are poorly known. This bird is always found on coasts during migration and wintering.",
      "These birds forage by probing in shallow water or on wet mud. They mainly eat insects, mollusks, crustaceans and marine worms, but also eat some plant material."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian woodcock",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopax_rusticola",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Woodcock_earthworm.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adults are 33–38 cm (13–15 in) in length, including the 6–8 cm (2.4–3.1 in) long straight bill, and have a 55–65 cm (22–26 in) wingspan. The Eurasian woodcock has cryptic camouflage to suit its woodland habitat, with intricately patterned reddish-brown upperparts and buff underparts. The head is barred with black, not striped like that of its close relatives, the snipe. It has large eyes located high on the sides of its head, giving it 360-degree monocular vision.",
      "The wings are rounded and the base of the bill is flesh-coloured with a dark tip. The legs vary from grey to pinkish. The species is sexually dimorphic, with the male much larger than the female, although the sexes cannot be separated in the field."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common snipe",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallinago_gallinago",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Changi, JLG, Halus, Poyan, SBWR, Tuas, Venus Drive, Khatib Bongsu, P. Punggol, Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Gallinago_gallinago_a1.JPG",
        "text": " Calls recorded in Hampshire, England"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adults are 25–27 cm (9.8–10.6 in) in length with a 44–47 cm (17–19 in) wingspan and a weight of 80–140 g (2.8–4.9 oz) (up to 180 g (6.3 oz) pre-migration). They have short greenish-grey legs and a very long (5.5–7 cm (2.2–2.8 in)) straight dark bill. The body is mottled brown with straw-yellow stripes on top and pale underneath. They have a dark stripe through the eye, with light stripes above and below it. The wings are pointed.",
      "The common snipe is the most widespread of several similar snipes. It most closely resembles the Wilson's snipe (G. delicata) of North America, which was until recently considered to be a subspecies — G. g. delicata — of the common snipe. They differ in the number of tail feathers, with seven pairs in G. gallinago and eight pairs in G. delicata; the North American species also has a slightly thinner white trailing edge to the wings (the white is mostly on the tips of the secondaries). Both species breed in the Aleutian Islands. It is also very similar to the pin-tailed snipe (G. stenura) and Swinhoe's snipe (G. megala) of eastern Asia; identification of these species there is complex.",
      "There are two subspecies of common snipe, G. g. faeroeensis in Iceland, the Faroes, Shetland and Orkney (wintering in Britain and Ireland), and G. g. gallinago in the rest of the Old World. The faeroeensis normally is more richly toned on the breast, its upperparts and the head than the gallinago."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pin-tailed snipe",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallinago_stenura",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Changi, CCKC, Halus, JLG, Punggol, P. Ubin, SBWR, Tuas, Warren",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gallinago_stenura_-_Laem_Pak_Bia.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This 25–27 cm long bird is similar to the longer-billed and longer-tailed common snipe. Adults have short greenish-grey legs and a long straight dark bill. The body is mottled brown on top, with cream lines down their back. They are pale underneath with a streaked buff breast and white belly. They have a dark stripe through the eye, with light stripes above and below it. Sexes are similar, and immatures differ only in minor plumage details.",
      "The wings are less pointed than common snipe, and lack the white trailing edge of that species. The shorter tail and flatter flight path when flushed also made flight separation from Common relatively easy.",
      "Male pin-tailed snipes often display in a group, with a loud repetitive  tcheka song which has a crescendo of fizzing and buzzing sounds, and also whistling noises produced in flight by the pin-like outer tail feathers which give this species its English name. The normal call is a weak squik."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Swinhoe's snipe",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallinago_megala",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Jurong West, Punggol, NTL",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gallinago_megala.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Swinhoe's snipe, Gallinago megala, also known as forest snipe or Chinese snipe, is a medium-sized (length 27–29 cm, wingspan 38–44 cm, weight 120 gm), long-billed, migratory wader.",
      "The common name commemorates the British naturalist Robert Swinhoe who first described the species in 1861."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Terek sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenus_cinereus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, LSD, Mandai Mudflat, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Xenus_cinereus_%28Alnus%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Slightly larger than the common sandpiper at 22–25 cm (8.7–9.8 in) length, its long upcurved bill – somewhat reminiscent of an avocet's, but not as strongly curved – makes it very distinctive. As the scientific specific name implies, this wader has a grey back, face and breast in all plumages; a white supercilium may appear more or less distinct. The belly is whitish and the feet yellow; the bill has a yellowish base, with the rest being black.",
      "The call is a high whistle.",
      "Among the Scolopacidae, Xenus is part of the shank-tattler-phalarope clade and less closely related to the calidrid sandpipers. Based on the degree of DNA sequence divergence and putative shank and phalarope fossils from around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary some 23–22 million years ago, the Terek sandpiper presumably diverged from their relatives in the Late Oligocene. Given the numerous basal fossils of the group found in Eurasia it is likely that the Terek sandpiper lineage originated there, possibly by being isolated as the remains of the Turgai Sea dried up, which happened just around this time."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-necked phalarope",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalaropus_lobatus",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "P. Tekong, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Red-necked_Phalarope.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding plumage"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Red-necked_Phalarope_winter_plumage.jpg",
        "text": "Winter plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The red-necked phalarope is about 18 cm (7.1 in) in length, with lobed toes and a straight, fine bill. The breeding female is predominantly dark grey above, with a chestnut neck and upper breast, black face and white throat. They have a white wing stripe which helps distinguish this bird from the similar Wilson's phalarope. The breeding male is a duller version of the female. They have lobed toes to assist with their swimming. Young birds are grey and brown above, with buff underparts and a black patch through the eye. In winter, the plumage is essentially grey above and white below, but the black eyepatch is always present. They have a sharp call described as a whit or twit."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actitis_hypoleucos",
    "rarity": "VC/WVPM",
    "location": "waterbodies",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Actitis_hypoleucos_-_Laem_Pak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "Adult, Laem Pak Bia, Thailand Bird recorded in Scotland"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult is 18–20 cm (7.1–7.9 in) long with a 32–35 cm (13–14 in) wingspan. It has greyish-brown upperparts, white underparts, short dark-yellowish legs and feet, and a bill with a pale base and dark tip. In winter plumage, they are duller and have more conspicuous barring on the wings, though this is still only visible at close range. Juveniles are more heavily barred above and have buff edges to the wing feathers.",
      "This species is very similar to the slightly larger spotted sandpiper (A. macularia) in non-breeding plumage. But its darker legs and feet and the crisper wing pattern (visible in flight) tend to give it away, and of course they are only rarely found in the same location."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Green sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa_ochropus",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "CCK, NTL, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Green_sandpiper_%28Tringa_ochropus%29.jpg",
        "text": "at Standlake, Oxfordshire"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species is a somewhat plump wader with a dark greenish-brown back and wings, greyish head and breast and otherwise white underparts. The back is spotted white to varying extents, being maximal in the breeding adult, and less in winter and young birds. The legs and short bill are both dark green.",
      "It is conspicuous and characteristically patterned in flight, with the wings dark above and below and a brilliant white rump. The latter feature reliably distinguishes it from the slightly smaller but otherwise very similar solitary sandpiper (T. solitaria) of North America.",
      "In flight it has a characteristic three-note whistle."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray-tailed tattler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa_brevipes",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Mandai Mudflat, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Tringa_brevipes2.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding plumage"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Tringa_brevipes.jpg",
        "text": "Non-breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The grey-tailed tattler is closely related to its North American counterpart, the wandering tattler (T. incana) and is difficult to distinguish from that species. Both tattlers are unique among the species of Tringa for having unpatterned, greyish wings and back, and a scaly breast pattern extending more or less onto the belly in breeding plumage, in which both also have a rather prominent supercilium.",
      "These birds resemble common redshanks in shape and size. The upper parts, underwings, face and neck are grey, and the belly is white. They have short yellowish legs and a bill with a pale base and dark tip. There is a weak supercilium.",
      "They are very similar to their American counterpart, and differentiation depends on details like the length of the nasal groove and scaling on the tarsus. The best distinction is the call; grey-tailed has a disyllabic whistle, and wandering a rippling trill."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Spotted redshank",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa_erythropus",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Punggol, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Tringa_erythropus_-_Laem_Pak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "Spotted redshank in non-breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a large wader (shorebird), measuring 29–31 cm (11–12 in) long,[nb 1] with a wingspan of 61–67 cm (24–26 in) and a weight ranging from 121 to 205 g (4.3 to 7.2 oz). It is black in breeding plumage, and very pale in winter. It has a red legs and bill, and shows a white oval on the back in flight. Juveniles are grey-brown finely speckled white above, and have pale, finely barred underparts. Adults moult completely between July and October. In spring, the body plumage is moulted between March and May. Juveniles have a partial moult between August and February. The call is a creaking whistle teu-it (somewhat similar to the call of a roseate tern), the alarm call a kyip-kyip-kyip."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common greenshank",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa_nebularia",
    "rarity": "VC/WVPM",
    "location": "rivers, coasts, mudflats",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Greenshank_%28Tringa_nebularia%29.jpg",
        "text": "Summer plumage, Standlake, Oxfordshire"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Tringa_nebularia_-_Laem_Phak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "Winter plumage, Laem Phak Bia, Thailand Song and calls, recorded in west Sutherland, Scotland"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Common greenshanks are brown in breeding plumage, and grey-brown in winter. When in water, they can appear very similar to marsh sandpipers but are distinguished by the shape of the lower bill which gives it an upturned appearance to the bill. They have long greenish legs and a long bill with a grey base. They show a white wedge on the back in flight. They are somewhat larger than the related common redshank. The usual call is a rapid series of three short fluty notes syllabilized as teu-teu-teu.",
      "Like most waders, they feed on small invertebrates, but will also take small fish and amphibians.",
      "The common greenshank is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Nordmann's greenshank",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa_guttifer",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Changi, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Spotted_Greenshank.jpg",
        "text": "Non-breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Nordmann's greenshank is a medium-sized sandpiper, at 29–32 cm (11–13 in) long, with a slightly upturned, bicoloured bill, and relatively short yellow legs. Breeding adults are boldly marked, with whitish spots and spangling on black upperside; heavily streaked head and upper neck; broad, blackish, crescentic spots on lower neck and breast; and darker lores."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marsh sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa_stagnatilis",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "rivers, coasts, mudflats",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tringa_stagnatilis_2_-_Laem_Pak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "Winter plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It resembles a small elegant greenshank, with a long fine bill and very long yellowish legs. Like the greenshank, it is greyish brown in breeding plumage, paler in winter, and has a white wedge up its back that is visible in flight. However, it is more closely related to the common redshank and the wood sandpiper. Together, they form a group of smallish shanks which tend to have red or reddish legs, and in breeding plumage are generally a subdued, light brown above with some darker mottling, with a pattern of somewhat diffuse small brownish spots on the breast and neck. The length is 22–26 cm (8.7–10.2 in), wingspan is 55–59 cm (22–23 in) and weight is 45–120 g (1.6–4.2 oz)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Wood sandpiper",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa_glareola",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, Punggol, P. Punggol, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Wood_Sandpiper_Safari_Park.jpg",
        "text": "Wood sandpiper in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Gazipur City, Bangladesh"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It resembles a longer-legged and more delicate green (T. ochropus) or solitary sandpiper (T. solitaria) with a short fine bill, brown back and longer yellowish legs. It differs from the first of those species in a smaller and less contrasting white rump patch, while the solitary sandpiper has no white rump patch at all.",
      "However, it is not very closely related to these two species. Rather, its closest relative is the common redshank (T. totanus), and these two share a sister relationship with the marsh sandpiper (T. stagnatilis). These three species are a group of smallish shanks with red or yellowish legs, a breeding plumage that is generally subdued light brown above with some darker mottling and with a pattern of somewhat diffuse small brownish spots on the breast and neck."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common redshank",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa_totanus",
    "rarity": "VC/WVPM",
    "location": "rivers, coasts, mudflats",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Common_Redshank_Tringa_totanus.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Common redshanks in breeding plumage are a marbled brown color, slightly lighter below. In winter plumage they become somewhat lighter-toned and less patterned, being rather plain greyish-brown above and whitish below. They have red legs and a black-tipped red bill, and show white up the back and on the wings in flight.",
      "The spotted redshank (T. erythropus), which breeds in the Arctic, has a longer bill and legs; it is almost entirely black in breeding plumage and very pale in winter. It is not a particularly close relative of the common redshank, but rather belongs to a high-latitude lineage of largish shanks. T. totanus on the other hand is closely related to the marsh sandpiper (T. stagnatilis), and closer still to the small wood sandpiper (T. glareola). The ancestors of the latter and the common redshank seem to have diverged around the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, about 5–6 million years ago. These three subarctic- to temperate-region species form a group of smallish shanks with have red or yellowish legs, and in breeding plumage are generally a subdued light brown above with some darker mottling, and have somewhat diffuse small brownish spots on the breast and neck."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Barred buttonquail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnix_suscitator",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Changi, Coney Is., Halus, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Punggol, TEG, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Barred_Button_quail_or_Common_Bustard-Quail_%28Turnix_suscitatior%29_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "A typical little buttonquail, rufous-brown above, rusty and buff below. Chin, throat and breast closely barred with black. Female larger and more richly coloured, with throat and middle of breast black. The blue-grey bill and legs, and yellowish white eyes are diagnostic, as are also the pale buff shoulder-patches on the wings when in flight. Absence of hind toe distinguishes Bustard and Button quails from true quails. Pairs, in scrub and grassland. The calls are a motorcycle-like drr-r-r-r-r-r and a loud hoon- hoon-hoon.[citation needed]"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oriental pratincole",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glareola_maldivarum",
    "rarity": "U/PM",
    "location": "CCNR, Changi, Kranji Marsh, Punggol, P. Punggol, P. Semakau, P. Ubin, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Glareola_maldivarum_-_Beung_Borapet.jpg",
        "text": "in central Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "These birds have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails. They have short bills, which is an adaptation to aerial feeding. The back and head are brown, and the wings are brown with black flight feathers. The belly is white. The underwings are chestnut. Very good views are needed to distinguish this species from other pratincoles, such as the very similar collared pratincole, which also has a chestnut underwing, and black-winged pratincole which shares the black upperwing flight feathers and lack of a white trailing edge to the wing. These features are not always readily seen in the field, especially as the chestnut underwing appears black unless excellent views are obtained."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Small pratincole",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glareola_lactea",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Changi, P. Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Small_pratincole_%28Glareola_lactea%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "In India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This bird has short legs, long pointed wings and a short tail. Its short bill is an adaptation to aerial feeding. On the ground, it looks mainly pale grey (hence lactea, milky). The crown of the head is brown.",
      "The wings are grey above with black primaries and black and white bars at the rear edge of the inner flight feathers. The underwings are mainly black. The tail is white with a black terminal triangle. The belly is white."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pomarine jaeger",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stercorarius_pomarinus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Stercorarius_pomarinusPCCA20070623-3985B.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species ranges from 46 to 67 cm (18 to 26 in) in length, 110 to 138 cm (43 to 54 in) in wingspan and 540–920 g (1.19–2.03 lb) in weight. The upper limit of the length includes the elongated tail streamer of breeding adults, which is about 10 cm (3.9 in) in length. Identification of this jaeger is complicated by its similarities to parasitic jaeger and the existence of three morphs. Pomarine jaegers are larger than common gulls. They are much bulkier, broader-winged and less falcon-like than the parasitic jaeger, but show the same wide range of plumage variation. The flight is more measured than that of the smaller species. It has many harsh chattering calls and others which sounds like which-yew.",
      "Light-morph adult pomarine jaegers have a brown back, mainly white underparts and dark primary wing feathers with a white \"flash\". The head and neck are yellowish-white with a black cap. Dark morph adults are dark brown, and intermediate morph birds are dark with somewhat paler underparts, head and neck. All morphs have the white wing flash, which appears as a diagnostic double flash on the underwing. In breeding adults of all morphs, the two central tail feathers are much longer than the others, spoon-shaped, and twisted from the horizontal. Juveniles are even more problematic to identify, and are difficult to separate from parasitic jaegers at a distance on plumage alone."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Parasitic jaeger",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stercorarius_parasiticus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "P. Punggol, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Arctic_Skua_1.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Identification is complicated by similarities to long-tailed jaeger and pomarine jaeger, and the existence of three colour morphs. Small for a skua, the parasitic jaeger measures 41–48 cm (16–19 in) in length, 107–125 cm (42–49 in) in wingspan and weighs 300–650 g (0.66–1.43 lb). The tail streamer of the breeding adult accounts for about 7 cm (2.8 in) of their length. Light-morph adults have a brown back, mainly white underparts and dark primary wing feathers with a white \"flash\". The head and neck are yellowish-white with a black cap and there is a pointed central tail projection. Dark-morph adults are dark brown, and intermediate-phase birds are dark with somewhat paler underparts, head and neck. All morphs have the white wing flash.",
      "Identification of juveniles is even more problematic, and it is difficult to separate parasitic jaegers from long-tailed jaegers. Parasitic jaegers are bulkier, shorter-winged, and less tern-like than long-tailed jaegers. They are usually warmer toned, with browner shades, rather than grey. However, they show the same wide range of plumage variation. The flight is more falcon-like.",
      "The typical call of these birds is a nasal mewing sound, repeated a few times in display. Their alarm call is a shorter sound."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Long-tailed jaeger",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stercorarius_longicaudus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Long-tailed_Skua_%28js%29_26.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species is unmistakable as an adult, with grey back, dark primary wing feathers without a white \"flash\", black cap and very long tail. Adults often hover over their breeding territories. Juveniles are much more problematic, and are difficult to separate from parasitic jaeger over the sea. They are slimmer, longer-winged and more tern-like than that species, but show the same wide range of plumage variation. However, they are usually colder toned than Arctic, with greyer shades, rather than brown.",
      "This is the smallest of the skua family at 38–58 cm (15–23 in), depending on season and age. However up to 29 cm (11 in) of its length can be made up by the tail which may include the 15 cm (5.9 in) tail streamers of the summer adult. The wingspan of this species ranges from 102 to 117 cm (40 to 46 in) and the body mass is 230–444 g (8.1–15.7 oz)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-headed gull",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroicocephalus_ridibundus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "LSD, Mandai Mudflat, P. Ubin, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29.jpg",
        "text": "Adult summer plumage"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Annecy%27s_Lake_-_20111229_-_Larus_ridibundus_01.JPG",
        "text": "Adult winter plumage Colony sounds, Suffolk, England"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This gull is 37–44 cm (15–17 in) long with a 94–110 cm (37–43 in) wingspan and weighs from 190-400 g (6.7-14.1 oz).",
      "In flight, the white leading edge to the wing is a good field mark. The summer adult has a chocolate-brown head (not black, although does look black from a distance), pale grey body, black tips to the primary wing feathers, and red bill and legs. The hood is lost in winter, leaving just two dark spots. Immature birds have a mottled pattern of brown spots over most of the body, and a black band on the tail. There is no difference in plumage between the sexes.",
      "It breeds in colonies in large reed beds or marshes, or on islands in lakes, nesting on the ground. Like most gulls, it is highly gregarious in winter, both when feeding or in evening roosts. It is not a pelagic species and is rarely seen at sea far from coasts.",
      "The black-headed gull is a bold and opportunistic feeder. It eats insects, fish, seeds, worms, scraps, and carrion in towns, or invertebrates in ploughed fields with equal relish. It is a noisy species, especially in colonies, with a familiar \"kree-ar\" call. Its scientific name means laughing gull.",
      "This species takes two years to reach maturity. First-year birds have a black terminal tail band, more dark areas in the wings, and, in summer, a less fully developed dark hood. Like most gulls, black-headed gulls are long-lived birds, with a maximum age of at least 32.9 years recorded in the wild, in addition to an anecdote now believed of dubious authenticity regarding a 63-year-old bird."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown-headed gull",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroicocephalus_brunnicephalus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Johor Strait, Kranji",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Brown-headed_Gull._in_breeding_plumage.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Brown-headed_Gull_%282%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The brown-headed gull (Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus) is a small gull which breeds in the high plateaus of central Asia from Tajikistan to Ordos in Inner Mongolia. It is migratory, wintering on the coasts and large inland lakes of the Indian Subcontinent. As is the case with many gulls, was traditionally placed in the genus Larus.",
      "This gull breeds in colonies in large reedbeds or marshes, or on islands in lakes, nesting on the ground. Like most gulls, it is highly gregarious in winter, both when feeding or in evening roosts. It is not a pelagic species, and is rarely seen at sea far from coasts.",
      "This is a bold and opportunist feeder, which will scavenge in towns or take invertebrates in ploughed fields with equal relish.",
      "The brown-headed gull is slightly larger than black-headed gull. The summer adult has a pale brown head, lighter than that of black-headed, a pale grey body, and red bill and legs. The black tips to the primary wing feathers have conspicuous white \"mirrors\". The underwing is grey with black flight feathers. The brown hood is lost in winter, leaving just dark vertical streaks.",
      "This bird takes two years to reach maturity. First year birds have a black terminal tail band, more dark areas in the wings, and, in summer, a less homogeneous hood.",
      "This is a noisy species, especially at colonies."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser black-backed gull",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larus_fuscus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Singapore Strait (2011)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Larus-fuscus-taxbox.jpg",
        "text": "Larus fuscus graellsii"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The lesser black-backed gull is smaller than the European herring gull. The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull complex is very complicated; different authorities recognise between two and eight species. This group has a ring species distribution around the Northern Hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species. The lesser black-backed gull measures 51–64 cm (20–25 in), 124–150 cm (49–59 in) across the wings, and weighs 452–1,100 g (0.996–2.425 lb), with the nominate race averaging slightly smaller than the other two subspecies. Males, at an average weight of 824 g (1.817 lb), are slightly larger than females, at an average of 708 g (1.561 lb). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 38 to 45 cm (15 to 18 in), the bill is 4.2 to 5.8 cm (1.7 to 2.3 in), and the tarsus is 5.2 to 6.9 cm (2.0 to 2.7 in). A confusable species is the great black-backed gull. The lesser is a much smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white \"mirrors\" at the wing tips. The adults have black or dark grey wings (depending on race) and back. The bill is yellow with a red spot at which the young peck, inducing feeding (see fixed action pattern). The head is greyer in winter, unlike great black-backed gulls. Annual moult for adults begins between May and August and is not complete on some birds until November. Partial prebreeding moult occurs between January and April.",
      "Young birds have scaly black-brown upperparts and a neat wing pattern. They take four years to reach maturity. Identification from juvenile herring gulls is most readily done by the more solidly dark (unbarred) tertial feathers.",
      "Their call is a \"laughing\" cry like that of the herring gull , but with a markedly deeper pitch."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bridled tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychoprion_anaethetus",
    "rarity": "U/RB, C/PM",
    "location": "Pedra Branca, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Bridled_Tern_LEI_Nov06.JPG",
        "text": "Adult on Lady Elliot Island, Australia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a medium-sized tern, at 30–32 cm in length and with a 77–81 cm wingspan similar to the common tern in size, but more heavily built. The wings and deeply forked tail are long, and it has dark grey upperparts and white underparts. The forehead and eyebrows are white, as is a striking collar on the hindneck. It has black legs and bill. Juvenile bridled terns are scaly grey above and pale below.",
      "This species is unlikely to be confused with any tern apart from the similarly dark-backed sooty tern and the spectacled tern from the Tropical Pacific. It is paler-backed than that sooty, (but not as pale as the grey-backed) and has a narrower white forehead and a pale neck collar."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Aleutian tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychoprion_aleuticus",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Aleutian_Tern.jpg",
        "text": "Songs and callsListen to Aleutian tern on xeno-canto "
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Aleutian tern is medium-sized tern (32–39 cm (13–15 in) long), with a 75–80 cm (30–31 in) wingspan, a short pointed bill and a long, deeply forked tail. It weighs 84–140 g (2.9–5.0 oz).",
      "Breeding adult and juvenile are the only plumages likely to be encountered in North America. Breeding adult (definitive alternate plumage) has a white forehead, a black cap, a mid-grey mantle with darkish grey underparts, and white rump and tail. Its underwing is whitish, with dark-tipped primaries and a diagnostic dark bar on the secondaries. The Aleutian tern has a black bill as well as black legs. There are no significant differences between the male and the female.",
      "The plumage of the non-breeding adult (definitive basic plumage) is poorly known. It is thought to be similar to plumage of breeding adult. It has white underparts, a white speckled crown, and a gray tail with white sides. Whereas the forehead bar disappears in winter, the dark secondary bar remains.",
      "Lee described juveniles with a white collar, extensive white forehead, white underparts, and gray tail with white outer web of outer tail-feather. They usually do not have clear dark bar on their secondaries.",
      "Molt strategies are very poorly known in Aleutian tern but are presumably similar to other medium-sized, northern-breeding, migratory terns such as much better-studied Common tern. The Aleutian tern exhibits a Complex Alternate Strategy:",
      "The Aleutian tern is associated with different calls reported in the literature. Their call can be distinguished from the Common tern ones, since it has a higher pitch and is characterized by a soft and rolling whistled tone.",
      "The most distinctive sound is the choppy “chif-chif-chu-ak” described by Olsen and Larsson in 1995, less harsh than the sustained note of the Arctic tern. Another distinctive sound of the Aleutian tern is a prolonged \"whee-hee-hee-hee\" stressed on the first syllable. Aleutian terns also have a call that is similar to call of Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus), which is a short, sharp \"chit\" , possibly uttered during social contact.",
      "The Aleutian tern is generally silent while incubating."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Little tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternula_albifrons",
    "rarity": "C/RBWV",
    "location": "inland (nest), rivers, coasts, seas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Sternula_albifrons_2_-_Little_Swanport.jpg",
        "text": "Adult S. a. sinensis in breeding plumage, Australia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The little tern (Sternula albifrons) is a seabird of the family Laridae. It was formerly placed into the genus Sterna, which now is restricted to the large white terns. The genus name is a diminutive of Sterna, \"tern\". The specific albifrons is from Latin albus, \"white\", and \"frons\", forehead. The former North American (S. a. antillarum) and Red Sea S. a. saundersi subspecies are now considered to be separate species, the least tern (Sternula antillarum) and Saunders's tern (Sternula saundersi).",
      "This bird breeds on the coasts and inland waterways of temperate and tropical Europe and Asia. It is strongly migratory, wintering in the subtropical and tropical oceans as far south as South Africa and Australia.",
      "There are three subspecies, the nominate albifrons occurring in Europe to North Africa and western Asia; guineae of western and central Africa; and sinensis of East Asia (SE Russia to Japan, SE Asia, Philippines) and the north and east coasts of Australia and New Guinea",
      "The little tern breeds in colonies on gravel or shingle coasts and islands. It lays two to four eggs on the ground. Like all white terns, it is defensive of its nest and young and will attack intruders.",
      "Like most other white terns, the little tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, usually from saline environments.  The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.",
      "This is a small tern, 21–25 cm long with a 41–47 cm wingspan. It is not likely to be confused with other species, apart from fairy tern and Saunders's tern, because of its size and white forehead in breeding plumage. Its thin sharp bill is yellow with a black tip and its legs are also yellow. In winter, the forehead is more extensively white, the bill is black and the legs duller. The call is a loud and distinctive creaking noise.",
      "The little tern was described by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 and given the binomial name Sterna albifrons."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gull-billed tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelochelidon_nilotica",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Mandai Mudflat, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, Sentosa, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Gelochelidon_nilotica_vanrossemi.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a fairly large and powerful tern, similar in size and general appearance to a Sandwich tern, but the short thick gull-like bill, broad wings, long legs and robust body are distinctive. The summer adult has grey upperparts, white underparts, a black cap, strong black bill and black legs. The call is a characteristic ker-wik. It is 33–42 cm (13–17 in) in length and 76–91 cm (30–36 in) in wingspan. Body mass ranges from 150–292 g (5.3–10.3 oz).",
      "In winter, the cap is lost, and there is a dark patch through the eye like a Forster's tern or a Mediterranean gull. Juvenile gull-billed terns have a fainter mask, but otherwise look much like winter adults.",
      "Juvenile Sandwich terns have a short bill, and are frequently mistaken for gull-billed tern where the latter species is uncommon, such as North Sea coasts."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Caspian tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroprogne_caspia",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Mandai Mudflat",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Sterna-caspia-010.jpg",
        "text": "breeding plumageCanada"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Caspian_tern_%28Hydroprogne_caspia%29_non-breeding.jpg",
        "text": "non-breeding plumageGambia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is the world's largest tern with a length of 48–60 cm (19–24 in), a wingspan of 127–145 cm (50–57 in) and a weight of 530–782 g (18.7–27.6 oz). Adult birds have black legs, and a long thick red-orange bill with a small black tip. They have a white head with a black cap and white neck, belly and tail. The upper wings and back are pale grey; the underwings are pale with dark primary feathers. In flight, the tail is less forked than other terns and wing tips black on the underside. In winter, the black cap is still present (unlike many other terns), but with some white streaking on the forehead. The call is a loud heron-like croak."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-winged tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlidonias_leucopterus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "rivers, coasts, seas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Chlidonias_leucopterus_Mai_Po.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adult birds in summer have short red legs and a short black bill (small and stubby, measuring 22–25 mm from the feathers, decidedly shorter than the head), a black neck (often with a pale gray back) and belly, very dark grey back, with a white rump and light grey (almost white) tail, which often looks 'square' in juveniles.  The face is tinged yellowish. The wings, as the name implies, are mainly white.  The inner wing is grayish with brown-tipped coverts. In non-breeding plumage, most of the black is replaced by white or pale grey, though a few blackish feathers may be retained, admixed with white underparts.  A good deal of black shows in the underwing-coverts.  The head is black, with a white forehead.  The crown is blackish-brown, flecked with white, and the hindcrown is blackish with a certain amount of white flecking.  These white markings are pronounced in the winter adult.  There is a dark triangular patch forward of the eye.  The collar is fairly broad and white.  In juveniles and moulting adults, the rump is pale gray, becoming grey in both phases late in the year.  The clear white collar and rump isolate the mantle as a dark brown 'saddle'. The mantle feathers have narrow paler brown tips, as have the tertials and scapulars."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Whiskered tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlidonias_hybrida",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Halus, Johor Strait, JLG, Kranji Dam, Serangoon, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Whiskered_tern_%28Chlidonias_hybrida_delalandii%29.jpg",
        "text": "Summer plumageKwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Whiskered_tern_2018.jpg",
        "text": "Winter plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The size, black cap, strong bill (29–34 mm in males, 25–27 mm and stubbier in females, with a pronounced gonys) and more positive flight recall common or Arctic tern, but the short, forked-looking tail and dark grey breeding plumage above and below are typically marsh tern characteristics. The summer adult has white cheeks and red legs and bill.  The crown is flecked with white in the juvenile, and the hindcrown is more uniformly blackish, though in the winter adult this too is flecked with white.  The black ear-coverts are joined to the black of the hindcrown, and the space above is mottled with white, causing the black to appear as a C-shaped band.  The sides of the neck are white; this sometimes continues across the nape.  The collar is less sharply defined.  All through the year the rump is pale grey.  In the juvenile, the mantle (279 mm) has a variegated pattern.  The feathers of the back and scapulars are dark brown, with prominent broad buff edgings and often subterminal buff bars or centers.  There is usually an admixture of new gray feathers, especially on the mantle, quite early in the fall.  The mantle is silvery-gray in the adult.The call is a characteristic krekk.",
      "In winter, the forehead becomes white and the body plumage a much paler grey. Juvenile whiskered terns have a ginger scaly back, and otherwise look much like winter adults. The first winter plumage is intermediate between juvenile and adult winter, with patchy ginger on the back.",
      "The whiskered tern eats small fish, amphibians, insects and crustaceans."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Roseate tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterna_dougallii",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Pedra Branca",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Roseate_terns_Palometas.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a small-medium tern, 33–36 cm (13–14 in) long with a 67–76 cm (26–30 in) wingspan, which can be confused with the common tern, Arctic tern, and the larger, but similarly plumaged, Sandwich tern. The roseate tern's thin sharp bill is black, with a red base which develops through the breeding season, and is more extensive in the tropical and southern hemisphere races. It is shorter-winged and has faster wing beats than common or Arctic tern. The upper wings are pale grey and its under parts white, and this tern looks very pale in flight, like a small Sandwich tern, although the outermost primary flight feathers darken during the summer. The adults have very long, flexible tail streamers and orange-red legs. In summer, the underparts of adults take on the pinkish tinge which gives this bird its name."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-naped tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterna_sumatrana",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Changi, Johor Strait, Pedra Branca, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Black-naped_Tern_LEI.JPG",
        "text": "Lady Elliot Island, Queensland, Australia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The tern is about 30 cm long with a wing length of 21–23 cm. Their beaks and legs are black, but the tips of their bills are yellow. They have long forked tails. The black-naped tern has a white face and breast with a grayish-white back and wings. The first couple of their primary feathers are gray.",
      "There are two listed subspecies:"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterna_hirundo",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, Mandai Mudflat, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Common_tern_with_fish.jpg",
        "text": ""
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The nominate subspecies of the common tern is 31–35 cm (12–14 in) long, including a 6–9 cm (2.4–3.5 in) fork in the tail, with a 77–98 cm (30–39 in) wingspan. It weighs 110–141 g (3.9–5.0 oz). Breeding adults have pale grey upperparts, very pale grey underparts, a black cap, orange-red legs, and a narrow pointed bill that can be mostly red with a black tip, or all black, depending on the subspecies. The common tern's upperwings are pale grey, but as the summer wears on, the dark feather shafts of the outer flight feathers become exposed, and a grey wedge appears on the wings. The rump and tail are white, and on a standing bird the long tail extends no further than the folded wingtips, unlike the Arctic and roseate terns in which the tail protrudes beyond the wings. There are no significant differences between the sexes. In non-breeding adults the forehead and underparts become white, the bill is all black or black with a red base, and the legs are dark red or black. The upperwings have an obvious dark area at the front edge of the wing, the carpal bar. Terns that have not bred successfully may start moulting into non-breeding adult plumage from June, but late July is more typical, with the moult suspended during migration. There is also some geographical variation, Californian birds often being in non-breeding plumage during migration.",
      "Juvenile common terns have pale grey upperwings with a dark carpal bar. The crown and nape are brown, and the forehead is ginger, wearing to white by autumn. The upperparts are ginger with brown and white scaling, and the tail lacks the adult's long outer feathers. Birds in their first post-juvenile plumage, which normally remain in their wintering areas, resemble the non-breeding adult, but have a duskier crown, dark carpal bar, and often very worn plumage. By their second year, most young terns are either indistinguishable from adults, or show only minor differences such as a darker bill or white forehead.",
      "The common tern is an agile flyer, capable of rapid turns and swoops, hovering, and vertical take-off. When commuting with fish, it flies close to the surface in a strong head wind, but 10–30 m (33–98 ft) above the water in a following wind. Unless migrating, normally it stays below 100 m (330 ft), and averages 30 km/h (19 mph) in the absence of a tail wind. Its average flight speed during the nocturnal migration flight is 43–54 km/h (27–34 mph) at a height of 1,000–3,000 m (3,300–9,800 ft).",
      "The juvenile starts moulting into adult plumage in its first October; the head, tail and body plumage is replaced first, mostly by February, then the wing feathers. The primaries are replaced in stages; the innermost feathers moult first, then replacement is suspended during the southern winter (birds of this age staying in their wintering areas) and recommences in the autumn. In May to June of the second year a similar moult sequence starts, with a pause during primary moult for birds that return north, but not for those that stay in the winter quarters. A major moult to adult breeding plumage occurs in the next February to June, between 40–90% of feathers being replaced. Old primary feathers wear away to reveal the blackish barbs beneath. The moult pattern means that the oldest feathers are those nearest the middle of the wing, so as the northern summer progresses, a dark wedge appears on the wing due to this feather ageing process.",
      "Terns are unusual in the frequency in which they moult their primaries, which are replaced at least twice, occasionally three times in a year. The visible difference in feather age is accentuated in the greater ultraviolet reflectance of new primaries, and the freshness of the wing feathers is used by females in mate selection. Experienced females tend to accept mates which best show their fitness through the quality of their wing feathers. Rarely, a very early moult at the nesting colony may be linked to breeding failure, both the onset of moult and reproductive behaviour being linked to falling levels of the hormone prolactin.",
      "There are several terns of a similar size and general appearance to the common tern. A traditionally difficult species to separate is the Arctic tern, and until the key characteristics were clarified, distant or flying birds of the two species were often jointly recorded as \"commic terns\". Although similar in size, the two terns differ in structure and flight. The common tern has a larger head, thicker neck, longer legs, and more triangular and stiffer wings than its relative, and has a more powerful, direct flight. The Arctic tern has greyer underparts than the common, which make its white cheeks more obvious, whereas the rump of the common tern can be greyish in non-breeding plumage, compared to the white of its relative. The common tern develops a dark wedge on the wings as the breeding season progresses, but the wings of Arctic stay white throughout the northern summer. All the flight feathers of the Arctic tern are translucent against a bright sky, only the four innermost wing feathers of the common tern share this property. The trailing edge of the outer flight feathers is a thin black line in the Arctic tern, but thicker and less defined in the common. The bill of an adult common tern is orange-red with a black tip, except in black-billed S. h. longipennis, and its legs are bright red, while both features are a darker red colour in the Arctic tern, which also lacks the black bill tip.",
      "In the breeding areas, the roseate tern can be distinguished by its pale plumage, long, mainly black bill and very long tail feathers. The non-breeding plumage of roseate is pale above and white, sometimes pink-tinged, below. It retains the long tail streamers, and has a black bill. In flight, the roseate's heavier head and neck, long bill and faster, stiffer wingbeats are also characteristic. It feeds further out to sea than the common tern. In North America, the Forster's tern in breeding plumage is obviously larger than the common, with relatively short wings, a heavy head and thick bill, and long, strong legs; in all non-breeding plumages, its white head and dark eye patch make the American species unmistakable.",
      "In the wintering regions, there are also confusion species, including the Antarctic tern of the southern oceans, the South American tern, the Australasian white-fronted tern and the white-cheeked tern of the Indian Ocean. Identification may be aided by the plumage differences due to \"opposite\" breeding seasons. The Antarctic tern is more sturdy than the common, with a heavier bill. In breeding condition, its dusky underparts and full black cap outline a white cheek stripe. In non-breeding plumages, it lacks, or has only an indistinct, carpal bar, and young birds show dark bars on the tertials, obvious on the closed wing and in flight. The South American tern is larger than the common, with a larger, more curved red bill, and has a smoother, more extensive black cap in non-breeding plumage. Like Antarctic, it lacks a strong carpal bar in non-breeding plumages, and it also shares the distinctive barring of the tertials in young birds. The white-fronted tern has a white forehead in breeding plumage, a heavier bill, and in non-breeding plumage is paler below than the common, with white underwings. The white-cheeked tern is smaller, has uniform grey upperparts, and in breeding plumage is darker above with whiter cheeks.",
      "Juvenile common terns are easily separated from similar-aged birds of related species. They show extensive ginger colouration to the back, and have a pale base to the bill. Young Arctic terns have a grey back and black bill, and juvenile roseate terns have a distinctive scalloped \"saddle\". Hybrids between common and roseate terns have been recorded, particularly from the US, and the intermediate plumage and calls shown by these birds is a potential identification pitfall. Such birds may have more extensive black on the bill, but confirmation of mixed breeding may depend on the exact details of individual flight feathers.",
      "The common tern has a wide repertoire of calls, which have a lower pitch than the equivalent calls of Arctic terns. The most distinctive sound is the alarm KEE-yah, stressed on the first syllable, in contrast to the second-syllable stress of the Arctic tern. The alarm call doubles up as a warning to intruders, although serious threats evoke a kyar, given as a tern takes flight, and quietens the usually noisy colony while its residents assess the danger. A down-slurred keeur is given when an adult is approaching the nest while carrying a fish, and is possibly used for individual recognition (chicks emerge from hiding when they hear their parents giving this call). Another common call is a kip uttered during social contact. Other vocalizations include a kakakakaka when attacking intruders, and a staccato kek-kek-kek from fighting males.",
      "Parents and chicks can locate one another by call, and siblings also recognise each other's vocalisations from about the twelfth day from hatching, which helps to keep the brood together."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Great crested tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalasseus_bergii",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Johor Strait, Mandai Mudflat, Pedra Branca, P. Ubin, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Crested_Tern_Tasmania.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding plumage T. b. cristata displaying"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The greater crested tern is a large tern with a long (5.4–6.5 cm or 2.1–2.6 in) yellow bill, black legs, and a glossy black crest that is noticeably shaggy at its rear. The breeding adult of the nominate subspecies T. b. bergii is 46–49 cm (18–19.5 in) long, with a 125–130 cm (49–51 in) wing-span; this subspecies weighs 325–397 g (11.4–14.0 oz). The forehead and the underparts are white, the back and inner wings are dusky-grey. In winter, the upperparts plumage wears to a paler grey, and the crown of the head becomes white, merging at the rear into a peppered black crest and mask.",
      "The adults of both sexes are identical in appearance, but juvenile birds are distinctive, with a head pattern like the winter adult, and upperparts strongly patterned in grey, brown, and white; the closed wings appear to have dark bars. After moulting, the young terns resemble the adult, but still have a variegated wing pattern with a dark bar on the inner flight feathers.",
      "The northern subspecies T. b. velox and T. b. thalassina are in breeding plumage from May to September or October, whereas the relevant period for the two southern African races is from December to April. For T. b. cristata, the moult timing depends on location; birds from Australia and Oceania are in breeding plumage from September to about April, but those in Thailand, China and Sulawesi have this appearance from February to June or July.",
      "The royal tern is similar in size to this species, but has a heavier build, broader wings, a paler back and a blunter, more orange bill. The greater crested often associates with the lesser crested tern, but is 25% larger than the latter, with a proportionately longer bill, longer and heavier head, and bulkier body. Lesser crested tern has an orange-tinted bill, and in immature plumage it is much less variegated than greater crested.",
      "The greater crested tern is highly vocal, especially at its breeding grounds. The territorial advertising call is a loud, raucous, crow-like kerrak. Other calls include a korrkorrkorr given at the nest by anxious or excited birds, and a hard wep wep in flight."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser crested tern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalasseus_bengalensis",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Johor Strait, Mandai Mudflat, Pedra Branca, P. Ubin, Punggol, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lesser_crested_terns_%28Thalasseus_bengalensis%29_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "A pair of Lesser crested terns Thalasseus bengalensis from Akshi Beach, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Like all Thalasseus terns, lesser crested tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, usually from saline environments. It usually dives directly, and not from the \"stepped-hover\" favoured by Arctic tern.  The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.",
      "This is a medium-large tern, very similar in size and general appearance to its three very close relatives Sandwich tern, Elegant tern and Chinese crested tern. The summer adult has a black cap, black legs and a long sharp orange bill. The upperwings, rump and central tail feathers are grey and the underparts white. The primary flight feathers darken during the summer. In winter, the forehead becomes white. The call is a loud grating noise like Sandwich tern.",
      "The grey rump is a useful flight identification feature distinguishing it from the related species. The Elegant tern also differs in a slightly longer, slenderer bill, while Chinese crested tern differs in a black tip to the bill and Sandwich tern a black bill with a yellow tip.",
      "Juvenile lesser crested terns resemble same-age Sandwich terns, but with a yellow-orange bill, and paler overall, with only faint dark crescents on the mantle feathers.",
      "There are two other orange-billed terns within the range of this species, royal tern and Greater crested tern. Both are much larger and stouter-billed; royal also has a white rump and tail, while crested (which shares the grey rump) is darker overall above and has a yellower bill. See also orange-billed tern."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-tailed tropicbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaethon_lepturus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Tuas (2015)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/White-tailed_Tropicbird_-_Phaeton_lepturus.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult white-tailed tropicbird is a slender, mainly white bird, 71–80 cm long including the very long central tail feathers, which double its total length. The wingspan is 89–96 cm. The bird has a black band on the inner wing, a black eye-mask, and an orange-yellow to orange-red bill. The bill colour, pure white back and black wing bar distinguish this species from the red-billed tropicbird.",
      "The white-tailed tropicbird breeds on tropical islands, laying a single egg directly onto the ground or a cliff ledge.  It disperses widely across the oceans when not breeding, and sometimes wanders far.  It feeds on fish and squid, caught by surface plunging, but this species is a poor swimmer. The call is a high screamed keee-keee-krrrt-krrt-krrt. Sexes are similar, although males on average are longer tailed, but juveniles lack the tail streamers, have a green-yellow bill, and a finely barred back. The white-tailed tropicbird does not have a yearly breeding cycle; instead, breeding frequency depends on the climate and availability of suitable breeding sites. The bird can reproduce 10 months after the last successful breeding, or 5 months after an unsuccessful one."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-billed tropicbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaethon_rubricauda",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "S. Serangoon (1986)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Red-tailed_Tropicbird_RWD2.jpg",
        "text": "In flight, Kilauea Point, Kauai, Hawaii"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The red-tailed tropicbird measures 95 to 104 cm (37 to 41 in) on average, which includes the 35 cm (14 in) tail streamers, and weighs around 800 g (30 oz). It has a wingspan of 111 to 119 cm (44 to 47 in). It has a streamlined but solid build with almost all-white plumage, often with a pink tinge. The sexes are similar in plumage. A dark brown comma-shaped stripe extends back from the lores, through and over the eyes and reaching the ear coverts. The iris is dark brown. The bill is bright red, slightly paler at the base and black around the nostrils. The legs and base of the toes are pale blue-mauve, while the webbing and rest of the toes are black. The white feathers of the head and rump have concealed dark brown bases, while those of the mantle, back, tail rectrices and tail coverts have dark brown shaft bases. The two long tail feathers are orange or red with white bases for around a tenth of their length, and can be hard to see when the bird is flying. The white wings are marked by dark chevron-shaped patches on the tertials, and the dark shafts of the primary flight feathers are visible. The pink tinge is often more pronounced in the remiges of the upper wing. Moulting takes place outside the breeding season, the streamers being replaced before the rest of the feathers. Streamers are replaced at any time, one growing while the other is shed, and old streamers may litter the area around a breeding colony.",
      "Newly hatched chicks are covered in thin, long, grey-white down, which is paler on the head. The lores are bare. The down is greyer in older chicks. The primaries, rectrices and scapulars are evident in the third week, and chicks are mostly feathered with residual down on underparts and under the wings after six weeks, and fully feathered by 11 weeks. Juvenile birds have a glossy white forehead, chin, throat and underparts, and prominent black barring and scaling on their crown, nape, mantle, back, rump and upper wing coverts. Their bills are blackish grey with a light blue-grey base, and grey legs and feet.",
      "In Australian waters the red-tailed tropicbird could be confused with the silver gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) or various tern species, though it is larger and heavier-set, with a wedge-shaped tail. Its red bill and more wholly white wings distinguish it from the adult white-tailed tropicbird. Immature red-tailed tropicbirds likewise can be distinguished from immature white-tailed tropicbirds by their partly red rather than yellow bills.",
      "The red-tailed tropicbird is generally silent while flying. Aside from during courtship displays, birds may give a short greeting squawk to their mate when arriving or leaving the nest. Birds give a low growling call as a defence call, and young chatter repetitively as a begging call—made whenever the parents are nearby."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Swinhoe's storm-petrel",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanodroma_monorhis",
    "rarity": "C/PM",
    "location": "P. Ubin, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/OceanodromaMonorhisSmit.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Swinhoe's storm petrel is a small bird, 18–21 cm in length with a 45–48 cm wingspan, though distinctly larger than the European storm petrel.  It is essentially dark brown in all plumages, and has a fluttering flight, pattering on the water surface as it picks planktonic food items from the ocean surface. Unlike the European storm petrel, it does not follow ships.",
      "In structure it most resembles a Leach's storm petrel with its forked tail, longish wings, and flight behaviour, but does not have a white rump and the call differs. It is difficult to distinguish from other all-dark Oceanodroma species, and the first English record had to be DNA-tested to eliminate the possibility that it was a Leach's storm petrel, since populations of north-eastern Pacific Leach's storm petrels contain individuals that show completely dark rumps."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bulwer's petrel[11]",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulweria_bulwerii",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/P%C3%A9trel_de_Bulwer.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This very long-winged petrel is 25–29 cm (9.8–11.4 in) in length with a 78–90 cm (31–35 in) wingspan. It has mainly brown plumage and a long pointed tail. It has a buoyant twisting flight as it picks planktonic food items from the ocean surface.[citation needed]"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Short-tailed shearwater[12]",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenna_tenuirostris",
    "rarity": "U/PM",
    "location": "Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Puffinus_tenuirostris_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The short-tailed shearwater or slender-billed shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris; formerly Puffinus tenuirostris), also called yolla or moonbird, and commonly known as the muttonbird in Australia, is the most abundant seabird species in Australian waters, and is one of the few Australian native birds in which the chicks are commercially harvested. It is a migratory species that breeds mainly on small islands in Bass Strait and Tasmania and migrates to the Northern Hemisphere for the boreal summer."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian openbill",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastomus_oscitans",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "NTL/P. Punggol/Seletar West (2013), SBWR (2019), island-wide (Dec 2019)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Asian_Open_Bill_-_tarun.JPG",
        "text": "Adult showing characteristic gap between mandibles"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Asian openbill stork is predominantly greyish (non-breeding season) or white (breeding season) with glossy black wings and tail that have a green or purple sheen. The name is derived from the distinctive gap formed between the recurved lower and arched upper mandible of the beak in adult birds. Young birds do not have this gap. The cutting edges of the mandible have a fine brush like structure that is thought to give them better grip on the shells of snails. The tail consists of twelve feathers and the preen gland has a tuft. The mantle is black and the bill is horn-grey. At a distance, they can appear somewhat like a white stork or Oriental stork. The short legs are pinkish to grey, reddish prior to breeding. Non-breeding birds have a smoky grey wings and back instead of white. Young birds are brownish-grey and have a brownish mantle. Like other storks, the Asian openbill is a broad-winged soaring bird, which relies on moving between thermals of hot air for sustained flight. They are usually found in flocks but single birds are not uncommon. Like all storks, it flies with its neck outstretched. It is relatively small for a stork and stands at 68 cm height (81 cm long)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser adjutant",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoptilos_javanicus",
    "rarity": "Ex/RB, R/NBV",
    "location": "Kranji Marsh, P. Ubin, SBWR, WWC",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Lesser_Adjutant_%2CYala_National_Park_.jpg",
        "text": "Lesser adjutant, Yala National Park"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "A large stork with an upright stance, a bare head and neck without a pendant pouch, it has a length of 87–93 cm (34–37 in) (outstretched from bill-to-tail measurement), weighs from 4 to 5.71 kg (8.8 to 12.6 lb) and stands about 110–120 cm (43–47 in) tall. The only confusable species is the greater adjutant, but this species is generally smaller and has a straight upper bill edge (culmen), measuring 25.8–30.8 cm (10.2–12.1 in) in length, with a paler base and appears slightly trimmer and less hunch-backed. The skullcap is paler and the upper plumage is uniformly dark, appearing almost all black. The nearly naked head and neck have a few scattered hair-like feathers. The upper shank or tibia is grey rather than pink, the tarsus measures 22.5–26.8 cm (8.9–10.6 in). The belly and undertail are white. Juveniles are a duller version of the adult but have more feathers on the nape. During the breeding season, the face is reddish and the neck is orange. The larger median wing coverts are tipped with copper spots and the inner secondary coverts and tertials have narrow white edging. The wing chord measures 57.5–66 cm (22.6–26.0 in) in length. Like others in the genus, they retract their necks in flight. In flight, the folded neck can appear like the pouch of the greater adjutant. Males and females appear similar in plumage but males tend to be larger and heavier billed."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Milky stork",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycteria_cinerea",
    "rarity": "U/F",
    "location": "Admiralty Park, JLG, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Mycteria_cinerea%2C_Singapore_3.jpg",
        "text": "An individual foraging among reeds in Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This medium stork stands 91–97 cm tall, making it slightly smaller than the closely related painted stork. The adult plumage is completely white except for black flight feathers of the wing and tail, which also have a greenish gloss. Wing length measures 435–500 mm and the tail measures 145–170 mm. The extensive white portion of the plumage is completely suffused with a pale creamy yellow during the breeding season, hence the term “milky”. This creamy tint is absent from the plumage during breeding.  The wing coverts and back feathers are paler and have an almost white terminal band.",
      "The bare facial skin is greyish or dark maroon; with black, irregular blotches. During breeding, the bare facial skin is deep wine red with black markings on the lores by the bill base and gular region, with a ring of brighter red skin around the eye. Soon after courtship, the facial skin fades to paler orange-red. Breeding birds also show a narrow pinkish band of bare skin along the underside of the wing.",
      "The downcurved bill is dull pinkish yellow and sometimes tipped white. The culmen length measures 194 – 275mm. The legs are a dull red-flesh colour, with the tarsi measuring 188 – 225mm. It has long thick toes that probably serve to increase surface area of its feet and therefore reduce pressure from standing and walking on the soft mud of its foraging area, so that the bird does not sink considerably when foraging and feeding.",
      "During courtship, the bill turns deep yellow, with a greyish tan on the basal third; and the legs become deep magenta. The sexes are similar, but the average male is slightly larger with a longer, thinner bill.",
      "The adult is readily recognisable in the field by its white head feathers, yellow-orange bill and pink legs. It is distinguished from other waders such as egrets and lesser adjutants by its extensively white body plumage and black wing coverts. However, the milky stork resembles and may therefore be confused with the partly sympatric Asian Openbill and various white egret species. Nevertheless, the egrets are smaller and completely white, and the Asian Openbill is also smaller and distinguished from the milky stork by the grey bill. In the northern part of its range around Vietnam, milky storks occasionally occur in sympatry with the closely related and morphologically similar painted storks. However, the painted stork is distinguished from the milky stork in adult plumage by the former's black and white breast band and wing coverts, pink inner secondaries, more restricted bare head skin, and generally brighter soft part colouration.",
      "Like other storks, the milky stork usually soars on thermals to travel between areas. Flocks of up to a dozen birds can be seen soaring on thermals at great heights between 10:00 and 14:00. At breeding colonies and feeding grounds, flight is contagious in that take-off by one bird is quickly followed by others.  Average flapping rate has been estimated at 205 beats per minute.",
      "At hatching, the chicks are covered with white down. Contour feathers begin to appear by 10–14 days, and the chicks become fully feathered with full plumage after 4–6 weeks. This plumage is typically pale greyish brown with a white lower back, rump and tail coverts; some white downy feathers remaining under the wings and underside of the body; black wing and tail feathers with a white and dark brown wing lining; distinct feathering on the greyish brown head, and dull yellow bare parts. After about 10 weeks when juveniles have fledged, loss of head feathers begins; and the dark, bare areas on the forehead and sides of the head around the eyes become visible. These dark bare areas are sometimes interspersed with dull orange spots. Nestlings also have a dark brownish grey bill and skin around the bill and eye.",
      "By the age of three months,   the previously feathered head is now completely bald and the dull bill has become warm yellow with a greenish yellow tip. Both features are characteristic of adults. Milky stork juveniles appear almost identical to painted stork juveniles, but are said to be distinguishable from painted stork juveniles by their paler underwing lining contrasting with the completely black flight feathers, whereas this underwing lining is completely black in painted storks.",
      "The milky stork is usually silent during non-breeding. At nests, individuals utter a falsetto “fizz” call during the Up-Down display. The young utter a froglike croak when begging for food.",
      "Especially in captivity in National Zoo of Malaysia, Singapore Zoo and Dusit Zoo, milky storks and painted interbred to produce hybrid offspring. These hybrids apparently vary in appearance through different combinations of milky stork and painted stork phenotypes in varying proportions. Because these hybrid juveniles are not readily distinguishable from pure-bred juveniles based on morphology, molecular methods have been used to detect possible hybrids. Compared to the parent painted stork, the adult hybrid has a pink rather than orange bill and head. Adult hybrids may also have some small black spots on the white wing and a subtle pink tinge on the feathers.",
      "Across all ages in this species, the iris is dark brown; and the legs are pinkish, but appear white due to a covering of the birds’ excreta."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Painted stork",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycteria_leucocephala",
    "rarity": "U/F",
    "location": "Admiralty Park, JLG, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Mycteria_leucocephala_-_Pak_Thale.jpg",
        "text": "Adult at Laem Pak Bia, Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This large stork has a heavy yellow beak with a down-curved tip that gives it a resemblance to an ibis. The head of the adult is bare and orange or reddish in colour. The long tertials are tipped in bright pink and at rest they extend over the back and rump. There is a distinctive black breast band with white scaly markings. The band continues into the underwing coverts and the white tips of the black coverts give it the appearance of white stripes running across the underwing lining.",
      "The rest of the body is whitish in adults and the primaries and secondaries are black with a greenish gloss. The legs are yellowish to red but often appear white due their habit of urohidrosis or defecating on their legs especially when at rest. The short tail is black with a green gloss. For a stork, it is medium-sized, standing about 93–102 cm (36.5–40 in) tall, 150–160 cm (59–63 in) in wingspan and weighing 2–3.5 kg (4.4–7.7 lb). Males and females appear alike but the males of a pair are usually larger than the female.",
      "The downy young are mainly whitish with grey bills and blackish facial skin. The juveniles assume a brownish plumage and like most other storks reach breeding condition after two to three years.",
      "Like all storks, they fly with their neck outstretched. They often make use of the late morning thermals to soar in search of foraging areas. Like other storks they are mostly silent but clatter their bills at nest and may make some harsh croaking or low moaning sounds at nest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser frigatebird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregata_ariel",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "Pedra Branca, Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Lesser_Frigatebird_from_Indonesia.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The lesser frigatebird is the smallest species of frigatebird and measures 66–81 cm (26–32 in) in length with a wingspan of 155–193 cm (61–76 in) and long forked tails. Male birds weight 625–875 g (1.378–1.929 lb). Female birds are heavier and weight 760–955 grams (1.676–2.105 lb). Like all frigatebirds the male has a large red sac on the front of the throat which is inflated during courtship. Courtship display also involves a variety of calls, bill rattling and spreading of the wings. The male is mostly all black save for a white patch on the flank which extends on to the underwing as a spur. Males also have a pale bar on the upper wing.  Females have a black head and neck with a white collar and breast as well as a spur extending on to the underwing. The female also has a narrow red ring around the eye. Juveniles and immature birds are more difficult to differentiate but the presence of the spurs of white in the armpits is a helpful distinguishing sign.",
      "Frigate birds are built for flying; they rarely swim and cannot walk but can manage to climb around the trees and bushes in which they nest. They have a very light skeleton and long narrow wings and are masters of the air. Their name probably derives from the fact that they harass other sea birds such as boobies and tropicbirds as they return to their nests from feeding, forcing them to disgorge their catch, which is then swooped upon and caught by the frigate birds before it reaches the water below. This practice seems to be more common among female frigate birds, but probably only accounts for a fairly small proportion of the diet, which mainly consists of squid and flying fish scooped up from the surface of the sea."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Christmas Island frigatebird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregata_andrewsi",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "P. Ubin, Singapore Strait, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Christmas_Island_Frigatebird_male_-_Jakarta_Bay%2C_Indonesia.jpg",
        "text": "Male at Jakarta Bay, Indonesia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Christmas frigatebird measures 89–100 cm (35–39 in) in length, has a wingspan of 205–230 cm (81–91 in) and weighs around 1,550 g (3.42 lb). The adult male of this species is easily identified, since he is all black except for a white belly patch. Other plumages resemble those of the smaller lesser frigatebird, but have whiter bellies and longer white underwing spurs."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown booby",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula_leucogaster",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Pedra Branca, SBWR (2016), Singapore Strait",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Atob%C3%A1-pardo.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/6A5A3225.jpg",
        "text": "Adult male (nom.) with blue orbital ring, and an adult male (S. l. plotus) in flight"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The booby's head and upper body (back) is covered in dark brown to black plumage, with the remainder (belly) being a contrasting white. The bare part colours vary geographically, but not seasonally. The species also displays sexual dimorphism of the bare part colours, the males having a blue orbital ring, as opposed to the yellow orbital ring of the female. In addition the male of subspecies S. l. brewsteri is distinctly plumaged in having the forehead, forecrown and chin white, merging to a greyish brown neck and breast.",
      "The female booby reaches about 80 centimetres (31 in) in length, her wingspan measures up to 150 cm (4.9 ft), and she can weigh up to 1,300 g (2.9 lb). The male booby reaches about 75 centimetres (30 in) in length, his wingspan measures up to 140 cm (4.6 ft), and he can weigh up to 1,000 g (2.2 lb).",
      "Unlike other species of sulid the juvenile plumage already resembles that of the adult. They are gray-brown with darkening on the head, upper surfaces of the wings and tail, while the lower breast and underpart plumages are heavily flecked brown on white. Juveniles of subspecies S. l. brewsteri are once again distinct in having the underpart plumage more evenly mouse brown.",
      "Their beaks are quite sharp and contain many jagged edges. They have fairly short wings resulting in a fast flap rate, but long, tapered tails. While these birds are typically silent, bird watchers have reported occasional sounds similar to grunting or quacking."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-footed booby",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula_sula",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "CCKC (2011), Singapore Strait (2012, 2016), St. John Is. (2019), Marina East (2017, carcass)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Sula_sula_by_Gregg_Yan_01.jpg",
        "text": "White morph, Philippines"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Male_Gal%C3%A1pagos_red-footed_booby.jpg",
        "text": "Brown morph, male, Galápagos Islands"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The red-footed booby is the smallest member of the booby and gannet family at about 70 cm (28 in) in length and with a wingspan of up to 152 cm (60 in). The average weight of 490 adults from Christmas Island was 837 g (1.845 lb). It has red legs, and its bill and throat pouch are coloured pink and blue. This species has several morphs. In the white morph the plumage is mostly white (the head often tinged yellowish) and the flight feathers are black. The black-tailed white morph is similar, but with a black tail, and can easily be confused with the Nazca and masked boobies. The brown morph is overall brown. The white-tailed brown morph is similar, but has a white belly, rump, and tail. The white-headed and white-tailed brown morph has a mostly white body, tail and head, and brown wings and back. The morphs commonly breed together, but in most regions one or two morphs predominates; for example, at the Galápagos Islands, most belong to the brown morph, though the white morph also occurs.",
      "The sexes are similar, and juveniles are brownish with darker wings, and pale pinkish legs, while chicks are covered in dense white down.",
      "The species has been recorded three times from Sri Lanka.",
      "In September 2016, a male red-footed booby was found washed up on a beach in East Sussex, UK, 5,000 miles from its nearest usual habitat. It was the first of its species ever recorded in the UK. The bird, later named Norman, was said by some[who?] to be exhausted and malnourished, though it flew onto the beach freely and was of normal weight when checked. He was brought back to health before being transported by plane to an environmental center in the Cayman Islands in December 2016, where he subsequently died before ever being released into the wild.",
      "In January 2017, a red-footed booby was sighted on the New Zealand mainland for the first time.",
      "A red-footed booby was observed to be preyed upon by a large coconut crab on the Chagos Archipelago in 2016."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oriental darter",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhinga_melanogaster",
    "rarity": "R/NBV",
    "location": "Bukit Gombak, Hindhede Quarry, Kranji, P. Ubin, Singapore Quarry",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Oriental_darter_%28Anhinga_melanogaster%29_21-Mar-2007_6-10-09_AM.JPG",
        "text": "Sunning on a perch"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Oriental darter is like all other anhingas, a cormorant-like species that has a very long neck. The structure of the neck is as in other species of darter with strongly developed muscles about a kink in the neck at the 8th and 9th vertebrae that allows it to be flexed and darted forward with rapid force to stab fish underwater. The edges of the commissures of the mandible tips have minute inward pointing serrations that hold impaled fish.",
      "The adult plumage above is black and the wing coverts and tertials having silvery streaks along the shaft. The crown and neck are brown shading to black towards the back of the neck. The underparts are blackish brown. A pale line over the eye and throat and a line running along the sides of the neck gives it a striped appearance. The iris is white with a yellow ring (brighter yellow in breeding birds) around it. The tip of the upper mandible is dark while the base is pale brown bill while the lower mandible is yellowish. The legs and webbing on the foot are yellow in immatures and non-breeding birds while breeding birds have darker grey tarsi and toes with yellow webbing. The sexes are not easily distinguishable but males tend to have black speckles that coalesce on the white throat. Adult females have a shorter bill and tend to have the black at the base of neck and chest separated from the hind neck by a wide buff band that ends at the shoulder. This pattern however is also found in immatures whose neck is lighter and lack the long pointed scapulars. In flight the long and slender neck, wide wing and wedge shaped tail make it distinctive. Young birds have a pale brown neck and appear whitish on the underside and lack the white streak along the side of the neck. The inner secondaries or tertials and the central tail feathers appear wavy or corrugated. The tail is long and made up of twelve stiff feathers which are dragged along the ground when the bird attempts to walk or hop on land."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Great cormorant",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalacrocorax_carbo",
    "rarity": "U/F",
    "location": "Changi, JLG, Johor Strait, Kranji Dam, Mandai Mudflat, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Phalacrocorax_carbo_Vic.jpg",
        "text": "In Victoria, Australia."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The great cormorant is a large black bird, but there is a wide variation in size in the species' wide range. Weight is reported to vary from 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) to 5.3 kg (12 lb). Males are typically larger and heavier than females, with the nominate race (P. c. carbo) averaging about 10% larger in linear measurements than the smallest race in Europe (P. c. sinensis). The lightest average weights cited are in Germany (P. c. sinensis), where 36 males averaged 2.28 kg (5.0 lb) and 17 females averaged 1.94 kg (4.3 lb). The highest come from Prince Edward Island in Canada (P. c. carbo), where 11 males averaged 3.68 kg (8.1 lb) and 11 females averaged 2.94 kg (6.5 lb). Length can vary from 70 to 102 cm (28 to 40 in) and wingspan from 121 to 160 cm (48 to 63 in). They are tied as the second largest extant species of cormorant after the flightless cormorant, with the Japanese cormorant averaging at a similar size. In bulk if not in linear dimensions, the Blue-eyed shag species complex of the Southern Oceans are scarcely smaller at average. It has a longish tail and yellow throat-patch. Adults have white patches on the thighs and on the throat in the breeding season. In European waters it can be distinguished from the common shag by its larger size, heavier build, thicker bill, lack of a crest and plumage without any green tinge. In eastern North America, it is similarly larger and bulkier than double-crested cormorant, and the latter species has more yellow on the throat and bill and lack the white thigh patches frequently seen on great cormorants. Great cormorants are mostly silent, but they make various guttural noises at their breeding colonies.[citation needed]",
      "A very rare variation of the great cormorant is caused by albinism. The Phalacrocorax carbo albino suffers from poor eyesight and/or hearing, thus it rarely manages to survive in the wild.[citation needed]"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Spot-billed pelican",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecanus_philippensis",
    "rarity": "R/F",
    "location": "Kranji, NTL, P. Ubin, Seletar, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Pelecanus_Philippensis.JPG"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The spot-billed pelican is a relatively small pelican but still a large bird. It is 125–152 cm (49–60 in) long and a weight of 4.1–6 kg (9.0–13.2 lb). It is mainly white, with a grey crest, hindneck and a brownish tail. The feathers on the hind neck are curly and form a greyish nape crest. The pouch is pink to purplish and has large pale spots, and is also spotted on the sides of the upper mandible. The tip of the bill (or nail) is yellow to orange. In breeding plumage, the skin at the base of the beak is dark and the orbital patch is pink. In flight they look not unlike the Dalmatian pelican but the tertials and inner secondaries are darker and a pale band runs along the greater coverts. The tail is rounder.",
      "The newly hatched young are covered in white down. They then moult into a greyish speckled plumage. The spots on the bill appear only after a year. The full adult breeding plumage appears in their third year."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yellow bittern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixobrychus_sinensis",
    "rarity": "C/RBWV",
    "location": "reeds",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Ixobrychus_sinensis_-_Chinese_Garden.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The yellow bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis) is a small bittern. It is of Old World origins, breeding in the northern Indian Subcontinent, east to the Russian Far East, Japan and Indonesia. It is mainly resident, but some northern birds migrate short distances. It has been recorded as a vagrant in Alaska and there is a single sighting in Britain, from Radipole Lake, Dorset on November 23, 1962 – however, the BOU have always considered this occurrence to be of uncertain provenance and currently it is not accepted onto the official British List.",
      "This is a small species at 36 to 38 cm (14 to 15 in) in length, with a short neck and longish bill. The male is uniformly dull yellow above and buff below. The head and neck are chestnut, with a black crown. The female's crown, neck and breast are streaked brown, and the juvenile is like the female but heavily streaked brown below, and mottled with buff above. Yellow bitterns feed on insects, fish and amphibians."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Schrenck's bittern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixobrychus_eurhythmus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "CCNR, Changi, Halus, JLG, Jurong West, PRP, Punggol, Sengkang, SBG, SBTB, SBWR, Tuas, Venus Drive",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Ixobrychus_eurhythmus_by_OpenCage.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a small species at 33 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in) in length, with a short neck, longish yellow bill and yellow legs. The male is uniformly chestnut above, and buff below and on the wing coverts. The female and juvenile are chestnut all over with white speckles above, and white streaks below. When in flight, it shows black flight feathers and tail."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Cinnamon bittern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixobrychus_cinnamomeus",
    "rarity": "U/RBWV",
    "location": "Bidadari, CCKC, Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Tuas, Jurong West, P. Punggol, Seletar West",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Cinnamon_bittern_or_chestnut_bittern_%28Ixobrychus_cinnamomeus%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Ixobrychus cinnamomeusfrom Mangaon, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a small species at 38 cm (15 in) length, though it is one of the larger Ixobrychus bitterns. Possessing a short neck and longish bill, the male is uniformly cinnamon above and buff below. The female is similar but her back and crown are brown, and the juvenile is like the female but heavily streaked brown below. When surprised on its nest or concerned, it assumes the characteristic attitude of bitterns, termed the on-guard. The neck is stretched perpendicularly, bill pointing skyward, while the bird freezes and becomes very hard to see among the surrounding reeds."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black bittern",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixobrychus_flavicollis",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "BAMKP, CCNR, DFNP, Hindhede Quarry, JEG, JLG, Halus, PRP, P. Ubin, SBG, SBTB, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Black_bittern_%28Ixobrychus_flavicollis%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a fairly large species at 58 cm (23 in) in length, being by some margin the largest bittern in the genus Ixobrychus. Compared to related species, it has a longish neck and long yellow bill. The adult is uniformly black above, with yellow neck sides. It is whitish below, heavily streaked with brown. The juvenile is like the adult, but dark brown rather than black. They can be difficult to see, given their skulking lifestyle and reed bed habitat, but tend to fly fairly frequently when the all black upperparts makes them unmistakable."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea_cinerea",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "waterbodies",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Graureiher_Grey_Heron.jpg",
        "text": ""
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The grey heron is a large bird, standing up to 100 cm (39 in) tall and measuring 84–102 cm (33–40 in) long with a 155–195 cm (61–77 in) wingspan. The body weight can range from 1.02–2.08 kg (2.2–4.6 lb). The plumage is largely ashy-grey above, and greyish-white below with some black on the flanks. Adults have the head and neck white with a broad black supercilium that terminates in the slender, dangling crest, and bluish-black streaks on the front of the neck. The scapular feathers are elongated and the feathers at the base of the neck are also somewhat elongated. Immature birds lack the dark stripe on the head and are generally duller in appearance than adults, with a grey head and neck, and a small, dark grey crest. The pinkish-yellow beak is long, straight and powerful, and is brighter in colour in breeding adults. The iris is yellow and the legs are brown and very long.",
      "The main call is a loud croaking \"fraaank\", but a variety of guttural and raucous noises is heard at the breeding colony. The male uses an advertisement call to encourage a female to join him at the nest, and both sexes use various greeting calls after a pair bond has been established. A loud, harsh \"schaah\" is used by the male in driving other birds from the vicinity of the nest and a soft \"gogogo\" expresses anxiety, as when a predator is nearby or a human walks past the colony. The chicks utter loud chattering or ticking noises."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Great-billed heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea_sumatrana",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Changi, Coney Is., Jurong Is., JLG, LNR, LSD, KRP, Poyan, P. Hantu, P. Jong, P. Punggol, P. Semakau, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, Sentosa, SBWR, WCP, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ardea_sumatrana_-Palawan%2C_Philippines-8.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in Palawan, Philippines"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The great-billed heron is a large bird, typically standing 115 cm (45 in) tall and weighing up to 2.6 kg (5.7 lb). It is larger than the purple heron, which it resembles in appearance, although it is larger and darker. The plumage is largely dark grey above. In flight, it has a uniform dark grey upperwing.",
      "The flight is slow, with its neck retracted. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes and spoonbills, which extend their necks. The species feeds in shallow water, spearing fish with its long, sharp bill. It will wait motionless for prey, or slowly stalk its victim."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Purple heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea_purpurea",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "grassfields, waterbodies",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Purple_heron_%28Ardea_purpurea%29_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The purple heron is a large bird, 78–97 cm (31–38 in) in length with a standing height from 70 to 94 cm (28 to 37 in) and a 120–152 cm (47–60 in) wingspan. However, it is slender for its size, weighing only 0.5 to 1.35 kg (1.1 to 3.0 lb). It is somewhat smaller than the grey heron, from which it can be distinguished by its darker reddish-brown plumage, and, in adults, its darker grey back. Adults have the forehead and the crown of the head black, with a dark stripe down the back of the neck that terminates in a slender, dangling crest. This is shorter than the crest of the grey heron and does not exceed 140 mm (5.5 in). The sides of the head and the neck are buffish chestnut, with dark streaks and lines down either side of the whole the neck. The mantle is oily brown and the upper scapular feathers are elongated but not the lower ones. The rest of the upper parts and the tail are brownish grey. The front of the neck is paler than the sides and there are some elongated feathers at the base of the neck which are streaked with white, chestnut and black. The breast is chestnut brown, with some blackening at the side, and the belly and under-tail coverts are black. The brownish-yellow beak is long, straight and powerful, and is brighter in colour in breeding adults. The iris is yellow and the legs are brown at the front and yellowish behind.",
      "The call is a harsh \"frarnk\", but is quieter and more high-pitched than that of the grey heron. It is generally a less noisy bird, though similar guttural sounds are heard emanating from the heronry. It is also less robust, and appears somewhat hollow-chested. Its head and neck are more slender and snake-like than the grey heron and its toes much longer. Unlike that bird, it often adopts a posture with its neck extending obliquely, and even nestlings tend to use this stance."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Great egret",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea_alba",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "waterbodies",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Great_egret_%28Ardea_alba%29_Tobago.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in Tobago"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The great egret is a large heron with all-white plumage. Standing up to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall, this species can measure 80 to 104 cm (31 to 41 in) in length and have a wingspan of 131 to 170 cm (52 to 67 in). Body mass can range from 700 to 1,500 g (1.5 to 3.3 lb), with an average around 1,000 g (2.2 lb). It is thus only slightly smaller than the great blue or grey heron (A. cinerea). Apart from size, the great egret can be distinguished from other white egrets by its yellow bill and black legs and feet, though the bill may become darker and the lower legs lighter in the breeding season. In breeding plumage, delicate ornamental feathers are borne on the back. Males and females are identical in appearance; juveniles look like nonbreeding adults. Differentiated from the intermediate egret (Mesophoyx intermedius) by the gape, which extends well beyond the back of the eye in case of the great egret, but ends just behind the eye in case of the intermediate egret.",
      "It has a slow flight, with its neck retracted. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes, ibises, and spoonbills, which extend their necks in flight. The great egret walks with its neck extended and wings held close. The great egret is not normally a vocal bird; it gives a low, hoarse croak when disturbed, and at breeding colonies, it often gives a loud croaking cuk cuk cuk and higher-pitched squawks.",
      "Owing to its wide distribution across so much of the Americas, as well as Africa, Europe and Asia, the great egret shares its habitat with many other similar species. For example, the little egret (Egretta garzetta), intermediate egret (Ardea intermedia), Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes), and the western reef heron (Egretta gularis). In the Americas, the snowy egret (Egretta thula) — a medium-sized heron that shares the same habitat as the great egret — is one such species. The snowy egret is readily distinguished from the great egret because it is noticeably smaller, and it has a more slender bill which is black in color and yellow feet, whereas the great egret has a yellow bill and black feet. Another species that — in North America — is easily confused with the great egret is the white morph of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias). The great blue heron is a bit larger, and has a thicker bill than that of the great egret."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Intermediate egret",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea_intermedia",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "grassfields, waterbodies",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Egretta_intermedia00.jpg",
        "text": "Yellow-billed egret (A. i. brachyrhyncha) in South Africa"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species, as its scientific name implies, is intermediate in size between the great egret and smaller white egrets like the little egret and cattle egret, though nearer to little than great.  It is about 56–72 cm (22–28 in) long with a 105–115 cm (41–45 in) wingspan and weighs c. 400 g (14 oz), with all-white plumage, generally dark legs and a thickish yellow bill. Breeding birds may have a reddish or black bill, greenish yellow gape skin, loose filamentous plumes on their breast and back, and dull yellow or pink on their upper legs (regional variations).  The sexes are similar.",
      "The non-breeding colours are similar, but the intermediate is smaller, with neck length a little less than body length, a slightly domed head, and a shorter, thicker bill. The great egret has a noticeable kink near the middle of its neck, and the top of its longer bill nearly aligns with the flat top of its head.  Close up, great egret's gape line extends behind the eye, while the intermediate's is less pointed and ends below the eye.  The intermediate tends to stalk upright with neck extended forward. The great is more patient, often adopting a sideways-leaning \"one-eyed\" stance.",
      "Little egrets have yellow-soled feet and black bills. They often run after fish in shallow water. Breeding birds have long nuptial plumes on the back of their heads."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chinese egret",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egretta_eulophotes",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Changi, PRP, P. Ubin, SBWR, S. Serangoon",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Olangoegret.jpg",
        "text": "In the Olango Island Group of the Philippines"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Chinese egret averages 68 cm in height. The plumage is white throughout the bird's life and resembles the little egret (Egretta garzetta). Outside the breeding season the bill is dusky with the basal portion being tannish peach and the lores and legs yellow green, while the iris is yellow. All individuals are similar in this season. In the breeding season the adults develop a luxuriant crest which is sometimes over 11 cm long. It also develops long lanceolate plumes on its breast and dorsal plumes extending beyond the tail, called aigrettes and similar to those of little egret. The bare parts change too, the bill becomes a bright, almost orange, yellow while the lores turn bright blue and the legs black with yellow feet."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Little egret",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egretta_garzetta",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "waterbodies",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Little_egret_%28Egretta_garzetta%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "E. g. garzettaMangaon, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult little egret is 55–65 cm (22–26 in) long with an 88–106 cm (35–42 in) wingspan, and weighs 350–550 g (12–19 oz). Its plumage is normally entirely white, although there are dark forms with largely bluish-grey plumage. In the breeding season, the adult has two long plumes on the nape that form a crest. These plumes are about 150 mm (6 in) and are pointed and very narrow. There are similar feathers on the breast, but the barbs are more widely spread. There are also several elongated scapular feathers that have long loose barbs and may be 200 mm (8 in) long. During the winter the plumage is similar but the scapulars are shorter and more normal in appearance. The bill is long and slender and it and the lores are black. There is an area of greenish-grey bare skin at the base of the lower mandible and around the eye which has a yellow iris. The legs are black and the feet yellow. Juveniles are similar to non-breeding adults but have greenish-black legs and duller yellow feet, and may have a certain proportion of greyish or brownish feathers.  The subspecies nigripes differs in having yellow skin between the bill and eye, and blackish feet. During the height of courtship, the lores turn red and the feet of the yellow-footed races turn red.",
      "Little egrets are mostly silent but make various croaking and bubbling calls at their breeding colonies and produce a harsh alarm call when disturbed. To the human ear, the sounds are indistinguishable from the black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) with which it sometimes associates."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pacific reef-heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egretta_sacra",
    "rarity": "U/R",
    "location": "Changi, LSD, Marina Barrage, P. Hantu, P. Semakau, P. Ubin, PRP, Siglap Canal, SBWR, WCP, S. Punggol, S. Serangoon",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Egretta_sacra.jpg",
        "text": "Dark morph"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Eastern_Reef_Egret.jpg",
        "text": "Light morph"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Pacific reef herons are medium-sized herons, reaching 57 to 66 cm in length. They have a wingspan of between 90 and 110 cm and reach an average weight of 400 grams. The species displays an unusual, non-sexual dimorphism, with some members having entirely white plumage ('light' morph) and others (the larger portion) being charcoal-grey ('dark' morph). The reason for the colour variation or \"morph\", is unknown, though it is most commonly thought to be related to camouflage. The plumage of immature herons tends to be browner and duller in colour.",
      "Pacific reef herons have very short, yellow legs, and the grey variety's throats and chins are marked by a narrow, white stripe. They have brown beaks, gold-yellow coloured eyes and the surrounding areas of their faces are normally of a greenish to yellow cast."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Cattle egret",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubulcus_ibis",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "grassfields",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Cattle_Egret.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding-plumaged adult of nominate subspecies"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The cattle egret is a stocky heron with an 88–96 cm (35–38 in) wingspan; it is 46–56 cm (18–22 in) long and weighs 270–512 g (9.5–18.1 oz). It has a relatively short thick neck, a sturdy bill, and a hunched posture. The non-breeding adult has mainly white plumage, a yellow bill and greyish-yellow legs. During the breeding season, adults of the nominate western subspecies develop orange-buff plumes on the back, breast and crown, and the bill, legs and irises become bright red for a brief period prior to pairing. The sexes are similar, but the male is marginally larger and has slightly longer breeding plumes than the female; juvenile birds lack coloured plumes and have a black bill.",
      "The positioning of the egret's eyes allows for binocular vision during feeding, and physiological studies suggest that the species may be capable of crepuscular or nocturnal activity. Adapted to foraging on land, they have lost the ability possessed by their wetland relatives to accurately correct for light refraction by water.",
      "This species gives a quiet, throaty rick-rack call at the breeding colony, but is otherwise largely silent."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Indian pond-heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeola_grayii",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Bidadari (2015, 2016), Pasir Ris Farmway (2012, 2016), Senoko (1994)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Indian_pond_heron_%28Ardeola_grayii%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "In non-breeding plumage (India)"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Indian_Pond_Heron_I2_IMG_1142.jpg",
        "text": "Breeding plumage (India) Call"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "They appear stocky with a short neck, short thick bill and buff-brown back. In summer, adults have long neck feathers. Its appearance is transformed from their dull colours when they take to flight, when the white of the wings makes them very prominent. It is very similar to the squacco heron, Ardeola ralloides, but is darker-backed. To the east of its range, it is replaced by the Chinese pond heron, Ardeola bacchus.",
      "During the breeding season, there are records of individuals with red legs. The numbers do not suggest that this is a normal change for adults during the breeding season and some have suggested the possibility of it being genetic variants.",
      "Erythristic plumage has been noted. The race phillipsi has been suggested for the populations found in the Maldives, however this is not always recognized. It forms a superspecies with the closely related Chinese pond heron, Javan pond heron and the Madagascar pond heron.[citation needed]",
      "They are usually silent but may make a harsh croak in alarm when flushed or near their nests.",
      "This bird was first described by Colonel W. H. Sykes in 1832 and given its scientific name in honour of John Edward Gray. Karyology studies indicate that pond herons have 68 chromosomes (2N)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chinese pond-heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeola_bacchus",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, JLG, LNR, Poyan, SBWR, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Chinese_Pond_Heron_in_Summer.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in breeding plumage"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Ardeola_bacchus_winter_plumage_-_Laem_Phak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in winter plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Chinese pond heron is typically 47 cm (19 in) long with white wings, a yellow bill with a black tip, yellow eyes and legs. Its overall colour is red, blue and white during breeding season, and greyish-brown and flecked with white at other times.",
      "It is found in shallow fresh and salt water wetlands and ponds in China and adjacent temperate and subtropical East Asia. Essentially a lowland bird, its range is delimited by the subarctic regions in the north, and by the mountain ranges in the west and south.",
      "The species is prone to some vagrancy. One individual in breeding plumage was seen by the river at Bonzon near Gangaw – just inside the Chin State of Burma – west of the species' usual range, on April 8, 1995. A stray bird stopping over on Saint Paul Island, Alaska on August 4–9, 1997 was the first recorded occurrence of this species in North America.",
      "Its food consists of insects, fish, and crustaceans. The Chinese pond heron often nests in mixed-species heronries. It lays a clutch of 3–6 blue-green eggs.",
      "It is fairly common and not considered a threatened species by the IUCN."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Javan pond-heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeola_speciosa",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Pasir Ris Farmway, SBWR, S. Serangoon",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Ardeola_speciosa.JPG",
        "text": "Breeding plumage"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Javan pond heron (Ardeola speciosa) is a wading bird of the heron family, found in shallow fresh and salt-water wetlands in Southeast Asia. Its diet comprises insects, fish, and crabs.",
      "The Javan pond heron is typically 45 cm long with white wings, a yellow bill with a black tip, yellow eyes and legs. Its overall colour is orange, slaty and white during mating season, and brown and flecked with white out of the mating season. The non-breeding plumage is similar to that of the Chinese and Indian pond herons and is virtually indistinguishable in the field. It breeds from June to September. It is migratory.",
      "Widespread throughout its large range, the Javan pond heron is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Striated heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butorides_striatus",
    "rarity": "C/RBWV",
    "location": "waterbodies",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Striated_Heron_-_Ermington.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in Sydney, Australia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adults have a blue-grey back and wings, white underparts, a black cap, a dark line extends from the bill to under the eye and short yellow legs. Juveniles are browner above and streaked below.",
      "These birds stand still at the water's edge and wait to ambush prey, but are easier to see than many small heron species. They mainly eat small fish, frogs and aquatic insects. They sometimes use bait, dropping a feather or leaf carefully on the water surface and picking fish that come to investigate.",
      "They nest in a platform of sticks measuring between 20–40 cm long and 0.5–5 mm thick. The entire nest measures some 40–50 cm wide and 8–10 cm high outside, with an inner depression 20 cm wide and 4–5 cm deep. It is usually built in not too high off the ground in shrubs or trees but sometimes in sheltered locations on the ground, and often near water. The clutch is 2–5 eggs, which are pale blue and measure around 36 by 28 mm.",
      "An adult bird was once observed in a peculiar and mysterious behavior: while on the nest, it would grab a stick in its bill and make a rapid back-and-forth motion with the head, like a sewing machine's needle. The significance of this behavior is completely unknown: While such movements occur in many other nesting birds where they seem to compact the nest, move the eggs, or dislodge parasites, neither seems to have been the case in this particular striated heron.",
      "Young birds will give a display when they feel threatened, by stretching out their necks and pointing the bill skywards. How far this would deter predators is not known.",
      "Widespread and generally common, the striated heron is classified as a species of least concern by the IUCN; this holds true whether the lava heron is included in B. striata or not."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-crowned night-heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycticorax_nycticorax",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "waterbodies",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/BCNH_CMCNJ_for_Wiki.png"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adults have a black crown and back with the remainder of the body white or grey, red eyes, and short yellow legs. They have pale grey wings and white under parts. Two or three long white plumes, erected in greeting and courtship displays, extend from the back of the head. The sexes are similar in appearance although the males are slightly larger. Black-crowned night herons do not fit the typical body form of the heron family. They are relatively stocky with shorter bills, legs, and necks than their more familiar cousins, the egrets and \"day\" herons. Their resting posture is normally somewhat hunched but when hunting they extend their necks and look more like other wading birds.",
      "Immature birds have dull grey-brown plumage on their heads, wings, and backs, with numerous pale spots. Their underparts are paler and streaked with brown. The young birds have orange eyes and duller yellowish-green legs. They are very noisy birds in their nesting colonies, with calls that are commonly transcribed as quok or woc.",
      "Measurements:"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Malayan night-heron",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorsachius_melanolophus",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, CCNR, Halus, JLG, NTL, SBG, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Malayan_Night-Heron_-_Taiwan_S4E8695_%2817320173361%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Malayan night heron is about 48 cm (19 in) long. The wingspan is about 86 cm (34 in). It is stocky, with a short beak. Its neck and breast are rufous. There are streaks going down the centre of the neck to the breast. The upperparts are chestnut and vermiculated. The flight feathers are blackish. The crown is black, the chin is white, and the eyes are yellow. The beak is black and the legs are greenish. The juvenile is greyish to rufous and is spotted and vermiculated."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Glossy ibis",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plegadis_falcinellus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Halus (1984), Kranji Dam (2019), Sime Road (1992, 2007), SBWR (1989)[14]",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Glossy_Ibis_-_Fogg_Dam_Conservation_Reserve.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Plegadis_falcinellus-flaps.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species is a mid-sized ibis. It is 48–66 cm (19–26 in) long, averaging around 59.4 cm (23.4 in) with an 80–105 cm (31–41 in) wingspan. The culmen measures 9.7 to 14.4 cm (3.8 to 5.7 in) in length, each wing measures 24.8–30.6 cm (9.8–12.0 in), the tail is 9–11.2 cm (3.5–4.4 in) and the tarsus measures 6.8–11.3 cm (2.7–4.4 in). The body mass of this ibis can range from 485 to 970 g (1.069 to 2.138 lb). Breeding adults have reddish-brown bodies and shiny bottle-green wings. Non-breeders and juveniles have duller bodies. This species has a brownish bill, dark facial skin bordered above and below in blue-gray (non-breeding) to cobalt blue (breeding), and red-brown legs. Unlike herons, ibises fly with necks outstretched, their flight being graceful and often in V formation. It also has shiny feathers.",
      "Sounds made by this rather quiet ibis include a variety of croaks and grunts, including a hoarse grrrr made when breeding."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Osprey",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus",
    "rarity": "U/NBV",
    "location": "Changi, DFNP, Halus, Henderson Waves, Kranji, Mandai Mudflat, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, PRP, SBWR, Sembawang Park, S. Punggol, S. Serangoon",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/2010-kabini-osprey.jpg",
        "text": "Nominate osprey subspecies from Nagarhole National Park, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The osprey is 0.9–2.1 kg (2 lb 0 oz–4 lb 10 oz) in weight and 50–66 cm (19+1⁄2–26 in) in length with a 127–180 cm (50–71 in) wingspan. It is, thus, of similar size to the largest members of the Buteo or Falco genera. The subspecies are fairly close in size, with the nominate subspecies averaging 1.53 kg (3 lb 6 oz), P. h. carolinensis averaging 1.7 kg (3 lb 12 oz) and P. h. cristatus averaging 1.25 kg (2 lb 12 oz). The wing chord measures 38 to 52 cm (15 to 20+1⁄2 in), the tail measures 16.5 to 24 cm (6+1⁄2 to 9+1⁄2 in) and the tarsus is 5.2–6.6 cm (2–2+5⁄8 in).",
      "The upperparts are a deep, glossy brown, while the breast is white and sometimes streaked with brown, and the underparts are pure white. The head is white with a dark mask across the eyes, reaching to the sides of the neck. The irises of the eyes are golden to brown, and the transparent nictitating membrane is pale blue. The bill is black, with a blue cere, and the feet are white with black talons. A short tail and long, narrow wings with four long, finger-like feathers, and a shorter fifth, give it a very distinctive appearance.",
      "The sexes appear fairly similar, but the adult male can be distinguished from the female by its slimmer body and narrower wings. The breast band of the male is also weaker than that of the female, or is non-existent, and the underwing coverts of the male are more uniformly pale. It is straightforward to determine the sex in a breeding pair, but harder with individual birds.",
      "The juvenile osprey may be identified by buff fringes to the plumage of the upperparts, a buff tone to the underparts, and streaked feathers on the head. During spring, barring on the underwings and flight feathers is a better indicator of a young bird, due to wear on the upperparts.",
      "In flight, the osprey has arched wings and drooping \"hands\", giving it a gull-like appearance. The call is a series of sharp whistles, described as cheep, cheep or yewk, yewk. If disturbed by activity near the nest, the call is a frenzied cheereek!",
      " Osprey call (help·info)"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-winged kite",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elanus_caeruleus",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "grasslands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Black-shouldered_Kite_%28Elanus_caeruleus%29_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4418.jpg",
        "text": "E. c. vociferus hovering"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Elanus_caeruleus_1M2A4739_%2845250487704%29.jpg",
        "text": "E. c. caeruleus perched"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This long-winged raptor is predominantly grey or white with black shoulder patches, wing tips and eye stripe. The long falcon-like wings extend beyond the tail when the bird is perched. In flight, the short and square tail is visible and it is not forked as in the typical kites of the genus Milvus. When perched, often on roadside wires, it often adjusts its wings and jerks its tail up and down as if to balance itself. The sexes are alike in plumage. Their large forward-facing eyes placed under a bony shelf that shades them is distinctive; their velvety plumage and zygodactyl feet are characters shared with owls and the genus has been considered as a basal group within the Accipitridae. They are thought to have been adapted for living in savanna habitats where seasonal rodent population peaks occur. Such food resources are also favoured by the owls. The inner vanes of the feathers have velvety barbules. They have a diploid chromosome number of 68 (some older studies claimed 64 for E.c.caeruleus and 66 for E.c.vociferus) with a distinct karyotype with resemblances to the kites and honey buzzards and suggesting a basal position within the diurnal birds of prey."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oriental honey-buzzard",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernis_ptilorhyncus",
    "rarity": "orientalis: C/WVPM, torquatus: U/NBV",
    "location": "WVPM: islandwide. NBV: Bidadari, CCNR, Poyan, PRP, Tampines, TBHP, Toa Payoh, USR, Warren",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Oriental_Honey_Buzzard_%28Pernis_ptilorhynchus%29_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Despite its name, this species is not related to Buteo buzzards, and is taxonomically closer to the kites.It appears long-necked with a small head (resembling that of a pigeon), and soars on flat wings. The head lacks a strong superciliary ridge, giving it a facial appearance very unlike a raptor. It has a long tail and a short head crest. It is brown above, but not as dark as European honey buzzard, and paler below. A dark throat stripe is present. Unusually for a large bird of prey, the sexes can be distinguished. The male has a blue-grey head, while the female's head is brown. She is slightly larger and darker than the male. The male has a black tail with a white band.",
      "It breeds in Asia from central Siberia east to Japan. It is a summer migrant to Siberia, wintering in tropical Southeast Asia. Elsewhere, it is more-or-less resident. It is a specialist feeder, living mainly on the larvae of social bees and wasps, and eating bits of comb and honey; it takes other small insect prey such as cicadas.",
      "The crested honey buzzard breeds in woodland, and is inconspicuous except in the spring, when the mating display includes wing-clapping. The display of roller-coasting in flight and fluttering wings at the peak of the ascent are characteristic of the genus Pernis.",
      "It is larger and longer-winged than its western counterpart, the European honey buzzard, Pernis apivorus."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jerdon's baza",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviceda_jerdoni",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "AMK TGW, Bidadari, BTNR, CCKC, CCNR, Changi, Clementi, DFNP, Halus, JLG, PRP, Poyan, Springleaf, TEG, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Adult_Jerdon%27s_Baza.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is about 46 cm long. It is confusable with crested goshawk or the changeable hawk-eagle in flight, but can be distinguished by the longer upright crest, very broad and rounded paddle-shaped wings and mostly plain and pale underparts. It has a white chin and a bold black mesial stripe.",
      "Several subspecies are recognized within its large distribution range. These include:"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black baza",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviceda_leuphotes",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "islandwide",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Black_Baza_at_Mahananda_WLS.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black baza is a small and distinctively coloured raptor; it ranges from 30 to 35 cm in length, a 66 to 80 cm wingspan and a weight of 168 to 224 g.  When perched, the upright crest and contrasting patterns make it difficult to misidentify. The male has white scapulars, secondary coverts and on the secondaries. The female has white only on the scapulars and more chestnut bands on the underside unlike the few bands in the male.",
      "While flying, it is similar to a crow and is often seen in small groups or flocks during migration. During migration, they are gregarious at their roost. They are somewhat crepuscular and more active at dusk and in overcast weather.",
      "They feed mainly on insects by making aerial sallies. They may also pick insects off a leaf, the insects always seized with their feet. They have been observed to attempt capturing small birds such as wagtails by making dashes into flocks. They have been noted to join mixed-species foraging flocks. It has also been known to feed on the fruits of the oil palm. They are somewhat crepuscular in habit. The call is a \"chu-weep\" somewhat similar to the call of the large cuckoo-shrike. Other descriptions include a soft squeal or whistle and a shrill gull-like mewing.",
      "Like others in the genus Aviceda they have two tooth like indentations on the edge of the upper bill. Birds are said to have a disagreeable odour which has been said to be \"bug-like\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Himalayan griffon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyps_himalayensis",
    "rarity": "R/V",
    "location": "AMK, BTNR, Changi, Orchard Road, Simpang, SBWR, Toa Payoh, Tuas, Telok Ayer",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Himalayan_Griffon_%28Gyps_himalayensis%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a huge vulture, and is perhaps the largest and heaviest bird found in the Himalayas. It is the largest of the species in the Gyps genus, seemingly averaging larger in every method of measurement than its relatives. Adults have a ruff that is long and pale brown with white streaks. The ruff feathers are long and spiky. The head is covered in down which is yellowish in adults but whitish in immature vultures. The underside and under-wing coverts are quite pale brown or buff, being almost white in some specimens. The legs are covered with buffy feathers and the feet can vary from greenish grey to white. The upperside is unstreaked, pale buff with the tail quills, outer greater coverts and wing quills being a contrasting dark brown. The inner-secondaries have paler tips.",
      "The pale blue facial skin is lighter than the dark blue in Gyps fulvus with this species having a yellowish bill. In flight the long fingers are splayed and there is a pale patagial stripe on the underwing. The wing and tail feathers are dark and contrast with the pale coverts and body, one of the best methods to distinguish this species from the slightly smaller griffon vulture. The feathers on the body have pale shaft streaks. They are distinguished from the Indian vulture (G. indicus), which can somewhat similar in color by being much larger with a stouter, more robust bill. Younger birds have a pale parts to the bill and tend to have buffy-white streaks on the scapulars and wing coverts contrasting with dark brown underparts. They are similar in size to the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), which typically has a slightly shorter overall length but can weigh more than the Himalayan vulture. Weight in Himalayan vultures can range from reportedly as little as 6 kg (13 lb) to as much as 12.5 kg (28 lb). A field study estimated an average of 9 kg (20 lb) for the Himalayan vulture, but weights can vary with conditions from 8–12 kg (18–26 lb). The wingspan of birds varies greatly depending on the method used to measure them and published measurements vary from 2.56 to 3.1 m (8.4 to 10.2 ft), a similar wingspan range to that of cinereous vultures."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Crested serpent-eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilornis_cheela",
    "rarity": "R/R",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, Goldhill Avenue, JLG, Malcolm Park, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, Sembawang Park, SBG, Springleaf, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Spilornis_cheela_%28Bandipur%2C_2008%29.jpg",
        "text": "Adult (ssp. melanotis, Bandipur National Park, India)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This medium-large, dark brown eagle is stocky, with rounded wings and a short tail. Its short black and white fan-shaped nuchal crest gives it a thick-necked appearance. The bare facial skin and feet are yellow. The underside is spotted with white and yellowish-brown. When perched the wing tips do not reach until the tail tip. In soaring flight, the broad and paddle-shaped wings are held in a shallow V. The tail and underside of the flight feathers are black with broad white bars. Young birds show a lot of white on the head. The tarsus is unfeathered and covered by hexagonal scales. The upper mandible does not have an overhanging festoon to the tip."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Short-toed snake-eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circaetus_gallicus",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "CCNR, Changi, Henderson Waves, JLG, Halus, NTL, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/PikiWiki_Israel_43227_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel.JPG"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "These are relatively large snake eagles. Adults are 59 to 70 cm (23 to 28 in) long with a 162 to 195 cm (5 ft 4 in to 6 ft 5 in) wingspan and weigh 1.2–2.3 kg (2.6–5.1 lb), an average weight for the species is about 1.7 kg (3.7 lb). They can be recognised in the field by their predominantly white underside, the upper parts being greyish brown. The chin, throat and upper breast are a pale, earthy brown. The tail has 3 or 4 bars. Additional indications are an owl-like rounded head, brightly yellow eyes and lightly barred under wing.",
      "The short-toed snake eagle spends more time on the wing than do most members of its genus. It favours soaring over hill slopes and hilltops on updraughts, and it does much of its hunting from this position at heights of up to 500 m (1,600 ft). When quartering open country it frequently hovers like a kestrel. When it soars it does so on flattish wings."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bat hawk",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macheiramphus_alcinus",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "MacRitchie, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/MacheiramphusAlcinus.jpg",
        "text": "Bat hawk at Cape Vidal, northern Natal, South Africa"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The bat hawk is a slender, medium-sized bird of prey, usually about 45 cm long. It has long wings and a falcon-like silhouette while in flight. Adults are dark brown or black, with a white patch on the throat and chest, and have a white streak above and below each eye. Juveniles are mottled brown and have more white plumage than adults."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Changeable hawk-eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisaetus_cirrhatus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "forests, woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Crested_hawk_eagle_SOP.jpg",
        "text": "At Nagarhole National Park, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The changeable hawk-eagle is a largish but slender eagle. They fall near the middle of sizes among the currently accepted species in the genus Nisaetus. As in most birds of prey, females are larger than males with an average overall size difference of 7% but this can individually range to an 18-22% difference, with island races apparently thought to be less dimorphic on average.  Size is quite variable and total length has been reported in the past to vary from 51 to 82 cm (20 to 32 in) and wingspan from 100 to 160 cm (3 ft 3 in to 5 ft 3 in), however these figures appear to include the much more massive hawk-eagles from Flores that are currently considered their own separate species by modern authorities. Nonetheless, total lengths of up to 77 cm (30 in) have been listed for N. c. limnaeetus in Nepal. Ali & Ripley (1978) estimated these average total lengths for the following subspecies: N. c. cirrhatus at 72 cm (28 in), N. c. limnaeetus at 70 cm (28 in) and N. c. andamanensis at 61 cm (24 in). Legge (1880) measured the length of Sri Lankan changeable hawk-eagles (N. c. ceylanensis) without including the beak as 55 to 60 cm (22 to 24 in). The average length of birds from the Philippines (N. c. limnaeetus) was measured as 58.4 cm (23.0 in) in males and 64.9 cm (25.6 in) in females. Weights in this species have been reported from 1.2 to 1.9 kg (2.6 to 4.2 lb) but the source of this is unclear and it probably underrepresents the size variation known to occur in the species.  The only precise body masses known for the species are derived from the Philippine population, where males were found to average 1.36 kg (3.0 lb) while females averaged 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) but they could weigh in excess of 1.81 kg (4.0 lb).",
      "Adult changeable hawk-eagles are typically dark brown above and boldly streaked below with a strong bill, a variably sized, often floppy crest or no crest, rather short wings, a quite long, thinly-barred tail and long feathered legs. This species tends to perch “bolt” upright, and may perch in various places from somewhat secluded spots to also quite open area as well. When perched, their wings reach only about one-third to halfway down tail. Pale morph adults are mainly dark brown above with very faint paler edges (usually only conspicuous on the wing-coverts). They tend to have an evenly black-streaked and somewhat rufous-tinged head and neck, with a blackish crest (if present). The tail tends to be paler brown than the back with a thin whitish tip, a broad, blackish subterminal band (both the whitish tip and the subterminal band are also visible from tail underside) and 3 to 4 narrower, brown and often rather obscure bars. On the pale morph hawk-eagle's underside, the base colour is white to buff overlaid with bold black to dark brown streaking; the streaking tends to be more subtle on abdomen but more obvious on the legs. Beyond the typical pale morph, some subspecies but especially N. c. liminaeetus tend to have a further intermediate and a dark morph. The intermediate morph is somewhat similar to pale morph adults but is heavily grey-brown below with little to no paler base colour showing and more obscure streaking, with the area from belly down to the crissum usually being unpatterned. Meanwhile, the dark morph adult can range from all dark chocolate brown to almost pure black with variable browner edges, relieved only by the greyish inner half of tail as well as some greyish tail bars. Most juvenile changeable hawk-eagles are dark brown above but with far more conspicuous white edges on mantle and wings than the adults, in some cases, the median coverts are largely white and greater and even lesser coverts are largely scaled with white. The juvenile has a light brown tail with about seven thin dark bars and a whitish tip. The young hawk-eagle's head varies from buff with white-tipped black crest (as is the case in peninsular India and Sri Lanka) through entirely whitish, but almost always the young birds are spotted and streaked with black or dark brown about the rear crown and nape. As is the head, the underparts are variable with juveniles in much of India and in Sri Lanka showing thin brown streaks on chest or small spots on breast, with obscure tawny barring on thigh, legs and crissum. Juveniles elsewhere are often nearly all pure whitish below. By the time the young hawk-eagles reaches their 2nd to 3rd year, they tend to show less white above and more brown or black below. Their tail starts to molt to resemble that of adults in the 3rd year but in the 2nd year in N. c. limnaeetus (or at least in Philippines). Changeable hawk-eagles may attempt to breed at 3 years of age but full adult plumage is not obtained until the 4th year. Adults have yellow to orange yellow eyes, while those of the juvenile are grey-brown to pale greenish. Adult have a cere that's grey to pale greenish yellow and juveniles’ ceres are dull greyish, while all ages have yellow feet.",
      "In flight, the changeable hawk-eagles is a large raptor with a prominent head, rather short rounded and broad wings, longish squarish or rounded tail, but has somewhat slenderer wings and straighter trailing edges than sympatric species of hawk-eagles. The species tends to fly with a fast agile flight, showing powerful shallow beats interspersed with glides on flat or bowed wings with their carpals well forward (above level of bill) and primaries swept back. When soaring, the wings are gently lowered or sometimes held level, with the carpals again well forward. In pale morph adults in flight, their hand in flight may be variously dark brownish buff (as in peninsular India) to a much paler buff or whitish. On the flight feathers, the area from wingtips extending to the primary and secondary feathers often have blackish barring, forming ragged lines from the carpals to rear axillaries with variable other dark marks elsewhere. Adult intermediate morph hawk-eagles have similar flight feathers but have grey-brown underparts with a less distinct, contrasting underpattern. Meanwhile, in both juvenile and adult dark morph, the blackish-brown colour of the body extends to the hand but the base of their tail, their primaries and, less so, their secondaries are a much paler, contrasting grey with streaking similar to other changeable hawk-eagles. Typical juveniles show large areas of whitish streaking or mottling seen from above in flight. Juveniles from much of India and Sri Lanka show extensive darker tawny but obscure barring above and below, while other races are much whiter. Much like adult, the juvenile has dark tips to primary and greater coverts produce thin ragged diagonal bars but the barring tends to be thinner.",
      "The changeable hawk-eagle is often largely silent but in breeding season it may readily call, both from their perch or on the wing. Like many diurnal raptors, their calls are a form of high-pitched scream. The shrill ringing and loud call of the changeable hawk-eagle is various described in pattern of yeep-yip-yip-yip, rising kwip-kwip-kwip-kwee-ah and penetrating klee-leeuw (for birds from the Sunda islands). Ascending kri-kri-kri-kree-ah and kreeee-krit with much stress on the elongated first syllable are similar. From western birds  from India and Sri Lanka, the call is a slightly different ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-keee, beginning short, rising in crescendo and ending in long, drawn-out scream. In northern India and Malaysia, the calls of this species have variously been compared to those of the Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquatus) and the crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela).",
      "The changeable hawk-eagle is almost always the most common and/or most widely spread Nisaetus species anywhere in their range. Their distribution overlaps with the entirety of the distribution of the (newly recognized) Legge's hawk-eagle (N. kelaarti), most of the range of the Javan (N. bartelsi), Blyth's (N. alboniger) and Wallace's hawk-eagle (N. nanus) and partially overlaps with the ranges of the mountain hawk-eagle (N. nipalensis), the Philippine hawk-eagle (N. philippinus) (on Mindoro and possibly Palawan) and Pinsker's hawk-eagle (N. pinskeri) (on Mindanao). Only two species of the genus Nisaetus are outside the changeable hawk-eagle's normal distribution (including their own former subspecies, the Flores hawk-eagle). In range with most other Nisaetus species (such as the islands or mainland of southeast Asia), the changeable hawk-eagle is more likely to be almost crestless. Other species tend to have proportionately broader wings with more bulging secondaries, relatively shorter tails and, as adults, more barred underbody and unique tail patterns. Adult colour patterns can range from somewhat different to boldly distinct (especially in the black-and-white Blyth's hawk-eagle). Juveniles tend to be more difficult to distinguish but usually most other Nisaetus have less white showing than relevant changeable hawk-eagles and the changeable tends to show a slightly stronger V while in flight. The mountain hawk-eagle, Flores hawk-eagle (which is the only hawk-eagle in its small-island range) and Legge's hawk-eagle, in decreasing magnitude of size, are all are larger and bulkier than the changeable hawk-eagle whereas other Nisaetus species are smaller to varying degrees, distinctly so in the Wallace's hawk-eagle and Blyth's hawk-eagle. As many honey buzzards are thought to mimic more powerful raptors to protect themselves from predation, the crested honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) is thought to mimic the general appearance of Nisaetus hawk-eagles but has a distinctly smaller head and longer and narrower wings than changeable hawk-eagles. Adult crested honey buzzards are barred but the juvenile is streaked rather like the changeable hawk-eagle, however if seen well the honey buzzard generally looks much more solidly orange-buffy as a base colour rather than whitish below. The flight actions of the honey buzzard are also distinct, with a more robotic even flap during flights. Juvenile crested serpent eagles, which are unlikely to be mistaken for the changeable other than at a distance and in flight, appear chunkier and less rangy with a bigger head, slightly longer wings and a substantially shorter tailed with fewer bars (these differences in proportions are generally applicable to various island serpent-eagle species that may be found with changeable hawk-eagles as well). Juvenile rufous-bellied eagles (Lophotriorchis kienerii) are rather smaller and more compact with a relatively longer winged and shorter tailed appearance. The rufous-bellied juvenile when compared to the juvenile changeable is generally purer white looking below which contrasts more strongly with their sparse blackish streaks. Dark morph changeable hawk-eagles may be confused with the similarly-sized but even more slender black eagle (Ictinaetus malaiensis). However, the latter is much longer winged with distinctly pinched-in bases, a uniformly dark tail and has small light feather bases only to primaries. Also dark morph can be told from dark morph booted eagles (Hieraeetus pennatus) by the latter being rather smaller, much shorter tailed and having relatively longer and more rectangular wings. Dark morph booted eagles are also grey-brown or cinnamon from below on the tail and have pale wedges on the underside of the primaries."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rufous-bellied eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieraaetus_kienerii",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "BBNP, BBC, BTNR, CCNR, Halus, Pang Sua, SBG, SBWR, Swiss Club Road",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Rufous-bellied_Eagle.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adult rufous-bellied eagles are distinctive in their pattern. They have a black hood with a short crest. Chestnut underparts and wing coverts contrast with the white on the throat and breast. The sexes are almost indistinguishable in plumage but females are slightly larger and have more black on the face. They perch in a very upright stance and the wingtip almost reaches the tail. The tarsus is fully feathered. Juveniles have very white underparts with dark markings on the sides of the body, head mask and edge of underwing coverts. They can appear similar to a booted eagle (Aquila pennata). In flight, the underwing lining is dark and the greater coverts are black. The flight feathers are thinly barred with a black edge. The tail is dark and barred."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Greater spotted eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanga_clanga",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Henderson Waves, Murai, NTL, P. Punggol, SBG, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Aquila_clanga_from_Tal_Chapar_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg",
        "text": "At Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, Rajasthan"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The eagle is 59–71 cm (23–28 in) in length and has a wingspan of 157–179 cm (5.15–5.87 ft). Typical body mass is 1.6–2.5 kg (3.5–5.5 lb), with an occasional big female weighing up to 3.2 kg (7.1 lb).",
      "There is often a less obvious white patch on the upperwings, but a light crescent on the primary remiges is a good field mark. The white V mark on the rump is less clear-cut in adults than in the lesser spotted eagle (C. pomarina). The juvenile has white spots all over its wings and lacks a lighter nape patch.",
      "The call is a dog-like yip.",
      "This medium-sized eagle is very similar in general appearance to its closest relative the lesser spotted eagle, which shares part of its range. Head and wing coverts are very dark brown and contrast with the generally medium brown plumage; the lesser spotted eagle has a paler head and wing coverts. The head is small for an eagle. The similarities of the greater spotted to the lesser spotted often results in misidentification as being that species. This is further complicated by occasional hybrids between the two species.",
      "In winter, it occurs in the range of the Indian spotted eagle (C. hastata). From this recently validated relative, it can be distinguished by the darker color and lighter eye (not darker than the body plumage at distance, lighter at close range), and in juveniles, the strong spotting. It is also a bit larger – though this cannot be reliably estimated in the field – and in the winter quarters prefers wetland habitat."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Booted eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieraaetus_pennatus",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Bidadari, Bukit Panjang, CCKC, CCNR, Changi, Poyan, Punggol, P. Punggol, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/MH_Booted.jpg",
        "text": "A dark morph wintering in India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The booted is a small eagle, comparable to the common buzzard in size though more eagle-like in shape. Males grow to about 510–770 g (1.12–1.70 lb) in weight, with females about 840–1,025 g (1.852–2.260 lb) with a length of 40 cm and a wingspan of 11–132 cm. There are two relatively distinct plumage forms. Pale birds are mainly light grey with a darker head and flight feathers. The other form has mid-brown plumage with dark grey flight feathers.",
      "The call is a shrill kli-kli-kli."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Steppe eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_nipalensis",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, Tuas, Punggol, S. Serangoon",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Steppe_Eagle_Portrait.jpg",
        "text": "Individual at Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The steppe eagle is a large, bulky and robust-looking eagle. It is mainly dark brown in colour with a longish but very thick neck and a relatively small head that nonetheless features a strong bill and long gape-line. It appears long-winged and has a longish and rather rounded tail and markedly well-feathered (almost with disheveled looking feathers) legs. Steppe eagles tend to perch somewhat upright and usually do so in the open, often utilizing isolated trees, posts, rocks or other suitable low lookouts such as mounds or straw-piles. The species often is seen on the ground where may stand for long periods of the day and walk with horizontal posture and with wingtips just exceed the tail-tip. Steppe eagles, like tawny eagles, can be relatively tame and approachable, at least compared to many of the other Aquila eagles. The adult is a somewhat variable brown with darker centers to the greater coverts. More pronouncedly in the eastern part of the range, adults have normally prominent pale rufous to dull orange-yellow to yellow-brown patches on the nape and hindcrown. Any other paler areas (such as the feather tips of the back and uppertail coverts) are obscured on perched adults. The massive gape-line runs to level with the rear of eye (further emphasized by dark border against paler chin) and is longer than in any other Aquila eagles including tawny eagles. Combined with their deep-set eyes, it lends steppe eagles an altogether rather fierce facial expression. Steppe eagle juveniles are almost invariably paler than adults, with some ranging overall from umber-brown to tawny-buff but then some are darker and more deeply brown. Juveniles tend to be brown to grey-brown on the upperparts but for generally rufous-buff nape patch (more so on eastern population). The juveniles bear conspicuously and broadly white-tipped black about the greater coverts, wings and tail and a bold but narrow cream band on the brown medians. The juvenile steppe eagle's white uppertail coverts is generally concealed when perched; the underparts are usually the same as the upperparts but may be somewhat paler tawny-buff hue. Upon their 2nd year, the plumage is still much as the 1st year appearance but show the pale tips to secondaries, median coverts and tail as often well-worn and narrower; by the start of 2nd winter the, tips of retained juvenile flight-feathers and coverts are heavily abraded and very thin. By the end of 2nd winter, often the immatures look very worn and have nearly lost pale tips altogether and from 3rd year onward manifest a variable mix of old and new feathers. Generally, immatures are often rather scruffy in appearance until adult-like plumage attained at year five, after which the feathers generally appear more compact. Adults have brown to hazel eyes, while juveniles have distinctly dark brown eyes; the cere and feet are yellow at all ages.",
      "In flight, the steppe eagle appears as a large, impressive and visibly heavy raptor with a well-projecting large head and bill and rather broad neck and long, broad wings. They evidence proportionately long arms, especially in the larger eastern birds. The wings tend to be held almost parallel-edged and square-ended with 7 very elongated emarginations. Often juveniles can tend to appear somewhat narrower winged. The broad body of the species often looks suspended underneath and the tail appears rounded or even wedge-shaped, measuring about 3/4 of the length of wing-base. The wingspan is about 2.6 times greater than the total body length. On the upperwings, steppe eagles show a pale greyish primary patch that is often quite large and obvious (especially on non-adults), often being pale at the base on the greater primary coverts but on adults (especially dark birds) much less marked. On the underwing, a very small carpal crescent may be present but can vary from invisible to slightly more marked. The flight feathers are greyish and all have 7–8 well-spaced blackish bars (albeit less conspicuously than on spotted eagles), while the fingers are plain blackish. Adults are basically all fairly uniform dark brown (wings can be negligibly greyer or rarely yellowish brown). Adults may evidence in flight some whitish patches on back and tail coverts that are varying from insignificant to fairly prominent. Adult eagles that do show a dark-barred greyish primary patch usually have that confined to a wedge-shape on inner primaries though can sometimes be rather more prominent. Below adults show dark-barred grey flight feathers and tail with the broad blackish trail edges and wing ends being rather distinctive; the wing linings are often slightly paler to darker than remiges and often with an obscure remnant of broken paler central band. Juveniles are quite distinctive in flight if seen in reasonable view. Above, juveniles are pale greyish-brown to yellow-brown about the body and forewing-coverts, have a broad whitish U above the tail. They possess broad white tips to the blackish greater coverts, flights feathers and tail creating obvious whitish bars on the wings and trailing edges as well as a large and prominent whitish patch covering much of the inner primaries (causing barring to stand out more so and offsetting plain black wing end). On its underside, the juvenile is mid-brown to brownish-yellow with a paler throat and creamy crissum. Below, the creamy central wing band is even broader than above, while the greater coverts all white with some dark centres on primaries (rare extreme pale individuals appear to have almost uniform paler colour on the entire wing lining and lesser and medians buffish-white to pale sandy, often whitish pale primary-wedges). Despite reports that some juvenile 1st years have subtle or no central wing bands, these are believed to be cases where these feathers exist but are obscured by long median coverts. At the end of the first year, the young steppe eagle tends to have pale tips to wings, tail and upperwing coverts become rather abraded; thereafter the development young evidence much variation due to individual differences. Usually, by the end of 2nd winter, the wing looks even more worn and uneven in pattern, with any newly acquired narrowly white-tipped quills clearly longer than old worn juvenile ones that have lost their pale tips. From the 3rd winter on, the pale parts clearly reduced, flight feathers and tail often appear quite ragged and by the 4th year start to more resemble adults. From the end of the 3rd year to when they obtain adult plumage, the eagles tend to have adult-like broad blackish trailing edges and tail often coupled with dark-barred grey base to black fingers and traces of the pale band along greater underwing-coverts. Maturity is obtained between the 4th and 5th years, not at 6–7 years as previously reported despite some presumed five-year-old eagles still have flecks of pale on the wing coverts and the throat and more subtle nape patches than they will ultimately manifest.",
      "The steppe eagle is large and impressive raptor and quite a large eagle. However, as a member of the genus Aquila, it is fairly medium-sized. Females can range to 15% larger with greater dimorphism by weight, which is more pronouncedly dimorphic than by linear dimensions. Total length can range from 60 to 89 cm (24 to 35 in) in fully-grown steppe eagles. Wingspan in full grown eagles of this species is very variable, with the smallest steppe eagles spanning as little as 165 to 174 cm (5 ft 5 in to 5 ft 9 in) while the largest ones can reportedly span up to 250 to 262 cm (8 ft 2 in to 8 ft 7 in). Although some sources list the maximum wingspan as only 214 or 216 cm (7 ft 0 in or 7 ft 1 in), the maximum wing dimensions were apparently confirmed for the most massive steppe eagles (i.e. from Altai). Body mass, like wingspan, as reported is also fairly variable. Steppe eagles weighed for a Russia handbook were found to scale from 2.5 to 3.5 kg (5.5 to 7.7 lb) in males while in females weights reported to range from 2.3 to 4.9 kg (5.1 to 10.8 lb). Elsewhere, the minimum full-grown weights for smaller western eagles (formerly subspecies A. n. orientalis) were 2 kg (4.4 lb) for the smallest males while the heaviest females were found to have attained a weight around 3.9 kg (8.6 lb), while weights in the eastern part of the breeding range are around 20% heavier. In one sample of steppe eagles of possibly varied origins, males weighed a mean of 2.48 kg (5.5 lb) and females a mean of 3.56 kg (7.8 lb). Wintering eagles of the species in southern Africa weighed a mean of 3.02 kg (6.7 lb) in a sample of four. In Saudi Arabia, 21 steppe eagles at one study site weighed a mean of 3.28 kg (7.2 lb) while 27 eagles at another study site there weighed a mean of 3.45 kg (7.6 lb). Unpublished weights from Israel were much lower at a reported mean of 2.11 kg (4.7 lb), as in other raptors during passage migration in Israel, weight loss may be significant relative to the other seasons. Steppe eagles diagnosed as from the smaller-bodied, western part of the breeding range weighed a mean of 2.46 kg (5.4 lb) in 13 males and a mean of just under 3 kg (6.6 lb) in a sample of 18 females while the mean weight of larger, eastern breeding bird was listed as 3.01 kg (6.6 lb) in 2 males and 3.57 kg (7.9 lb) in 2 females. The maximum cited weight for steppe eagle males in the wild is 4.6 kg (10 lb) while that for females is 5.5 kg (12 lb). Among standard measurements, the wing chord can measure from 510 to 610 mm (20 to 24 in) in males and from 536 to 640 mm (21.1 to 25.2 in) in females. The tail may measure from 238 to 295 mm (9.4 to 11.6 in) in both sexes and the tarsus may be from 85 to 96 mm (3.3 to 3.8 in) in males and from 92 to 98 mm (3.6 to 3.9 in) in females. Wing chord length averaged 536 mm (21.1 in) and 566 mm (22.3 in) in males and females in a study, respectively. The huge gape of a steppe eagle is from 49 to 60.8 mm (1.93 to 2.39 in) wide, with an average of 53.1 and 55.3 mm (2.09 and 2.18 in) in males and females, respectively, while the gape length is 40 to 49.7 mm (1.57 to 1.96 in), averaging 44.3 and 45.8 mm (1.74 and 1.80 in) in the two sexes. The hallux claw, the enlarged killing talon on the rear foot of essentially all accipitrids measures from 28.3 to 36.8 mm (1.11 to 1.45 in), averaging 33.8 mm (1.33 in), in males from 31.8 to 40.5 mm (1.25 to 1.59 in), averaging 36 mm (1.4 in), in females.",
      "In many circumstances, the steppe eagle can be very difficult to distinguish from other similar eagles, often especially during passage and winter. Adults are often confused with spotted eagles but are best separated by their much more broad build, far greater wing areas with longer, more rectangular or squarish wing tips and longer, more conspicuous fingers, larger head (rather than small and bull-headed) and larger overall size. Compared to the spotted eagles, the flight of the steppe eagle is more aquiline, i.e. more powerful, labored and deep while spotted eagles tend to fly more like buzzards. The lesser spotted eagle (Clanga pomarina), the most similarly marked of spotted eagles, is particularly less powerful looking with a shorter neck, much smaller wing areas, shorter fingers and tail and less extensive, baggy leg-feathering. The greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga) is also smaller and slighter but to a reduced extent. When plumage is clear to see, steppe eagles have more clearly and more extensively barred quills and lack the clear carpal arcs of the two widespread spotted eagles but these differences are obscured at greater distances.  Some subadult steppe eagles, with their paler brown wing-coverts above and below and only traces of white underwing bands and clearly pale primary patch above in particular quite resemble the plumage of older lesser spotted eagles. The white wing bars of steppe eagles are usually more conspicuous than those of the lesser spotted eagle. At close range, the steppe eagle has a deeper gape than lesser and greater spotted eagles and has rounded rather than oval nostrils. When seen perched, either on a perch or on the ground, spotted eagles of all three species tend to stand quite tall and upright, emphasizing their more slender and lightly feathered legs, while the steppe eagle sits more horizontally and is always far bulkier than even the biggest greater spotted eagles. Some particularly dark adult and subadult steppe eagles with obscured paler wing feathers can greatly resemble adult greater spotted eagles (the latter species can appear almost blackish in certain lights) and would need to be identified by the differences in size and form. The Indian spotted eagle (Clanga hastata) has a deep gape reminiscent of the steppe eagle but is much slighter in overall size, being scarcely larger than a lesser spotted eagle, and has even less conspicuous whitish wing markings than the lesser spotted. As a result of their rough similarities, many young steppe eagles are misidentified, particularly from a distance, with spotted eagles although generally, identification is possible via a combination of structure and plumage features. Juvenile steppe eagles are normally readily identified by distinctive plumage features but can recall juvenile eastern imperial eagles, the latter has a longer and less rounded tail, a more prominent (rather than deeply set) bill, has a much paler and more buff overall colour while the chest is overlaid with brown streaking and the quills are unbarred. Imperial and steppe eagles are often similar in size, with more western breeding birds usually being somewhat smaller when seen side by side with an imperial eagle and the eastern steppe eagles being of similar average size (but even larger maximum size) compared to full-grown imperial eagles. Steppe eagles are told from tawny eagles by that species being smaller and less bulky with shorter wings, a smaller gape, a more slender neck and a relatively longer tail. Both the tawny and steppe eagle tend to have a distinct S-shape curvature to the trailing edge of the wings. When perched on the ground, the tawny eagle tends to stand more upright, while the steppe eagle often appears to assume a more elongated, horizontal posture. Plumage variations of tawny eagles can render them a surprisingly close colour to the usually darker, duller and browner steppe eagle (especially so in south Asia), but they never obtain the distinct whitish wing band of the young steppe eagle nor the nape patch of most adult steppes. Despite slight individual and clinal variations, the steppe eagle, unlike the tawny eagle, is not polymorphic. These aforementioned eagles present the main possibilities for confusion, less likely mistakes can potentially range from relatively dainty and much smaller Wahlberg's eagles (Hieraeetus wahlbergi) (generally quite different in features but somewhat similarly hued) in Africa to the somewhat bigger but differently structured golden eagles (much longer tail, relatively smaller bill and much smaller gape, different wing shape, more aquiline build and bigger feet and talons) in much of the range."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Imperial eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_heliaca",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Changi, P. Ubin (2016-7), Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg",
        "text": "Subadult of typical transitional plumage at the Little Rann of Kutch"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The eastern imperial eagle is a large eagle, but usually falls near the average size of the large-bodied genus Aquila. Adult total length can range from 68 to 90 cm (27 to 35 in) with a typical wingspan of 1.76 to 2.2 m (5 ft 9 in to 7 ft 3 in). The average wingspan of a small sample showed males to average 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) while a small sample of females averaged 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in). Although otherwise outwardly similar, the species displays reverse sexual dimorphism as do most birds of prey, in which males are usually smaller than the females. For the eastern imperial eagle, females are up to 10% larger linearly and 40% heavier in body mass in some cases. In terms of body mass, one survey found five males to weigh from 2.45 to 2.72 kg (5.4 to 6.0 lb) and  five females to weigh from 3.26 to 4.54 kg (7.2 to 10.0 lb). The average weight of this sample of imperial eagles was reportedly 2.62 kg (5.8 lb) in the males and 3.9 kg (8.6 lb) in the females. A sample of unknown size showed males to weigh an average 2.88 kg (6.3 lb) while females reportedly weighed an average of 3.38 kg (7.5 lb). A further two mature females weighed an average of 3.56 kg (7.8 lb). Among standard measurements, males may range in wing chord length from 540 to 622 mm (21.3 to 24.5 in), in tail length from 260 to 308 mm (10.2 to 12.1 in) and in tarsus length from 91 to 98 mm (3.6 to 3.9 in). Meanwhile, females may range in wing chord length from 565 to 665 mm (22.2 to 26.2 in), in tail length from 270 to 330 mm (11 to 13 in) and in tarsus length from 97 to 107 mm (3.8 to 4.2 in).",
      "In general, compared to other species in their taxonomic group, the eastern imperial eagle has a relatively long and thick neck, a big head and bill (with a gape line level with middle of eye), a longish square tipped tail, somewhat long and well-feathered legs and strong feet. The species tends to perch in a fairly upright position often on rather exposed tree branch or low mound, rock, haystack or similar convenient site. For an Aquila eagle, it is seemingly relatively less shy and bolder in the presence of humans. The adult plumage is largely a tar-like blackish-brown but for a well-demarcated and highly contrasting creamy to golden buff colour about the crown, hindneck and neck sides. Furthermore, adults have bold white spots on their shoulder braces, which are usually fairly conspicuous on perched birds. The adult’s tail is narrowly dark barred over a greyish ground colour and has a broad black subterminal band, while a white tail tip sometimes manifest in adults that are freshly molted. The undertail coverts are sometimes indistinctly paler, rust to creamy, combined with grey tail base to give the appearance of a paler rear end. At rest, the wing tips tend to reach the tail tip. The juvenile eastern imperial eagle is mostly pale tawny-buff to sandy yellow with fairly heavy dark brown streaks from the throat down to the breast, mantle, scapulars and forewing coverts. The juvenile’s scapulars and forewing coverts also have sometimes noticeable white tipped feathers while the median coverts are perceptibly browner and greater coverts blackish both with broad creamy-yellow tips forming clear wing bars. The flight feathers and tail on juveniles are often blackish and tipped whitish, however the white parts on the lower back to tail coverts are only lightly streaked in the centre and often not visible when perched. Below the streaked breast, the remainder of the juvenile’s underparts are plain pale buff. By the 2nd year, the brown streaking on the underside fades to a plainer sandy hue and the pale bars also start to fade on wings. Especially later into the 2nd year into the 3rd year, some young eastern imperial-eagles show an erratic blotching of blackish-brown feathers below. By about the 4th winter, as the birds enter their subadult plumage, the forefront of the eagle is often a rather patchy mix of sandy and darker adult-like feathers. During slow annual molts, the dark feathers expand initially from the throat and upper breast outward. Late into the subadult stage, the birds also start to develop a pale crown and nape but usually the rear body still more juvenile-like, such as the pale rump-band and crissum despite the otherwise darkening tail and wing feathers. The full adult plumage is attained at 5–6 years of age but some subadults are already breeding before this.",
      "In flight, the eastern imperial eagle is a large raptor that has for an Aquila a very projecting neck and \"huge\" head and bill. The long wings may appear fairly broad when compared to other, smaller raptors, but are relatively narrow with even parallel edges when compared to other Aquila eagles. Their flight style is relatively heavy but steady with deep powerful beats but they are not uncommonly clumsy at first takeoff. They tend to soar with forward pressed but rather flat wings, the outer wing feathers may sometimes curve up but as a rule they do not fly with a V as do some other Aquila. The species may also hold their wings flat while engaging in a glide but as it accelerates they may arch wings back. In flight, the adult from above shows dark brown with small white braces, greyish tail with fine dark bars and a very broad, blackish subterminal band. The adult is essentially all dark colored when seen from below relieved only by some very dusky grey flight feathers on the primaries (against the black wing tips), a grey crissum and thinly barred grey tail base. However, these features may be only obvious in good light and at reasonable distances. In flight, the juvenile is largely pale buff with brown streaking. The lower back, rump, tail coverts and leg feathers are all whitish cream in colour which contrasts noticeably with their white-tipped blackish greater coverts, primary coverts and quills. On their mantle, juveniles manifest two white wing bars above and a narrow whitish lower trailing edge. Meanwhile, the juvenile’s inner primaries are much paler creamy-buff hue than their other flight feathers. The dusky brown wing linings of the juvenile plumage, when compared to the darker ones of adults, show more extensive coarse patterning. Some birds by 2nd to 3rd year are so worn in their flight feathers as to appear almost unstreaked sandy while, from the 3rd year on, darker feathers start to appear below with various untidy variations.",
      "The eastern imperial eagle is typically smaller, being more slender and less bulky and powerful in appearance despite its proportionately larger head and longer neck, than the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). In some parts of the range, the female imperial eagle probably averages similar size and body mass to the smaller male golden eagle. However, apparently the species can be reliably distinguished by the size of its hallux claw (the enlarged rear talon that accipitrids used as a killing apparatus) which is consistently larger in the golden species. Two female eastern imperial eagles measured 38 and 43 mm (1.5 and 1.7 in) in hallux claw length while a male was about 35.5 mm (1.40 in), whereas the smallest talon measured for an immature male American golden eagle was 44.9 mm (1.77 in). Nonetheless, besides its wider ranging golden cousin, this species is typically the largest, with the largest extremities (i.e. tarsal, tail and bill length) and most powerful booted eagle species in the majority of its range (apart from its rare African winter range) when compared to similar eagles such as others in the genera Aquila and Clanga. Usually, the plumage of the adult eastern imperial eagle is very distinctive. It is considerably darker than other adult Aquila eagles in central Eurasia. Furthermore, all other Eurasian eagles in their range lack the white spots on the wing mantle and greyish under-tail. Given reasonable views, the juvenile imperial eagle is no less distinctive, with its unique tawny-buff covered in brownish streaking, a colour combination not seen in other species. From a distance, the juvenile may give the impression of a dark mantle and chest band with very pale rear body and a blackish tail and remiges against strikingly pale primary wedges. Adults do however strongly resemble their considerably extralimital cousins, the Spanish imperial eagle, but the eastern species has more restricted white on the shoulder and has a slightly more brownish hue in the dark underside feathers, while juvenile Spanish imperials are richly tawny in colour rather than pale buffy and lack brownish streaking on the body. The Spanish species is similar in size and proportions to the eastern imperial but is marginally heavier on average and has an even more protruding head and neck.",
      "The subadult eastern imperial eagle may be confused with older immature greater spotted eagles (Clanga clanga) but the latter is less contrastingly patterned, without a paler shawl and has greater covert band below (despite the rare hint of one on some imperials) and densely bared flight feathers. Adult greater spotted eagles have similar underwing contrast as juvenile eastern imperial eagles but, beyond plumage characteristics, are distinct for their much smaller head, slightly smaller overall size and relatively broader and shorter wings. Indian spotted eagles (Clanga hastata) tend to show paler lesser under-wing coverts like juvenile eastern imperial eagles but are considerably smaller and differ in all other proportions and plumage features. Although at times described as “very similar”, the eastern imperial eagles are fairly easily told from the golden eagle by being much darker with less broad wings that are held much flatter. The golden eagle, unlike imperial eagles, tends to fly with its wings pointed upwards and have a gradual tapering wing shape (somewhat narrower at the base, broader at the primaries). In golden eagles, the tail generally appears narrower and squarer in shape. At closer range, the pale area on the back of the head and neck in eastern imperial eagle may be suggestive to some of the golden eagle’s golden nape but is always much paler and chalkier in colour, as well as more strongly contrasted by the otherwise dark feathers and is more extensive. Against the somewhat similarly sized but more compact juvenile steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis), the juvenile eastern imperial eagle does not show a white band on underwing like the steppe. More obviously, the steppe eagle lacks the paler overall colours and contrasting brownish streaking of juvenile imperials. Feather wear can make the wing shape of the two resemble the other but the larger head and less compact frame of the imperial species render its flight profile distinctive. The only darker large booted eagle encountered by the eastern imperial eagle, in its African winter quarters, is the jet-black Verreaux's eagle (Aquila verreauxii) which is more suggestive in size and proportions of the golden eagle. An unlikely source of confusion, the Verreaux's differs in almost all plumage characteristics and has far more tapered wings that pinch in at the base and, like the golden eagle, tends to fly in a fairly strong dihedral. In Asia, its proportions and size may be suggestive of the perhaps even rarer Pallas's fish eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) and the two can potentially be mistaken in strongly backlit conditions which obscure their obviously distinct plumages. The large headed and flat winged shape of the imperial eagle may too suggest in silhouette the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) but that species is usually rather larger bodied and even larger headed with much broader wings and a proportionately shorter tail. Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), being similarly dusky overall below, have been suggested as confusion species, but are much larger than imperial eagles with differing proportions (far broader wings, proportionately smaller head and shorter tail) and lack any of the contrasting pale parts of the imperial eagle’s plumage.",
      "The eastern imperial eagle is quite vocal on their breeding ground but tends to be silent or nearly so elsewhere. The main call of the species is a deep, harsh bark owk owk, gok gok or kraw-kraw. The call tends to be repeated rapidly up to 8-10 times. Their call is perceptibly deeper and harsher than that of the golden eagle, somewhat incongruously also being more resonant and commanding. Sometimes when extending to a prolonged version, its call is sometimes considered reminiscent of the croak of a large frog. The eastern imperial eagle most frequently calls during their aerial displays. In extreme cases, the call may be repeated up to 13 times during an aerial display. Furthermore, they may repeat the call from a perch. Females may also call when a male arrives with prey. Alarm calls recorded for the species include a soft ko-gok, wk wk wk, uttered in response to a distant intruder, a closer approach also may cause a harder gek call by the mother. A rising and falling trill has been additionally recorded in captivity is also probably an alarm call."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray-faced buzzard",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butastur_indicus",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "BBNP, CCNR, Changi, Henderson Waves, P. Ubin, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Butastur_indicus.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The males and females of the grey faced buzzard are the same in coloration. Adults are red & brown on the upper part of the chest while the chest is brown or dark brown. The chest contains dark down bars across the abdomen. The most infrequent color scheme is the full brown bird's also known as dark morph colored. The medium-sized raptor is typically between 41 and 46 cm long. Wings are pointed and narrow; feathers are thin and look transparent when in flight. the tail is ashy brown with horizontal bars on the tail, the iris is bright yellow.Juveniles are often less reddish, with dark brown bars on the abdomen. Also, the face and eye color is Brown with a buff color."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eastern marsh-harrier",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_spilonotus",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Henderson Waves, NTL, Poyan, P. Semakau, Sengkang, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Circus_spilotonus.jpg",
        "text": "An eastern marsh harrier at the Candaba Bird Sanctuary, Philippines"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is 48 to 58 cm long with a wingspan of 113 to 137 cm; like most birds of prey, the female is usually larger than the male. The male's plumage is variable; typically the head, breast, back and wing-coverts are blackish with pale streaks. The rest of the wing is grey with black wingtips and a white front edge. The tail is grey, the rump is white and the underparts are mostly white. The female is dark brown with buff streaking on the head and underparts. The rump is often whitish and the tail has dark bars. Young birds are dark brown with buff on the head and a pale patch on the underwing.",
      "It is usually silent but has a mewing call which is most often uttered at roost sites."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hen harrier",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_cyaneus",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Halus, Poyan",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Circus_cyaneus%2C_Ballaugh_Curragh%2C_Isle_of_Man_1.jpg",
        "text": "Adult male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Hen_Harrier_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Sikkim_India_Nov_2016.jpg",
        "text": "An adult female from Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The hen harrier is 41–52 cm (16–20 in) long with a 97–122 cm (38–48 in) wingspan. It resembles other harriers in having distinct male and female plumages. The sexes also differ in weight, with males weighing 290 to 400 g (10 to 14 oz), with an average of 350 g (12 oz), and females weighing 390 to 750 g (14 to 26 oz), with an average of 530 g (19 oz). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 32.8 to 40.6 cm (12.9 to 16.0 in), the tail is 19.3 to 25.8 cm (7.6 to 10.2 in) and the tarsus is 7.1 to 8.9 cm (2.8 to 3.5 in). It is relatively long winged and long tailed.",
      "The male is mainly grey above and white below except for the upper breast, which is grey like the upperparts, and the rump, which is white; the wings are grey with black wingtips. The female is brown above with white upper tail coverts, hence females, and the similar juveniles, are often called \"ringtails\". Their underparts are buff streaked with brown. Immatures look like females but with less distinct barring, dark brown secondaries dark brown and less-streaked belly.",
      "The female gives a whistled piih-eh when receiving food from the male, and her alarm call is chit-it-it-it-it-et-it. The male calls chek-chek-chek, with a more bouncing chuk-uk-uk-uk during his display flight."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pied harrier",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_melanoleucos",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Changi, NTL, P. Punggol, SBWR, TBHP, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Pied_Harrier_%28Female%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The pied harrier (Circus melanoleucos) is an Asian species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is migratory, breeding from the Amur valley in eastern Russia and north-eastern China to North Korea. Wintering individuals can be found in a wide area from Pakistan to Philippines. The population consists of approximately 10,000 individuals and the number is thought to be in moderate decline.",
      "This medium-sized harrier (length 45 cm/18in, wing span 115 cm/46in) nests in steppes and associated wetlands. Wintering individuals are often seen hunting above rice paddies and marshes."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Crested goshawk",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipiter_trivirgatus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "AMK TGW, BAMKP, Bedok, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, Goldhill Ave, JLG, Kranji Dam, NTL, PRP, Punggol, P. Ubin, SBG, SBTB, Sembawang Park, Sentosa, Southern Ridges, Zoo",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Accipiter_trivirgatus_PA273291.jpg",
        "text": "Adult male"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This raptor has short broad wings and a long tail, both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees. It is 30–46 cm in length, with the female much larger than the male. The larger size and a short crest, clearly visible in profile, are the best distinctions from its relative, the besra (A. virgatus).",
      "The male has a dark brown crown, grey head sides and black moustachial and throat stripes. The pale underparts are patterned with rufous streaks on the breast and bars on the belly. The larger female has a browner head and brown underpart streaks and bars. The juvenile has pale fringes to its head feathers, and the underpart background colour is buff rather than white.",
      "The flight is a characteristic \"slow flap, slow flap, straight glide\", similar to other Accipiter species such as the northern goshawk (A. gentilis)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Shikra",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipiter_badius",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "CCNR (2019), Changi (2012)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Shikra1.jpg",
        "text": "Adult female (dussumieri) Calls"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The shikra (Accipiter badius) is a small bird of prey in the family Accipitridae found widely distributed in Asia and Africa where it is also called the little banded goshawk. The African forms may represent a separate species but have usually been considered as subspecies of the shikra. The shikra is very similar in appearance to other sparrowhawk species including the Chinese goshawk and Eurasian sparrowhawk. They have a sharp two note call and have the typical flap and glide flight. Their calls are imitated by drongos and the common hawk-cuckoo resembles it in plumage."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chinese sparrowhawk",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipiter_soloensis",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "AMK TGW, CCNR, Changi, Coney Is., JLG, LSD, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Southern Ridges, Tuas, WCP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Juvenile_Chinese_Sparrowhawk_in_flight.JPG",
        "text": "juvenile at North Sulawesi"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is 30–36 cm in length, with the female larger than the male. Adults have prominent black wing tips. The male is grey above, white below and has red eyes. The female has rufous on breast and underwing coverts, and yellow eyes. Juveniles have a grey face, brown upperparts and yellow eyes. The top underparts are streaked, while the thighs are barred. The black wing tips are not as prominent and underwings streaked (except for coverts)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Japanese sparrowhawk",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipiter_gularis",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "islandwide",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/20100710_tumi_nagoya_03.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is 23–30 cm in length, with the female larger than the male. Males have dark barred underwings, lightly barred underparts, dark grey upperparts and red eyes. Females have yellow eyes and dark barred underparts. Juveniles have brown upperparts and streaks on the breast.",
      "It feeds on smaller birds taken in flight, and has occasionally been observed feeding on bats."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Besra",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipiter_virgatus",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "Changi, Henderson Waves, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Besra_Sparrowhawk%2C_Wattegama%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg",
        "text": "Besra Sparrowhawk at Waththegama, Sri Lanka"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The besra  (Accipiter virgatus), also called the besra sparrowhawk, is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae.",
      "The besra is a widespread resident breeder in dense forests throughout southern Asia, ranging from the Indian subcontinent eastwards across Southeast Asia and into East Asia. It nests in trees, building a new nest each year. It lays 2 to 5 eggs.",
      "This bird is a medium-sized raptor (29 to 36 cm) with short broad wings and a long tail, both adaptations to fast maneuvering through dense vegetation. The normal flight of this species is a characteristic \"flap–flap–glide\".",
      "This species is like a darker version of the widespread shikra with darker upperparts, strongly barred underwing, broader gular stripe and thin long legs and toes. The adult male besra has dark blue-grey upperparts, and is white, barred reddish brown below. The larger female is browner above than the male. The juvenile is dark brown above and white, barred with brown below. In all plumages have 3-4 equally sized dark bands on uppertail.",
      "In winter, the besra will emerge into more open woodland including savannah and cultivation. Its hunting technique is similar to other small hawks such as the sparrowhawk and the sharp-shinned hawk, relying on surprise as it flies from a hidden perch or flicks over a bush to catch its prey unaware.",
      "The prey is lizards, dragonflies, and small birds and mammals."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian sparrowhawk",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipiter_nisus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Henderson Waves (2016, 2017), TBHP (2018), Tuas (2010)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Accnis_edit.jpg",
        "text": "Male capturing common starling"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Accipiter_nisus_Meneer_Zjeroen.jpg",
        "text": "Female showing barred breast"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Eurasian sparrowhawk is a small bird of prey with short, broad wings and a long tail, both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees. Females can be up to 25% larger than males and weigh up to twice as much. Marked size difference in this direction is unusual in higher vertebrates but typical in birds of prey, and most marked in birds of prey which hunt birds.",
      "The adult male is 29–34 cm (11–13 in) long, with a wingspan of 59–64 cm (23–25 in) and a mass of 110–196 g (3.9–6.9 oz). He has slate-grey upperparts (sometimes tending to bluish), with finely red-barred underparts, which can look plain orange from a distance; his irides are orange-yellow or orange-red. The female is much larger at 35–41 cm (14–16 in) long, with a wingspan of 67–80 cm (26–31 in), and a mass of 185–342 g (6.5–12.1 oz). She has dark brown or greyish-brown upperparts, and brown-barred underparts, and bright yellow to orange irides. The juvenile is warm brown above, with rusty fringes to the upperparts; and coarsely barred or spotted brown below, with pale yellow eyes; its throat has dark streaks and lacks a mesial (midline) stripe.",
      "The Eurasian sparrowhawk's pale underparts and darker upperparts are an example of countershading, which helps to break up the bird's outline. Countershading is exhibited by birds of prey which hunt birds and other fast-moving animals. The horizontal barring seen on adult Eurasian sparrowhawks is typical of woodland-dwelling predatory birds, while the adult male's bluish colour is also seen in other bird-eating raptors, including the peregrine falcon, the merlin and other Accipiters.",
      "A study, using stuffed bird models, found that small birds are less likely to approach common cuckoos (a brood parasite) which have barred underparts like the Eurasian sparrowhawk. Eurasian reed warblers were found to be more aggressive to cuckoos which looked less hawk-like, meaning that the resemblance to the hawk (mimicry) helps the cuckoo to access the nests of potential hosts.",
      "The Eurasian sparrowhawk's small bill is used for plucking feathers and pulling prey apart, rather than killing or cutting. Its long legs and toes are an adaptation for catching and eating birds. The outer toe is \"fairly long and slender\"; the inner toe and back toe are relatively short and thick. The middle toe is very long and can be used to grasp objects, while a protuberance on the underside of the toe means that the digit can be closed without leaving a gap, which helps with gripping.",
      "The flight is a characteristic \"flap-flap-glide\", with the glide creating an undulating pattern. This species is similar in size to the Levant sparrowhawk, but larger than the shikra (the calls are however different); the male is only slightly larger than the merlin. Because of the overlap in sizes, the female can be confused with the similarly-sized male northern goshawk, but lacks the bulk of that species. Eurasian sparrowhawks are smaller, more slender and have shorter wings, a square-ended tail and fly with faster wingbeats. A confusion species in China is the besra, although A. n. melaschistos is considerably larger.",
      "In Great Britain, Eurasian sparrowhawks living further north are bigger than their more southerly counterparts, with wing length (the most reliable indicator of body size) increasing by an average of 0.86 mm (0.034 in) in males, and 0.75 mm (0.030 in) in females, for each degree further north."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black kite",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milvus_migrans",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "BBNP, CCNR, Changi, Jurong West, Punggol, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Seletar Camp, SBWR, Tuas, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Schwarzmilan.jpg",
        "text": "M. m. affinis, Australia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Black kites can be distinguished from red kites by the slightly smaller size, less forked tail (visible in flight), and generally dark plumage without any rufous. The sexes are alike though the male is a little smaller and less aggressive (this is the case in most birds of prey). The upper plumage is brown but the head and neck tend to be paler. The patch behind the eye appears darker. The outer flight feathers are black and the feathers have dark cross bars and are mottled at the base. The lower parts of the body are pale brown, becoming lighter towards the chin. The body feathers have dark shafts giving it a streaked appearance. The cere and gape are yellow, but the bill is black (unlike that of the yellow-billed kite). The legs are yellow and the claws are black. They have a distinctive shrill whistle followed by a rapid whinnying call. Males and females have the same plumage but females are longer than male and have a little larger wingspan. Their wingspan is around 150 cm."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brahminy kite",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliastur_indus",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "islandwide",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Haliastur_indus_-Karratha%2C_Pilbara%2C_Western_Australia%2C_Australia-8_%281%29.jpg",
        "text": "In Pilbara, Western Australia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The brahminy kite is distinctive and contrastingly coloured, with chestnut plumage except for the white head and breast and black wing tips. The juveniles are browner, but can be distinguished from both the resident and migratory races of black kites in Asia by the paler appearance, shorter wings, and rounded tail. The pale patch on the underwing carpal region is of a squarish shape and separated from Buteo buzzards.The brahminy kite is about the same size as the black kite (Milvus migrans) and has a typical kite flight, with wings angled, but its tail is rounded unlike the Milvus species, red kite, and black kite, which have forked tails. The two genera are, however, very close.",
      "The call is a mewing keeyew."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-bellied sea-eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliaeetus_leucogaster",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "islandwide near water",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Haliaeetus_leucogaster_-Gippsland%2C_Victoria%2C_Australia-8.jpg",
        "text": "In Gippsland, Victoria"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The white-bellied sea eagle has a white head, rump and underparts, and dark or slate-grey back and wings. In flight, the black flight feathers on the wings are easily seen when the bird is viewed from below. The large, hooked bill is a leaden blue-grey with a darker tip, and the irides are dark brown. The cere is also lead grey. The legs and feet are yellow or grey, with long black talons (claws). Unlike those of eagles of the genus Aquila, the legs are not feathered. The sexes are similar. Males are 66–80 cm (26–31 in) long and weigh 1.8–3 kg (4.0–6.6 lb). Females are slightly larger, at 80–90 cm (31–35 in) and 2.5–4.5 kg (5.5–9.9 lb). The wingspan ranges from 1.78 to 2.2 m (5.8 to 7.2 ft). A 2004 study on 37 birds from Australia and Papua New Guinea (3 °S to 50 °S) found that birds could be sexed reliably on size, and that birds from latitudes further south were larger than those from the north. There is no seasonal variation in plumage. The moulting pattern of the white-bellied sea eagle is poorly known. It appears to take longer than a year to complete, and can be interrupted and later resumed from the point of interruption.",
      "The wings are modified when gliding so that they rise from the body at an angle, but are closer to horizontal further along the wingspan. In silhouette, the comparatively long neck, head and beak stick out from the front almost as far as the tail does behind. For active flight, the white-bellied sea eagle alternates strong deep wing-beats with short periods of gliding.",
      "A young white-bellied sea eagle in its first year is predominantly brown, with pale cream-streaked plumage on their head, neck, nape and rump areas. The plumage becomes more infiltrated with white until it acquires the complete adult plumage by the fourth or fifth year. The species breeds from around six years of age onwards. The lifespan is thought to be around 30 years.",
      "The loud goose-like honking call is a familiar sound, particularly during the breeding season; pairs often honk in unison, and often carry on for some time when perched. The male's call is higher-pitched and more rapid than that of the female. Australian naturalist David Fleay observed that the call is among the loudest and furthest-carrying of all Australian bird calls, in stark contrast to the relatively quiet calls of the wedge-tailed eagle.",
      "Adult white-bellied sea eagles are unmistakable and unlikely to be confused with any other bird. Immature birds can be confused with wedge-tailed eagles. However, the plumage of the latter is darker, the tail longer, and the legs feathered. They might also be confused with the black-breasted buzzard (Hamirostra melanosternon), but this species is much smaller, has white patches on the wings, and has a more undulating flight.  In India, the Egyptian vulture has white plumage, but is smaller and has a whiter back and wings. The white tail of the white-bellied sea eagle in flight distinguishes it from other species of large eagles. In the Philippines, it can be confused with the Philippine eagle, which can be distinguished by its crest; immature white-bellied sea eagles resemble immature grey-headed fish eagles, but can be identified by their more wholly dark brown underparts and flight feathers, and wedge-shaped tail."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray-headed fish-eagle",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyophaga_ichthyaetus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "CCNR, Changi, JLG, Little Guilin, LSR, NTL, Poyan, Seletar Camp, SBG, Springleaf, SBWR, Tampines",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Ichthyophaga_ichthyaetus_-Kazaringa%2C_Assam%2C_India-8.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "A smallish to medium-sized but quite bulky fish eagle. Has a small bill, a small head on long neck, rounded tail and shortish legs with unfeathered tarsi and long talons. Wings aren't very long and wingtips reach less than halfway down tail. Males and females are sexually dimorphic. The grey-headed fish eagle has a body length of 61–75 cm. Females are heavier than males at 2.3–2.7 kg compared to 1.6 kg. The tail measures between 23–28 cm and the tarsus 8.5–10 cm. The wingspan measure between 155–170 cm.",
      "Adults are grey-brown with a pale grey head and pale iris, belly and tail are white with the having a broad black subterminal band.  Breast and neck are brown, with the wings on top dark brown with blacker primaries and below brown. Juveniles the head and neck are brown, greyer on the ides of throat, with buff supercilia and whitish streaks. The rest of the upperparts are darker brown, edged with grey and secondaries and tertials faintly barred. Tail black and white marbled with broader dark subterminal band and white tip.  Belly and thighs white, while breast and flanks brown streaked with white. Iris is darker than adult.  As juveniles mature subterminal band becomes more prominent, head becomes greyer and loses streaking becoming uniformly brown."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common buzzard",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_buteo",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Steppe_buzzard_%28Buteo_buteo_vulpinus%29.jpg",
        "text": "Steppe buzzard B. b. vulpinus"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The common buzzard is a medium-sized raptor that is highly variable in plumage. Most buzzards are distinctly round headed with a somewhat slender bill, relatively long wings that either reach or fall slightly short of the tail tip when perched, a fairly short tail, and somewhat short and mainly bare tarsi. They can appear fairly compact in overall appearance but may also appear large relative to other commoner raptorial birds such as kestrels and sparrowhawks. The common buzzard measures between 40 and 58 cm (16 and 23 in) in length with a 109–140 cm (43–55 in) wingspan. Females average about 2–7% larger than males linearly and weigh about 15% more. Body mass can show considerable variation. Buzzards from Great Britain alone can vary from 427 to 1,183 g (0.941 to 2.608 lb) in males, while females there can range from 486 to 1,370 g (1.071 to 3.020 lb).",
      "In Europe, most typical buzzards are dark brown above and on the upperside of the head and mantle, but can become paler and warmer brown with worn plumage. The flight feathers on perched European buzzards are always brown in the nominate subspecies (B. b. buteo). Usually the tail will usually be narrowly barred grey-brown and dark brown with a pale tip and a broad dark subterminal band but the tail in palest birds can show a varying amount a white and reduced subterminal band or even appear almost all white. In European buzzards, the underside coloring can be variable but most typically show a brown-streaked white throat with a somewhat darker chest. A pale U across breast is often present; followed by a pale line running down the belly which separates the dark areas on breast-side and flanks. These pale areas tend to have highly variable markings that tend to form irregular bars. Juvenile buzzards are quite similar to adult in the nominate race, being best told apart by having a paler eye, a narrower subterminal band on the tail and underside markings that appear as streaks rather than bars. Furthermore, juveniles may show variable creamy to rufous fringes to upperwing coverts but these also may not be present. Seen from below in flight, buzzards in Europe typically have a dark trailing edge to the wings. If seen from above, one of the best marks is their broad dark subterminal tail band. Flight feathers of typical European buzzards are largely greyish, the aforementioned dark wing linings at front with contrasting paler band along the median coverts. In flight, paler individuals tend to show dark carpal patches that can appears as blackish arches or commas but these may be indistinct in darker individuals or can appear light brownish or faded in paler individuals. Juvenile nominate buzzards are best told apart from adults in flight by the lack of a distinct subterminal band (instead showing fairly even barring throughout) and below by having less sharp and brownish rather than blackish trailing wing edge. Juvenile buzzards show streaking paler parts of under wing and body showing rather than barring as do adults. Beyond the typical mid-range brownish buzzard, birds in Europe can range from almost uniform black-brown above to mainly white. Extreme dark individuals may range from chocolate brown to blackish with almost no pale showing but a variable, faded U on the breast and with or without faint lighter brown throat streaks. Extreme pale birds are largely whitish with variable widely spaced streaks or arrowheads of light brown about the mid-chest and flanks and may or may not show dark feather-centres on the head, wing-coverts and sometimes all but part of mantle. Individuals can show nearly endless variation of colours and hues in between these extremes and the common buzzard is counted among the most variably plumage diurnal raptors for this reason. One study showed that this variation may actually be the result of diminished single-locus genetic diversity.",
      "Beyond the nominate form (B. b. buteo) that occupies most of the common buzzard's European range, a second main, widely distributed subspecies is known as the steppe buzzard (B. b. vulpinus). The steppe buzzard race shows three main colour morphs, each of which can be predominant in a region of breeding range. It is more distinctly polymorphic rather than just individually very variable like the nominate race. This may be because, unlike the nominate buzzard, the steppe buzzard is highly migratory. Polymorphism has been linked with migratory behaviour. The most common type of steppe buzzard is the rufous morph which gives this subspecies its scientific name (vulpes is Latin for \"fox\"). This morph comprises a majority of birds seen in passage east of the Mediterranean. Rufous morph buzzards are a paler grey-brown above than most nominate B. b. buteo. Compared to the nominate race, rufous vulpinus show a patterning not dissimilar but generally far more rufous-toned on head, the fringes to mantle wing coverts and, especially, on the tail and the underside. The head is grey-brown with rufous tinges usually while the tail is rufous and can vary from almost unmarked to thinly dark-barred with a subterminal band. The underside can be uniformly pale to dark rufous, barred heavily or lightly with rufous or with dusky barring, usually with darker individuals showing the U as in nominate but with a rufous hue. The pale morph of the steppe buzzard is commonest in the west of its subspecies range, predominantly seen in winter and migration at the various land bridge of the Mediterranean. As in the rufous morph, the pale morph vulpinus is grey-brown above but the tail is generally marked with thin dark bars and a subterminal band, only showing rufous near the tip. The underside in the pale morph is greyish-white with dark grey-brown or somewhat streaked head to chest and barred belly and chest, occasionally showing darker flanks that can be somewhat rufous. Dark morph vulpinus tend to be found in the east and southeast of the subspecies range and are easily outnumbered by rufous morph while largely using similar migration points. Dark morph individuals vary from grey-brown to much darker blackish-brown, and have a tail that is dark grey or somewhat mixed grey and rufous, is distinctly marked with dark barring and has a broad, black subterminal band. Dark morph vulpinus have a head and underside that is mostly uniform dark, from dark brown to blackish-brown to almost pure black. Rufous morph juveniles are often distinctly paler in ground colour (ranging even to creamy-grey) than adults with distinct barring below actually increased in pale morph type juvenile. Pale and rufous morph juveniles can only be distinguished from each other in extreme cases. Dark morph juveniles are more similar to adult dark morph vulpinus but often show a little whitish streaking below, and like all other races have lighter coloured eyes and more evenly barred tails than adults. Steppe buzzards tend to appear smaller and more agile in flight than nominate whose wing beats can look slower and clumsier. In flight, rufous morph vulpinus have their whole body and underwing varying from uniform to patterned rufous (if patterning present, it is variable, but can be on chest and often thighs, sometimes flanks, pale band across median coverts), while the under-tail usually paler rufous than above. Whitish flight feathers are more prominent than in nominate and more marked contrast with the bold dark brown band along the trailing edges. Markings of pale vulpinus as seen in flight are similar to rufous morph (such as paler wing markings) but more greyish both on wings and body. In dark morph vulpinus the broad black trailing edges and colour of body make whitish areas of inner wing stand out further with an often bolder and blacker carpal patch than in other morphs. As in nominate, juvenile vulpinus (rufous/pale) tend to have much less distinct trailing edges, general streaking on body and along median underwing coverts. Dark morph vulpinus resemble adult in flight more so than other morphs.",
      "The common buzzard is often confused with other raptors especially in flight or at a distance. Inexperienced and over-enthusiastic observers have even mistaken darker birds for the far larger and differently proportioned golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and also dark birds for western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) which also flies in a dihedral but is obviously relatively much longer and slenderer winged and tailed and with far different flying methods. Also buzzards may possibly be confused with dark or light morph booted eagles (Hieraeetus pennatus), which are similar in size, but the eagle flies on level, parallel-edged wings which usually appear broader, has a longer squarer tail, with no carpal patch in pale birds and all dark flight feathers but for whitish wedge on inner primaries in dark morph ones. Pale individuals are sometimes also mistaken with pale morph short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus) which are much larger with a considerably bigger head, longer wings (which are usually held evenly in flight rather than in a dihedral) and paler underwing lacking any carpal patch or dark wing lining. More serious identification concerns lie in other Buteo species and in flight with honey buzzards, which are quite different looking when seen perched at close range. The European honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus) is thought in engage in mimicry of more powerful raptors, in particular, juveniles may mimic the plumage of the more powerful common buzzard. While less individually variable in Europe, the honey buzzard is more extensive polymorphic on underparts than even the common buzzard. The most common morph of the adult European honey buzzard is heavily and rufous barred on the underside, quite different from the common buzzard, however the brownish juvenile much more resembles an intermediate common buzzard. Honey buzzards flap with distinctively slower and more even wing beats than common buzzard. The wings are also lifted higher on each upstroke, creating a more regular and mechanical effect, furthermore their wings are held slightly arched when soaring but not in a V. On the honey buzzard, the head appears smaller, the body thinner, the tail longer and the wings narrower and more parallel edged. The steppe buzzard race is particularly often mistaken for juvenile European honey buzzards, to the point where early observers of raptor migration in Israel considered distant individuals indistinguishable. However, when compared to a steppe buzzard, the honey buzzard has distinctly darker secondaries on the underwing with fewer and broader bars and more extensive black wing-tips (whole fingers) contrasting with a less extensively pale hand. Found in the same range as the steppe buzzard in some parts of southern Siberia as well as (with wintering steppes) in southwestern India, the Oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) is larger than both the European honey buzzard and the common buzzard. The oriental species is with more similar in body plan to common buzzards, being relatively broader winged, shorter tailed and more amply-headed (though the head is still relatively small) relative to the European honey buzzard, but all plumages lack carpal patches.",
      "In much of Europe, the common buzzard is the only type of buzzard. However, the subarctic breeding rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus) comes down to occupy much of the northern part of the continent during winter in the same haunts as the common buzzard. However, the rough-legged buzzard is typically larger and distinctly longer-winged with feathered legs, as well as having a white based tail with a broad subterminal band. Rough-legged buzzards have slower wing beats and hover far more frequently than do common buzzards. The carpal patch marking on the under-wing are also bolder and blacker on all paler forms of rough-legged hawk. Many pale morph rough-legged buzzards have a bold, blackish band across the belly against contrasting paler feathers, a feature which rarely appears in individual common buzzard. Usually the face also appears somewhat whitish in most pale morphs of rough-legged buzzards, which is true of only extremely pale common buzzards. Dark morph rough-legged buzzards are usually distinctly darker (ranging to almost blackish) than even extreme dark individuals of common buzzards in Europe and still have the distinct white-based tail and broad subterminal band of other roughlegs. In eastern Europe and much of the Asian range of common buzzards, the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) may live alongside the common species. As in the steppe buzzard race, the long-legged buzzard has three main colour morphs that are more or less similar in hue. In both the steppe buzzard race and long-legged buzzard, the main colour is overall fairly rufous. More so than steppe buzzards, long-legged buzzards tend to have a distinctly paler head and neck compared to other feathers, and, more distinctly, a normally unbarred tail. Furthermore, the long-legged buzzard is usually a rather larger bird, often considered fairly eagle-like in appearance (although it does appear gracile and small-billed even compared to smaller true eagles), an effect enhanced by its longer tarsi, somewhat longer neck and relatively elongated wings. The flight style of the latter species is deeper, slower and more aquiline, with much more frequent hovering, showing a more protruding head and a slightly higher V held in a soar. The smaller North African and Arabian race of long-legged buzzard (B. r. cirtensis) is more similar in size and nearly all colour characteristics to steppe buzzard, extending to the heavily streaked juvenile plumage, in some cases such birds can be distinguished only by their proportions and flight patterns which remain unchanged. Hybridization with the latter race (B. r. cirtensis) and nominate common buzzards has been observed in the Strait of Gibraltar, a few such birds have been reported potentially in the southern Mediterranean due to mutually encroaching ranges, which are blurring possibly due to climate change.",
      "Wintering steppe buzzards may live alongside mountain buzzards and especially with forest buzzard while wintering in Africa. The juveniles of steppe and forest buzzards are more or less indistinguishable and only told apart by proportions and flight style, the latter species being smaller, more compact, having a smaller bill, shorter legs and shorter and thinner wings than a steppe buzzard. However, size is not diagnostic unless side by side as the two buzzards overlap in this regard. Most reliable are the species wing proportions and their flight actions. Forest buzzard have more flexible wing beats interspersed with glides, additionally soaring on flatter wings and apparently never engage in hovering. Adult forest buzzards compared to the typical adult steppe buzzard (rufous morph) are also similar, but the forest typically has a whiter underside, sometimes mostly plain white, usually with heavy blotches or drop-shaped marks on abdomen, with barring on thighs, more narrow tear-shaped on chest and more spotted on leading edges of underwing, usually lacking marking on the white U across chest (which is otherwise similar but usually broader than that of vulpinus). In comparison, the mountain buzzard, which is more similar in size to the steppe buzzard and slightly larger than the forest buzzard, is usually duller brown above than a steppe buzzard and is more whitish below with distinctive heavy brown blotches from breasts to the belly, flanks and wing linings while juvenile mountain buzzard is buffy below with smaller and streakier markings. The steppe buzzard when compared to another African species, the red-necked buzzard (Buteo auguralis), which has red tail similar to vulpinus, is distinct in all other plumage aspects despite their similar size. The latter buzzard has a streaky rufous head and is white below with a contrasting bold dark chest in adult plumage and, in juvenile plumage, has heavy, dark blotches on the chest and flanks with pale wing-linings. Jackal and augur buzzards (Buteo rufofuscus & augur), also both rufous on the tail, are larger and bulkier than steppe buzzards and have several distinctive plumage characteristics, most notably both having their own striking, contrasting patterns of black-brown, rufous and cream."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Himalayan buzzard",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_refectus",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Himalayan_Buzzard_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_East_Sikkim_India_12.05.2016.jpg",
        "text": "From Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Himalayan buzzard  (Buteo burmanicus) is a medium to large bird of prey that is sometimes considered a subspecies of the widespread common buzzard (Buteo buteo). It is native to the Himalayas in Nepal, India and adjacent mountains of southern China."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eastern buzzard",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_japonicus",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Airport Road, Bidadari, BBNP, Changi, Halus, Henderson Waves, Holland Road, JLG, KRP, Seletar West, Sembawang Park, Sentosa, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Buteo_vulgaris_japonicus_Fauna_Japonica.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The eastern buzzard or Japanese buzzard  (Buteo japonicus) is a medium to large bird of prey that is sometimes considered a subspecies of the widespread common buzzard (Buteo buteo). Some scientists treated is as a distinct species starting in 2008, but others still treat it as either one or three subspecies. It is native to Mongolia, China, Japan and some offshore islands. At least some birds winter in Southeast Asia. It is similar to the steppe buzzard.",
      "It includes three subspecies:"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Long-legged buzzard",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteo_rufinus",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Long-legged_buzzard.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a large and fairly sturdy Buteo. The long-legged buzzard possesses a relatively large bill on a smallish head, long wings and a rather long tail and relatively long legs with powerful feet. The species tends to be considered sluggish, perching openly and prominently and in rather upright positions on a rock, crag or similar vantage point with a good commanding view; they will also perch regularly on artificial raised points such as pylons or utility poles. The long-legged buzzard also often takes to standing on the ground where it walks slowly, often waddling somewhat. This species is highly variable in plumage, with three to four main morphs. The adult pale morph long-legged buzzard has a rather plain pale head, coloured creamy rufous to light sandy with at most a few darker streaks on the crown and a dark line through an eye, usually with a more solidly dark nape. The pale morph possess dark brown upper parts with sandy buff streaks against a more conspicuous sandy-brown mantle and wing coverts with dark feather-eters causing a contrasting effect. The pale morph adult's tail is light rufous-orange. The paleness of the head in light morphs continues down to breast, the lower part of which having pencil thin streaks, while the belly down to flanks and trousers is a darker rufous-brown. Meanwhile, the intermediate adult are similar to pale adult but with somewhat richer colour, darker and more rufous upperparts and having a slightly darker and more patterned breast. The rufous morph, arguably separate from the intermediate, is more ochracecous overall and a darker rufous on the dark parts of the plumage against the more contrasting pale head. Some rufous adult long-legged buzzards can show a greyish tail with some banding and at times a darker subterminal band. Dark morph adults are all blackish-brown to black with some whitish streaks on nape. The tail of dark morphs are gray to brown-grey with a broad subterminal band and 7 rather narrow and faint bars although many completely lack the latter bars. Juveniles of the pale, intermediate and rufous morphs are similar to the respective adults of their morphs but tend to possess neater, paler edging above, especially on the tips of the greater and median coverts. Also the juveniles are more streaky about the head and breast with tail going from pale whitish darkening outwards to grey-brown with irregular faint brown bars. Dark morph juveniles are less dark than the adult of that morph, sometimes evidencing a small paler patch on breast. The juvenile dark morph long-legged buzzard's tail pattern differs from the dark adult, generally browner than adult with 3 very broad bands and a slightly broader subterminal band but dark morph juvenile tails apparently very variable. Juvenile plumage lasts up to 2-3 years when first breeding occurs. Adults have very dark brown eyes, while the eyes of juveniles are pale grey to greyish yellow turning light brown before darking. The cere and legs are both dull yellow.",
      "In flight, the long-legged buzzards appears as a mid-sized rather broad-bodied raptor. Possessing an almost eagle-like silhouette, it tends to appear with a protruding head with a somewhat heavy bill, long broad wings with fairly straight edges and only slightly tapering hands with rounded five-fingered end. It is relatively long-tailed with the tail having a fairly rounded shape. Juveniles tend to be slimmer looking with narrower wings and more S-shaped trailing edges as well as a somewhat longer tail. Long-legged buzzards tend to fly with comparatively slow, deep beats and to have a relatively slow flight. The species glides with their arms raised and hands more level, wings noticeably kinked at carpals and soars in wide circles with the wings in shallow dihedral. The upward bent tips can enhance their eagle-like appearance. Long-legged buzzards often hover frequently and for extended periods. In the flight, the whitish based orangey tail often looks all white at a distance and to stand out in its paleness against the dark rear body and the rear wings. The primary coverts and many greater coverts are blackish in adult long-legged buzzards with the greater coverts pale tipped. Adults are dark grey on the flight feathers with blackish bars radiating outwards on wingtips and on the trailing edges. The underwing coverts are usually lightly streaked with rufous in pale adults, while intermediate adult has a stranger contrast from pale head and breast to darker, browner upperbody and wing coverts, breast and wing linings. The flying rufous adult tends to look more uniform above with colours varying from ochre to tawny to darker rufous brown and to possess richer coloured darker parts, with the tail very variable in rufous morph. Dark adult in flight may appear with or without a pale nape patch. Dark morph long-legged buzzards above evidence pale bases to primaries, some less dark individuals showing slight contrast of brown-tinged wing coverts against blacker carpal areas with grayish cast to secondaries but tail more obviously pale and greyer and variable. Below dark morph adult striking contrasting from dark body and underwing coverts against pale flight feathers. Juvenile long-legged buzzards are evidently more streaky in pale, intermediate and rufous morphs with differing wing shape. Juveniles of the 3 morphs have comparatively uniform secondaries above with a paler based hand, the inner four primaries being thinly barred, the whitish tail becoming greyer brown and appear indistinctly barred distally. The trailing wing edges are more diffuse, greyer and narrower than on adults with a dark line often evidence along greater coverts. Dark morph juveniles in flight even more uniform above without darker trailing edges above and below greyish secondaries are much duskier-looking with broader but diffuse barring and often markedly wide trailing edges, this increasing the contrast against the dark tipped whitish hand.",
      "This is one of the largest species of the Buteo genus. Only two species, the upland buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) and the ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis), notably exceed the average and maximum weight of nominate long-legged buzzards or attain similar wingspans, but several other species of the genus broadly overlap in body size with the long-legged buzzard (for instance the Galapagos, rufous-tailed and red-tailed hawks and the Augur, rough-legged and jackal buzzards). Length can range from 50 to 66 cm (20 to 26 in) and wingspan from 112 to 163 cm (3 ft 8 in to 5 ft 4 in). Mean wingspan may be about 145 cm (4 ft 9 in), with wingspans surely rivaling the upland buzzard as the greatest of all Buteo. The long-legged buzzard displays the typical size sexual dimorphism in favor of females, as they may be to 15% larger and can average up to 30% heavier. The mean body mass of males is 1,035 g (2.282 lb), amongst a sample of 8 with weights ranging from 590 to 1,281 g (1.301 to 2.824 lb), while the mean was 1,315 g (2.899 lb), in a sample of 11 ranging from 945 to 1,760 g (2.083 to 3.880 lb). Meanwhile, the weights of migrating long-legged buzzards migrating in Eilat were 1,182 g (2.606 lb) in mature buzzards and 1,047 g (2.308 lb) in second-year juveniles. The measurements of live Indian long-legged buzzards were 1,000 to 1,300 g (2.2 to 2.9 lb) with slighter lengths of 46 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in) and wingspans of 129 to 150 cm (4 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in). Among standard measurements, nominate subspecies males attain a wing chord of 405 to 459 mm (15.9 to 18.1 in) while the female attains a wing chord of 428 to 496 mm (16.9 to 19.5 in). In males the tail may measure 204 to 244 mm (8.0 to 9.6 in) while the female may measure 223 to 262 mm (8.8 to 10.3 in). In tarsal length, males may measure 83 to 93 mm (3.3 to 3.7 in) while females attain 87 to 96 mm (3.4 to 3.8 in). In the nominate race, the culmen from the cere is 23.4 to 30 mm (0.92 to 1.18 in) in both sexes, with an average of 27.9 mm (1.10 in) in migrants at Eilat. Mature migrants in Eilat measured from 24.8 to 32.1 mm (0.98 to 1.26 in), averaging 27.8 mm (1.09 in), on the enlarged hallux-claw.",
      "Paler individuals of the long-legged buzzard are typically reasonably distinctive but their highly variable plumage leads to mistaken identity. The main confusion is with the even more variable common buzzard (Buteo buteo), principally of the steppe subspecies, which breeds and migrates in often similar areas. Steppe buzzards are told apart by various features of plumage, i.e. darker head and chest with a contrasting paler breast band, fully barred and darker uppertails, less distinct carpal patch both above and below, more contrasting wing lining with median coverts paler, with the greater covert darkest. Due to much variation in plumage, steppe buzzards often not reliably distinguished and in distant sightings best told apart by their smaller size and differing proportions. The steppe buzzard is distinctly smaller, of more compact build and possess a distinctly shorter wings and tail than nominate long-legged buzzards. Furthermore, the steppe buzzard has a more pronounced head but less protruding bill and flies with faster but stiffer and less flexible beats. Furthermore, steppe buzzards tend to fly with flatter wings in a glide and less pronounced dihederal without tips pointed up. Dark morphs of the respective species are so similar that they must be told by size, proportions and flight actions. Especially hard to tell apart from the steppe buzzard is the smaller North African subspecies. In Asia the long-legged buzzard is similar to the upland buzzard, which averages slightly bigger in size but is somewhat narrower winged. Typically the upland species has a large white patch on the hand above, with a uniform looking greyish white tail (with at most 2-3 dark bars only visible at close range), darker, more earthen brown on the breast and thighs and lacks the long-legged's typical warm, rufous tones. In dark morph upland buzzards, though they may manifest some darker ground colour on under secondaries and sometimes show pale U on breast but otherwise almost identical in appearance to dark morph long-legged buzzards. The only other Buteo that can be potentially confused with the long-legged buzzard is the migrant rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus) which is similar in size, proportions and flight behaviour, extending to hovering, but that should be told apart by distinctive white based tail with a broad dark subterminal band as well as fully feathered legs, Juvenile rough-legged buzzards lack the dark underwing diagonals of many juvenile long-legged buzzard. The long-legged buzzard is potentially confusable with other medium or large unrelated species of raptor from outside of the Buteo, including multiple species of small to mid-sized eagle and two species of honey buzzard. However, all of these usually tend to have a number of distinctive morphological, especially the proportion and shapes of their wings, head and tail and flight actions, as well as plumage features that tend to easily separate them from even the most similarly hued and sized of long-legged buzzards.",
      "The long-legged buzzard's voice is not well studied nor is it believed to be particularly vocal. The species is known to sometimes calls on display but it is less vocal than common buzzard. The call is similar to the latter species but the notes are shorter and slightly higher. The long-legged buzzard's commonest call a short mew. It is also sometimes transcribed as a kyaaah and drops in pitch at the end of the brief 0.5-0.8 second call. It is said that compared to the common buzzard, the calls of the long-legged buzzard are \"less squealing\" and more \"gull-like\". A long-legged buzzard leaving nest in Morocco just after sunrise said to uttered a repeated ar note, shorter fuller and apparently lower than that of a common buzzard."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Barn owl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyto_alba",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, Istana, JLG, Kranji Dam, Marina Barrage, Sentosa, Tanjong Rhu, Toa Payoh, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29.jpg",
        "text": "Barn owl at the British Wildlife Centre, England  Barn Owl screeches recorded in Cardiganshire, Wales"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The western barn owl (Tyto alba) is usually considered a subspecies group and together with the American barn owl group, the eastern barn owl group, and sometimes the Andaman masked owl make up the barn owl.  The cosmopolitan barn owl is recognized by most taxonomic authorities. A few (including the International Ornithologists' Union) separate them into distinct species, as is done here. The western barn owl is native to Eurasia and Africa."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sunda scops-owl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otus_lempiji",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "Alexandra Hill, BBC, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, HNP, P. Ubin, PRP, SBWR, Sentosa",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Otus_lempij_-_Singapore.jpg",
        "text": "In Singapore."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It grows from 20 to 25 cm and can weigh 100 to 170 grams. It is speckled with black on the upper parts and streaked with black on the lower parts. It has a light collar and dark eyes, which differentiate it from the reddish scops, mountain scops, Oriental scops and Rajah scops owls. "
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oriental scops-owl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otus_sunia",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCKP, CCNR, DFNP, Fort Canning, Kent Road, KRP, Mimosa Walk, MFP, P. Ubin, Seletar Country Club, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Oriental_Scops_Owl.jpg",
        "text": "Oriental Scops Owl (rufous morph) from Guwahati, Assam, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a small, variable plumaged, yellow eyed owl with ear-tufts which are not always erect. It can be distinguish from the collared scops owl by its whitish scapular stripe, well marked underparts, and lack of pale collar. There are two colour morphs, grey and rufous; intermediate forms also occur. Sexes are similar in appearance. Individuals may freeze with eyes half closed when disturbed. The species has a repeated liquid call sounding like \"tuk tok torok\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Barred eagle-owl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubo_sumatranus",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "BBC, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/BurungHantuTanduk.jpg",
        "text": "Barred Eagle-Owl (Bubo sumatranus) at National Zoo, Malaysia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The barred eagle-owl is a fairly large owl but relatively small eagle-owl, this species ranges from 40 to 48 cm (16 to 19 in) in length. There is almost no size sexual dimorphism in this species (although some females are marginally larger than the males) and adjacent island subspecies vary dramatically in size, both unusual attributes for eagle-owls. It is most distinctive due to its barred underparts, large but sideways-slanting ear tufts, a white bar running from the eyebrows through the front of the eart tufts and much more heavily marked breast than belly. The face and lores are a dirty grayish white colour. The eyes are usually a dark brown colour, but occasions where this species has had yellow eyes have been reported. The bill and cere are pale yellow, with an occasional greenish tinge to the cere. The upperparts are grey-brown, crossed and mottled with several zigzag bars of rufous-tawny colour, being broadest on the back. The upper-tail is dark brown with about six whitish or tawny bars. The tarsi are feathered to the toe joint. The juvenile barred eagle-owl are pure white in their natal down. Whitish mesoptile stage, in transition to adult plumage, is still a dirty white but is banded with brown on the wings and tail and the ear tufts are much shorter than on mature birds.",
      "A potential but unlikely confusion species is the brown wood owl (Strix leptogrammica), which is also barred below but as a Strix lacks this species distinctive ear tufts. The brown wood owl also has much more rufous-brown color and a strongly defined brownish-cinnamon face disc. Also the wood owl has more extensive feathering on its feet, which can almost totally cover their feet but for the talons. Also, the buffy fish owl (Bubo ketupu) is found in almost the same exact range, similarly replacing the more northern and western brown fish owl (Bubo zeylonensis) to the way the barred replaces the spot-bellied eagle-owl. Fish owls have no feathering on their tarsi, have different, more tawny overall colour and lack the white stripe on the head and ear tufts. Another species that occurs in the range (northern part of the range) of the barred eagle-owl is the dusky eagle-owl (Bubo coromandus), but that species has a sandy, warm brown colour rather than stark, greyish brown, possesses vertical rather horizontal barring on the underside, bears minimal contrasting whitish barring to the plumage and face and the eyes are yellow rather than dark brown. The spot-bellied eagle owl, with which the barred eagle-owl forms a superspecies, is much more superficially similar than any of the above owls but apparently does not overlap in the wild with this species. The spot-bellied species is much larger and has bolder spotting below, otherwise it is almost identical. While linear dimensions suggest that spot-bellied eagle-owls in Malay Peninsula would be nearly twice the size of barred eagle-owls (of the relatively small nominate subspecies) found no more than 100 km (62 mi) to the south, the larger barred eagle-owl subspecies (B. sumatranus strepitans) found on Java and Bali is roughly equal in body size to the small island race of spot-bellied eagle-owl (B. nipalensis blighti) found far to the west on Sri Lanka.",
      "The barred fish-owl territorial song or call is a deep hoot, hoo or hoo-hoo also sometimes transliterated as whooa-who, whooa-who. The hoots slightly drop in pitch towards the end. If it is a double-hoot, there is an interval of about 1.9 to 2 seconds between the hoots. Other vocalizations known for this species include a noisy cackle of various syllables, fearful shrikes and strangulate noises, normally uttered in the early evening. In Borneo, the barred eagle-owl's flight call is described as several hoots followed by a groan. In some local mythology on Java, the species' calls are considered as those of demons."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown fish-owl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupa_zeylonensis",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Brown_fishing_owl.jpg",
        "text": "Ketupa zeylonensis, Biligiriranga Hills, Karnataka"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The brown fish owl has prominent ear tufts and rufous brown upperparts that are heavily streaked with black or dark brown. Its underparts are buffy-fulvous to whitish, with wavy dark brown streaks and finer brown barring. Its throat is white and conspicuously puffed. Its facial disk is indistinct, the bill dark and the iris golden yellow. Its featherless feet are yellow. Two-year old brown fish owls are somewhat paler than adults. Female and male differ slightly in size.",
      "In body size, it ranges from 48 to 61 cm (19 to 24 in) with a wingspan from 125 to 140 cm (49 to 55 in). Its weight varies considerably, ranging from 1.1 to 2.5 kg (2.4 to 5.5 lb). Some of the variability is attributed to the range of sizes across the subspecies. Also, females are invariably at least somewhat larger than males and condition of birds is variable. It is slightly larger than the buffy fish owl with a darker brown hue.",
      "Compared to eagle owls of similar length, fish owls tend to be even shorter in tail length and even heavier in build, have relatively larger wings, have considerably longer legs, and have a rough texture to the bottom of their toes. At least the latter two features are clear adaptations to aid these owls in capturing fish. Diurnal raptors who feed largely on fish have similar, if not identical, rough texture under their toes, which helps these birds grasp slippery fish. Unlike diurnal raptors who capture fish such as the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) as compared to most terrestrial raptors, the fish owls have large, powerful, and curved talons and a longitudinal sharp keel sitting under the middle claw with all having sharp cutting edges that are very much like those of eagle owls. Also, unlike fish-eating diurnal raptors will not submerge any part of their body while hunting, preferring only to put their feet into the water, although fish owls will hunt on foot, wading into the shallows. Unlike most owls, the feathers of fish owls are not soft to the touch and they lack the comb and hair-like fringes to the primaries, which allow other owls to fly silently in order to ambush their prey. Due to the lack of these feather-specializations, fish owl wing beats make sounds. The brown fish owl in particular is said to have a noisy wing beat, sometimes described as producing a singing sound, but another description claimed they could be \"as silent as any other owl\" in flight. The lack of a deep facial disc in fish owls is another indication of the unimportance of sound relative to vision in these owls, as facial disc depth (as well as inner ear size) are directly related to how important sound is to an owl's hunting behavior. Also different from most any other kind of owl, the bill is placed on the face between the eyes rather below it, which is said to impart this fish owl with a \"remarkably morose and sinister expression\". Similar adaptations, such as unwillingness to submerge beyond their legs and lack of sound-muffling feathers are also seen in the African fishing owls, which do not seem to be directly related. The brown fish owl has sometimes been regarded as conspecific with the Blakiston's fish owl (B. blakistoni), but there is an approximately 2,000 km (1,200 mi) gap in their distributions, not to mention a large number of physical differences not the least of which is the Blakiston's considerably greater size."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Buffy fish-owl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupa_ketupu",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "CCNR, JEG, NTL, Poyan, P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Sentosa",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ketupa_ketupu.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The buffy fish owl is buff brown with darker tawny brown feathers on the back. Its face is paler and it has light brown eyebrows. With an adult size of 40 to 48 cm (16 to 19 in) and a weight of 1,028 to 2,100 g (2.3 to 4.6 lb), it is the smallest fish owl species.",
      "Like all fish owls, the buffy fish owl has prominent ear tufts on the sides of the head. Its wing feathers and tail are broadly barred yellowish and dark brown. The wings are distinctly rounded in shape. The underparts are a yellowish brown, rich buff or fulvous with broad blackish shaft stripes. Its long legs are not feathered.",
      "The fish owls have large, powerful, and curved talons and a longitudinal sharp keel underneath the middle claw with all having sharp cutting edges that are very much like those of eagle owls. Unlike fish-eating diurnal raptors, they do not submerge any part of their body while hunting, preferring only to put their feet into the water, although fish owls wade into the shallows. The feathers of fish owls are not soft to the touch and lack the comb and hair-like fringes to the primaries, which allow other owls to fly silently in order to ambush their prey. Due to the lack of these feather-specializations, fish owl wing beats make sounds. The lack of a deep facial disc in fish owls is another indication of the unimportance of sound relative to vision in these owls, as facial disc depth (as well as inner ear size) are directly related to how important sound is to an owl's hunting behavior. Also different from most any other kind of owl, the bill is placed on the face between the eyes rather than below it, which is said to impart this fish owl with a \"remarkably morose and sinister expression\". Similar adaptations, such as unwillingness to submerge beyond their legs and lack of sound-muffling feathers are also seen in the African fishing owls, which do not seem to be directly related. Due to their neat replacement of each other in range, at one time the tawny and buffy fish owls were considered the same species but there are a number of physical, anatomical, habitat, and behavioral distinctions between them."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Spotted wood-owl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strix_seloputo",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Bidadari, Chinatown, City, Dover Road, JLG, PRP, P. Ubin, Poyan, St. John Is., Sentosa, SBG, TBHP, Toa Payoh",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Strix_seloputo_-_Pasir_Ris.jpg",
        "text": "Pasir Ris Park, Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The spotted wood owl grows to a length of about 44 to 48 cm (17 to 19 in) with a wing length of 30 to 36 cm (12 to 14 in). The head is chocolate brown with an orangish-buff facial disc and, in the nominate subspecies, a yellowish throat band, but there are no ear-tufts. The upper parts are coffee-coloured, with white bars and spots edged with black. The underparts are dull yellow with broad white and narrow black bars. The eye is dark brown and the beak greenish-black. The legs and toes are well-feathered, with the visible parts being olive. The call is a rolling \"huhuhu\" followed by a long \"whoo\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown wood-owl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strix_leptogrammica",
    "rarity": "VR/RB",
    "location": "CCNR, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Brown_Wood_Owl1.jpg",
        "text": "Sattal, Uttarakhand Call of S. l. indranee"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The brown wood owl (Strix leptogrammica) is found in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, and south China. The brown wood owl is a resident breeder in south Asia. This species is a part of the family of owls known as typical owls (Strigidae), which contains most species of owl. It belongs to the earless owl genus Strix.",
      "The brown wood owl is medium large (45–57 cm), with upperparts uniformly dark brown, with faint white spotting on the shoulders. The underparts are buff with brown streaking. The facial disc is brown or rufous, edged with white and without concentric barring, and the eyes are dark brown. There is a white neckband. The sexes are similar in appearance.",
      "Their call is a (hoo) hoo hoo HOO, or a deep goke-goke-ga-LOOO, or a loud scream. Their alarm call is a bark, wow-wow. Some subspecies are known to produce distinct vocalizations; they are also different in appearance and parapatric, and might be distinct species: The northern Strix (leptogrammica) newarensis group (Himalayan wood-owl; present subspecies newarensis, ticehursti, laotiana and caligata) which occur from the Himalayan foothills of Kashmir east to Taiwan have a soft low to-hooh not unlike a rock dove cooing. S. (l.) bartelsi (Bartels's wood-owl), Javan wood-owl from Java, the southeasternmost taxon, has a loud, forceful, single HOOH! with long pauses between calls.",
      "This species is highly nocturnal and isn't commonly found in dense forests. It can often be located by the small birds that mob it while it is roosting in a tree. The diet of the brown wood owl consists mainly of small mammals, birds, and reptiles."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Short-eared owl",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asio_flammeus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Changi, Marina East",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Short_Eared_Owl_on_the_Ground.jpg",
        "text": "Individual at the Little Rann of Kutch."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The short-eared owl is a medium-sized owl measuring 34–43 cm (13–17 in) in length and weighing 206–475 g (7.3–16.8 oz). It has large eyes, a big head, a short neck, and broad wings. Its bill is short, strong, hooked and black. Its plumage is mottled tawny to brown with a barred tail and wings. The upper breast is significantly streaked. Its flight is characteristically floppy due to its irregular wingbeats. The short-eared owl may also be described as \"moth or bat-like\" in flight. Wingspans range from 85 to 110 cm (33 to 43 in). Females are slightly larger than males. The yellow-orange eyes of A. flammeus are exaggerated by black rings encircling each eye, giving the appearance of them wearing mascara, and large, whitish disks of plumage surrounding the eyes like a mask.",
      "Short-eared owls have a scratchy bark-like call. Raspy waowk, waowk, waowk or toot-toot-toot-toot-toot sounds are common. A loud eeee-yerp is also heard on breeding grounds. However, short-eared owls are silent on the wintering grounds.",
      "Through much of its range, short-eared owls occurs with the similar-looking long-eared owl. At rest, the ear-tufts of the long-eared owl serve to easily distinguish the two (although long-eared owls can sometimes hold their ear-tufts flat). The iris-colour differs: yellow in the short-eared, and orange in the long-eared, and the black surrounding the eyes is vertical on the long-eared, and horizontal on the short-eared. Overall the short-eared tends to be a paler, sandier bird than the long-eared. There are a number of other ways in which the two species the differ which are best seen when they are flying: a) the short-eared often has a broad white band along the rear edge of the wing, which is not shown by the long-eared; b) on the upperwing, short-eared owls' primary-patches are usually paler and more obvious; c) the band on the upper side of the short-eared owl's tail are usually bolder than those of the long-eared; d) the short-eared's innermost secondaries are often dark-marked, contrasting with the rest of the underwing; e) the long-eared owl has streaking throughout its underparts, whereas on the short-eared the streaking ends at the breast; f) the dark markings on the underside of the tips of the longest primaries are bolder on the short-eared owl; g) the upper parts are coarsely blotched, whereas on the long-eared they are more finely marked. The short-eared owl also differs structurally from the long-eared, having longer, slimmer wings: the long-eared owl has wings shaped more like those of a tawny owl. The long-eared owl generally has different habitat preferences from the short-eared, most often being found concealed in areas with dense wooded thickets. The short-eared owl is often most regularly seen flying about in early morning or late day as it hunts over open habitats.",
      ""
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown boobook",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninox_scutulata",
    "rarity": "C/RBWV",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, HNP, JLG, P. Ubin, Sentosa",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Brown_Hawk-Owl_-_Ninox_scutulata.jpg",
        "text": "Brown hawk-owl at Phuket, Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The brown hawk-owl is a medium-sized owl with a length of 32 cm (13 in). It has a hawk-like shape due to its long tail and lack of a distinct facial disk. The upperparts are dark brown, with a barred tail.  The underparts are whitish with reddish-brown streaking, although the subspecies found in the Andaman Islands has dark brown underparts. The eyes are large and yellow. Sexes are similar.",
      "This species is very nocturnal but it can often be located by the small birds that mob it while it is roosting in a tree. It feeds mainly on large insects, frogs, lizards, small birds, and mice. The call is a repeated low soft, musical oo-uk ...ooo-uk... which may be heard at dusk and dawn.  This owl is quite common in towns and cities like Colombo, Sri Lanka as well as suburban areas close to buildings."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Northern boobook",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninox_japonica",
    "rarity": "R/PMWV",
    "location": "Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Ninox_japonica%2C_Japan.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Ninox japonica is a hawk owl species with a body length averaging between 29 and 33 cm and a wingspan of approximately 60 to 70 cm wide.  Current knowledge on the species shows no sexual dimorphism and an average weight of approximately 168g. The northern boobook has a hawk-like appearance and its subspecies are practically undistinguishable. Individuals of the species will have a brown back and wings with lighter brown horizontal streaks on the tail feathers. The neck, crown and face of this bird are slightly more greyish brown aside from a small white patch above the beak. It has striking yellow gold eyes, a black beak and yellow talons. Its belly is almost completely white aside from rust-colored specs, which bare similarity to its sister species the brown boobook (N. scutulata). Aside from mitochondrial distinction, research has determined that subspecies of Ninox japonica, N. japonica totogo and N. japonica japonica, can be differentiated through the shorter wing chord (214-217mm) and the longer tail (118mm) of N. totogo. This has been hypothesized to be an adaption due to the migratory nature of N. j. totogo.  "
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black hornbill",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracoceros_malayanus",
    "rarity": "R/NBV",
    "location": "P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Malayan_black_hornbill_%28Anthracoceros_malayanus%29_-London_Zoo.jpg",
        "text": "Male at London Zoo, England"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The male has a yellowish bill while the female has a dark grey bill."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oriental pied hornbill",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracoceros_albirostris",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "Bidadari, Pasir Ris, CCNR, Changi Village, P. Ubin, PRP, SBWR, St. John Is.",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Oriental_pied_hornbill_%28Anthracoceros_albirostris%29_male_%28l%29_female_%28r%29.jpg",
        "text": "Male (left) and female (right)Kinabatangan River, Borneo"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The oriental pied hornbill is a medium size frugivore with a head-to-tail length of 55–60 cm and a wingspan of 23–36 cm. The bill measures 19 cm for males and 16 cm for females. It can weigh between 600 g and 1,050 g, averaging 900 g for males and 875 g for females. The plumage of the head, neck, back, wings and upper breast is black with a slight green sheen. The tail is black with white tips on all the feathers except the central feathers (rectories). The plumage of their lower breast, lower abdomen, thighs, under-wing and all the tips of the wings except the three basal secondaries and two outer primaries is white, as is the circumorbital skin around the eyes and on the throat skin. A blue tinge can sometimes be noticed on the throat of adults. Casques of mature A. albirostri are laterally flattened “cylinders”, which may form a protruding horn. Males and females are similar in coloration. Males can be distinguished from females by their larger body size, yellow bill, which has a black base, and bright red eyes. Females have a slightly smaller body size, a yellow bill and casque with a partly black, browned patched mandible, and grayish-brown eyes. Juvenile A. albirostris resemble the adults, but have an undeveloped casque and a smaller bill. Their black plumage lacks the green gloss found on adults.",
      "The calls of the oriental pied hornbill have been described as crowlike sounds, braying sounds or harsh crackles and screeches"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "water edges",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/%E2%99%82_Common_Kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis%29_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar%2C_Mangaon%2C_Maharashtra%2C_India.jpg",
        "text": "Male A. a. bengalensis from Maharashtra, India."
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female.jpg",
        "text": "Female A. a. ispidaKecskemét, Hungary"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species has the typical short-tailed, dumpy-bodied, large-headed, and long-billed kingfisher shape. The adult male of the western European subspecies, A. a. ispida has green-blue upperparts with pale azure-blue back and rump, a rufous patch by the bill base, and a rufous ear-patch. It has a green-blue neck stripe, white neck blaze and throat, rufous underparts, and a black bill with some red at the base. The legs and feet are bright red. It is about 16 centimetres (6.3 in) long with a wingspan of 25 cm (9.8 in), and weighs 34–46 grams (1.2–1.6 oz). The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower mandible is orange-red with a black tip. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but with duller and greener upperparts and paler underparts. Its bill is black, and the legs are also initially black. Feathers are moulted gradually between July and November with the main flight feathers taking 90–100 days to moult and regrow. Some that moult late may suspend their moult during cold winter weather.[citation needed]",
      "The flight of the kingfisher is fast, direct and usually low over water. The short, rounded wings whirr rapidly, and a bird flying away shows an electric-blue \"flash\" down its back.",
      "In North Africa, Europe and Asia north of the Himalayas, this is the only small blue kingfisher. In south and southeast Asia, it can be confused with six other small blue-and-rufous kingfishers, but the rufous ear patches distinguish it from all but juvenile blue-eared kingfishers; details of the head pattern may be necessary to differentiate the two species where both occur.",
      "The common kingfisher has no song. The flight call is a short, sharp whistle chee repeated two or three times. Anxious birds emit a harsh, shrit-it-it and nestlings call for food with a churring noise.",
      "There are seven subspecies differing in the hue of the upperparts and the intensity of the rufous colour of the underparts; size varies across the subspecies by up to 10%. The races resident south of the Wallace Line have the bluest upperparts and partly blue ear-patches."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rufous-collared kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actenoides_concretus",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Rufous-collared_Kingfisher_-_Thailand_S4E3779.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The rufous-collared kingfisher (Actenoides concretus) is a species of bird in the family Alcedinidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.It is threatened by habitat loss.",
      "This species is 22–25.5 cm (8.7-10.0 inches) long and about 60-90 grams (2.1-3.2 ounces), making it medium-sized among kingfishers. It is mostly blue-green above, with yellow spots on its back. It has a green crown and a black eye mask.",
      "Despite its name, some do not have the rufous breast band. Instead, those individuals have rufous underparts overall."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue-eared kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_meninting",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "BBNP, CCNR, HNP, NTL, Poyan, P. Ubin, SBTB, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Raja_Udang_Meninting_-_Isrodin.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This 16 centimetres (6.3 in) long kingfisher is almost identical to the common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) but is distinguished by the blue ear coverts, darker and more intense cobalt-blue upperparts with richer rufous under parts. The juvenile blue-eared kingfisher has rufous ear-coverts as in the common kingfisher but it usually shows some mottling on the throat and upper breast which disappears when the bird reaches adulthood. Young birds have a reddish bill with whitish tips."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-backed dwarf-kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyx_erithacus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Oriental_dwarf_kingfisher_%28Ceyx_erithaca%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Ceyx erithaca with frog kill from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The oriental dwarf kingfisher is one of the smallest known kingfisher species. It is only slightly larger than a medium-sized humming bird and measures 12.5–14 cm in length (including bill and tail).  Females typically weigh 14-16g  and males 14-21.5g, making the males slightly larger. The two sexes are otherwise alike and sexual dimorphism is not present. Both males and females have a black spot on the forehead; blue and white patches on the side of the neck; a lilac-rufous crown, rump, and tail; a dark blue back and wings; a white chin and throat; pale yellow-orange underparts; a dark brown iris; and red legs, feet, and bill. Juveniles are duller and have less lilac colouring; a white chin, throat and belly; yellow-orange bill with pale tip; and blue scapulars and wing-coverts. This species of kingfisher has three toes, explaining why it is sometimes called the three-toed kingfisher, however, there are other kingfishers which also have three toes. The toe-count in these kingfisher species does not appear to be adaptive."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rufous-backed dwarf-kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyx_rufidorsa",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Oriental_dwarf_kingfisher_%28Ceyx_erithaca%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Ceyx erithaca with frog kill from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The oriental dwarf kingfisher is one of the smallest known kingfisher species. It is only slightly larger than a medium-sized humming bird and measures 12.5–14 cm in length (including bill and tail).  Females typically weigh 14-16g  and males 14-21.5g, making the males slightly larger. The two sexes are otherwise alike and sexual dimorphism is not present. Both males and females have a black spot on the forehead; blue and white patches on the side of the neck; a lilac-rufous crown, rump, and tail; a dark blue back and wings; a white chin and throat; pale yellow-orange underparts; a dark brown iris; and red legs, feet, and bill. Juveniles are duller and have less lilac colouring; a white chin, throat and belly; yellow-orange bill with pale tip; and blue scapulars and wing-coverts. This species of kingfisher has three toes, explaining why it is sometimes called the three-toed kingfisher, however, there are other kingfishers which also have three toes. The toe-count in these kingfisher species does not appear to be adaptive."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stork-billed kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargopsis_capensis",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "water edges",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Stork-billed_Kingfisher_Baranagar_Kolkata_West_Bengal_India_21.04.2014.jpg",
        "text": "From Baranagar, India. The shape of its bill resembles that of a stork."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The stork-billed kingfisher (Pelargopsis capensis), is a tree kingfisher which is widely but sparsely distributed in the tropical Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India to Indonesia. This kingfisher is resident throughout its range.",
      "It is a very large kingfisher, measuring 35 cm (14 in) in length. The adult has a green back, blue wings and tail, and olive-brown head. Its underparts and neck are buff. The very large bill and legs are bright red. The flight of the stork-billed kingfisher is laboured and flapping, but direct. Sexes are similar. There are 13 races or subspecies, differing mostly in plumage detail, but P. c. gigantea of the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines has a white head, neck and underparts. The call of this noisy kingfisher is a low and far reaching peer-por-por repeated about every 5 seconds, as well cackling ke-ke-ke-ke-ke-ke.",
      "The stork-billed kingfisher lives in a variety of well-wooded habitats near lakes, rivers, or coasts. It perches quietly whilst seeking food, and is often inconspicuous despite its size. It is territorial and will chase away eagles and other large predators. This species hunts fish, frogs, crabs, rodents and young birds.",
      "Adults dig their nests in river banks, decaying trees, or tree termite nests. A clutch of two to five round white eggs is typical."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ruddy kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_coromanda",
    "rarity": "R/RBWV",
    "location": "RB: P. Tekong. WV: Bidadari, CBP, CCNR, City, DFNP, Fort Canning, JLG, P. Ubin, SBG, SBWR, Venus Drive",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Ruddy_Kingfisher.jpg",
        "text": "At Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Reaching approximately 25 cm, the ruddy kingfisher has a very large, bright red bill and equally red legs.  The body is rust red, generally deepening to purple at the tail.  There is little sexual dimorphism though some sources report male birds being somewhat brighter in plumage. Due to its preference for heavily forested areas, the kingfisher's high, descending call is more often heard than the bird itself is seen, and these birds generally travel singly or in pairs."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-throated kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "water edges",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/T.bird%C2%A9_Sourav_Mahmud...1_%28350%29.jpg",
        "text": "White-throated kingfisher in Bangladesh Call"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a large kingfisher, 27–28 cm (10.6–11.0 in) in length. The adult has a bright blue back, wings and tail. Its head, shoulders, flanks and lower belly are chestnut, and the throat and breast are white. The large bill and legs are bright red. The flight of the white-throated kingfisher is rapid and direct, the short rounded wings whirring. In flight, large white patches are visible on the blue and black wings. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are a duller version of the adult.",
      "This species forms a superspecies with Halcyon cyanoventris and most major works recognize four geographic races. They vary clinally in size, the shades of blue on the mantle which is more greenish in smyrnensis and fusca and more blue or purplish in saturatior. H. s. gularis of the Philippines has only the neck and throat white. It is sometimes treated as a distinct species, H. gularis. Race fusca is found in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka and is slightly smaller, bluer and with a darker brown underside than the nominate race found in northwestern India. Race saturatior is found in the Andaman Islands and is larger with darker brown underparts. Race perpulchra (not always recognized) is found in northeastern India and is smaller than fusca with paler underparts. Albinism has been noted on occasion.",
      "The English of white-throated was introduced since the range is large and geographic adjectives would make the name too restrictive, while the older name of white-breasted would not describe the eastern race which has only the throat white.[citation needed]",
      "The call of this kingfisher is a chuckling chake-ake-ake-ake-ake. They are particularly noisy in the breeding season.[citation needed]"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-capped kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_pileata",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, PRP, SBWR, S. Serangoon, Tuas, LSD",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Black-capped_Kingfisher_Sundarbans_West_Bengal_India_30.12.2014.jpg",
        "text": "An adult Black-capped Kingfisher from Sundarban, West Bengal, India."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This kingfisher is about 28 centimetres (11 in) long. The adult has purple-blue wings and back, black head and shoulders, white neck collar and throat, and rufous underparts. The large bill and legs are bright red. In flight, large white patches or \"mirrors\" at the base of the primaries are visible on the blue and black wings. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are a duller version of the adult and show streaks on the throat. The call of this kingfisher is a cackling ki-ki-ki-ki-ki.",
      "Usually seen on coastal waters and especially in mangroves, it is easily disturbed. It perches conspicuously and dives to catch fish, and also feeds on large insects. The flight of the black-capped kingfisher is rapid and direct, the short rounded wings whirring.",
      "The breeding season is in summer. The nest is a tunnel in an earth bank. A single clutch of 4-5 round, white eggs is typical.",
      "A subspecies palawanensis has been described, but the species is considered to be monotypic with no clear plumage differences across its range."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Collared kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todirhamphus_chloris",
    "rarity": "VC/RB",
    "location": "water edges",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Todiramphus_chloris_2_-_Laem_Phak_Bia.jpg",
        "text": "Todiramphus chloris humii Laem Phak Bia, Phetchaburi, Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The collared kingfisher is 23 to 25 cm (9.1 to 9.8 in) long and the male weighs 51 to 90 g (1.8 to 3.2 oz), while the female weighs 54–100 g (1.9–3.5 oz). It varies from blue to green above while the underparts can be white or buff. There is a white collar around the neck, giving the bird its name. Some races have a white or buff stripe over the eye while others have a white spot between the eye and bill. There may be a black stripe through the eye. The large bill is black with a pale yellow base to the lower mandible. Females tend to be greener than the males. Immature birds are duller than the adults with dark scaly markings on the neck and breast.",
      "It has a variety of calls which vary geographically. The most typical call is a loud, harsh and metallic \"kee-kee-kee\" repeated several times."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pied kingfisher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceryle_rudis",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Pied_kingfisher_%28Ceryle_rudis_leucomelanurus%29_male.jpg",
        "text": "male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Pied_kingfisher_%28Ceryle_rudis_leucomelanurus%29_female.jpg",
        "text": "Femaleboth C. r. leucomelanurusChambal River, Uttar Pradesh, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a medium-sized kingfisher, about 25 cm (9.8 in) long with a white with a black mask, a white supercilium and black breast bands. The crest is neat and the upperparts are barred in black. Several subspecies are recognized within the broad distribution. The nominate race is found in sub-Saharan Africa, extending into West Asia. The subspecies syriacus is a larger northern bird similar to the nominate subspecies (following Bergmann's rule). Subspecies leucomelanura is found from Afghanistan east into India,  Thailand and Southeast Asia. The subspecies travancoreensis of the Western Ghats is darker with the white reduced. The subspecies C. r. insignis is found in Hainan and southeastern China and has a much larger bill. Males have a narrow second breast-band while females have a single broken breast band."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue-throated bee-eater",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merops_viridis",
    "rarity": "C/MB",
    "location": "islandwide (including offshore islands)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Blue-throated_bee-eater_%28Merops_viridis%29.jpg",
        "text": "Danum Valley, Borneo, Malaysia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adult blue-throated bee-eaters grow to around 21 cm, with an additional 9 cm including tail streamers. They weigh around 34 to 41 grams. Adults have spectacular plumage with a red crown and nape, dark green wings, blue tail, light green breast, white belly, and the signature blue throat. Juveniles develop their full plumage later, with mostly green coloration all over their body. They have a dark green head and wings and light green breast. Both adults and juveniles have black eye patches. Eye color can range between red and brown, or a combination.",
      "Blue-throated bee-eaters make a combination of vocalizations characterized as longcalls, alarm calls, chirps, low chirps, purrs, sharp coos, trills, and feeding calls. Longcalls have been observed to communicate long distances and are recognizable by their volume and intensity. A longcall is performed either during flight or on a perch by stretching and pointing their bill upwards, known as a “longcall” posture. Chirps are short and sharp with regular intervals, often used during digs."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue-tailed bee-eater",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merops_philippinus",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "islandwide (including offshore islands)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Blue-tailed_bee-eater_%28Merops_philippinus%29.jpg",
        "text": "Kerala, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species, like other bee-eaters, is a richly coloured, slender bird. It is predominantly green; its face has a narrow blue patch with a black eye stripe, and a yellow and brown throat; the tail is blue and the beak is black. The three outer toes are united around their bases. It can reach a length of 23–26 cm, including the two elongated central tail feathers which can jut two inches more than the remaining ten feathers. Sexes are alike. This species is usually found near water and like other bee-eaters it predominantly eats flying insects, especially bees (as large as the Xylocopa sp.), wasps and hornets, which are caught in the air by sorties from an open perch. They may also forage in flight over estuaries, backwaters and even over the sea but not far from the coast. This species probably takes bees and dragonflies in roughly equal numbers. The insects that are caught are beaten on the perch to kill and break the exoskeleton. This habit is seen in many other members of the order Coraciiformes. They call mainly in flight with a rolling chirping whistling teerp.",
      "The only confusable species within its range is the blue-cheeked bee-eater which however tends to be found in drier areas. The blue-tailed differs in having the rump and tail blue rather than green and black. The undertail feathers are bluish rather than green in the blue-cheeked. The blue cheek patch is much smaller while the chestnut on the throat and breast darker and covering a larger area.",
      "They breed in April to May in India nesting colonially with closely placed nest holes in a vertical mudbank or even burrowing into gently sloping land. They tend to choose sandy and sandy clay loams but avoid heavier clay loams. They also prefer clear mud banks without any vegetation cover. In Sri Lanka, they have been noted to breed in artificial sand dunes created by dredging of sea sand. The nest tunnel can run nearly 2 metres deep. About 5 to 7 near spherical eggs are laid. Both the male and the female take care of the eggs. The parents guard the nest to prevent intraspecific brood parasitism and extra pair copulation. These birds also feed and roost communally. One or two helpers may join the breeding pair after incubation begins. Although males and females appear similar to the human eye, males tend to have longer central tail feather extensions and UV reflectance studies demonstrate that healthy males had darker chestnut throats and brighter green body plumage while females showed brighter blue rumps and yellow chins."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dollarbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurystomus_orientalis",
    "rarity": "C/RBWV",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Dollarbird_Samcem_Dec02.JPG",
        "text": "Adult"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The oriental dollarbird has a length of up to 30 cm. It is dark brown but this is heavily washed with a bluish-green sheen on the back and wing coverts. Its belly and undertail coverts are light coloured, and it has glossy bright blue colouring on its throat and undertail. Its flight feathers are a darker blue. Its bill is short and wide and in mature animals is coloured orange-red with a black tip. It has very light blue patches on the outer parts of its wings which are highly visible in flight and for which it is named. The females are slightly duller than the males but overall the two are very similar. Immature birds are much duller than the adults and do not have the blue colouring on their throats. They also have brown bills and feet instead of the red of the adults."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Coppersmith barbet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilopogon_haemacephalus",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Coppersmith_Barbet_%28Megalaima_haemacephala%29_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra Call"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The coppersmith barbet is green with a red head, yellow cheeks and a yellow throat. Its underparts are streaked in grey and black.During the nesting season, the wear and tear on the feathers can cause the plumage of the upper back to appear bluish.It is 15–17 cm (5.9–6.7 in) long and weighs 30–52.6 g (1.06–1.86 oz)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-crowned barbet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilopogon_rafflesii",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, Poyan",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Red-crowned_Barbet_%28_Megalaima_rafflesii_%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The red-crowned barbet is medium-large, at 24.5–27 cm (9.6–10.6 in) in length and 99–150 grams (3.5–5.3 ounces) in weight. It is primarily green, with a red crown and spots below the eyes, black and yellow face, and a blue throat and eyebrow. Females resemble males, but are duller."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lineated barbet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilopogon_lineatus",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, HNP, JEG, JLG, NTL, Poyan, SBG, Southern Ridges",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Lineated_Barbet_%28%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%29_2.jpg",
        "text": "on a fig tree (Ficus racemosa)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The lineated barbet (Psilopogon lineatus) is an Asian barbet native to the Terai, the Brahmaputra basin to Southeast Asia. It is a frugivore and nests in holes of tree trunks."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sunda woodpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yungipicus_moluccensis",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "parks",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Female_Sunda_Pygmy_Woodpecker.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a small sized woodpecker (Size range: 11.5-12.5 cm). Greyish brown capped head; ear covers dark brown with two rather broad whitish grey bands narrowing towards neck. Upper parts greyish brown with white wings tipped with white thus appearing striped. Tail short and blackish with white bands. Lores and throat white leading into dirty white underparts. Upper breast streaked with brown reducing towards vent. Whitish underwing coverts with pale brown. Sexes dimorphic. Males have a reddish orange crown which is absent in females."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rufous woodpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropternus_brachyurus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Rufous_woodpecker.jpg",
        "text": "Male jerdonii from southern India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The rufous woodpecker is about 25 cm long, overall dark brown with dark bands on the feathers of the wing and tail giving it a black-barred appearance. The head appears paler and underparts are of a darker shade. The bill is short and black with a slight curvature of the culmen. At the nostrils the bill is narrow. The tail is short and rufous with narrow black bars but in subspecies badiosus the tail is dark with narrow rufous bars. Feather margins are pale in squamigularis and annamensis. Feathers on the neck, ears and lore are unmarked. Males have red-tipped feathers under eyes, between eye and ear coverts and on malar region sometimes forming a patch. Females and young lack the red feather tips. A weak but erectile crest is present. Juveniles appear streaked on the throat but some subspecies also have streaked throat feathers. In the field, birds can appear soiled and smell of ant secretions (Crematogaster ants are unique in having a spatulate tip to the sting that is used merely to spray fluid forward at intruders from a raised gaster) due to their foraging or nesting activities."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Buff-rumped woodpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiglyptes_tristis",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "Bidadari, CCNR, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Buff-rumped_Woodpecker_%2814100212853%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The buff-rumped woodpecker (Meiglyptes tristis) is a species of bird in the family Picidae.It is found in southern Myanmar, Thailand, Malaya, Java, Sumatra and Borneo.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. ",
      "The buff-rumped woodpecker was described by the American naturalist Thomas Horsfield in 1821 under the binomial name Picus tristis from a specimen collected in Java. The specific epithet tristis is Latin for \"sad\" or \"gloomy\". The species is now placed in the genus Meiglyptes that was introduced by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1837.",
      "Two subspecies are recognised:",
      "Some authorities treat the two subspecies as separate species with M. grammithorax as the buff-rumped woodpecker and M. tristis as the white-rumped woodpecker."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common flameback",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinopium_javanense",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Common_Flameback_-_female_%28Dinopium_javanense%29.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species measures 28-32 cm (11-12.6 inches) in length. It usually weighs about 67-100 grams (2.4-3.5 ounces).",
      "It has a flaming golden back and long, solid black moustachial stripes. Both sexes have black eyestripes joined to black rear neck stripe. Male has red crown, female has black crown. Black-scaled white underparts and red rump contrasting with black tail. Rather small bill, and only three toes on each foot. The greater flameback (Chrysocolaptes lucidus) looks quite similar.",
      "Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Crimson-winged woodpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picus_puniceus",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Crimson-winged_Woodpecker_-_Thailand_H8O6941_%2816222876028%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The crimson-winged woodpecker (Picus puniceus) is a species of bird in the woodpecker family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It can grow up to 25 cm long. Its diet is mainly insects and larvae. It is a bright and colourful bird that is hard to misidentify."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Laced woodpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picus_vittatus",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Laced_Woodpecker.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The laced woodpecker (Picus vittatus) is a species of bird in the family Picidae.",
      "It is found throughout Southeast Asia in the countries of Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. A sole specimen recorded for Bangladesh has since been reidentified as a streak-breasted woodpecker.",
      "Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Banded woodpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysophlegma_miniaceum",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "forests",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Female_banded_woodpecker.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The upper parts of the banded woodpecker are predominantly rufous-brown. The mantle is dull olive scaled with buff and the rump is yellow. The tail is chocolate-brown. The head is mostly rufous-brown with a shaggy yellowish nape. The chin, neck and throat are reddish-brown, the breast reddish barred with olive and the belly whitish, heavily barred with brownish-black. The sexes differ slightly; the male has a redder face and throat while the female's face and throat are browner, flecked with white. Both sexes have a dark beak, a chestnut eye with a bluish orbital ring, and greenish legs. Adult birds are about 26 cm (10 in) long."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Great slaty woodpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulleripicus_pulverulentus",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "BTNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Great_Slaty_Woodpecker_Kaladhungi_Nainital_Uttarakhand_India_07.10.2014.jpg",
        "text": "Mulleripicus pulverulentus mohun(♂) from the lower Himalayas of Kaladhungi, Uttarakhand, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "With the probable extinctions of the imperial woodpecker and the ivory-billed woodpecker, this species, at 48–58 cm (19–23 in) long and a weight of 360–563 g (0.794–1.241 lb), stands as the largest woodpecker in the world. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 21.5 to 25 cm (8.5 to 9.8 in), the tail is 13.4 to 16.2 cm (5.3 to 6.4 in), the bill is 6 to 6.5 cm (2.4 to 2.6 in) and the tarsus is 3.6 to 4.1 cm (1.4 to 1.6 in). This unique-looking woodpecker has several obvious distinctive features: a very long, strong chisel-tipped bill, an elongated neck and a long tail. A slight crest maybe occasionally evident. This species plumage is almost entirely dark grey or blackish slate-grey overlaid with small white spots. The throat is paler grey and males have small red moustache. Normally, the nominate subspecies is the darkest, most slaty gray race. M. p. harterti has a more pale throat with a greater amount of whitish feather tips forming small spot and is slightly paler below than the nominate, sometimes appearing almost whitish on the belly. The size and structure readily distinguishes this bird from almost any other species, including other woodpeckers. Occasionally, at first glance, the great slaty woodpecker is mistaken for a hornbill but, obviously, such a resemblance is slight at best.",
      "For a bird of such great size, the great slaty woodpecker has a weak, quiet voice, especially compared to other large woodpeckers, which tend to have loud, booming voices. The species call is a whinnying cackle of 2 to 5, usually 4 notes, woikwoikwoikwoik, the initial being higher in pitched and the middle note being distinctly lower. Single dwot calls, variable in sound, strength and duration, are sometimes given while perched or in flight. Breeding pairs of these woodpeckers have been heard to softly mew at each other. In more antagonistic situations, sharp taw-whit or dew-it calls are uttered while the birds swing their heads back and forth."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-bellied woodpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryocopus_javensis",
    "rarity": "Ex/R",
    "location": "CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/WhiteBelliedWoodpecker.JPG",
        "text": "D. j. hodgsonii"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species is one of the largest living species of woodpecker. Adults range in size from 40 to 48 cm (16 to 19 in) and are second in size only to the great slaty woodpecker among Asian woodpecker species. The species is considered closely related to the more northern black woodpecker and the North American pileated woodpecker and is similar in size to these species. Body mass can vary from 197 to 350 g (6.9 to 12.3 oz). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 20.5 to 25.2 cm (8.1 to 9.9 in), the tail is 14.3 to 18.9 cm (5.6 to 7.4 in), the bill is 4.6 to 6 cm (1.8 to 2.4 in) and the tarsus is 3.2 to 4.3 cm (1.3 to 1.7 in).",
      "The subspecies hodgsonii has whitish underwing coverts and a white rump. The face lacks white, but juveniles of the nominate race can have white streaks on the throat. Differences from the other Southeast Asian subspecies in the vocalizations and morphology of this species are suggested to be large enough to raise this to full species status. Solitary adults may spend an hour foraging at a suitable tree. The subspecies hodgsonii of India breeds from January to May, mainly in large dead trees, often using the same tree year after year. The normal clutch is usually of two eggs. They feed mainly on insects such as ants or grubs obtained mainly from under bark, but sometimes take fruit. Although shy, they can nest close to well-used tracks and human disturbed areas. They have a range of calls from a short, sharp \"kuk\" to more intoned \"kyuk\", \"kew\", \"kee-yow\" calls. The longer calls are given prior to flying off. They roost within holes."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-thighed falconet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhierax_fringillarius",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "BBNP, JLG, Yishun",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Black-thighed_Falconet.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a minute, shrike-like falcon, with a squarish tail that is frequently spread.  The adult male is glossy black above, with a white forehead streak that arcs around black cheeks.  It has a white or rufous-washed throat, with a white breast shading into a rufous abdomen.  Its thighs and flanks are black, as is its cere and legs.  In flight the male has white wings underneath with black barring on the primaries and secondary flight feathers, and light streaking on the underwing coverts.  There are three white bars underneath on the otherwise plain black tail.The adult female is similar to the adult male, except the tail is longer.  The juvenile is similar to the adults, except that the white areas of the head are rufous.The voice is a hard, high-pitched cry shiew and a fast repeated kli-kli-kli-kli."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser kestrel",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco_naumanni",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Changi (2001, 2010), Simei (2001)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Lesser_Kestrel_%28Male%29.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Lesser_Kestrel_%28female%29.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a small bird of prey, 27–33 cm (11–13 in) in length with a 63–72 cm (25–28 in) wingspan. It looks very much like the larger common kestrel but has proportionally shorter wings and tail. It shares a brown back and barred grey underparts with the larger species. The male has a grey head and tail like male common kestrels, but lacks the dark spotting on the back, the black malar stripe, and has grey patches in the wings.",
      "The female and young birds are slightly paler than their relative, but are so similar that call and structure are better guides than plumage. The call is a diagnostic harsh chay-chay-chay, unlike the common kestrel's kee-kee-kee. Neither sex has dark talons as is usual in falcons; those of this species are a peculiar whitish-horn color. This, however, is only conspicuous when birds are seen at very close range, e.g. in captivity."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian kestrel",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco_tinnunculus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Bukit Batok West, Changi, CCKC, JLG, Kranji, KRP, P. Punggol, Tuas, Jurong West",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Common_kestrel_falco_tinnunculus.jpg",
        "text": "Adult male Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Common_Kestrel_Falco_tinnunculus_Tal_Chappar_Rajasthan_India_14.02.2013.jpg",
        "text": "Female (♀) Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus from Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, Churu, Rajasthan, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Common kestrels measure 32–39 cm (12+1⁄2–15+1⁄2 in) from head to tail, with a wingspan of 65–82 cm (25+1⁄2–32+1⁄2 in). Females are noticeably larger, with the adult male weighing 136–252 g (4+3⁄4–8+7⁄8 oz), around 155 g (5+1⁄2 oz) on average; the adult female weighs 154–314 g (5+3⁄8–11+1⁄8 oz), around 184 g (6+1⁄2 oz) on average. They are thus small compared with other birds of prey, but larger than most songbirds. Like the other Falco species, they have long wings as well as a distinctive long tail.",
      "Their plumage is mainly light chestnut brown with blackish spots on the upperside and buff with narrow blackish streaks on the underside; the remiges are also blackish. Unlike most raptors, they display sexual colour dimorphism with the male having fewer black spots and streaks, as well as a blue-grey cap and tail. The tail is brown with black bars in females, and has a black tip with a narrow white rim in both sexes. All common kestrels have a prominent black malar stripe like their closest relatives.",
      "The cere, feet, and a narrow ring around the eye are bright yellow; the toenails, bill and iris are dark. Juveniles look like adult females, but the underside streaks are wider; the yellow of their bare parts is paler. Hatchlings are covered in white down feathers, changing to a buff-grey second down coat before they grow their first true plumage."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Amur falcon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco_amurensis",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Changi (2007), DFNP (2017), LSD (2016), Tanah Merah Coast Road (2017)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Amur_Falcon_%28male%29_%28vagrant%29.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Amur_Falcon_%28female%29_at_Lonavala.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Males are characteristically dark sooty grey above with rufous thighs and vent. In flight, the wing lining is white, contrasting with the dark wing feathers. Adult males of the closely related red-footed falcon have a dark grey wing lining. In Africa, males can be confused with melanistic Gabar goshawks, but the chestnut on the vent is distinctive. Also, there may be some superficial resemblance to the sooty falcon and the grey kestrel, but those two species both have yellow feet and cere. The wings are long as in most falcons (with a span of 63–71 cm) and at rest the wing tip reaches or extends just beyond the tail-tip.",
      "Females can be more difficult to identify as they share a pattern common to many falcons, but are distinctive in having an orange eye-ring, a red cere and reddish orange feet. Juveniles can be confused only with those of the red-footed falcon, but lack the buffy underwing coverts."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian hobby",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco_subbuteo",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Henderson Waves (2020)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Eurasian_Hobby_%2814574008925%29_%28cropped%29.jpg",
        "text": "A Eurasian hobby"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adults are slate-grey above with a dark crown and two short black moustachial stripes. The throat is unstreaked white, thighs and undertail coverts are unstreaked rufous and rest of the underparts are whitish with black streaks. Close views enable the red \"trousers\" and vent to be seen. Sexes are similar. Juveniles are generally much browner, with scaled upper parts and streaked buffy thighs and undertail coverts.",
      "The hobby has a distinct first-summer plumage.",
      "This falcon is 29–36 cm (11–14 in) in length with a wingspan of 74–84 cm (29–33 in) and a weight of 175–285 g (6.2–10.1 oz)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Peregrine falcon",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco_peregrinus",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "BAMKP, BBNP, CCNR, Changi, City, JLG, Kranji, KRP, LSD, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Punggol Park, SBWR, Seletar Camp, Sembawang Park, St. John Is., Tuas, Woodlands, Khatib Bongsu",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Falco_peregrinus_good_-_Christopher_Watson.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in Northern Territory, Australia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The peregrine falcon has a body length of 34 to 58 cm (13–23 in) and a wingspan from 74 to 120 cm (29–47 in). The male and female have similar markings and plumage, but as in many birds of prey the peregrine falcon displays marked sexual dimorphism in size, with the female measuring up to 30% larger than the male. Males weigh 330 to 1,000 g (0.73–2.20 lb) and the noticeably larger females weigh 700 to 1,500 g (1.5–3.3 lb). In most subspecies, males weigh less than 700 g (1.5 lb) and females weigh more than 800 g (1.8 lb), with cases of females weighing about 50% more than their male breeding mates not uncommon. The standard linear measurements of peregrines are: the wing chord measures 26.5 to 39 cm (10.4–15.4 in), the tail measures 13 to 19 cm (5.1–7.5 in) and the tarsus measures 4.5 to 5.6 cm (1.8–2.2 in).",
      "The back and the long pointed wings of the adult are usually bluish black to slate grey with indistinct darker barring (see \"Subspecies\" below); the wingtips are black. The white to rusty underparts are barred with thin clean bands of dark brown or black. The tail, coloured like the back but with thin clean bars, is long, narrow, and rounded at the end with a black tip and a white band at the very end. The top of the head and a \"moustache\" along the cheeks are black, contrasting sharply with the pale sides of the neck and white throat. The cere is yellow, as are the feet, and the beak and claws are black. The upper beak is notched near the tip, an adaptation which enables falcons to kill prey by severing the spinal column at the neck. The immature bird is much browner with streaked, rather than barred, underparts, and has a pale bluish cere and orbital ring."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tanimbar corella",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacatua_goffiniana",
    "rarity": "C/IRB",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, Changi Village, Malcolm Park, MFP, PRP SBG, Sembawang Park, Sentosa, Springleaf",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Cacatua_goffiniana_-in_tree-6.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Tanimbar corellas weigh, on average, about 250 g (9 oz) for females and 300 g (11 oz) for males. They are about 31 cm (12 in) from head to tail.",
      "Like all members of the family Cacatuidae, the Tanimbar corella is crested, meaning it has a collection of feathers on its head that it can raise or lower. Its body is mainly covered with white feathers, with salmon or pink colored feathers between the beak and eyes. The deeper (proximal) parts of the crest feathers and neck feathers are also a salmon color, but the coloration here is hidden by the white color of the more superficial (distal) areas of these feathers. The underside of its wing and tail feathers exhibit a yellowish tinge. The beak is pale grey and eye colour ranges from brown to black. Both sexes are similar. They are often confused with the little corella (bare-eyed cockatoo) due to their similar appearance.",
      "The maximum recorded lifespan for a (captive) Tanimbar corella is 28 years and she is still alive today – though this figure may be a significant under-representation, considering the long-lived nature of many other cockatoo species.",
      ""
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yellow-crested cockatoo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacatua_sulphurea",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "Bidadari, Changi Village, Clementi, Dover Road, Malcolm Park, St. John Is., Sentosa, SBG, Southern Ridge",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gelbwangenkakadu_8559.jpg",
        "text": "Wing-clipped cockatoo at Guangzhou Zoo"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) also known as the lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo, is a medium-sized (about 34-cm-long) cockatoo with white plumage, bluish-white bare orbital skin, grey feet, a black bill, and a retractile yellow or orange crest. The sexes are similar.",
      "The yellow-crested cockatoo is found in wooded and cultivated areas of East Timor and Indonesia's islands of Sulawesi and the Lesser Sundas. It is easily confused with the larger and more common sulphur-crested cockatoo, which has a more easterly distribution and can be distinguished by the lack of pale yellow coloring on its cheeks (although some sulphur-cresteds develop yellowish patches). Also, the yellow-crested cockatoo's crest is a brighter color, closer to orange. The citron-crested cockatoo, which is a subspecies of the yellow-crested cockatoo, is similar, but its crest is clearly orange.",
      "The yellow-crested cockatoo's diet consists mainly of seeds, buds, fruits, nuts, and herbaceous plants."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue-rumped parrot",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittinus_cyanurus",
    "rarity": "R/R",
    "location": "Bukit Batok West, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Blue-rumped_Parrot_Psittinus_cyanurus_%286970039210%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The blue-rumped parrot (Psittinus cyanurus) is a parrot found in the very southern tip of Myanmar, peninsular Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra and nearby islands. It is a small parrot (18 cm) and is primarily green with bright red underwing coverts, a reddish shoulder patch, and yellowish margins on the wing coverts. It is sexually dimorphic. The female has a grey-brown head. The male has a black mantle, red upper mandible, and blue head and rump.",
      "It was formerly considered the only member of the genus Psittinus, but BirdLife International recognised the subspecies abbottii as a separate species, the Simeulue parrot, and the IOC later followed suit, supporting it as a distinct species.",
      "There are two subspecies:",
      "It is found in lowland forests, generally below 700 m, in forest, open woodland, orchards and plantations, mangroves, dense scrub, and coconut groves. It occurs in flocks up to 20 birds. They eat seeds, fruit and blossoms."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rose-ringed parakeet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacula_krameri",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "Bidadari, Halus, LSD, Marina East, Poyan, PRP, P. Ubin, Seletar Camp, Sembawang Park, Simpang, SBG",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Rose-ringed_parakeet_%28Psittacula_krameri_borealis%29_male_Jaipur_2.jpg",
        "text": "Male P. k. borealis"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Rose-ringed_Parakeet_%28Psittacula_krameri%29-_Female_on_a_Neem_%28Azadirachta_indica%29_tree_at_Hodal_Iws_IMG_1279.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The rose-ringed parakeet is sexually dimorphic. The adult male sports a red and black neck ring, and the hen and immature birds of both sexes either show no neck rings, or display shadow-like pale to dark grey neck rings. Both sexes have a distinctive green colour in the wild, and captive bred ringnecks have multiple colour mutations which include turquoise, cinnamon, olive, white, blue, violet, grey and yellow. Rose-ringed parakeets measure on average 40 cm (16 in) in length, including the tail feathers, a large portion of their total length. Their average single-wing length is about 15 to 17.5 cm (5.9 to 6.9 in). In the wild, this is a noisy species with an unmistakable squawking call. Captive individuals can be taught to speak. They are a herbivorous and non-migratory species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-breasted parakeet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacula_alexandri",
    "rarity": "C/IRB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Psittacula_alexandri_-Changi_Village-6.jpg",
        "text": "Female (left) and male (right)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The red-breasted parakeet (Psittacula alexandri) is among the more widespread species of the genus and is the species which has the most geographical variations. It is easily identified by the large red patch on its breast. An alternative name is the moustached parakeet depending on subspecies. Most of the subspecies are confined to minuscule islands or a cluster of islands in Indonesia. One subspecies occurs in the Andaman islands, and one subspecies occurs in continental Southeast Asia and partly extending to northeastern parts of South Asia along the foothills of the Himalayas. Some of the island races may be threatened by the wild bird trade. The nominate race, which occurs in Java, is close to extinction.",
      "Feral populations of this species have now established themselves in cities like Mumbai and small numbers occur in other cities such as Chennai and Bangalore in India.",
      "The scientific specific name commemorates Alexander the Great whose armies brought eastern parakeets to Greece. It was the first eponym in scientific avian nomenclature in its original form of Psittacus alexandri Linnaeus, 1758."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Long-tailed parakeet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacula_longicauda",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Psittacula_longicauda_%28feeding%29_-Queenstown_-Singapore-6.jpg",
        "text": "Pair feeding in Queenstown, Singapore(the male is in the foreground)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is mainly green with a long blue tail. The male has a black cap and red face. The female lacks the black cap and has less red."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Coconut lorikeet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoglossus_haematodus",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "BAMKP, BBC, Bidadari, BTNR, Buona Vista, CCNR, Goldhill Ave, JLG, SBG, Sentosa",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Trichoglossus_haematodus_-Jurong_Bird_Park%2C_Singapore_-Dec2009.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The coconut lorikeet measures 25–30 cm (10–12 in) in length and weighs around 109–137 g (3.8–4.8 oz). The bill is orange-red, and the head dark blue fading to brown at the neck. It has a yellow collar and green upperparts. The breast is red with blue-black barring, and the belly is green with yellow barring. The tail is green above and barred in green and yellow below. The male's iris is bright red, while in the female it is orange-red."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue-crowned hanging-parrot",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriculus_galgulus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BAMKP, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, KRP, Malcolm Park, MFP, SBG",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Loriculus_galgulus_%28male%29_-Singapore-8.jpg",
        "text": "Male, Singapore"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Loriculus_galgulus_-Tanglin_Halt%2C_Singapore_-female-8_%282%29.jpg",
        "text": "Female, Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Blue-crowned hanging parrots are mostly green and the adults have black beaks. Adult males have a blue crown, red throat, red rump, and a yellow lower back. Adult females are duller than males and lack the yellow lower back, usually lack the red throat, and the blue crown is much less noticeable. The juvenile is duller than the female, and has a grey forehead and horn-coloured beak."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Green broadbill",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyptomena_viridis",
    "rarity": "Ex/RB, CCNR (Single individual. Mid 2000s). Indeterminate",
    "location": "East Coast Park (Nov2014)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2_Calyptomena_viridis.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The bird is about 17 cm long, plumaged in brilliant green with a black ear patch, widely gaped bill, rounded head, short tail and three black bars on each wing. The beak itself is very weak and almost hidden by the crest above it. Both sexes are similar. The female is duller and has no black markings on its ear patch and wing coverts."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-and-red broadbill",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbirhynchus_macrorhynchos",
    "rarity": "Ex/RB, VR/NBV",
    "location": "P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Cymbirhynchus_macrorhynchos_by_Jason_Thompson.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-and-red broadbill is a large broadbill, around 21–24 cm (8.3–9.4 in) in length. Adults have black heads and breastbands, greenish-black upperparts, with a maroon half-collar and bright maroon rumps and uppertail coverts. Scapulars have pure white edges, forming a white line on the closed wing. The bend of the wing has a narrow orange line. The tail is black, with variable amounts of white. The bill is dichromatic, a bright turquoise-blue maxilla, and a yellow-orange mandible with a blue tip and edges. The irises are bright emerald green.",
      "Immature birds are similar to adults, but have browner upperwings, and have white spots at the tips of the median coverts, along with purple irises. Juveniles have much duller plumages, with sooty brown upper parts, maroon patches on the rump and uppertail coverts, brown underparts and wings, and white patches on the outer webs of the scapulars. They also have blackish to brownish-blue bills and bronze irises.",
      "The black-and-red broadbill is much less vocal than other species of Asian broadbills, often remaining silent, and with quieter calls than most other broadbills. In Laos, the most frequently heard call was a series of accelerating parnk notes, similar to the noise made by the wingbeats of a wreathed hornbill. Other vocalizations include a cicada-like grating call, a monotonous repeated tyook, a rasping wiark, churring calls, and melodious whistles. They also make ascending trills, similar to those of the black-and-yellow broadbill, but shorter, slower, softer, and quieter. The alarm call is a series of rapid pip notes. Other vocalizations include a hoarse ka-ka-kraaar-kraaar, a hoarse twanging cow, and puma-like snarls."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue-winged pitta",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitta_moluccensis",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM+R/RB",
    "location": "WVPM: Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, Bukit Batok West, CCNR, Hougang, Jurong Is., JLG, NTL, PRP, Poyan, Punggol Park, SBG, Sembawang Park, Tuas, WCP, Kranji Nature Trail. RB: P. Ubin (2016)[17]",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Pitta_moluccensis_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg",
        "text": ""
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Measuring 180 to 205 mm (7.1–8.1 in) in length, the blue-winged pitta has a black head with a buff-coloured supercilium, white chin and buff underparts. The shoulders and mantle are greenish, the wings are bright blue, and the vent is reddish. The bill is black, eyes are brown and the legs pale pink. It has a very short tail. Juveniles have similar patterned plumage but are duller. It resembles the mangrove pitta but can be distinguished by its shorter bill. The loud call has been transcribed as taew-laew taew-laew."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Fairy pitta",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitta_nympha",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "CCNR (2019)[18]",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Fairy_Pitta_3952%2C_crop.jpg",
        "text": "in Taiwan"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The fairy pitta has a body length of 16–19.5 cm and is easily discernable for its plumage of seven different colors reminiscent of a rainbow. Its back and wing bows are green, scapulars (shoulders) and upper tail coverts are green and cobalt. There is a blue rump on upper tail coverts. The tail is dark green with a cobalt tip, and the tarsi (legs) are yellowish brown.",
      "The fairy pitta has different colors of wing coverts as well. Its primary coverts are dark blue, secondary coverts are greenish blue, greater and middle coverts are dark green, and lesser coverts are cobalt or bright blue. The bird's white patch on each of their brownish-black primaries are noticeable when it flies. Its lower body, including nape (side back), chest, and side, is cream-colored, except for the lower belly and undertail coverts, which are red.",
      "The bird has a chestnut crown. From its forehead to the back of its head is mantled with brown plumage, whereas its median is striped with black from lores (between the eye and the beak) to nape. The off-white supercilia (eyebrows) extend across the nape. The fairy pitta has a white throat and a black beak.",
      "Distinguishing sexes based on appearance and plumage is difficult as there is no significant size difference between males and females.",
      "A species with a similar appearance is the blue-winged pitta, which is larger than the fairy pitta. The blue-winged pitta has buff crown sides and supercilia, rather than the chestnut of the fairy pitta, brighter upper tail coverts, darker yellowish brown belly, and vivid blue on upper wing coverts.",
      "The song of the fairy pitta is clear and whistled kwah-he kwa-wu, which is similar to that of the blue-winged pitta, but longer and slower."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hooded pitta",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitta_sordida",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, HNP, JLG, SBG, WCP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Hooded_Pitta%2C_crop.jpg",
        "text": "P. sordida subsp. cucullata in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The hooded pitta (Pitta sordida) is a passerine bird in the family Pittidae. It is common in eastern and southeastern Asia and maritime Southeast Asia, where it lives in several types of forests as well as on plantations and other cultivated areas. It is a green bird with a black head and chestnut crown. It forages on the ground for insects and their larvae, and also eats berries. It breeds between February and August, the pair being strongly territorial and building their nest on the ground. Incubation and care of the fledglings is done by both parents. The bird has a wide range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \"least concern\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mangrove pitta",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitta_megarhyncha",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "PRP, P. Ubin, P. Tekong, SBG, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Pitta_megarhyncha_1_-_Singapore.jpg",
        "text": "Mangrove pitta in Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Measuring 180 to 210 mm (7.1–8.3 in) in length, the mangrove pitta has a black head with a buff-coloured crown, white chin and buff underparts. The shoulders and mantle are greenish and the vent is reddish. Juveniles have similar patterned plumage but are duller. It resembles the blue-winged pitta but can be distinguished by its much heavier bill. Its call, transcribed as wieuw-wieuw has been noted to be \"more slurred\" than the blue-winged pitta."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Golden-bellied gerygone",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerygone_sulphurea",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Gerygone_sulphurea_flaveola%281%29.JPG",
        "text": "Gerygone sulphurea flaveola"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The golden-bellied gerygone (Gerygone sulphurea) is a species of bird in the family Acanthizidae.  It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.  Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Scarlet minivet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericrocotus_flammeus",
    "rarity": "Ex/R",
    "location": "BTNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Orange_Minivet%2C_Ganeshgudi%2C_28_FEB_2016%2C_Vimal_Rajyaguru.jpg",
        "text": "Male in South India"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Pericrocotus_flammeus_-Sri_Lanka_-female-8a.jpg",
        "text": "Female in Sri Lanka"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The orange minivet (Pericrocotus flammeus) is a species of bird in the cuckooshrike family, Campephagidae.It is found in Sri Lanka and the western coast of India.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.  It was formerly considered a subspecies of the scarlet minivet."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ashy minivet",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericrocotus_divaricatus",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Ashy_Minivet_by_Jason_Thompson_%28Cropped%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is 18.5–20 cm long. The male is grey above and whitish below. It has a black cap with a white forehead and there is a white band across the flight-feathers. The outer tail feathers are white. The bill and feet are black. The female's cap is grey apart from a black band between the bill and eye and a narrow white band above it. The call is a high-pitched, metallic trill. It is considered as closely related to Pericrocotus roseus and Pericrocotus cantonensis but differs in moult pattern. It is one of the few passerine birds that moult their primaries twice in a year and is the longest distance migrant among the minivets.",
      "It breeds in south-east Siberia, north-east China, Korea and Japan. Birds in the Ryūkyū Islands of southern Japan are commonly considered to be a separate species—Ryukyu minivet (P. tegimae). The ashy minivet is a long distance migrant, wintering in South and South-east Asia as far south as Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines. It is found in forest as well as in more open areas with scattered trees. It forages in the tree canopy for insects sometimes joining mixed-species foraging flocks. Migrant birds can often be seen in large flocks.",
      "The status of the species is considered to be secure and is considered as a \"least concern\" species by the IUCN. Populations of the species on the Amami Island was found to have increased from 1985–2001.",
      "In the South Asian region, they are considered rare. They were first noted on the Indian mainland only in 1965 although they had been reported in 1897 from the Andaman Islands. It has since been reported with greater regularity.",
      "Four to seven eggs are laid. These are incubated for 17 to 18 days."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pied triller",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalage_nigra",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Pied_Triller_male.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The pied triller (Lalage nigra) is a species of bird in the family Campephagidae.It is found in Brunei, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser cuckooshrike",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracina_fimbriata",
    "rarity": "VR/R",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Coracina_fimbriata_male_1838.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The lesser cuckooshrike (Lalage fimbriata) is a species of bird in the family Campephagidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand.",
      "It is small, short-tailed, shrike-like bird, 20 cm in length. The male is dark grey, paler below with contrasting dark, blackish flight feathers, and a blackish head. The tail is also black with light tips, ranging from white to greyish. The female is paler with pale barring on underside. Immature birds are browner with grey and white barring or spotting on the pale breast. The iris is brown, and the bill and feet are black.",
      "It is resident across the Malay Peninsula and the Greater Sundas, where it is an occasional bird of lowland and hill forest (up to 1000 m on Sumatra, and 1500 m on Java).  The lesser cuckooshrike prefers primary forest but also visits surrounding cultivated areas and plantations and gardens.  It generally keeps to treetops, where it can be seen singly or in pairs and often in mixed flocks. In winter small flocks form. Its diet consists of insects."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mangrove whistler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycephala_grisola",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, JEG, P. Hantu, P. Semakau, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Mangrove_Whistler.jpg",
        "text": "From Sundarbans, West Bengal, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The mangrove whistler (Pachycephala cinerea) is a species of bird in the family Pachycephalidae found in South-east Asia."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-naped oriole",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriolus_chinensis",
    "rarity": "C/RBWV",
    "location": "parks, woodlands, mangroves",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Black-naped_Oriole_eyeing_on_Lannea_coromandelica_fruits_W_IMG_7449.jpg",
        "text": "Adult female O. c. diffusus (Hyderabad, India)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-naped oriole is medium-sized and overall golden with a strong pinkish bill and a broad black mask and nape. The adult male has the central tail feathers tipped yellow and the lateral ones are more broadly yellow. The female has the mantle colour more greenish or olive. The juvenile has a streaked underside. The nestling has dull greenish with brown streaks. The head and nape are more yellowish and the undertail coverts are yellow. Several variations exist in the populations that have been separated as subspecies.",
      "The subspecies in the Andamans, O. c. andamanensis has all black wings while O. c. macrourus of the Nicobars has a very broad nape band so that only the top of the head is yellow. The wings are all black with a yellow primary covert patch. The calls of the Andaman and the Nicobar subspecies are said to be quite different, the latter having a more modulated call note. In the Southeast Asian populations some geographic trends include a reduction of yellow on the forehead and a decreased brightness in the yellow plumage from north to south. Females from southern populations are more greenish on the back and tail and there are no yellow spots on the tips of the secondaries as in northern populations.",
      "The usual call is a nasal niee or myaa and the song (diffusus) is a fluty iwee wee wee-leeow. They have a dipping flight."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Large woodshrike",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrodornis_gularis",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "CCNR (2018)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Tephrodornis_gularis.jpg",
        "text": "At Manas National Park in Assam, India."
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Large_Woodshrike_Barambubu_Uttarakhand_India_02.02.2015.jpg",
        "text": "At Ramnagar, Uttarakhand, India."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The large woodshrike (Tephrodornis virgatus) is found in south-eastern Asia, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Its natural habitats are temperate forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-winged flycatcher-shrike",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipus_hirundinaceus",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "CCNR, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Black-winged_Flycatcher-Shrike_-_Gunung_Gede_-_West_Java_MG_3861_%2829773557386%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-winged flycatcher-shrike is about 15 cm (5.9 in) long. The male's head and upperparts are black, having a green sheen. The rump has black and white bars, and the tail is black. The chin and upper throat are white, the lower throat and breast are gull grey, and the belly is white. The leg feathers are dark grey. The eyes are dark brown, and the beak and feet are black. The female's upperparts are sooty brown instead of black. The juvenile bird has a brownish black beak and sooty brown upperparts with buff fringes."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common iora",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegithina_tiphia",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Common_Iora.jpg",
        "text": "Common iora Call of Common Iora"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Ioras have a pointed and notched beak with a culmen that is straight. The common iora is sexually dimorphic, males in the breeding season have a black cap and back adding to a black wing and tail at all seasons. Females have greenish wings and an olive tail. The undersides of both are yellow and the two white bars on the wings of the male are particularly prominent in their breeding plumage. The males in breeding plumage have a very variable distribution of the black on the upperparts and can be confused with Marshall's iora, however, the latter always has white tips to the tail. The nominate subspecies is found along the Himalayas and males of this population are very similar to females or have only a small amount of black on the crown. In northwestern India, septentrionalis is brighter yellow than others and in the northern plains of India humei males in breeding plumage have a black cap and olive on the upper mantle. In southwestern India and Sri Lanka multicolor has the breeding males with a jet black cap and mantle. The forms in the rest of southern India are intermediate between multicolor and humei with more grey-green on the rump (formerly considered as deignani but now used for the Burmese population).",
      "Several other populations across Southeast Asia are designated as subspecies including philipi of southern China and northern Thailand/Laos, deignani of Myanmar, horizoptera of southern Myanmar and the island chain of Sumatra, cambodiana of Cambodia, aeqanimis of Palawan and northern Borneo, viridis of Borneo and scapularis of Java and Bali."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Malaysian pied-fantail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidura_javanica",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "woodlands, mangroves",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Rhipidura_javanica_-_Laem_Phak_Bia.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Malaysian pied fantail (Rhipidura javanica) is a species of bird in the fantail family and one of 47 species in the genus Rhipidura. It is locally referred to as murai gila, literally \"crazy thrush\" in the Malay language. It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,  Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.",
      "A single sight was recorded from Yala National Park of south Sri Lanka[citation needed]."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black drongo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrurus_macrocercus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, NTL, P. Punggol, Poyan, Punggol, SBWR, Seletar, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Black_drongo_%28Dicrurus_macrocercus%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": " Calls"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This bird is glossy black with a wide fork to the tail. Adults usually have a small white spot at the base of the gape. The iris is dark brown (not crimson as in the similar ashy drongo). The sexes cannot be told apart in the field. Juveniles are brownish and may have some white barring or speckling towards the belly and vent, and can be mistaken for the white-bellied drongo. First-year birds have white tips to the feathers of the belly, while second-years have these white-tipped feathers restricted to the vent.",
      "They are aggressive and fearless birds, and although only 28 cm (11 in) in length, they will attack much larger species that enter their nesting territory, including crows and birds of prey. This behaviour led to their former name of king crow. They fly with strong flaps of the wing and are capable of fast manoeuvres that enable them to capture flying insects. With short legs, they sit upright on thorny bushes, bare perches or electricity wires. They may also perch on grazing animals.",
      "They are capable of producing a wide range of calls but a common call is a two note tee-hee call resembling that of the shikra (Accipiter badius)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ashy drongo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrurus_leucophaeus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, CCNR, CBP, MFP, P. Semakau, SBG, TBHP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Ashy_Drongo_0420_GarimaBhatia.jpg",
        "text": "Subspecies longicaudatus in winter grounds in southern India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult ashy drongo is mainly dark grey, and the tail is long and deeply forked, There are a number of subspecies varying in the shade of the grey plumage. Some subspecies have white markings on the head. Young birds are dull brownish grey.",
      "Subspecies longicaudatus of India (which includes beavani of the Himalayas that winters on the peninsula, with one breeding population in central India that Vaurie separates as longicaudatus in the restricted sense) is very dark and almost like the black drongo although this bird is slimmer and has a somewhat longer and less-splayed tail. It is found in more tall forest habitat, has dark grey underside lacking the sheen of black drongo. The iris is crimson and there is no white rictal spot. Subspecies leucogenis and salangensis have a white eye-patch as do several of the island forms that breed further south. The calls are a little more nasal and twangy than that of the black drongo."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Crow-billed drongo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrurus_annectens",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, Fort Canning, Halus, MFP, NTL, P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Sentosa, St. John Is., Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Crow-billed_Drongo_%28Dicrurus_annectans%29_-_Flickr_-_Lip_Kee.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This bird, which is similar to the black drongo, is jet-black in color and has a stout bill. It has a forked tail."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hair-crested drongo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrurus_hottentottus",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Dicrurus_hottentottus-20030823.jpg",
        "text": "Adult in Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The hair-crested drongo (Dicrurus hottentottus) is an Asian bird of the family Dicruridae. This species was formerly considered conspecific with Dicrurus bracteatus, for which the name \"spangled drongo\" – formerly used for both – is now usually reserved.  Some authorities include the Sumatran drongo (D. sumatranus) in D. hottentottus as subspecies (Lepage 2003).",
      "It is native from Bangladesh, India and Bhutan through Indochina to China, Indonesia, and Brunei (BirdLife International 2008). Hair-crested drongos move in small flocks and are very noisy. The \"spangled drongo,\" Dicrurus bracteatus is native on the east coast of Australia and its name is pejorative slang for a silly person. This may be due to its strange chattering and cackling. \"Complete Book of Australian Birds\" Reader's Digest.1977."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Greater racket-tailed drongo",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrurus_paradiseus",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "forests",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Greater_racket-tailed_drongo_%40_Kanjirappally_01.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "In most of its range in Asia, this is the largest of the drongo species and is readily identifiable by the distinctive tail rackets and the crest of curled feather that begin in front of the face above the beak and along the crown to varying extents according to the subspecies. The tail with twirled rackets is distinctive and in flight it can appear as if two large bees were chasing a black bird. In the eastern Himalayas the species can be confused with the lesser racket-tailed drongo, however the latter has flat rackets with the crest nearly absent.",
      "This widespread species includes populations that have distinct variations and several subspecies have been named. The nominate form is found in southern India, mainly in forested areas of the Western Ghats and the adjoining hill forests of peninsular India. The subspecies in Sri Lanka is ceylonicus and is similar to the nominate form but slightly smaller. The subspecies found along the Himalayas is grandis and is the largest and has long glossy neck hackles. The Andaman Islands form otiosus has shorter neck hackles and the crest is highly reduced while the Nicobars Island form nicobariensis has a longer frontal crest and with smaller neck hackles than otiosus. The Sri Lanka drongo (D. lophorinus) used to be treated as a subspecies as it was believed to form hybrids with ceylonicus but is now considered a separate species on the basis of their overlapping ranges. Specimens of the nominate form have sometimes been confused with the Sri Lanka drongo. Considerable variation in shape of the bill, extent of the crest, hackles and tail rackets exists in the island populations of Southeast Asia. The Bornean brachyphorus (=insularis), banguey of Banggai lack crests (banguey has frontal feathers that arch forwards) while very reduced crests are found in microlophus (=endomychus; Natunas, Anambas and Tiomans) and platurus (Sumatra). A number of forms are known along the Southeast Asian islands and mainland including formosus (Java), hypoballus (Thailand), rangoonensis (northern Burma, central Indian populations were earlier included in this) and johni  (Hainan).",
      "Young birds are duller, and can lack a crest while moulting birds can lack the elongate tail streamers. The racket is formed by the inner web of the vane but appears to be on the outer web since the rachis has a twist just above the spatula."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-naped monarch",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothymis_azurea",
    "rarity": "VR/R",
    "location": "P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBG (2019)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Hypothymis_azurea_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg",
        "text": "A male (H. a. montana) from Kaeng Krachan in Thailand"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Black-naped_Monarch_%28Female%29.jpg",
        "text": "H. a. montana female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult male black-naped monarch is about 16 cm long, and is mainly pale azure blue apart from a whitish lower belly.  It has a black nape and a narrow black gorget. The female is duller and lacks the black markings. Its wings and back are grey-brown. However, several geographically separated breeding populations differ in the extent and shade of markings. The Indian peninsula  has subspecies H. a. styani (which subsumes H. a. sykesi of Stuart Baker), in which males have very distinct black markings and a whitish abdomen. Males of the Sri Lankan race H. a. ceylonensis lack the black nape and gorget and the shade is more purplish. The subspecies of the Andaman Islands, H. a. tytleri, has the underparts blue grey. The form on Car Nicobar Island, H. a. idiochroa, has a greyish white belly, while H. a. nicobarica from the southern Nicobars has a smaller and finer bill. The colour of the gape is yellowish to green."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Japanese paradise-flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpsiphone_atrocaudata",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "BAMKP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, JLG, P. Hantu, SBWR, TBHP, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/ITerpsiphone_atrocaudata.jpg",
        "text": "Male in Kyoto"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Japanese paradise flycatcher is similar in appearance to both the Amur paradise flycatcher and Blyth's paradise flycatcher, but is slightly smaller. Mature males have a black hood with a purplish-blue gloss which shades into blackish-grey on the chest. The underparts are off-white to white. The mantle, back, wings and rump are plain dark chestnut. The tail has extremely long black central feathers, which are shorter in immature males. Unlike the Asian paradise flycatcher there is no white morph. The female resembles the male but is duller and darker brown on the chestnut areas. It has black legs and feet, a large black eye with a blue eye-ring, and a short blue bill.",
      "The song is rendered in Japanese as tsuki-hi-hoshi, hoi-hoi-hoi, which translates to Moon-Sun-Stars and gives the Japanese name of the bird サンコウチョウ (三光鳥) sankōchō (literally, bird of three lights, i.e. moon, sun, star, from san three + kō lights + chō bird)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Amur paradise-flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpsiphone_incei",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "forests, woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Amur_Paradise_Flycatcher_%28Terpsiphone_incei%29_-_Lip_Kee_%283%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Amur paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone incei) is a bird species in the family Monarchidae.It is native to China, Manchuria and Primorsky Krai in the Russian Far East. It is a winter migrant to Southeast Asia. Until 2015, it was considered as a subspecies of the Asian paradise flycatcher."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blyth's paradise-flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpsiphone_affinis",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "forests, woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Oriental_Paradise_Flycatcher_-_Lip_Kee_%281%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Blyth's paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone affinis) also called the oriental paradise flycatcher, is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae.It is native from southern China to Sumatra and Melanesia. Formerly, it was considered a subspecies of the Asian paradise flycatcher until elevated to species rank by the IOC in 2015."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Indian paradise-flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpsiphone_paradisi",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Terpsiphone_paradisi_-near_Amaya_Lake%2C_Dambulla%2C_Sri_Lanka-8.jpg",
        "text": "Adult male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Asian_Paradise-flycatcher_%28Female%29.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Adult Indian paradise flycatchers are 19–22 cm (7.5–8.7 in) long. Their heads are glossy black with a black crown and crest, their black bill round and sturdy, their eyes black. Female are rufous on the back with a greyish throat and underparts. Their wings are 86–92 mm (3.4–3.6 in) long. Young males look very much like females but have a black throat and blue-ringed eyes. As adults they develop up to 24 cm (9.4 in) long tail feathers with two central tail feathers growing up to 30 cm (12 in) long drooping streamers.",
      "Young males are rufous and have short tails. They acquire long tails in their second or third year. Adult males are either predominantly bright rufous above or predominantly white. Some specimens show some degree of intermediacy between rufous and white. Long-tailed rufous birds are generally devoid of shaft streaks on the wing and tail feathers, while in white birds the shaft streaks, and sometimes the edges of the wing and tail feathers are black.",
      "In the early 1960s, 680 long-tailed males were examined that are contained in collections of the British Museum of Natural History, Chicago Natural History Museum, Peabody Museum, Carnegie Museum, American Museum of Natural History, United States National Museum and Royal Ontario Museum. The specimens came from almost the entire range of the species, though some areas were poorly represented. The relative frequency of the rufous and white plumage types varies geographically. Rufous birds are rare in the extreme southeastern part of the species' range. Throughout the Indian area and, to a lesser extent, in China, asymmetrically patterned intermediates occur. Intermediates are rare or absent throughout the rest of the range of the species. In general, long-tailed males are",
      "Possible interpretations of this phenomenon are : males may be polymorphic for rufous and white plumage colour; rufous birds may be sub-adults; and there may even be two sympatric species distinguishable only in the male."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tiger shrike",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanius_tigrinus",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Tiger_shrike_%28Lanius_tigrinus%29%2C_Hindhede_Nature_Park%2C_Singapore_-_20060921.jpg",
        "text": "Juvenile at Hindhede Nature Park, Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a fairly small, stocky shrike, 17–19 cm long. Males weigh 27-29 grams and have a wing length of 77.8-83.9 mm, a tail length of 66.9-75.0 mm and a bill length of 14.1-15.9 mm. Females weigh 29-37 grams and have a wing length of 79.5-85.3 mm, a tail length of 66.3-79.1 mm and a bill length of 14.8-16.7 mm.",
      "The thick bill is blue-black with a black tip and the legs are grey-black. The adult male's back, rump and shoulders are reddish-brown with blackish bars creating a tiger-like pattern. It has a black forehead and mask and grey crown and nape. The wings and tail are brown and the underparts are white, sometimes with faint barring on the flanks. Females are duller and browner than the males with a less extensive black mask, less grey on the head, a narrow white stripe above the eye, pale patch between the bill and eye and buff-white flanks with black barring. Juvenile birds have dark scale-like markings on the head, back and underparts and lack the grey and black on the head. Their bill has a pale base and the eye appears large due to a pale ring around it.",
      "The brown shrike is larger with a longer tail and thinner bill. Adults have a brown crown and nape, plain brown back and a white stripe over the eye. Juveniles are less contrastingly marked than the juvenile tiger shrike and have a dark mask. The bull-headed shrike is also larger and longer-tailed. Adults have a reddish-brown crown and nape and males have a white wing-patch. The Burmese shrike (Lanius collurioides) is slimmer and longer-tailed than the tiger shrike with a white wing-patch and a plain chestnut back.",
      "Its song is a musical warbling. It has a variety of harsh calls including a loud, repeated territorial call, a chattering alarm call and a softer trilling call. It often calls from within cover but territorial males call from a prominent perch."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown shrike",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanius_cristatus",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "grasslands, woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Lanius_cristatus_-_Surin.jpg",
        "text": "In Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This shrike is mainly brown on the upper parts and the tail is rounded. The black mask can be paler in winter and has a white brow over it. The underside is creamy with rufous flanks and belly. The wings are brown and lack any white \"mirror\" patches. Females tend to have fine scalloping on the underside and the mask is dark brown and not as well marked as in the male. The distinction is not easy to use in the field but has been tested with breeding birds in Japan where the female can be identified from the presence of a brood patch. The use of multiple measurements allows discrimination of the sex of about 90% of the birds. Subspecies lucionensis has a grey crown shading into the brown upperparts and the rump appears more rufous than the rest of the upper back. The tail is more brownish and not as reddish as in the red-backed shrike. Younger birds of lucionensis have a brown crown and lack the grey on the head. Subspecies superciliosus has a broad white supercilium and a richer reddish crown. The tail is redder and tipped in white.",
      "A number of confusing forms are known from central Asia where the populations of cristatus, isabellinus and collurio overlap. The taxonomy has been in a state of flux and some forms such as phoenicuroides formerly considered as subspecies of L. cristatus have been moved to the species L. isabellinus. Subspecies lucionensis has been recorded interbreeding with superciliosus in Ishikawa, Japan while superciliosus has interbred with Lanius tigrinus in central Japan."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Long-tailed shrike",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanius_schach",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "grasslands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Long_Tailed_Shrike_at_Basipota.jpg",
        "text": "Long tailed shrike at Basipota"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The long-tailed shrike is a typical shrike, favouring dry open habitats and found perched prominently atop a bush or on a wire. The dark mask through the eye is broad and covers the forehead in most subspecies and the whole head is black in subspecies tricolor and nasutus. The tail is narrow and graduated with pale rufous on the outer feathers. Subspecies erythronotus has the grey of the mantle and upper back suffused with rufous while the southern Indian caniceps has pure grey. A small amount of white is present at the base of the primaries. The bay-backed shrike is smaller and more contrastingly patterned and has a more prominent white patch on the wing. The sexes are alike in plumage."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "House crow",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus_splendens",
    "rarity": "VC/IRB",
    "location": "islandwide",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Crow_eating_and_slobbering_on_dead_fish.jpg",
        "text": "C. s. insolens eating in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The house crow (Corvus splendens), also known as the Indian, greynecked, Ceylon or Colombo crow, is a common bird of the crow family that is of Asian origin but now found in many parts of the world, where they arrived assisted by shipping. It is between the jackdaw and the carrion crow in size (40 cm (16 in) in length) but is slimmer than either. The forehead, crown, throat and upper breast are a richly glossed black, whilst the neck and breast are a lighter grey-brown in colour. The wings, tail and legs are black. There are regional variations in the thickness of the bill and the depth of colour in areas of the plumage."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Large-billed crow",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus_macrorhynchos",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "forests",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Jungle_crow_%28Close-up_of_the_head_area%29%2C_Tenn%C5%8Dji_Park%2C_Osaka_II.jpg",
        "text": "C. m. subsp. japonensis at Tennōji Park in Osaka, Japan"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The overall size (length: 46–59 cm; 18–23 in.). Wingspan is (100-130 cm; 39-51  in.). Body proportions vary regionally. In the far northeast in Japan, the Kuriles and the Sakhalin peninsula, it is somewhat larger than the carrion crow. All taxa have a relatively long bill with the upper one quite thick and arched, making it look heavy and almost raven-like. Generally, all taxa have dark greyish plumage from the back of the head, neck, shoulders and lower body. Their wings, tail, face, and throat are glossy black. The depth of the grey shading varies across its range."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Japanese tit[19]",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parus_minor",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "JLG, PRP, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Parus_minor_%28side%29.JPG"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/ParusMajorMap.svg",
        "text": "Distributions of Parus minor (blue-green), Parus major (orange-red), and Parus cinereus (grey)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Japanese tit (Parus minor), also known as the Oriental tit, is a passerine bird which replaces the similar great tit in Japan and the Russian Far East beyond the Amur River, including the Kuril Islands.  Until recently, this species was classified as a subspecies of great tit (Parus major), but studies indicated that the two species coexist in the Russian Far East without intermingling or frequent hybridization.",
      "The species made headlines in March 2016, when Suzuki et al. reported in Nature Communications that they had found experimental evidence for compositional syntax in bird calls, marking the first such evidence for that type of syntax in nonhuman animals."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian skylark",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauda_arvensis",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Pandan Reservoir (2018)[20]",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Alauda_arvensis_2.jpg",
        "text": "With caterpillar caught in beak"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Eurasian skylark is 18–19 cm (7.1–7.5 in) in length. Like most other larks, the Eurasian skylark is a rather dull-looking species, being mainly brown above and paler below.  It has a short blunt crest on the head, which can be raised and lowered. In flight it shows a short tail and short broad wings. The tail and the rear edge of the wings are edged with white, which are visible when the bird is flying away, but not if it is heading towards the observer. The male has broader wings than the female. This adaptation for more efficient hovering flight may have evolved because of female Eurasian skylarks' preference for males that sing and hover for longer periods and so demonstrate that they are likely to have good overall fitness.",
      "It is known for the song of the male, which is delivered in hovering flight from heights of 50 to 100 m, when the singing bird may appear as just a dot in the sky from the ground. The long, unbroken song is a clear, bubbling warble delivered high in the air while the bird is rising, circling or hovering. The song generally lasts two to three minutes, but it tends to last longer later in the mating season, when songs can last for 20 minutes or more. At wind farm sites, male skylarks have been found to sing at higher frequencies as a result of wind turbine noise."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common tailorbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotomus_sutorius",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "scrubby areas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/%E2%99%80_Common_tailorbird_%28Orthotomus_sutorius%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": " Call"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The common tailorbird is a brightly coloured bird, with bright green upperparts and creamy underparts. They range in size from 10 to 14 centimetres (3.9 to 5.5 in) and weigh 6 to 10 grams (0.21 to 0.35 oz). They have short rounded wings, a long tail, strong legs and a sharp bill with curved tip to the upper mandible. They are wren-like with a long upright tail that is often moved around. The crown is rufous and the upperparts are predominantly olive green. The underside is creamy white. The sexes are identical, except that the male has long central tail feathers in the breeding season, although the reliability of sexing data accompanying museum specimens used in determining this sexual dimorphism has been questioned. Young birds are duller. When calling, the dark patches on the sides of the neck become visible. These are due to the dark pigmented and bare skin that are present in both sexes and sometimes give the appearance of a dark gorget."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dark-necked tailorbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotomus_atrogularis",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "forests",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Dark-necked_Tailorbird.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The dark-necked tailorbird (Orthotomus atrogularis) is a songbird species. Formerly placed in the \"Old World warbler\" assemblage, it is now placed in the family Cisticolidae.",
      "It is found in Bangladesh, Northeast India and Southeast Asia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ashy tailorbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotomus_ruficeps",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "mangroves",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Ashy_Tailorbird_%28Orthotomus_ruficeps_cineraceus%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The ashy tailorbird (Orthotomus ruficeps) is a species of bird formerly placed in the \"Old World warbler\" assemblage, it but now placed in the family Cisticolidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, Vietnam.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rufous-tailed tailorbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotomus_sericeus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "forests",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Rufous-tailed_tailorbird.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Rufous-tailed_Tailorbird_Orthotomus_sericeus_sericeus.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The rufous-tailed tailorbird (Orthotomus sericeus) is a species of bird formerly placed in the \"Old World warbler\" assemblage, it but now placed in the family Cisticolidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yellow-bellied prinia",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinia_flaviventris",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "grasslands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Yellow-bellied_Prinia_-_Taiwan_S4E9702_%2817133168450%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The yellow-bellied prinia (Prinia flaviventris) is a species of bird in the family Cisticolidae.It is found in Pakistan, the southern Himalayan foothills, the northeastern Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Zitting cisticola",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisticola_juncidis",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "grasslands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Zitting_Cisticola_-_Cisticola_juncidis.JPG",
        "text": "C. j. cursitans (Batticaloa, Sri Lanka)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The zitting cisticola is 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in) in length. It is brown above, heavily streaked with black markings. The underparts are whitish, and the tail is broad, white-tipped and flicked frequently, giving rise to the alternative name for the species. The adult males have less crown streaking and more back marking than the females, but there are no great difference between the sexes or the eighteen geographical races. The absence of a nuchal collar separate it from the golden-headed cisticola (Cisticola exilis). In the non-breeding season, they tend to skulk within the grass and can be hard to spot."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Booted warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iduna_caligata",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Kranji Marsh (2017-8)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Booted_Warbler_-_Kazakistan_S4E0786_%2817330623545%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The booted warbler (Iduna caligata) is an Old World warbler in the tree warbler group. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with Sykes's warbler, but the two are now usually both afforded species status. Booted warbler itself breeds from central Russia to western China, and migrates to winter in the Indian subcontinent as far south as Sri Lanka. Booted warbler has expanded its breeding range westward in recent decades and nests now as far west and north as Finland.It is a small passerine bird, found in open country with bushes and other tall vegetation. 3-4 eggs are laid in a nest in a bush or vegetation.  Like most warblers they are insectivorous.",
      "These are small warblers, especially compared to others in their genus. They are pale brown (weak tea colour) above and whitish below with buff flanks. The outer tail feathers have pale edges. They have a short pale supercilium, and the bill is strong and pointed. Sykes's is larger and greyer than booted, and most resembles an eastern olivaceous warbler.",
      "Keyserling and Blasius gave no explanation of the genus name Iduna. The specific caligata  is Latin for \"booted\" from caliga, \"boot\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-browed reed warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocephalus_bistrigiceps",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, Punggol, SFW, SBWR, Tuas, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Black-browed_Reed_Warbler_by_Jason_Thompson_%28Cropped%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-browed reed warbler (Acrocephalus bistrigiceps) is a marsh-warbler (family Acrocephalidae). It was formerly included in the \"Old World warbler\" assemblage. The species was first described by Robert Swinhoe in 1860. ",
      "It is found from eastern Mongolia and south-eastern Russia to eastern China and Japan.",
      "The black-browed reed warbler is similar and closely related to the more common and widespread Eurasian reed warbler. The bird spends its time foraging close to the ground inside undisturbed reed beds.  Like many other wetland birds, it is of conservation concern owing to habitat loss-destruction of native marsh vegetation and its replacement by rice paddies and fishponds."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oriental reed warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocephalus_orientalis",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "marshes, woodlands near water",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Oriental_Reed_Warbler_I_IMG_0246.jpg",
        "text": "In  Kolkata, West Bengal, India."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a large warbler, 18–20 cm long with a wingspan of 23–26 cm. The plumage is brown above with a paler rump and whitish tips to the tail feathers. The underparts are whitish below, browner on the flanks and undertail-coverts. There are narrow greyish streaks on the throat and breast. It has a dark eyestripe and a whitish stripe above the eye. The fairly long, heavy bill is brownish above and pink below with a bright orange gape. The feet are grey.",
      "It is slightly smaller, slenderer and shorter-winged than the great reed warbler. Its tail is shorter and more square-ended than that of the clamorous reed warbler (A. stentoreus) and it has a slightly longer primary projection and a slightly shorter and thicker bill. The pale tip to the tail separates it from both species.",
      "The song is a mixture of warbling phrases and guttural, croaking notes. It is given from a prominent perch such as the top of a reed stem or bush. The bird also has a loud, harsh chack call."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pallas's grasshopper-warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locustella_certhiola",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, SFW, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Rusty-rumped_Warbler_%28Locustella_certhiola%29_I_IMG_2750.jpg",
        "text": "In  Kolkata, West Bengal, India."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a medium-sized warbler. The adult has a streaked brown back, whitish grey underparts, unstreaked except on the undertail. The sexes are identical, as with most warblers, but young birds are yellower below. Like most warblers, it is insectivorous. It is very similar to the common grasshopper warbler, but is slightly larger, has white tips to the tail and tertial feathers, and a warmer brown rump. The white tips are the reason for its colloquial, mnemonic name of \"PG Tips\".",
      "This is a skulky species which is very difficult to see except sometimes when singing. It creeps through grass and low foliage."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lanceolated warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locustella_lanceolata",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Marina East, NTL, P. Punggol, Punggol, SFW, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Locustella_lanceolata_71284996.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Locustella_lanceolata_distribution_map.png"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The lanceolated warbler (Locustella lanceolata) is an Old World warbler in the grass warbler genus Locustella. It breeds from northeast European Russia across the Palearctic to northern Hokkaidō, Japan. It is migratory, wintering in Southeast Asia. The genus name Locustella is from Latin and is a diminutive of locusta,  \"grasshopper\". This refers to the song of the common grasshopper warbler and some others in this genus. The specific  lanceolata is Latin for \"spear-shaped\" and refers to the streaks on the breast.",
      "This small passerine bird is a species found in grassland with some thicker shrubby vegetation or trees, often close to water in bogs or wet clearings. Five eggs are laid in a nest in a tussock. This species is a rare vagrant to western Europe. One of the best places to see this skulking species as a vagrant is Fair Isle, Shetland.",
      "This is a small warbler. The adult has a streaked brown back, whitish grey underparts, which have small lance-head like streaks, also found on the undertail. The sexes are identical, as with most warblers, but young birds are yellower below. Like most warblers, it is insectivorous.",
      "This is a skulky species which is very difficult to see except sometimes when singing. It creeps through grass and low foliage.",
      "The song is a monotonous mechanical insect-like reeling as in other species in the group, often given at dusk.",
      "Two subspecies recorded, as L. l. lanceolata (Temminck, 1840) and L. l. hendersonii (Cassin, 1858). "
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bank swallow",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparia_riparia",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, Changi, Halus, Kranji Marsh, LSD, NTL, P. Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Riparia_riparia_-Markinch%2C_Fife%2C_Scotland_-flying-8-4c.jpg",
        "text": "Flying in Scotland"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The sand martin is brown above, white below with a narrow brown band on the breast; the bill is black, the legs brown. The young have rufous tips to the coverts and margins to the secondaries.",
      "Its brown back, white throat, small size and quick jerky flight separate it at once from similar swallows, such as the common house martin (Delichon urbicum), the American cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) or other species of Riparia. Only the banded martin (R. cincta) of sub-Saharan Africa is similar, but the sand martin only occurs there in (the northern) winter.",
      "Measurements:",
      "The sand martin's twittering song is continuous when the birds are on the wing and becomes a conversational undertone after they have settled in the roost. The harsh alarm is heard when a passing falcon, crow or other suspected predator requires combined action to drive it away."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Barn swallow",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundo_rustica",
    "rarity": "VC/WVPM",
    "location": "islandwide (including offshore islands)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Landsvale.jpg",
        "text": "H. r. rustica"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult male barn swallow of the nominate subspecies H. r. rustica is 17–19 cm (6.7–7.5 in) long including 2–7 cm (0.79–2.76 in) of elongated outer tail feathers. It has a wingspan of 32–34.5 cm (12.6–13.6 in) and weighs 16–22 g (0.56–0.78 oz). It has steel blue upperparts and a rufous forehead, chin and throat, which are separated from the off-white underparts by a broad dark blue breast band. The outer tail feathers are elongated, giving the distinctive deeply forked \"swallow tail\". There is a line of white spots across the outer end of the upper tail. The female is similar in appearance to the male, but the tail streamers are shorter, the blue of the upperparts and breast band is less glossy, and the underparts paler. The juvenile is browner and has a paler rufous face and whiter underparts. It also lacks the long tail streamers of the adult.",
      "Although both sexes sing, female song was only recently described. See below for details about song. Calls include witt or witt-witt and a loud splee-plink when excited (or trying to chase intruders away from the nest). The alarm calls include a sharp siflitt for predators like cats and a flitt-flitt for birds of prey like the hobby. This species is fairly quiet on the wintering grounds.",
      "The distinctive combination of a red face and blue breast band render the adult barn swallow easy to distinguish from the African Hirundo species and from the welcome swallow (Hirundo neoxena) with which its range overlaps in Australasia. In Africa the short tail streamers of the juvenile barn swallow invite confusion with juvenile red-chested swallow (Hirundo lucida), but the latter has a narrower breast band and more white in the tail."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pacific swallow",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundo_tahitica",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "islandwide (including offshore islands)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Hirundo_tahitica_javanica.JPG"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Pacific swallow (Hirundo tahitica) is a small  passerine bird in the swallow family. It breeds in tropical southern Asia and the islands of the south Pacific. It is resident apart from some local seasonal movements. This bird is associated with coasts, but is increasingly spreading to forested uplands. The hill swallow was formerly considered conspecific.",
      "This species is a small swallow at 13 cm. It has a blue back with browner wings and tail, a red face and throat, and dusky underparts. It differs from the barn swallow and the closely related welcome swallow in its shorter and less forked tail.",
      "The Pacific swallow builds a neat cup-shaped nest, constructed with mud pellets collected in the beak, under a cliff ledge or on a man-made structures such as a building, bridge or tunnel. The nest is lined with softer material, and the clutch is two to three eggs. It is similar in behaviour to other aerial insectivores, such as other swallows and the unrelated swifts. It is a fast flyer and feeds on insects, especially flies, while airborne."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-rumped swallow",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecropis_daurica",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Admiralty Park, BTNR, CCKC, CCNR, Changi, Halus, Henderson Waves, LSD, Poyan, Punggol, TEG, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Red-rumped_Swallow_%28Cecropis_daurica%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "C. daurica  Mangaon, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The red-rumped swallow (Cecropis daurica) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family. It breeds in open hilly country of temperate southern Europe and Asia from Portugal and Spain to Japan, India, Sri Lanka and tropical Africa. The Indian and African birds are resident, but European and other Asian birds are migratory. They winter in Africa or India and are vagrants to Christmas Island and northern Australia.",
      "Red-rumped swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to the other aerial insectivores, such as the related swallows and the unrelated swifts (order Apodiformes). They have blue upperparts and dusky underparts.",
      "They resemble barn swallows, but are darker below and have pale or reddish rumps, face and neck collar. They lack a breast band, but have black undertails. They are fast fliers and they swoop on insects while airborne. They have broad but pointed wings.",
      "Red-rumped swallows build quarter-sphere nests with a tunnel entrance lined with mud collected in their beaks, and lay 3 to 6 eggs. They normally nest under cliff overhangs in their mountain homes, but will readily adapt to buildings such as mosques and bridges.",
      "They do not normally form large breeding colonies, but are gregarious outside the breeding season. Many hundreds can be seen at a time on the plains of India."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common house-martin",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delichon_urbicum",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Mehlschwalbe_Delichon_urbicum.jpg",
        "text": " Song recorded in Ceredigion, Wales"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult common house martin of the western nominate race is 13 cm (5.1 in) long, with a wingspan of 26–29 cm (10–11 in) and a weight averaging 18.3 g (0.65 oz). It is steel-blue above with a white rump, and white underparts, including the underwings; even its short legs have white downy feathering. It has brown eyes and a small black bill, and its toes and exposed parts of the legs are pink. The sexes are similar, but the juvenile bird is sooty black, and some of its wing coverts and quills have white tips and edgings. D. u. lagopodum differs from the nominate race in that its white rump extends much further onto the tail, and the fork of its tail is intermediate in depth between that of D. u. urbicum and that of the Asian house martin.",
      "The white rump and underparts of the common house martin, very noticeable in flight, prevent confusion with other widespread Palaeoarctic swallows such as the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), sand martin (Riparia riparia) or red-rumped swallow (Cecropis daurica). In Africa, confusion with grey-rumped swallow (Pseudhirundo griseopyga) is possible, but that species has a grey rump, off-white underparts and long, deeply forked tail. The common house martin flies with a wing beat averaging 5.3 beats per second, which is faster than the wing beat of 4.4 beats per second for the barn swallow, but the flight speed of 11 m·s−1 (36 ft·s−1) is typical for hirundines.",
      "The common house martin is a noisy species, especially at its breeding colonies. The male's song, given throughout the year, is a soft twitter of melodious chirps. The contact call, also given on the wintering grounds, is a hard chirrrp, and the alarm is a shrill tseep."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian house-martin",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delichon_dasypus",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, Changi, Henderson Waves, NTL",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Delichon_dasypus_-Taiwan-8-4c.jpg",
        "text": "In Taiwan"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult Asian house martin of the nominate subspecies is 12 cm (4.7 in) long, dark steel blue above with a contrasting white rump, grey-washed white underparts, and a slightly forked tail. The tail and upperwings are brownish-black, and the underwings are grey-brown. The legs and feet are brownish-pink and covered with white feathers, the eyes are brown, and the bill is black. There are few differences in appearance between the sexes, although the male is somewhat whiter below than the female, especially in fresh plumage. The juvenile bird is less glossy and has dark brown upperparts, sometimes with a brownish wash to the rump, and grey-white underparts.",
      "D. d. cashmiriensis has brighter blue upperparts and a whiter rump than the slightly larger nominate race. The third, smallest, race is D. d. nigrimentalis.  All three subspecies can be distinguished from the similar Nepal house martin by the latter species' black chin, black undertail coverts and much squarer tail. The Asian house martin is more similar to the common house martin, but is darker underneath and has a less deeply forked tail. Confusion is most likely between adult male Asian house martins, which have paler underparts, and the eastern race of common house martin, D. urbicum lagopodum which has a less forked tail than the western subspecies, although it still shows a more pronounced fork than Asian.",
      "This species’ song is a rippling metallic trill, and is a sibilant twitter, and call is a dry metallic cheep, often with two or three syllables. It is similar to that of common house martin, but more rasping."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-and-white bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachypodius_melanoleucus",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "CCNR (2012)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.AVES.10639_-_Pycnonotus_melanoleucos_Eyton%2C_1839_-_Pycnonotidae_-_skin_specimen.jpeg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-and-white bulbul (Microtarsus melanoleucos) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae.It is found on the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.It is threatened by habitat loss."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-headed bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachypodius_atriceps",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "BBC, BTNR, CCNR, P. Ubin, PRP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Black_headed_bulbul.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-headed bulbul has a mainly olive-yellow plumage with a glossy bluish-black head. A grey morph where most of the olive-yellow is replaced by grey also exists. It resembles the black-crested bulbul, but has blue eyes (though not reliable in juveniles), a broad yellow tip to the tail, and never shows a crest (however, some subspecies of the black-crested are also essentially crestless, but they have red or yellow throats)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-crested bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubigula_flaviventris",
    "rarity": "R/IR",
    "location": "BTNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Black-Crested_Bulbul.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-crested bulbul is generally about 19 cm in length. As the name suggests, the head of this bulbul is black while the rest of its body is different shades of yellow. Both the male and female are similar in plumage. One can make out a younger bird by its slightly duller coloring."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Straw-headed bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotus_zeylanicus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BBC, BBNP, BTNR, Choa Chu Kang, CCNR, DFNP, HNP, NTL, Poyan, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Straw_Headed_Bulbul.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The straw-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found from the Malay Peninsula to Borneo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, arable land, plantations, and rural gardens. It is threatened by habitat loss and poaching. ",
      "The straw-headed bulbul is prized for its singing ability and is a highly sought-after species by bird enthusiasts in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. This trade is causing population reductions across the species' range and is a major barrier to its conservation. Trapping has been facilitated in recent years by the spread of logging roads across its forest habitat. Due to this, the straw-headed bulbul was uplisted from endangered to critically endangered on the IUCN Red List in 2018."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-whiskered bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotus_jocosus",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, JLG, Marina East, Poyan, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Saddle Club, SBG, Sentosa, S. Serangoon",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Red-whiskered_bulbul_by_Creepanta_11.jpg",
        "text": "Red-whiskered bulbul"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The red-whiskered bulbul is about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length. It has brown upper-parts and whitish underparts with buff flanks and a dark spur running onto the breast at shoulder level. It has a tall pointed black crest, red face patch and thin black moustachial line. The tail is long and brown with white terminal feather tips, but the vent area is red. Juveniles lack the red patch behind the eye, and the vent area is rufous-orange.",
      "The loud and evocative call is a sharp kink-a-joo (also transcribed as pettigrew or kick-pettigrew or pleased to meet you) and the song is a scolding chatter. They are more often heard than seen, but will often perch conspicuously especially in the mornings when they call from the tops of trees. The life span is about 11 years."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sooty-headed bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotus_aurigaster",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "BAMKP, Halus, Marina East, NTL, P. Punggol, PRP, Punggol, S. Serangoon, TEG",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Pycnonotus_aurigaster_pair.JPG"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The sooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster) is a species of songbird in the Bulbul family, Pycnonotidae.It is found in south-eastern Asia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yellow-vented bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotus_goiavier",
    "rarity": "VC/RB",
    "location": "parks",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Pycnonotus_goiavier_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg",
        "text": "Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The yellow-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier), or eastern yellow-vented bulbul, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is a resident breeder in southeastern Asia from Indochina to the Philippines. It is found in a wide variety of open habitats but not the deep forest. It is one of the most common birds in cultivated areas. They appear to be nomadic and roam from place to place regularly."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Olive-winged bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotus_plumosus",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, P. Hantu, P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Olive-winged_Bulbul.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The olive-winged bulbul (Pycnonotus plumosus) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is found in south-eastern Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Cream-vented bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotus_simplex",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Cream-vented_Bulbul_%28Pycnonotus_simplex%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The cream-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus simplex) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is found in south-eastern Asia from the Malay Peninsula to Borneo.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Its breast might sometimes look a little yellow."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-eyed bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotus_brunneus",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Asian_red-eyed_bulbul_%28Pycnonotus_brunneus%29.jpg",
        "text": "at Sepilok, Borneo"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Asian red-eyed bulbul (Pycnonotus brunneus) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is found on the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Buff-vented bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iole_olivacea",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "BTNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Buff-vented_Bulbul_%28Iole_olivacea%29.jpg",
        "text": "Panti Forest, Johor, Malaysia"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The buff-vented bulbul (Iole crypta) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae.It is found in south-eastern Myanmar, south-western Thailand, on the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and nearby islands.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Cinereous bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemixos_cinereus",
    "rarity": "U/NBV",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, JLG, KRP, Lazarus Is., NTL, P. Ubin, SBTB, SBWR, TBHP, Tuas, Marina South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Ashy_Bulbul_%28Hemixos_flavala%29_eating_berry.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The cinereous bulbul (Hemixos cinereus) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in Southeast Asia and Indonesia."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Streaked bulbul",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixos_malaccensis",
    "rarity": "R/NBV",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, Central Catchment, Changi Village, KRP, SBWR, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Streaked_Bulbul_%28Ixos_malaccensis%29_-_Flickr_-_Lip_Kee_%281%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The streaked bulbul (Ixos malaccensis), or green-backed bulbul, is a songbird species in the bulbul family (Pycnonotidae). It is found on the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yellow-browed warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloscopus_inornatus",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, Bidadari, CCNR, DFNP, MFP, P. Hantu, Sentosa",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Phylloscopus_inornatus_Meet_Again_368583749_crop.png",
        "text": "Adult bird wintering in Hong Kong (China) shows the typical wing and upper head pattern"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is one of the smaller Old World warblers, at 9.5–11 cm long and weighing 4–9 g distinctly smaller than a chiffchaff but slightly larger than Pallas's leaf warbler. Like many other leaf warblers, it has overall greenish upperparts and white underparts. It also has prominent double wing bars formed by yellowish-white tips to the wing covert feathers (a long bar on the greater coverts and a short bar on the median coverts), yellow-margined tertial feathers, and long yellow supercilium. Some individuals also have a faint paler green central crown stripe though many do not show this.",
      "It is not shy, but its arboreal life style makes it difficult to observe. It is almost constantly in motion. Its song is a high pitched medley of whistles; the call is piercing, often disyllabic \"tseeweest\", strikingly loud for the bird's small size. The only real possibility of confusion is with the similar-looking Hume's leaf warbler (P. humei), which in the limited area of overlap has duller colours, a faint second wing bar and dark legs and lower mandible. Their songs and calls are clearly distinct, with Hume's having a more chirping \"chwee\" call. It can easily be distinguished from Pallas's warbler as it does not have the a conspicuous yellow central crown stripe and rump patch shown by that species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dusky warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloscopus_fuscatus",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Tuas (1994, 1995), Yishun Pond (2019)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Dusky_Warbler.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Phylloscopus_fuscatus_distribution_map.png"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The dusky warbler (Phylloscopus fuscatus) is a leaf warbler which breeds in the east Palearctic. The genus name Phylloscopus is from Ancient Greek phullon, \"leaf\", and skopos, \"seeker\" (from skopeo, \"to watch\"). The specific fuscatus is from Latin fuscus \"dark\".",
      "This warbler is strongly migratory and winters in South Asia and South-east Asia. It sometimes occurs in North America in Alaska, and has also occurred in California.",
      "This is an abundant bird of taiga bogs and wet meadows. The nest is built low in a bush, and 5-6 eggs are laid. Like most Old World warblers, this small passerine is insectivorous.",
      "The dusky warbler is prone to vagrancy as far as western Europe in October, despite a 3000 km distance from its breeding grounds. It has wintered in Great Britain.",
      "This is a warbler similar in size and shape to a chiffchaff. The adult has an unstreaked brown back and buff underparts. There is a prominent whitish supercilium, and the bill is fine and pointed. The sexes are identical, as with most warblers, but young birds are more olive-tinged above. Like most warblers, it is insectivorous, but will take other small food items, including berries.",
      "The song is a monotonous whistle, and the call is a harsh check. The call is often the first clue that this typically skulking species is present, away from the breeding grounds."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eastern crowned warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloscopus_coronatus",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, DFNP, PRP, SBWR, York Road",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Eastern_crowned_warbler.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The eastern crowned warbler is a medium-sized, rather robust and brightly coloured leaf warbler. It is dark olive-green above and white below with a strong head pattern of dark, grey lateral crown stripes with an indistinct yellowish median crown stripe. It also has a long yellowish-white supercilium with a dark stripe through the eye and dark lores and dusky yellow cheeks. It has a single pale wingbar. The square tail shows a slight fork. It has quite a strong, robust, pale-coloured bill and dark legs."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sakhalin leaf warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloscopus_borealoides",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "BTNR (2018), CCNR (2014), DFNP (2014)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Sakhalin_Leaf-warbler.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Sakhalin leaf warbler (Phylloscopus borealoides) is a species of Old World warbler in the family Phylloscopidae.It is found in Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and Japan; it winters to the Amami and Okinawa islands.",
      "Its natural habitat is temperate forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Arctic warbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloscopus_borealis",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "parks, woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Arctic_Warbler_4683b.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Distribution_map_for_Phylloscopus_borealis_%28pacific_centered%29.svg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Arctic warbler (Phylloscopus borealis) is a widespread leaf warbler in birch or mixed birch forest near water throughout its breeding range in Fennoscandia and the northern Palearctic. It has established a foothold in North America, breeding in Alaska. This warbler is strongly migratory; the entire population winters in southeast Asia. It therefore has one of the longest migrations of any Old World insectivorous bird.",
      "It traditionally included populations that breed in Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and Japan, but genetic and vocal evidence strongly suggested these should be treated as separate species, and are all now considered distinct with the Kamchatka leaf warbler in Kamchatka, Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands, and the Japanese leaf warbler in Japan (except Hokkaido).",
      "The nest is on the ground in a low shrub. Like most Old World warblers, this small passerine is insectivorous.",
      "This is a typical leaf warbler in appearance, greyish-green above and off-white below. Its single wing bar distinguishes it from most similar species except the greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides. It is larger than that species and has a heavier, dagger-like bill, with a dark tip to the lower mandible. Its song is a fast trill.",
      "This species occurs as an autumn vagrant in western Europe and is annual on Great Britain. There were 225 confirmed arctic warbler sightings in Britain between 1958 and 2001.",
      "The genus name Phylloscopus is from Ancient Greek phullon, \"leaf\", and skopos, \"seeker\" (from skopeo, \"to watch\"). The specific borealis is from Latin and means \"northern\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Swinhoe's white-eye",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosterops_simplex",
    "rarity": "C/rIRB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Resting_Zosterops_japonicus.jpg",
        "text": "In Hong Kong"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Swinhoe's white-eye (Zosterops simplex) is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in east China, north Vietnam, the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.",
      "This species was formerly treated as a subspecies group of the warbling white-eye (Zosterops japonicus) but based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2018, it was promoted to species rank."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pin-striped tit-babbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixornis_gularis",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "forested areas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Macronus_gularis_chersonesophilus_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg",
        "text": " Calls of rubicapilla (southern India)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The species has a distinctive yellowish supercilium and rufous crown. The throat is yellowish with brown streaks.  Call is a loud repeated chonk-chonk-chonk-chonk-chonk somewhat reminiscent of a common tailorbird.",
      "They forage in small flocks and creep and clamber in low vegetation. They breed in the pre-monsoon season from February to July and build a loose ball shaped nest made from grasses and leaves."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chestnut-winged babbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoderma_erythropterum",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "CCNR",
    "images": [],
    "description": [
      "The chestnut-winged babbler (Cyanoderma erythropterum) is a babbler species in the family Timaliidae. It occurs in the Malay Peninsula from southern Thailand to Singapore, and in Sumatra. The grey-hooded babbler (C. bicolor) of Borneo was formerly considered conspecific. It inhabits forests and shrublands up to 800 m (2,600 ft) altitude. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.",
      "It is chestnut-brown with a greyish face and underparts, and is 12.5–13.5 cm (4.9–5.3 in) long. It feeds on small Coleoptera beetles, Phasmida insects, ants, and Hemiptera bugs.",
      "Timalia erythroptera was the scientific name proposed by Edward Blyth in 1842 for an olive-brown babbler from Nepal.It was later placed in the genus Stachyris, but since 2020 is recognised as a Cyanoderma species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Moustached babbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacopteron_magnirostre",
    "rarity": "Ex/RB",
    "location": "CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Malacopteron_magnirostre.JPG",
        "text": "M. m. cinereocapilla"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The moustached babbler is 18 cm (7.1 in) long and weighs between 16–25 g (0.56–0.88 oz). The plumage is dull brown above and whitish below. The crown is olive-brown in the nominate race, with a grey loral stripe and moustachial stripe."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Short-tailed babbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellorneum_malaccense",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCN",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Malacocincla_malaccensis.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The short-tailed babbler (Pellorneum malaccense) is a species of bird in the family Pellorneidae.It is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand as well as the islands of Sumatra and Borneo (and some of the smaller surrounding islands).",
      "Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. The species is generally solitary, not joining larger mixed-species flocks, instead foraging as singles or pairs. They forage in the understory on the ground on a variety of insects including beetles, grasshoppers, and ants. Like other babblers they will use their foot to grasp food items, an unusual behaviour for passerine birds.",
      "The short-tailed babbler is locally common at a number of places within its range but is considered near-threatened due to the loss of lowland forest in its range."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-chested babbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellorneum_rostratum",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "CCNR, Kranji Marsh, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Trichastoma_rostratum.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The white-chested babbler (Pellorneum rostratum) is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.It is threatened by habitat loss."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Abbott's babbler",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdinus_abbotti",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, JEG, NTL, P. Ubin, Sentosa, SBG, SBWR, WCPR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Malacocincla-abbotti-abbotts-babbler-khao-yai-national-park.jpg",
        "text": "Abbott's babbler, Khao Yai National Park"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Abbott%27s_babbler_%28Malacocincla_abbotti%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult Abbott's babbler is a nondescript, brown, short-tailed, babbler that moves about in the low vegetation often near streams and in the vicinity of tree ferns and tangled vegetation. The throat is grey-white while the center of the belly is white and the flanks are olive. The undertail coverts are rusty-colored. The sexes are alike. It has a short tail and heavy bill; it is drab olive-brown with bright rusty lower flanks and vent, a greyish-white throat and breast and variable pale grey supercilium and lores. Juvenile birds have dark rufescent-brown crowns and upperparts. The calls are distinctive. The subspecies M. a. krishnarajui of the Eastern Ghats has a darker russet tail and rump than the Himalayan nominate subspecies. Specimens measure 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in) in length, with a head of 39–44 mm (1.5–1.7 in) and tail of 55–61 mm (2.2–2.4 in)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-crested laughingthrush",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrulax_leucolophus",
    "rarity": "C/IRB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Garrulax_leucolophus_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg",
        "text": "Introduced, Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Like other birds in its genus, G. leucolophus has a stocky build, with strong blackish legs and bill, rounded tail, and voluminous plumage. Its body length averages 30 cm, and its tail ranges from 13 to 15 cm.",
      "It is named after its characteristic white hood and raised crest. It is also easily recognizable due to its broad and elongated black eye-mask. The mantle, back and underparts from the lower breast down are rufescent, contrasting with the white head, throat and upper chest and fading into darker olive-brown on the tail and upper wings. The nape is light gray.",
      "Females look almost identical to males but have a smaller crest, duller mantle, and slightly more pronounced gray on the nape. Juveniles can be identified by their shorter crest and tail, paler mask, brownish nape and brighter mantle.",
      "Subspecies have subtle variations in plumage: patkaicus' mantle is a darker, richer chestnut; belangeri has white extending lower onto the belly and paler underparts; diardi even more so and with a brighter upper mantle."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chinese hwamei",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrulax_canorus",
    "rarity": "R/IRB",
    "location": "Bt. Gombak, Sentosa, KRP, MFP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Garrulax_canorus_-_Watching_Back.jpg",
        "text": "L. c. canorum in Hong Kong"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is 21 to 25 cm long with broad, rounded wings and a fan-shaped tail. The plumage is mostly reddish-brown with dark streaks on the crown, back and throat. There is a white ring around the eye which extends backwards as a white stripe. The bill and feet are yellowish. Birds on Hainan Island (L. c. owstoni) are paler below and more olive-coloured above. The Taiwan hwamei is greyer and more streaked and lacks the white markings on the head.",
      "The song is a loud, clear, varied whistling with regular repetition and imitations of other birds. The call is a rasping whistle or rattle."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Velvet-fronted nuthatch",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitta_frontalis",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Velvet-fronted_Nuthatch%2C_Ganeshgudi%2C_26_FEB_2016%2C_Vimal_Rajyaguru%2C1_%28cropped%29.jpg",
        "text": "Male with black stripe above and behind eye, in Karnataka, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The velvet-fronted nuthatch has the typical nuthatch shape, short tail and powerful bill and feet. It is 12.5 cm long. It is violet-blue above, with lavender cheeks, beige underparts, yellow eyes, and a whitish throat. The iris is distinctly pale and yellow. The bill is red, and there is a black patch on the forehead and lores which is well developed in adults and less so in younger birds. Young birds have a dark beak and dark tips to the undertail coverts. Adult males can be told apart by the black superciliary stripe that runs above the eye and over the head, towards the nape.",
      "Females lack the supercilium and have a warmer underpart colour. Juveniles are duller versions of the adult lacking the black frontal band. There populations differ in shade and size and the distribution of white on the throat."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian glossy starling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplonis_panayensis",
    "rarity": "VC/RB",
    "location": "islandwide",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Asian_Glossy_Starling_%28Aplonis_panayensis_strigata%29.jpg",
        "text": "Adult"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Aplonis_panayensis.JPG",
        "text": "Immature"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Asian glossy starling (Aplonis panayensis) is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It is found in Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan (introduced) and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest. There is also a huge number of this species inhabiting towns and cities, where they take refuge in abandoned buildings and trees. They often move in large groups and are considered one of the noisiest species of birds."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common hill myna",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracula_religiosa",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "Admiralty Park, AMKTGW, Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Poyan, P. Ubin, SBG, Southern Ridges",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Common_hill_myna.jpg",
        "text": "G. religiosa at Satchari National Park, Habiganj District, Bangladesh"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a stocky jet-black myna, with bright orange-yellow patches of naked skin and fleshy wattles on the side of its head and nape. At about 29 cm length, it is somewhat larger than the common myna (Acridotheres tristis).",
      "It is overall green-glossed black plumage, purple-tinged on the head and neck. Its large, white wing patches are obvious in flight, but mostly covered when the bird is sitting. The bill and strong legs are bright yellow, and there are yellow wattles on the nape and under the eye. These differ conspicuously in shape from the naked eye-patch of the common myna and bank myna (A. ginginianus), and more subtly vary between the different hill mynas from South Asia: in the common hill myna, they extend from the eye to the nape, where they join, while the Sri Lanka hill myna has a single wattle across the nape and extending a bit towards the eyes. In the southern hill myna, the wattles are separate and curve towards the top of the head. The Nias and Enggano hill mynas differ in details of the facial wattles, and size, particularly that of the bill.",
      "Sexes are similar; juveniles have a duller bill.",
      "With the southern, Nias and Enggano hill mynas as separate species, the common hill myna, Gracula religiosa, has seven or eight subspecies, which differ only slightly. They are:",
      "A 2020 study found that the subspecies G. religiosa miotera (the Simeulue hill myna) which is endemic to Simeulue and has not been recognized in recent taxonomic arrangements aside from HBW, also likely represents a distinct species and was likely driven to extinction in the wild in the late 2010s due unsustainable collecting for the wildlife trade. The paper recommends rescuing the last genetically pure captive individuals for the purpose of captive breeding.",
      "The common hill myna is often detected by its loud, shrill, descending whistles followed by other calls. It is most vocal at dawn and dusk, when it is found in small groups in forest clearings high in the canopy.",
      "Both sexes can produce an extraordinarily wide range of loud calls – whistles, wails, screeches, and gurgles, sometimes melodious and often very human-like in quality. Each individual has a repertoire of three to 13 such call types, which may be shared with some near neighbours of the same sex, being learned when young.  Dialects change rapidly with distance, such that birds living more than 15 km apart have no call-types in common with one another.",
      "Unlike some other birds, such as the greater racket-tailed drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus), the common hill myna does not imitate other birds in the wild, although it is a widely held misconception that they do. On the other hand, in captivity, they are among the most renowned mimics, perhaps on par only with the grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). They can learn to reproduce many everyday sounds, particularly the human voice, and even whistled tunes, with astonishing accuracy and clarity."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rosy starling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor_roseus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, Jurong Is., JLG, KRP, St John Is., Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Rosy_Starling_-_Almaty_-_Kazakstan_S4E1244_%2822382991808%29.jpg",
        "text": "Male in Almaty, Kazakhstan"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The adult rosy starling is highly distinctive, with its pink body, pale orange legs and bill, and glossy black head, wings and tail. Males in the breeding season have elongated head feathers which form a wispy crest that is fluffed and more prominent when the bird gets excited. In winter, the crest is shorter, and the edges of black feathers within the plumage become paler as the edges of these feather erode. Winter plumage in males is comparatively dull.",
      "Females in contrast have a short crest and lack the sharp separation between pink and black.",
      "The juvenile birds can be distinguished from common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) by its obviously paler plumage and short yellow bill. Young birds moult into a subdued version of the adult plumage in autumn, yet these lack the crest. They do not acquire their adult plumage until they are nearly one year old in females, and nearly two years in males. The latter grow plumage very similar to adult females in their second year, but are distinguished by  longer crests and noticeably pale feather edges than female juvenile birds."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Daurian starling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agropsar_sturninus",
    "rarity": "VC/WVPM",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Agropsar_sturninus_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Daurian starling is distinguished from other starling species by its dark mantle and crown and narrow wing bars."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chestnut-cheeked starling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agropsar_philippensis",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Bidadari (2014), Loyang (1987), Henderson Waves (2019), JLG (2020)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Sturnus_philippensis.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The chestnut-cheeked starling (Agropsar philippensis) is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It breeds in Japan and the Russian islands of Sakhalin and Kuriles; it winters in Taiwan, the Philippines and northern Borneo.",
      "The chestnut-cheeked starling was previously placed in the genus Sturnus. It was moved to the resurrected genus Agropsar based on the results of two molecular phylogenetic studies that were published in 2008."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian pied starling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracupica_contra",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Asian_pied_starlings_%28Gracupica_contra%29.jpg",
        "text": "Uttar Pradesh, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This myna is strikingly marked in black and white and has a yellowish bill with a reddish bill base. The bare skin around the eye is reddish. The upper body, throat and breast are black while the cheek, lores, wing coverts and rump are contrastingly white. The sexes are similar in plumage but young birds have dark brown in place of black. The subspecies vary slightly in plumage, extent of streaking of the feathers and in measurements.",
      "The flight is slow and butterfly-like on round wings.",
      "Leucistic individuals have been recorded."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-shouldered starling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnia_sinensis",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Coney Is., KRP, Halus, Punggol, Seletar, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Sturnia_sinensis_%28Mandarinstar_-_White-shouldered_Starling%29_-_Weltvogelpark_Walsrode_2013-03.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The white-shouldered starling (Sturnia sinensis) is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It breeds in southern China and northern Vietnam; it winters in Southeast Asia."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-billed starling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodiopsar_sericeus",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "SBTB (2013), TEG (2015)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Calling_Spodiopsar_sericeus.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The red-billed starling (Spodiopsar sericeus) is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It is found in south and southeastern China."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-cheeked starling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodiopsar_cineraceus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "Seletar End (2020)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Mukudori_05z4384cs.jpg",
        "text": "Adult male (left) and female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "White-cheeked starlings are 24 cm in length. The adult male is mainly dark grey-brown with a paler belly and a whitish band across the rump. The head is blackish with whitish cheeks and forehead. There is a white border to the tail and white markings on the secondary wing feathers. The legs are pale orange and the bill is orange with a black tip. Adult females are similar to the males but paler and duller.",
      "The juvenile is brown with pale cheeks and rump and no black tip to the bill.",
      "The loud, monotonous call is a series of harsh, creaking notes."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Common myna",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridotheres_tristis",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "islandwide (including offshore islands)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Indian_Myna.JPG",
        "text": "Acridotheres tristis in Kokrebellur, India"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Acridotheres_tristis00.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The common myna is readily identified by the brown body, black hooded head and the bare yellow patch behind the eye. The bill and legs are bright yellow. There is a white patch on the outer primaries and the wing lining on the underside is white. The sexes are similar and birds are usually seen in pairs.",
      "The common myna obeys Gloger's rule in that the birds from northwestern India tend to be paler than their darker counterparts in southern India.",
      "The calls includes croaks, squawks, chirps, clicks, whistles and 'growls', and the bird often fluffs its feathers and bobs its head in singing. The common myna screeches warnings to its mate or other birds in cases of predators in proximity or when it is about to take off flying. Common mynas are popular as cage birds for their singing and \"speaking\" abilities. Before sleeping in communal roosts, common mynas vocalise in unison, which is known as \"communal noise\".",
      "Morphometry."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-winged starling",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridotheres_melanopterus",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Black-winged_Starling_-_Sturnus_melanopterus.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The black-winged starling is a small starling, 23 centimetres (9.1 in) in length. The plumage of this species is striking, with the head, breast, back and rump being white, and the tail and parts of the wings glossy black. The tip of the tail and parts of the wings are also white. The skin around the eye is unfeathered and yellow. The bill is yellow, and slightly darker towards the base. The sexes are alike, and young birds are like the adults except that juveniles' crown and back are grey. The subspecies tricolor is similar to the nominate but has a grey back and much more black on the wings. The subspecies tertius is similar to tricolor except the grey on the back descends to the tail."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Javan myna",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridotheres_javanicus",
    "rarity": "VC/IRB",
    "location": "islandwide (including offshore islands)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Acridotheres_javanicus_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Javan myna is mainly black. The wings are brownish-black, and the primaries have white bases. The undertail-coverts are white. There is a short crest on the forehead.Its beak, legs and feet are yellow. The eyes are lemon-yellow. The immature is browner. Its length is 21–23 cm (8.3–9.1 in). Its weight is about 100 g (3.5 oz)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Crested myna",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridotheres_cristatellus",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Crested_myna%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The crested myna is named after the tuft of feathers that form a crest-like structure on its forehead that covers the bird's nostrils. It is mostly black with a slight green sheen. It has a couple of white wing patches under its wings which are more visible during flight. The tips and the base of the primaries are white. The tail feathers also have white tips with the exception of the middle pair. The under-tail coverts are black with a white tip. The adult's eyes are orange, its bill is pale yellow, and its legs are a dull dark yellow. Its bill is slender and very sharp. The males are slightly larger than the females. The female's crest is slightly less well-developed. Otherwise, there is no sexual dimorphism.",
      "The hatchlings are born naked except for of a short gray down found on certain parts of the bird. In about 18 to 20 days, the juveniles become fully covered with brown feathers. The crest is usually not well developed at this stage. Immature crested mynas have blue-gray eyes."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Great myna",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridotheres_grandis",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Acridotheres_grandis%2C_Phetchaburi%2C_Thailand.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is black with elongated forehead feathers, forming a frontal crest that may curl backwards. Its beak and feet are yellow. It has white from the vent to the tip of the tail and a white wing patch."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Siberian thrush",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geokichla_sibirica",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, KRP, JLG, Sentosa, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Geokichla_sibirica.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Siberian thrush (Geokichla sibirica) is a member of the thrush family, Turdidae. The genus name Geokichla comes from Ancient Greek geo-, \"ground-\" and kikhle, \" thrush\". The specific sibirica is Latin for Siberia.",
      "It breeds in taiga in Siberia. It is strongly migratory, with most birds moving to southeastern Asia during the winter. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. It is very secretive.",
      "The Siberian thrush is similar in size to the song thrush. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms and berries.",
      "The male Siberian thrush is a dark blue-grey above and below, with a white stripe above the eye. The lower belly and flanks are white. The female is a much browner bird, with a buff stripe above the eye.",
      "A striking identification feature of both sexes in flight is the black band on the white underwings, a feature shared with the scaly thrush."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Orange-headed thrush",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geokichla_citrina",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, HNP, SBG, WCP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Zoothera_citrina_-_Khao_Yai.jpg",
        "text": "ssp. innotata Song of G. c. cyanota"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The orange-headed thrush is 205–235 milliimetres (8.1–9.25 in) long and weighs 47–60 grammes (1.7–2.1 oz). The adult male of the nominate subspecies of this small thrush has an entirely orange head and underparts, uniformly grey upperparts and wings, and white median and undertail coverts. It has a slate-coloured bill and the legs and feet have brown fronts and pink or yellowish rears.",
      "The female resembles the male but has browner or more olive upperparts and warm brown wings, but some old females are almost identical to the male. The juvenile is dull brown with buff streaks on its back, and a rufous tone to the head and face; it has grey wings. The bill is brownish horn, and the legs and feet are brown.",
      "This species' orange and grey plumage is very distinctive, and it is unlikely to be confused with any other species. Differences between the subspecies, as described above, can be quite striking, as with the strong head pattern on G. c. cyanota, but may be less obvious variations in plumage tone, or whether there is white on the folded wing. As with many other thrushes, all forms of this species shows a distinctive underwing pattern, with a strong white band.",
      "Calls of the orange-headed thrush include a soft chuk  or tchuk, a screeching teer-teer-teer, and a thin tsee or dzef given in flight. However, this bird is generally silent especially in winter. The song is a loud clear series of variably sweet lilting musical notes, recalling the quality of the common blackbird, but with the more repetitive structure of the song thrush. It also includes imitations of other birds like bulbuls, babblers and common tailorbird. It sings from a perch in a leafy tree, mostly early morning and late afternoon."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chinese blackbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdus_mandarinus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "JLG (2020)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Turdus_merula_mandarinus_Hong_Kong_6.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Chinese blackbird (Turdus mandarinus) is a member of the thrush family Turdidae.  It was formerly considered a subspecies of the common blackbird."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eyebrowed thrush",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdus_obscurus",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, KRP, NTL, P. Ubin, SBG, TBHP, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Eyebrowed_Thrush.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The eyebrowed thrush (Turdus obscurus) is a member of the thrush family Turdidae. The scientific name comes from Latin Turdus, \"thrush\" and obscurus \"dark\".",
      "It breeds in dense coniferous forest and taiga eastwards from Siberia and Mongolia to Japan. It is strongly migratory, wintering south to China and Southeast Asia. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe.",
      "It nests in trees, laying 4-6 eggs in a neat nest. Migrating birds and wintering birds often form small flocks. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms and berries.",
      "This is an attractive thrush, with a grey back and head, the latter having a black eyeline, bordered white above and below. The breast and flanks are orange, and the belly white. The sexes are fairly similar, but immatures have a browner back.",
      "The male has a simple whistling song, similar to the related mistle thrush.",
      "In 2007 an eyebrowed thrush was sighted at the Jerusalem Bird Observatory in Jerusalem. This is the second recorded sighting in Israel; the first was at Eilat in October 1996.",
      "In 2011, an eyebrowed thrush was sighted in Australia, near Malanda in Queensland. This is possibly the first confirmed sighting of the species on the Australian mainland."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray-streaked flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscicapa_griseisticta",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Poyan (1991), PRP (2017)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Muscicapa_griseisticta.JPG",
        "text": "Grey-streaked flycatcher in Japan"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The grey-streaked flycatcher or grey-spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa griseisticta) is a small passerine bird breeding in the eastern Palearctic belonging to the genus Muscicapa in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The species was first described by Robert Swinhoe in 1861.",
      "It is a slender, long-winged bird with a length of 13 to 15 cm. It is mainly grey brown above and white below. The breast and flanks are heavily streaked with grey. There is a narrow white bar on the wing and a pale patch between the bill and eye. The bill and feet are black. The eye is large and there is a white eye-ring. The adult male and female are alike but juvenile birds differ in having white spots and dark scaling on the upperparts.",
      "It breeds in the vast coniferous forests in north-east China, North Korea and south-east Siberia including Sakhalin and Kamchatka. In spring and autumn it migrates through eastern and southern China, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan.  In winter it occurs in forests, forest edges and open country with scattered trees in Borneo, the Philippines, Palau, eastern Indonesia and New Guinea. It is a vagrant to Singapore, Vietnam, Alaska and Australia.",
      "It perches in the open, waiting for passing insects, then flies out up to 20 metres to catch them before returning to its perch and eating them."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dark-sided flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscicapa_sibirica",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, NTL, SBG, Southern Ridges",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Muscicapa_sibirica.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is 13 to 14 cm long. The upperparts are plain and dark grey-brown apart from a pale wingbar and pale edging to the tertial feathers. The breast and flanks have a variable amount of streaky dark grey-brown. This is unlike the similar Asian brown flycatcher which has rather plain pale underparts and the grey-streaked flycatcher which is white below with distinct grey streaks.",
      "Dark-sided flycatchers have a pale submoustachial stripe and a dark malar stripe which outlines the white throat and half-collar. The centre of the lower breast and belly is white while the undertail-coverts are white with dark centres to the feathers. The bill is short and dark and the feet are black. The eye is large and has a whitish ring around it. The wings are long with a longer primary projection than the Asian brown flycatcher.",
      "The adults of both sexes are alike but juveniles have pale spots on the upperparts, a mottled breast and buff tips to the wing-coverts.",
      "The song is a series of thin, high-pitched notes with trills and whistles. The call is a metallic tinkling."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ferruginous flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscicapa_ferruginea",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, CCNR, JLG, SBG",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Muscicapa_ferruginea_-side-8_%282%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The ferruginous flycatcher (Muscicapa ferruginea) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae.",
      "It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, India, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian brown flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscicapa_dauurica",
    "rarity": "C/WVPM",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Asian_Brown_Flycatcher_%28Muscicapa_dauurica%29_at_Periyar_National_Park.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species is 13 cm (5.1 in) long, including the cocked tail. It is similar in shape to the larger spotted flycatcher, but is relatively longer-tailed. The dark bill is relatively large and broad-based.The adult has grey-brown upperparts, which become greyer as the plumage ages, and whitish underparts with brown-tinged flanks. Young birds have scaly brown upperparts, head and breast."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown-streaked flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscicapa_williamsoni",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "BBNP, Bidadari, CCKP, CCNR, JLG, MFP, PRP, SBWR",
    "images": [],
    "description": [
      "The brown-streaked flycatcher (Muscicapa williamsoni) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae.It is found in southern Myanmar, southern Thailand, northern peninsular Malaysia, and northeast Borneo.  Some authorities consider it to be a subspecies of the Asian brown flycatcher. In 2020, a possible vagrant was sighted 300 km (190 mi) south of the Australian town of Broome. This vagrant was later confirmed after poo samples were collected and tested against DNA of this species."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oriental magpie-robin",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copsychus_saularis",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "woodlands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Male_Female_Oriental_Magpie_Robin_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Male (left) and female (right) Call"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species is 19 centimetres (7.5 in) long, including the long tail, which is usually held cocked upright when hopping on the ground. When they are singing a song the tail is normal like other birds. It is similar in shape to the smaller European robin, but is longer-tailed. The male has black upperparts, head and throat apart from a white shoulder patch. The underparts and the sides of the long tail are white. Females are greyish black above and greyish white. Young birds have scaly brown upperparts and head.",
      "The nominate race is found on the Indian subcontinent and the females of this race are the palest. The females of the Andaman Islands race andamanensis are darker, heavier-billed and shorter-tailed. The Sri Lankan race ceylonensis (formerly included with the peninsular Indian populations south of the Kaveri River) and southern nominate individuals have the females nearly identical to the males in shade. The eastern populations, the ones in Bangladesh and Bhutan, have more black on the tail and were formerly named erimelas. The populations in Myanmar (Burma) and further south are named as the race musicus. A number of other races have been named across the range, including prosthopellus (Hong Kong), nesiotes, zacnecus, nesiarchus, masculus, pagiensis, javensis, problematicus, amoenus, adamsi, pluto, deuteronymus and mindanensis. However, many of these are not well-marked and the status of some of them is disputed. Some, like mindanensis, have now been usually recognized as full species (the Philippine magpie-robin). There is more geographic variation in the plumage of females than in that of the males.",
      "It is mostly seen close to the ground, hopping along branches or foraging in leaf-litter on the ground with a cocked tail. Males sing loudly from the top of trees or other high perches during the breeding season."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-rumped shama",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copsychus_malabaricus",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, MFP, Poyan, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/White-rumped-shama-yala-sri-lanka-casey-klebba.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Copsychus_malabaricus_-_Khao_Yai.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "They typically weigh between 28 and 34 g (1.0 and 1.2 oz) and are around 23–28 cm (9–11 in) in length. Males are glossy black with a chestnut belly and white feathers on the rump and outer tail. Females are more greyish-brown, and are typically shorter than males. Both sexes have a black bill and pink feet. Juveniles have a greyish-brown colouration, similar to that of the females, with a blotchy or spotted chest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chinese blue flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyornis_glaucicomans",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Bidadari (2013), CCNR, (2020) SBWR (1997)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Cyornis_glaucicomans_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Chinese blue flycatcher (Cyornis glaucicomans) is a small passerine bird in the flycatcher family, Muscicapidae. The Chinese blue flycatcher is found in southern China and the Malay Peninsula. It previously was considered a subspecies of the blue-throated blue flycatcher."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mangrove blue flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyornis_rufigastra",
    "rarity": "VR/RB",
    "location": "Bidadari (2015), P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Mangrove_Blue-Flycatcher_%28Cyornis_rufigastra%29_-_Flickr_-_Lip_Kee_%281%29.jpg",
        "text": "Juvenile."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The mangrove blue flycatcher (Cyornis rufigastra) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown-chested jungle-flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyornis_brunneatus",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "BBNP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCKP, CCNR, DFNP, Jurong Is., SBG, SBWR, Sentosa, St John Is., TEG, Tuas",
    "images": [],
    "description": [
      "The brown-chested jungle flycatcher (Cyornis brunneatus) is a species of bird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.It breeds in South China ; its winters in the Malay peninsula.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.",
      "This species was previously placed in the genus Rhinomyias but was moved to Cyornis based on the results of a 2010 molecular phylogenetic study."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue-and-white flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoptila_cyanomelana",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Sentosa",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Blue_and_white_flycatcher.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The blue-and-white flycatcher (Cyanoptila cyanomelana) is a migratory songbird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The species is also known as the Japanese flycatcher. It breeds in Japan, Korea, and in parts of north eastern China and the Russian Far East. It winters in South East Asia, especially in Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Sumatra and Borneo. This species has been recorded as a vagrant from the Sinharaja Rainforest in Sri Lanka in 2014."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Zappey's flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoptila_cumatilis",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, JLG, KRP, SBG, TEG, Tuas",
    "images": [],
    "description": [
      "Zappey's flycatcher (Cyanoptila cumatilis) is a songbird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It breeds in central China and winters to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the blue-and-white flycatcher."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Verditer flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumyias_thalassinus",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "DFNP (2017)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Verditer_Flycatcher_%28Eumyias_thalassinus%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Wintering adult male at Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The verditer flycatcher (Eumyias thalassinus) is an Old World flycatcher It is found from the Himalayas through Southeast Asia to Sumatra. This species is named after its distinctive shade of copper-sulphate blue and has a dark patch between the eyes and above the bill base. The adult males are intense blue on all areas of the body, except for the black eye-patch and grey vent. Adult females and sub-adults are lighter blue.",
      "The verditer flycatcher is also interesting among the flycatchers in that they forage above the canopy level and perching on electric wires or exposed tree top branches.",
      "This species was earlier placed in the genus Muscicapa and it has been suggested that it is closer to the Niltava flycatchers."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Siberian blue robin",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luscinia_cyane",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, P. Ubin, SBG, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Luscinia_cyane_-_Khao_Yai.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Luscinia_cyane_juvenile_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg",
        "text": "Juvenile"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Siberian blue robin (Larvivora cyane) is a small passerine bird that was formerly classified as a member of the thrush family, Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to belong to the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae. It and similar small European species are often called  chats. Recent research suggests that this species and some other East Asian members of Luscinia should be classified in a new genus, together with the Japanese and Ryūkyū robins. The genus name Larvivora comes from the new Latin larva meaning caterpillar and -vorus meaning eating (vorace to devour), and cyane is Latin for \"dark-blue\".",
      "This bird is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in the eastern Palearctic from Siberia and northern Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea and across to Japan. It winters in southern and south-eastern Asia and Indonesia.",
      "The breeding habitat is coniferous forest with dense undergrowth, often beside rivers or at woodland edges. It feeds on the ground but is very 'skulking'. In winter, this bird also tends to stay in dense vegetation.",
      "This species is larger than the European robin. The breeding male is unmistakable with blue upperparts and white underparts. The female is much drabber, with brown upperparts and whitish underparts. Her dark eye stands out against the paler brown face.",
      "This species is a very rare vagrant to Europe, and has vagrant status even as far east as Pakistan.",
      "The Siberian blue robin was previously placed in the genus Luscinia. A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that Luscinia was not monophyletic. The genus was therefore split and several species including the Siberian blue robin were moved to the reinstated genus Larvivora."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue whistling-thrush",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myophonus_caeruleus",
    "rarity": "VR/Indeterminate",
    "location": "Fort Canning (2019)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Blue-Whistling_Thrush_East_Sikkim_India_10.05.2014.jpg",
        "text": "Subspecies temminckii from Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, Sikkim"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Myophonus_caeruleus_-_Ang_Khang_edit1.jpg",
        "text": "Subspecies eugenei from Royal Agricultural Station, Doi Ang Khang, Thailand"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This whistling thrush is dark violet blue with shiny spangling on the tips of the body feathers other than on the lores, abdomen and under the tail. The wing coverts are a slightly different shade of blue and the median coverts have white spots at their tips. The bill is yellow and stands in contrast. The inner webs of the flight and tail feathers is black. The sexes are similar in plumage.",
      "It measures 31–35 cm (12–14 in) in length. Weight across the subspecies can range from 136 to 231 g (4.8 to 8.1 oz). For comparison, the blue whistling thrush commonly weighs twice as much as an American robin. This species is possibly the largest extant thrush though size overlap does occur with the similar by length great thrush and the insular Amami thrush, whose mean body mass falls around the middle of those of the whistling thrush. Among standard measurements, the wing chord can measure 15.5–20 cm (6.1–7.9 in) long, the tarsus is 4.5–5.5 cm (1.8–2.2 in) and the bill is 2.9–4.6 cm (1.1–1.8 in). Size varies across the range with larger thrushes found to the north of the species range and slightly smaller ones to the south, corresponding with Bergmann's rule. In northern China, males and females average 188 g (6.6 oz) and 171 g (6.0 oz), whereas in India they average 167.5 g (5.91 oz) and 158.5 g (5.59 oz).",
      "Several populations are given subspecies status. The nominate form with a black bill is found in central and eastern China. The population in Afghanistan, turkestanicus, is often included in the widespread temminckii which has a smaller bill width at the base and is found along the Himalayas east to northern Burma. The population eugenei, which lacks white spots on the median coverts, is found south into Thailand. Cambodia and the Malay peninsula have crassirostris, while dichrorhynchus with smaller spangles occurs further south and in Sumatra. The Javan population, flavirostris, has the thickest bill. The subspecies status of several populations has been questioned."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yellow-rumped flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficedula_zanthopygia",
    "rarity": "C/PM",
    "location": "woodlands, forests",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/%C4%90%E1%BB%9Bp_ru%E1%BB%93i_v%C3%A0ng_%28cropped%29.jpg",
        "text": "Adult male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Ficedula_zanthopygia_1.jpg",
        "text": "Adult female (Mongolia)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The yellow-rumped flycatcher, Korean flycatcher or tricolor flycatcher (Ficedula zanthopygia) is a species of flycatcher found in eastern Asia. A distinctive species with almost no look-alike other than the narcissus flycatcher. It breeds in eastern Asia including parts of Mongolia, Transbaikal, southern China, Korea and western Japan. They winter in parts of the Malay Peninsula and South Asia."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Green-backed flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficedula_elisae",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "BAMKP, Bidadari, CCNR, KRP, NTL, Tuas, Khatib Bongsu, Marina South",
    "images": [],
    "description": [
      "The green-backed flycatcher (Ficedula elisae) is a bird in the family Muscicapidae, which contains the Old World flycatchers. It was long considered to a subspecies of the narcissus flycatcher, but morphological and acoustical differences between the two indicate they are instead separate species.  It breeds in northeastern China and winters in southeast Asia.",
      "\"F. beijingnica\", proposed as a separate species called Beijing flycatcher or Peking flycatcher, is now considered by experts to be the first-summer male of this species and thus no longer a valid taxon."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Narcissus flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficedula_narcissina",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Bidadari (2015), DFNP (2017)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Narcissus_Flycatcher-cropped.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The narcissus flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina) is a passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family.  It is native to the East Palearctic, from Sakhalin to the north, through Japan across through Korea, mainland China, and Taiwan, wintering in southeast Asia, including the Philippines,  Vietnam and Borneo.  It is highly migratory, and has been found as a vagrant from Australia in the south to Alaska in the north .",
      "Narcissus flycatcher males are very distinctive in full breeding plumage, having a black crown and mantle, a bright orange throat with paler chest and underparts, an orange-yellow eyebrow, black wings with a white wing patch, an orange-yellow rump, and a black tail.  Non-breeding males have varying levels of yellow.  Females are completely dissimilar, with generally buff-brown coloration, with rusty-colored wings, and a two-toned eyering.",
      "This species primarily feeds on insects, and lives in deciduous woodlands.  Breeding males sing in repeated melodious whistles. The green-backed flycatcher (F. elisae) of northern China and the Ryukyu flycatcher (F. owstoni) of the Ryukyu Islands were formerly considered subspecies.",
      "There are several subspecies, largely determined by plumage and range variations, at least two of which have been split off as separate species. F. n. narcissina, the nominate race, found from Sakhalin south to the Philippines.",
      "The Narcissus Flycatcher arrives in Southeast Asia during early May to commence mating behavior. Males arrive before females to prepare a nest that will aid in the selection of a mate as well as shelter. Due to familiarity with the ritual older males typically arrive at the area sooner than younger males.",
      "The name of the bird is a reference to the yellow color of many varieties of the narcissus flower."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mugimaki flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficedula_mugimaki",
    "rarity": "U/PM",
    "location": "AMKTGW, Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, JLG, KRP, MFP, PRP, Sentosa, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Ficedula_mugimaki_-_Khao_Yai.jpg",
        "text": "male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Mugimaki_Flycatcher.jpg",
        "text": "First winter male"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The mugimaki flycatcher is 13 to 13.5 centimetres long. It has a rattling call and often flicks its wings and tail. The adult male has blackish upperparts with a short white supercilium behind the eye, a white wing-patch, white edges to the tertials and white at the base of the outer tail-feathers. The breast and throat are orange-red while the belly and undertail-coverts are white. The female is grey-brown above with a pale orange-brown breast and throat. She lacks white in the tail, has one or two pale wingbars rather than a white wing-patch and has a supercilium that is either faint or absent entirely. Young males are similar to the female but have a brighter orange breast, white in the tail and a more obvious supercilium."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Taiga flycatcher",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficedula_albicilla",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "SBG (2019–20), WCP (2020)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Taiga_Flycatcher.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The taiga flycatcher or red-throated flycatcher (Ficedula albicilla) is a migratory bird in the family Muscicapidae. The species was first described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1811. The female has brown upper parts with a blackish tail flanked by white. The breast is buffish with underparts mostly white. The male has ear coverts and sides of the neck blue-tinged grey with breeding males having orange-red coloration on the throats. Unlike the taiga flycatcher, the female of the similar red-breasted flycatcher has brown tail while the red colour in breeding males extend up to the breast in red-breasted flycatcher. It breeds in northern Eurasia from eastern Russia to Siberia and Mongolia. It is a winter visitor to South and South-east Asia in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Malaysia, Thailand, China, Vietnam, and Japan. Its natural habitat is taiga forest. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe.",
      "It was formerly considered a subspecies of the red-breasted flycatcher.",
      "The genus name is from Latin and refers to a small fig-eating bird (ficus, fig) supposed to change into the blackcap in winter. The specific name albicilla is from Latin albus, white, and New Latin cilla tail; this meaning of cilla arose from a misunderstanding of motacilla, the name for the wagtail."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Daurian redstart",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicurus_auroreus",
    "rarity": "VR/V",
    "location": "SBTB (2013), Cashew Road (2014), SBG (2019), UTown (2020)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Daurian_redstart_at_Daisen_Park_in_Osaka%2C_January_2016.jpg",
        "text": "Adult male"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Its length is 14 to 15 cm and its weight is 11 to 20 g.",
      "Like all typical redstarts, they are strongly sexually dimorphic. Breeding males have a grey crown and nape with lighter forehead and crown-sides, a black face and chin, brownish mantle and wings and a large white wing patch; the chest, lower back and rump are orange, and the tail is black with orange sides. Juvenile males are similarly patterned but much duller and less clearly marked.",
      "Females are warm brown above, paler below, have an orange rump and tail sides, and have a large white wing patch similar to the males. Bill, eye, legs and feet are black in both sexes.",
      "It was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family (Turdidae), but is now generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher (Muscicapidae). This species is divided into two subspecies, the eastern P. a. auroreus and the western P. a. leucopterus.",
      "It belongs to a close-knit Eurasian clade which also includes the black redstart (P. ochruros), Hodgson's redstart (P. hodgsoni), the white-winged redstart (P. erythrogastrus) – which may be especially closely related to P. auroreus – and perhaps the Ala Shan redstart (P. alaschanicus). These all diverged during the latter part of the Late Pliocene and the earliest Early Pleistocene, some 3–1.5 million years ago, during onset of the Quaternary glaciation."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-throated rock-thrush",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticola_gularis",
    "rarity": "VR/WVPM",
    "location": "BTNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Monticola_gularis_male_non-breeding_-_Khao_Yai.jpg",
        "text": "Male, non-breeding"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The white-throated rock thrush weighs 34 grams on average, although its weight ranges from 32 to 37 grams. The bird's length ranges from 16 to 19 centimetres (6.3 to 7.5 in). Its typical generation length is 3.8 years.",
      "Adult male white-throated rock thrushes have white patches on their chins and throats. However, the rest of their undersides are a chestnut-orange color. Adult females have brown or olive-brown upper parts and \"boldly scalloped\" lower parts. Young males have gray or golden-brown feathers and orange undersides. The birds are also cobalt blue and black in places.  The bird's song has been described as \"melancholy, flute-like, drawn-out rising whistles\"."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue rock-thrush",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticola_solitarius",
    "rarity": "R/PM",
    "location": "Ascentia Sky, BTNR, Labrador Villa Road, Marina Barrage, Pinnacle@Duxton, Sentosa, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Monticola_solitarius%2C_Spain_1.jpg",
        "text": "Male M. s. solitarius"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Monticola_solitarius_29-August-2015.jpg",
        "text": "Female M. s. solitarius"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The blue rock thrush is a starling-sized bird, 21–23 cm (8.3–9.1 in) in length with a long slim bill. The breeding male of the nominate subspecies is unmistakable, with all blue-grey plumage apart from its darker wings. Females and immatures are much less striking, with dark brown upperparts, and paler brown scaly underparts. The male of the subspecies M. s. philippensis has rufous-chestnut plumage from the mid-breast down to the undertail. Both sexes lack the reddish outer tail feathers of rock thrush.",
      "The male blue rock thrush sings a clear, melodious call that is similar to, but louder than the call of the rock thrush."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Siberian stonechat",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxicola_maurus",
    "rarity": "R/WVPM",
    "location": "Changi, Halus, NTL, Poyan, P. Punggol, Tuas, Warren, Marina South, Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Siberian_stonechat_Male.jpg",
        "text": "Male in breeding plumageAndhra Pradesh, India"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Siberian_Stonechat_%28Saxicola_maurus%29_female%2C_Salai%2C_UP%2C_India.jpg",
        "text": "FemaleUttar Pradesh, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It resembles its closest living relative the European stonechat (S. rubicola), but is typically darker above and paler below, with a white rump and whiter underparts with less orange on the breast. The male in breeding plumage has black upperparts and head (lacking the brownish tones of the European stonechat), a conspicuous white collar, scapular patch and rump, and a restricted area of orange on the throat.",
      "The female has pale brown upperparts and head, white neck patches (not a full collar), and a pale, unstreaked pinkish-yellow rump. Males in winter plumage are intermediate between summer males and females, with a supercilium resembling the whinchat (S. rubetra); from this species and the female it can be distinguished by the full white collar.",
      "If seen at close distance, it can be recognized that its primary remiges are distinctly longer than in S. rubicola. In this, it closely resembles the whinchat, which like S. maurus is adapted to long-distance migrations.",
      "The male has a clicking call, like two pebbles knocked together. The song is high and twittering like the dunnock (Prunella modularis), an unrelated passeridan songbird belonging to the Passeroidea.",
      "There are five or six subspecies, with S. m. maurus (described above) and the distinct but similar S. m. stejnegeri found across northern and central Asia. The southern S. m. variegatus (west of the Caspian Sea), S. m. armenicus (eastern Turkey to Iran), S. m. indicus (Himalaya) and the Turkestan stonechat S. m. przewalskii (southwest China) are distinguished by larger white areas on the plumage.",
      "In the past, S. maurus was usually included in S. torquatus as part of the \"common stonechat\", but that scientific name nowadays is restricted to the African stonechat. Analysis of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence and nDNA microsatellite fingerprinting data, though not unequivocal, together with the evidence from morphology, behaviour and biogeography seems to indicate that the present bird can be considered a distinct species. The European stonechat is its western sister species in the Eurasian lineage of stonechats; their ancestors separated during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, roughly 1.5-2.5 million years ago at the onset of the Quaternary glaciation.",
      "Its scientific name means \"dark rock-dweller\". Saxicola derives from Latin saxum \"rock\" + incola \"inhabitant\"; maurus is Latinized from Greek maúros (μαύρος) \"black\" (cf. \"moor\"), in reference to the upperpart colour as compared to S. rubicola."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pied bushchat",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxicola_caprata",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Pied_bush_chat_%28Saxicola_caprata%29male_from_nilgiris_DSC_1123.jpg",
        "text": "S. c. nilgiriensis maleNilgiri mountains"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Pied_bushchat_%28Saxicola_caprata_bicolor%29_female.jpg",
        "text": "S. c. bicolor, femalePench National Park, Madhya Pradesh"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "At 13 cm (5.1 in), the pied bush chat is slightly smaller than the Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maurus, although it has a similar dumpy structure and upright stance. The male is black except for a white rump, wing patch and lower belly. The iris is dark brown, the bill and legs black. The female is drab brown and slightly streaked. Juveniles have a scaly appearance on the underside but dark above like the females.",
      "A number of geographic populations have been given subspecies status:",
      "Some of these isolated populations are found on islands and they include:",
      "This species is closely related to the European-African stonechat complex. S. c. fruticola from Indonesia (Moyo Island population appeared to be well differentiated from specimens from Lembata Island with a divergence estimated to about 360,000 years ago.), S. c. pyrrhonota from West Timor (Indonesia).",
      "Local names include Kala pidda in Hindi Shyama in Gujarati Kavda gapidda in Marathi Kallu kuruvi in Tamil, Kampa nalanchi in Telugu. The Fore people of New Guinea called it pobogile. They were once popular in Bengal as cage birds. They are still found in the local bird trade of some parts of Southeast Asia."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Scarlet-breasted flowerpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionochilus_thoracicus",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Prionochilus_thoracicus_male_1838.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The scarlet-breasted flowerpecker (Prionochilus thoracicus) is a species of bird in the family Dicaeidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical swamps.It is threatened by habitat loss."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thick-billed flowerpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicaeum_agile",
    "rarity": "VR/NBV",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Dicaeum_agile_modestum_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg",
        "text": "D. a. modestum from Kaeng Krachan, Phetchaburi, Thailand Calls of D. a. agile"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This species flowerpecker is about 10 cm long and has a dark stout beak and short tail. They are dark grey brown above and dull greyish with diffuse streaking on light buffy underparts. The rump is slightly more olive in the nominate race. The bill is dark, somewhat stout and heavy and the iris is reddish. The sexes are not distinguishable in the field and the juvenile has a paler base to the mandible and less streaks on the underside. There are whitish spots at the tip of the tail feathers. The nominate race is found on the plains of the mainland of the Indian Subcontinent. The Sri Lankan population, zeylonense (=zeylonicum, zeylonica), is smaller and darker above. and Subspecies modestum (including pallescens) is found in northeastern India and extends into Burma. Several island forms have been described but some of them are only tentatively kept within this species. These include atjehense of Sumatra, finschi of western Java, tinctum of Sumba, Flores and Alor, obsoletum from Timor, striatissimum, aeruginosum and affine from the Philippines. Several of these such as aeruginosum are considered as full species as they are reproductively isolated and distinct in morphology."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yellow-vented flowerpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicaeum_chrysorrheum",
    "rarity": "VR/R",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Yellow-vented_Flowerpecker.jpg",
        "text": "Yellow-vented Flowerpecker in Guwahati, Assam, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The yellow-vented flowerpecker (Dicaeum chrysorrheum) is a species of bird in the family Dicaeidae. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Orange-bellied flowerpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicaeum_trigonostigma",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "forests",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Orang-bellied_Flowerpecker.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Male is distinctive, and shows slaty-blue upperparts (crown/nape/wings/tail) except for a large triangular orange patch on the mantle. It has a fairly thin and short bill that is slightly curved downwards at the tip. Upper-breast and throat are a lighter greyish blue; from the lower breast to the vent is a gradient from fiery orange (on the lower breast) to yellow (on the vent). Female is much duller, and is mostly drab olive brown overall, except for its pale orange rump and yellow belly.",
      "Dicaeum trigonostigma melanostigma",
      "Delacour (Birds of Malaysia, 1947) cited a name Dicaeum trigonostigma melanostigma, but because no description accompanied this name, and no type was identified, it was published as a nomen nudum.",
      "He later (in litt.) asserted that the name was a lapsus (Salomonsen, American Mus. Novitates No. 1991 (1960)).  However, melanostigma continued to be cited in various lists (Howard and Moore, Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (1980, 1991)), as well as on websites which list birds common to Thailand and the surrounding region, thus possibly allowing for the inadvertent description of this name should any published reference to it accompany a picture of an orange-bellied flowerpecker.  Dickinson (Complete Howard and Moore Checklist (2003)) also asserted that the name was a lapsus, but of Howard and Moore's, with no reference to Delacour."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Scarlet-backed flowerpecker",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicaeum_cruentatum",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "parks",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Scarlet-backed_flowerpecker_Gosaba_Sundarban_0001.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Measuring 9 cm (3.5 in) and weighing 7 to 8 grams (0.25 to 0.28 oz), the scarlet-backed flowerpecker is a small bird with a short tail. It exhibits sexual dimorphism. The male has a navy blue face, wings and tail, with a broad bright red stripe from its crown to its upper tail coverts. The female is predominantly olive green with a black tail and scarlet upper tail coverts and rump. Both sexes have creamy white underparts, black eyes and legs, and a dark grey arched bill. The juvenile has plumage similar to the female but has an orange bill and lacks the bright red rump."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ruby-cheeked sunbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcoparia_singalensis",
    "rarity": "VR/R",
    "location": "CCNR (2005), P. Ubin (2018)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Chalcoparia_singalensis_Keulemans.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The ruby-cheeked sunbird (Chalcoparia singalensis) is a species of sunbird in the family Nectariniidae."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Plain sunbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthreptes_simplex",
    "rarity": "VR/R",
    "location": "CCNR, Senoko",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Anthreptes_simplex_Keulemans.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The plain sunbird (Anthreptes simplex) is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brown-throated sunbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthreptes_malacensis",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "parks",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Brown-throated_Sunbird.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The brown-throated sunbird is a relatively large, heavy sunbird with a thick bill. Measuring some 14 centimetres (5.5 in) in length, it has a mass of 7.4–13.5 g (0.26–0.48 oz), with males averaging slightly larger than females.",
      "Like most sunbirds, the male brown-throated sunbird is more colourful than the female. The male has iridescent green and purple upperparts with chestnut on the wing-coverts and scapulars; it is primarily yellow below. The female is olive-green above and yellowish below."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Van Hasselt's sunbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocoma_brasiliana",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Leptocoma_brasiliana_%28male%29_-Singapore-8a.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Van Hasselt's sunbird (Leptocoma brasiliana), is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in Northeast India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.",
      "It used to be considered a subspecies of the purple-throated sunbird.",
      "In 1939, a group of bird lovers in Hawaii known as the Hui Manu released 28 of these birds on various parts of the leeward side of Oahu in Hawaii in an attempt to get them to become established there; none appeared have succeeded."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Copper-throated sunbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarinia_calcostetha",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BBNP, P. Ubin, SBWR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Leptocoma_calcostetha_Keulemans.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The copper-throated sunbird (Leptocoma calcostetha) is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae.It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Olive-backed sunbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnyris_jugularis",
    "rarity": "VC/RB",
    "location": "parks",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Cinnyris_jugularis_%28male%29_-Singapore_Botanic_Gardens-8.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Cinnyris_jugularis_%28female%29_-Singapore_Botanic_Gardens-8.jpg",
        "text": "Male and female in Singapore"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "They are small songbirds, at most 12 cm (4.7 in) long. In most subspecies, the underparts of both male and female are bright yellow, the backs are a dull brown colour. The forehead, throat and upper breast of the adult male is a dark, metallic blue-black. In the Philippines the males of some subspecies have an orange band on the chest, in Wallacea and northern New Guinea some subspecies have most of the underparts blackish, and in southern China and adjacent parts of Vietnam most of the underparts of the male are greyish-white."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Crimson sunbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethopyga_siparaja",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "parks, forests",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Crimson_Sunbird_%286%29.jpg",
        "text": "Male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Crimson_sunbird%28f%29.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Crimson sunbirds are tiny, only 11 cm long. They have medium-length thin down-curved bills and brush-tipped tubular tongues, both adaptations to their nectar feeding. The adult male has a crimson breast and maroon back. The rump is yellow and the belly is olive.  The female has an olive-green back, yellowish breast and white tips to the outer tail feathers. In most of the range, males have a long green-blue tail, but A.s. nicobarica of the Nicobar Islands and the former subspecies A. vigorsii (Western crimson sunbird) of the Western Ghats of India lack the long central tail feathers. Their call is chee-cheewee."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thick-billed spiderhunter",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnothera_crassirostris",
    "rarity": "VR/R",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Arachnothera_crassirostris_Keulemans.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The thick-billed spiderhunter (Arachnothera crassirostris) is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Little spiderhunter",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnothera_longirostra",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Mandai, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Little_spiderhunter_India.jpg",
        "text": "A. l. longirostra (Kerala, India)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The distinctive long beak set it apart from other sunbirds. The sexes are alike except for a paler base to lower mandible in the female. Male has all black beak. They are found close to their favourite nectar bearing trees, often species of wild Musaceae or flowers in gardens. They have a buzzy zick-zick call that is made regularly when disturbed or when foraging. The song is series of rapid chipping notes and these can go on for long periods."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yellow-eared spiderhunter",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnothera_chrysogenys",
    "rarity": "VR/R",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, P. Tekong, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Yellow-eared_Spiderhunter_%2814080068385%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The yellow-eared spiderhunter (Arachnothera chrysogenys) is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Asian fairy-bluebird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_puella",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "BBNP, BBC, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Asian_fairy_bluebird_male_marayoor.jpg",
        "text": "Male in Marayoor, Kerala  India"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Asian_Fairy_Bluebird_f_MG_0027_GarimaBhatia_%28cropped%29.jpg",
        "text": "Female in Mount Harriet National Park, Andaman and Nicobar Islands"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Asian fairy bluebird measures 24 to 27 centimetres (9.4 to 10.6 in) in length. The iris is crimson and eyelids pinkish; the bill, legs and claws are black, and mouth a flesh- colour. Marked sexual dimorphism is evident. The male is a shining ultramarine-blue with lilac reflections on its upper plumage, lesser wing coverts, and under tail coverts, while the sides of its head and the whole lower plumage are deep black; greater wing-coverts, quills, and tail black, and some of the coverts tipped with blue, and the middle tail-feathers glossed with blue.",
      "The upper plumage, the lesser wing coverts, and the lower tail coverts of the female are brownish blue, with the edges of the feathers brighter. The middle tail feathers and the outer webs of all the others, except the outer pair, like the upper plumage, and remainder of tail dark brown. primaries and secondaries dark brown. The greater wing coverts, primary coverts, and tertiaries dark brown, with a blue tinge on the outer webs. Sides of the head and whole lower plumage blue, very similar to the upper parts. The young resemble the female. The male changes into adult plumage in March, the change taking place without a moult. The feathers of the upper parts first become fringed with bright blue, then the tail coverts change, and finally the lower plumage changes. Young birds with the lower plumage mixed black and dull blue, and the upper plumage like that of the adult are frequently seen.",
      "There are several subspecies, including I. cyanea malayensis from the Malay Peninsula, where the male differs in having the undertail coverts longer, nearly reaching to the tip of the tail."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Greater green leafbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropsis_sonnerati",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Chloropsis_sonnerati-20030531.jpg",
        "text": "Female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The greater green leafbird (Chloropsis sonnerati) is a species of bird in the family Chloropseidae. It is distinguished from the lesser green leafbird (Chloropsis cyanopogon) by its powerful beak, yellow throat and eye ring of the female; and lack of a yellow border along the black throat patch found in the male C. cyanopogan.",
      "It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. In Indonesia, it is found in Sumatra, Borneo, Natuna Islands, Java and Bali.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, mainly old-growth forest but also secondary forest and edges.",
      "It moves quite conspicuously at the canopy level, jumping between branches and flying from tree to tree. It often visits fruiting fig trees, but also takes insects and small invertebrates.",
      "The greater green leafbird has a loud voice, consisting of an ascending whistle chee-zi-chee.",
      "The species is threatened by trapping for the cage bird trade and has become rare or even disappeared in large parts of its range."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lesser green leafbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropsis_cyanopogon",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Lesser_Green_Leafbird_%28Female%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The lesser green leafbird (Chloropsis cyanopogon) is a species of bird in the family Chloropseidae.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.It is threatened by habitat loss."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blue-winged leafbird",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropsis_cochinchinensis",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Blue-winged_Leafbird_-_Thailand_H8O5844_%2816432256783%29.jpg",
        "text": "male"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Chloropsis_cochinchinensis_-_Khao_Yai.jpg",
        "text": "female"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The blue-winged leafbird (Chloropsis moluccensis) is a species of leafbird found in forest and second growth throughout Southeast Asia as far east as Borneo and as far south as southern Sumatra. It previously included Jerdon's leafbird (C. jerdoni) from the Indian Subcontinent, and the Bornean leafbird (C. kinabaluensis) from northern Borneo as subspecies, but differs from both in measurements and morphology, with Jerdon's lacking any blue to the flight feathers, and Bornean having a distinctive male-like female plumage. The Javan leafbird (C. cochinchinensis), which is endemic to Java, was also formerly grouped with the species, but more recent phylogenetic studies have split both. The distribution of the blue-winged and the Bornean leafbird are known to approach each other, but there is no evidence of intergradation.",
      "The male is green-bodied with a yellow-tinged head, black face and throat. It has a blue moustachial line. The female differs in that it has a greener head and blue throat, and young birds are like the female but without the blue throat patch.",
      "It is common to fairly common throughout most of its range, and therefore considered to be of least concern by BirdLife International.",
      "The superficially similar golden-fronted leafbird lacks blue in the flight feathers and tail, and has a golden forehead.",
      "As in other leafbirds, the call of the blue-winged leafbird consists of a rich mixture of imitations of the calls of various other species of birds."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Golden-backed weaver",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploceus_jacksoni",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "Coney Is., Halus, Marina East, NTL, P. Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The golden-backed weaver (Ploceus jacksoni), also known as Jackson's weaver, is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae.",
      "It is found in Burundi, Kenya, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Streaked weaver",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploceus_manyar",
    "rarity": "R/IRB",
    "location": "Halus, SBWR, Khatib Bongsu, Sg. Serangoon",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ploceus_manyar.JPG",
        "text": "Male in breeding plumage in Basai wetlands, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The streaked weaver (Ploceus manyar) is a species of weaver bird found in South Asia and South-east Asia in the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and also introduced in Qatar and United Arab Emirates (UAE). These are not as common as the baya weaver but are similar looking but have streaked underparts.",
      "They nest in small colonies often in reed beds near water bodies."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Baya weaver",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploceus_philippinus",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "grasslands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Baya_weaver_%28Ploceus_philippinus%29_Male_%E2%99%82_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Baya_weaver_%28Ploceus_philippinus%29_female_%E2%99%80_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Male and female P. p. philippinus (India)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "These are sparrow-sized (15 cm [5.9 in]) and in their non-breeding plumage, both males and females resemble female house sparrows. They have a stout conical bill and a short square tail. Non-breeding males and females look very similar: dark brown streaked fulvous buff above, plain (unstreaked) whitish fulvous below, eyebrow long and buff coloured, bill is horn coloured and no mask. Breeding males have a bright yellow crown, dark brown mask, blackish brown bill, upper parts are dark brown streaked with yellow, with a yellow breast and cream buff below."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Orange-cheeked waxbill",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrilda_melpoda",
    "rarity": "R/I",
    "location": "BAMKP, Coney Is., JLG, NTL, P. Punggol, S. Pandan, SBTB",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Orange-Cheeked_Waxbill_zackandzill.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The orange-cheeked waxbill (Estrilda melpoda) is a common species of estrildid finch native to western and central Africa, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 3,600,000 km2."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Crimson-rumped waxbill",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrilda_rhodopyga",
    "rarity": "U/I",
    "location": "Coney Is., Halus, P. Punggol, Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Crimson-rumped_Waxbill_-_Kenya_0334_%2822987577385%29.jpg",
        "text": "in Kenya"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The crimson-rumped waxbill (Estrilda rhodopyga) also known as rosy-rumped waxbill is a common species of estrildid finch found in eastern Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 830,000 km2.",
      "It is found in Burundi, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti,  Egypt, Eritrea, South Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. The IUCN has classified the species as being of least concern."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Red avadavat",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandava_amandava",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "BAMKP, Changi, Halus, NTL, P. Punggol, Tuas, Marina South, Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/A_pair_of_Red_avadavat_%28Amandava_amandava%29_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg",
        "text": "Left - male♂, right - female♀Pair of A. amandava from Maharashtra, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This small finch is easily identified by the rounded black tail and the bill that is seasonally red. The rump is red and the breeding male is red on most of the upper parts except for a black eye-stripe, lower belly and wings. There are white spots on the red body and wing feathers. The non-breeding male is duller but has the red-rump while the female is duller with less of the white spotting on the feathers."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-rumped munia",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura_striata",
    "rarity": "R/RB",
    "location": "BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Halus, NTL, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBG, SBWR, Sentosa, Tuas, Telok Blangah",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/White-rumped_Munia_East_Distrct_Sikkim_India_05.07.2018.jpg",
        "text": "From Sikkim, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The white-rumped munia is approximately 10 to 11 cm in length, with a stubby grey bill and a long black pointed tail. The adults are brown above and on the breast, and lighter below; the rump is white. There is some variation between the subspecies, but the sexes are almost impossible to distinguish in all subspecies; males have a more bulky head and bill."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Javan munia",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura_leucogastroides",
    "rarity": "U/IRB",
    "location": "Bidadari, Halus, Hort Park, Marina East, Murai, SBTB, Serangoon Reservoir, SBWR, BAMKP",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Lonch_leucog_071127-1965_tdp.jpg",
        "text": "Bogor, West Java, Indonesia."
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Javan munia (Lonchura leucogastroides) is a species of estrildid finch found in Southern Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok, Indonesia. Introduced in Singapore and S Malay Peninsula; possibly introduced in Sumatra. It is found in subtropical/ tropical dry shrubland and grassland habitat. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.",
      "They are known to feed on algae, and grasses. "
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Scaly-breasted munia",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura_punctulata",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "grasslands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Lonchura_punctulata_%28Nagarhole%2C_2004%29.jpg",
        "text": "L. p. punctulata (India)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The scaly-breasted munia is about 11–12 centimetres (4.3–4.7 in) long and weighs 12–16 grams (0.026–0.035 lb). The adult has a stubby dark bill typical of grain eating birds, brown upperparts and a dark brown head. The underparts are white with dark scale markings. The sexes are similar, although males have darker markings on the underside and a darker throat than females.",
      "Immature birds have pale brown upperparts, lack the dark head found in adults, and have uniform buff underparts that can be confused with juveniles of other munia species such as the tricolored munia (Lonchura malacca) across the Asian and island populations and the black-throated munia (Lonchura kelaarti) in parts of India or Sri Lanka. Populations within their wide distribution range show variations in plumage color and size.",
      "Along with other Estrildines, these species are thought to have originated in Asia. The species has been introduced to other parts of the world due to its popularity as a cage bird and populations have established in the wild."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chestnut munia",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura_atricapilla",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "grasslands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Lonchura_atricapilla_jagori_-Cebu-8-3c.jpg",
        "text": "Lonchura atricapilla jagori in Cebu, Philippines"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The chestnut munia or black-headed munia (Lonchura atricapilla) is a small passerine. It was formerly considered conspecific with the closely related tricoloured munia, but is now widely recognized as a separate species. This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Burma, Nepal, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam and Hawaii. It also has been introduced to all the Greater Antilles and Martinique in the Caribbean.",
      "Before 1995, it was the national bird of the Philippines, where it is known as mayang pula (\"red maya\") because of its brick red patch on the lower back which is visible only when it flies. (This distinguishes it from other birds locally called maya, notably the predominantly brownish \"mayang simbahan\" (tree sparrow) which is more common in urban areas.)"
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-capped munia",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura_ferruginosa",
    "rarity": "VR/I",
    "location": "Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Lonchura_malacca_ferruginosa_1838.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The white-capped munia (Lonchura ferruginosa) is a species of estrildid finch found in Java and Bali. It is found in marshes, swamps, fens, grasslands habitat. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White-headed munia",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchura_maja",
    "rarity": "U/RB",
    "location": "grasslands",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/White-headed_Munia.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "Smallish (11 cm), white headed brown finch. Similar to the chestnut munia but paler brown and entire head and throat white. Young birds are brown on upperparts with underparts and face buff. Iris-brown; bill-grey; feet-pale blue.  Voice: high-pitched 'pee-pee'."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Java sparrow",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padda_oryzivora",
    "rarity": "Ex/IRB",
    "location": "Halus, P. Ubin",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Buberel_Lonchura_oryzivora_3.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Java sparrow is about 15 to 17 cm (5.9 to 6.7 in) in length from the beak to its tip of tail feathers. Although only about the size of a house sparrow, it may be the largest species in the estrildid family. The adult is unmistakable, with its grey upperparts and breast, pink belly, white-cheeked black head, red eye-ring, pink feet and thick red bill.",
      "Both sexes are similar. Immature birds have brown upperparts and pale brown underparts, and a plain head. Very young birds have a black beak with a pink base.",
      "The call is a chip, and the song is a rapid series of call notes chipchipchipchipchipchip.",
      "Molecular phylogeny indicates that this species may have originated in India and dispersed to Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats from there."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pin-tailed whydah",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidua_macroura",
    "rarity": "R/I",
    "location": "Changi, NTL, P. Punggol",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Pin-tailed_whydah_%28Vidua_macroura%29_breeding_male.jpg",
        "text": "male in breeding plumageMatetsi Safari Area, Zimbabwe"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The pin-tailed whydah is 12–13 cm in length, although the breeding male's tail adds another 20 cm to this. The adult male has a black back and crown, and a very long black tail. The wings are dark brown with white patches, and the underparts and the head, apart from the crown, are white.  The bill is bright red. The female and non-breeding male have streaked brown upperparts, whitish underparts with buff flanks, and a buff and black face pattern. They lack the long tail extension, but retain the red bill. Immature birds are like the female but plainer and with a greyish bill."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "House sparrow",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passer_domesticus",
    "rarity": "R/IRB",
    "location": "Jurong Is., Tuas South",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Passer_domesticus_male_%2815%29.jpg",
        "text": "Male in Germany"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/House_Sparrow%2C_England_-_May_09.jpg",
        "text": "Female in England"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The house sparrow is typically about 16 cm (6.3 in) long, ranging from 14 to 18 cm (5.5 to 7.1 in). The house sparrow is a compact bird with a full chest and a large, rounded head. Its bill is stout and conical with a culmen length of 1.1–1.5 cm (0.43–0.59 in), strongly built as an adaptation for eating seeds. Its tail is short, at 5.2–6.5 cm (2.0–2.6 in) long. The wing chord is 6.7–8.9 cm (2.6–3.5 in), and the tarsus is 1.6–2.5 cm (0.63–0.98 in). Wingspan ranges from 19–25 centimetres (7.5–9.8 in).",
      "In mass, the house sparrow ranges from 24 to 39.5 g (0.85 to 1.39 oz). Females usually are slightly smaller than males. The median mass on the European continent for both sexes is about 30 g (1.1 oz), and in more southerly subspecies is around 26 g (0.92 oz). Younger birds are smaller, males are larger during the winter, and females are larger during the breeding season. Birds at higher latitudes, colder climates, and sometimes higher altitudes are larger (under Bergmann's rule), both between and within subspecies.",
      "The plumage of the house sparrow is mostly different shades of grey and brown. The sexes exhibit strong dimorphism: the female is mostly buffish above and below, while the male has boldly coloured head markings, a reddish back, and grey underparts. The male has a dark grey crown from the top of its bill to its back, and chestnut brown flanking its crown on the sides of its head. It has black around its bill, on its throat, and on the spaces between its bill and eyes (lores). It has a small white stripe between the lores and crown and small white spots immediately behind the eyes (postoculars), with black patches below and above them. The underparts are pale grey or white, as are the cheeks, ear coverts, and stripes at the base of the head. The upper back and mantle are a warm brown, with broad black streaks, while the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts are greyish brown.",
      "The male is duller in fresh nonbreeding plumage, with whitish tips on many feathers. Wear and preening expose many of the bright brown and black markings, including most of the black throat and chest patch, called the \"bib\" or \"badge\". The badge is variable in width and general size, and may signal social status or fitness. This hypothesis has led to a \"veritable 'cottage industry'\" of studies, which have only conclusively shown that patches increase in size with age. The male's bill is black in the breeding season and dark grey during the rest of the year.",
      "The female has no black markings or grey crown. Its upperparts and head are brown with darker streaks around the mantle and a distinct pale supercilium. Its underparts are pale grey-brown. The female's bill is brownish-grey and becomes darker in breeding plumage approaching the black of the male's bill.",
      "Juveniles are similar to the adult female, but deeper brown below and paler above, with paler and less defined supercilia. Juveniles have broader buff feather edges, and tend to have looser, scruffier plumage, like moulting adults. Juvenile males tend to have darker throats and white postoculars like adult males, while juvenile females tend to have white throats. However, juveniles cannot be reliably sexed by plumage: some juvenile males lack any markings of the adult male, and some juvenile females have male features. The bills of young birds are light yellow to straw, paler than the female's bill. Immature males have paler versions of the adult male's markings, which can be very indistinct in fresh plumage. By their first breeding season, young birds generally are indistinguishable from other adults, though they may still be paler during their first year.",
      "Most house sparrow vocalisations are variations on its short and incessant chirping call. Transcribed as chirrup, tschilp, or philip, this note is made as a contact call by flocking or resting birds, or by males to proclaim nest ownership and invite pairing. In the breeding season, the male gives this call repetitively, with emphasis and speed, but not much rhythm, forming what is described either as a song or an \"ecstatic call\" similar to a song. Young birds also give a true song, especially in captivity, a warbling similar to that of the European greenfinch.",
      "Aggressive males give a trilled version of their call, transcribed as \"chur-chur-r-r-it-it-it-it\". This call is also used by females in the breeding season, to establish dominance over males while displacing them to feed young or incubate eggs. House sparrows give a nasal alarm call, the basic sound of which is transcribed as quer, and a shrill chree call in great distress. Another vocalisation is the \"appeasement call\", a soft quee given to inhibit aggression, usually given between birds of a mated pair. These vocalisations are not unique to the house sparrow, but are shared, with small variations, by all sparrows.",
      "Some variation is seen in the 12 subspecies of house sparrows, which are divided into two groups, the Oriental P. d. indicus group, and the Palaearctic P. d. domesticus group. Birds of the P. d. domesticus group have grey cheeks, while P. d. indicus group birds have white cheeks, as well as bright colouration on the crown, a smaller bill, and a longer black bib. The subspecies P. d. tingitanus differs little from the nominate subspecies, except in the worn breeding plumage of the male, in which the head is speckled with black and underparts are paler. P. d. balearoibericus is slightly paler than the nominate, but darker than P. d. bibilicus. P. d. bibilicus is paler than most subspecies, but has the grey cheeks of P. d. domesticus group birds. The similar P. d. persicus is paler and smaller, and P. d. niloticus is nearly identical but smaller. Of the less widespread P. d. indicus group subspecies, P. d. hyrcanus is larger than P. d. indicus, P. d. hufufae is paler, P. d. bactrianus is larger and paler, and P. d. parkini is larger and darker with more black on the breast than any other subspecies.",
      "The house sparrow can be confused with a number of other seed-eating birds, especially its relatives in the genus Passer. Many of these relatives are smaller, with an appearance that is neater or \"cuter\", as with the Dead Sea sparrow. The dull-coloured female can often not be distinguished from other females, and is nearly identical to those of the Spanish and Italian sparrows. The Eurasian tree sparrow is smaller and slenderer with a chestnut crown and a black patch on each cheek. The male Spanish sparrow and Italian sparrow are distinguished by their chestnut crowns. The Sind sparrow is very similar but smaller, with less black on the male's throat and a distinct pale supercilium on the female."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eurasian tree sparrow",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passer_montanus",
    "rarity": "VC/RB",
    "location": "urban areas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Tree_Sparrow_August_2007_Osaka_Japan.jpg",
        "text": "Adult of subspecies P. m. saturatus in Japan"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The Eurasian tree sparrow is 12.5–14 cm (5–5+1⁄2 in) long, with a wingspan of about 21 cm (8.3 in) and a weight of 24 g (0.85 oz), making it roughly 10% smaller than the house sparrow. The adult's crown and nape are rich chestnut, and there is a kidney-shaped black ear patch on each pure white cheek; the chin, throat, and the area between the bill and throat are black. The upperparts are light brown, streaked with black, and the brown wings have two distinct narrow white bars. The legs are pale brown, and the bill is lead-blue in summer, becoming almost black in winter.",
      "This sparrow is distinctive even within its genus in that it has no plumage differences between the sexes; the juvenile also resembles the adult, although the colours tend to be duller. Its contrasting face pattern makes this species easily identifiable in all plumages; the smaller size and brown, not grey, crown are additional differences from the male house sparrow. Adult and juvenile Eurasian tree sparrows undergo a slow complete moult in the autumn, and show an increase in body mass despite a reduction in stored fat. The change in mass is due to an increase in blood volume to support active feather growth, and a generally higher water content in the body.",
      "The Eurasian tree sparrow has no true song, but its vocalisations include an excited series of tschip calls given by unpaired or courting males. Other monosyllabic chirps are used in social contacts, and the flight call is a harsh teck. A study comparing the vocalisations of the introduced Missouri population with those of birds from Germany showed that the US birds had fewer shared syllable types (memes) and more structure within the population than the European sparrows. This may have resulted from the small size of the founding North American population and a consequent loss of genetic diversity."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Forest wagtail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendronanthus_indicus",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Admiralty Park, BBNP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Jurong Central Park, Mandai, P. Ubin, Sembawang, Simpang, SBWR, Yishun",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Forest_Wagtail_%28cropped%29.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a distinctive wagtail, the only one placed in the genus Dendronanthus (all other wagtails are placed in Motacilla). The forest wagtail is 18 cm in length, a slender bird with a long tail. The back and crown are olive brown, and the wings are black with two yellow wing bars and white tertial edges. There is a white supercilium, above a dark stripe through the eye. The underparts are white, apart from a black double breast band. The upper breast band is bib-like while the lower band is often broken. Sexes are similar. Young birds are more yellowish on the underside."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gray wagtail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motacilla_cinerea",
    "rarity": "U/WVPM",
    "location": "Admiralty Park, BAMKP, Bedok, Bt Batok, BTNR, Buona Vista, CCNR, Changi, JLG, Marsiling Park, Punggol, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Sembawang, Simpang, Yishun",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Grey_wagtail_by_Gunjan_Pandey.jpg",
        "text": "Grey wagtail in Hyderabad, India Call"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This slim wagtail has a narrow white supercilium and a broken eye ring. The upperparts are grey and the yellow vent contrasting with whitish underparts makes it distinctive. The breeding male has a black throat that is edged by whitish moustachial stripes. They forage singly or in pairs on meadows or on shallow water marshes. They also use rocks in water and will often perch on trees. They have a clear sharp call note and the song consists of trills."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eastern yellow wagtail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motacilla_tschutschensis",
    "rarity": "C/WV",
    "location": "Bidadari, Changi, Halus, LSD, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Punggol, Sembawang, Yishun",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Motacilla_tschutschensis%2C_Tomohon%2C_North_Sulawesi.jpg",
        "text": "M. t. simillima"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The eastern yellow wagtail (Motacilla tschutschensis) is a small passerine in the wagtail family Motacillidae, which also includes the pipits and longclaws. It was often classified as a subspecies of the Western yellow wagtail.",
      "This species breeds in the East Palearctic and has a foothold in North America in Alaska. Populations migrate to south Asia and Australia.",
      "Vagrant individuals occur around the winter quarters at migration time. For example, on Palau in Micronesia migrant flocks of this species – apparently of the Bering Sea yellow wagtail, and including many adult males – are regularly seen, while further north on the Marianas, only the occasional stray individual – usually females or immatures as it seems – is encountered.",
      "It is a slender 15–16 cm long bird, with the characteristic long, constantly wagging tail of its genus. The breeding adult male is basically olive above and yellow below. In other plumages, the yellow may be diluted by white. The heads of breeding males come in a variety of colours and patterns depending on subspecies.",
      "The call is a characteristic high-pitched jeet.",
      "This insectivorous bird inhabits open country near water, such as wet meadows. It nests in tussocks, laying 4–8 speckled eggs.",
      "The Acanthocephalan parasite Apororhynchus paulonucleatus was discovered in the colon and cloaca of the Eastern yellow wagtail."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Citrine wagtail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motacilla_citreola",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "NTL (2018), Punggol (1989), Tuas (1994)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Citrine_Wagtail_%28Motacilla_citreola%29-_Breeding_Male_of_calcarata_race_at_Bharatpur_I_IMG_5752.jpg",
        "text": "Male Weigold's citrine wagtail (M. c. calcarata) in breeding plumageKeoladeo National Park, Bharatpur(Rajasthan, India)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "It is a slender, 15.5–17 cm long bird, with the long, constantly wagging tail characteristic of the genus Motacilla. The adult male in breeding plumage is basically grey or black above, with white on the remiges, and bright yellow below and on the entire head except for the black nape. In winter plumage, its yellow underparts may be diluted by white, and the head is brownish with a yellowish supercilium. Females look generally like washed-out versions of males in winter plumage."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "White wagtail",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motacilla_alba",
    "rarity": "U/WV",
    "location": "BAMKP, BBC, Buona Vista, Changi, Jurong West, Marina East, NTL, P. Punggol, Punggol, SBG, TEG, Yishun",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/White_wagtail_female_first_summer.jpg",
        "text": "Female, first summer"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The white wagtail is a slender bird, 16.5 to 19 cm (6.5 to 7.5 in) in length (East Asian subspecies are longer, measuring up to 21 cm (8.3 in)), with the characteristic long, constantly wagging tail of its genus. Its average weight is 25 g (0.88 oz) and the maximum lifespan in the wild is about 12 years.",
      "There are a number of other subspecies, some of which may have arisen because of partial geographical isolation, such as the resident British and Irish form, the pied wagtail M. a. yarrellii, which now also breeds in adjacent areas of the neighbouring European mainland. The pied wagtail, named for naturalist William Yarrell, exchanges the grey colour of the nominate form with black (or very dark grey in females), but is otherwise identical in its behaviour. Other subspecies, the validity of some of which is questionable, differ in the colour of the wings, back, and head, or other features. Some races show sexual dimorphism during the breeding season. As many as six subspecies may be present in the wintering ground in India or Southeast Asia and here they can be difficult to distinguish. Phylogenetic studies using mtDNA suggest that some morphological features have evolved more than once, including the back and chin colour. Breeding M. a. yarrellii look much like the nominate race except for the black back, and M. a. alboides of the Himalayas differs from the Central Asian M. a. personata only by its black back. M. a. personata has been recorded breeding in the Siddar Valley of Kashmir of the Western Himalayas. It has also been noted that both back and chin change colour during the pre-basic moult; all black-throated subspecies develop white chins and throats in winter and some black-backed birds are grey-backed in winter.",
      "The call of the white wagtail is a sharp chisick, slightly softer than the version given by the pied wagtail. The song is more regular in white than pied, but with little territorial significance, since the male uses a series of contact calls to attract the female.",
      "Nine or eleven subspecies are currently recognised. This is because the black backed wagtail may be a separate species and M. a. dukhunensis may be part of M. a. alba. Information on the plumage differences and distribution of the subspecies of the white wagtail is shown below.",
      "The British subspecies Motacilla alba yarellii was named after William Yarrell (1784-1856), the writer of the History of British Birds (first ed. 1843)."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paddyfield pipit",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthus_rufulus",
    "rarity": "C/RB",
    "location": "grassfields",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Paddyfield_pipit_%28Anthus_rufulus_rufulus%29.jpg",
        "text": "A. r. rufulusKanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a large pipit at 15 cm, but is otherwise an undistinguished looking bird, mainly streaked grey-brown above and pale below with breast streaking. It is long legged with a long tail and a long dark bill. Sexes are similar. Summer and winter plumages are similar. Young birds are more richly coloured below than adults and have the pale edges to the feathers of the upper parts more conspicuous with more prominent spotting on the breast. The population waitei from north-western India and Pakistan is pale while the population malayensis from the Western Ghats is larger, darker and more heavily streaked with the nominate rufulus intermediate.[citation needed]",
      "In winter some care must be taken to distinguish this from other pipits that winter in the area, such as Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi and Blyth's pipit, Anthus godlewskii. The paddyfield pipit is smaller and dumpier, has a shorter looking tail and has weaker fluttering flight. The usually uttered characteristic chip-chip-chip call is quite different from usual calls of Richard's pipit (an explosive shreep) and Blyth's pipit (a nasal pschreen). The tawny pipit has less streaking on the mantle and has a black loreal stripe and a longer tail. The Western Ghats population can appear very similar to the Nilgiri pipit."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Olive-backed pipit",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthus_hodgsoni",
    "rarity": "VR/PM",
    "location": "Bidadari (2010)",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Olive-backed_pipit_%28Anthus_hodgsoni_hodgsoni%29_Phulchowki.jpg",
        "text": "A. h. hodgsoni Mount Phulchowki, Nepal"
      }
    ],
    "description": []
  },
  {
    "name": "Red-throated pipit",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthus_cervinus",
    "rarity": "R/WV",
    "location": "Changi, P. Punggol, Seletar East, Tuas",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Red-throated_Pipit.jpg"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This is a small pipit, with adults easily identified in the breeding season by their brick red face and throat. In other plumages this is an undistinguished looking species, heavily streaked brown above, with whitish mantle stripes, and with black markings on a white background below. It is very similar in appearance to the meadow pipit and in the autumn it much resembles the tree pipit but has an altogether more striped appearance because of the larger numbers of streaks on the cap, back, flank, rump and chest. The flight of the red-throated pipit is strong and direct, and it gives a characteristic psii call as it flies."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Black-headed bunting",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberiza_melanocephala",
    "rarity": "",
    "location": "",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/28-090504-black-headed-bunting-at-first-layby.jpg",
        "text": "Adult male (Lesbos, Greece)"
      },
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Black-headed_Bunting_Emberiza_melanocephala_Female_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN9313_%282%29.jpg",
        "text": "Female (Maharashtra, India)"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "This bird is 15 cm (5.9 in) long, larger than a reed bunting, and with a long-tail. The breeding male has bright yellow underparts, chestnut upperparts and a black hood. The female is a washed-out version of the male, with paler underparts, a grey-brown back and a greyish head. The juvenile is similar but the vent is yellow, and both can be difficult to separate from the corresponding plumages of the closely related red-headed bunting although the black-headed tends to have the cheeks darker than the throat. First year males have a grey crown and the back has patches of chestnut and grey. First year females can be difficult to separate from female red-headed buntings although having more streaking on the crown than on the lower back. The vent is yellow.",
      "The black- and red-headed buntings represent sister species which forms a clade along with the crested bunting."
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yellow-breasted bunting",
    "link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberiza_aureola",
    "rarity": "VR/WV",
    "location": "Marina East'",
    "images": [
      {
        "link": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Yellow-breasted_bunting_in_Nepal_02_-Cropped.jpg",
        "text": "in Nepal"
      }
    ],
    "description": [
      "The yellow-breasted bunting is a small passerine, ranging from 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.3 in) in length, and weighing 17 to 26 g (0.6 to 0.9 oz). For a bunting, it is large and rather stocky.",
      "The breeding male has bright yellow underparts with black flank streaks, brown upperparts, black face and throat bar, and a pink lower mandible. The female has a heavily streaked grey-brown back, and less intensely yellow underparts.  She has a whitish face with dark crown, eye and cheek stripes. The juvenile is similar, but the background colour of the underparts and face is buff.[citation needed]"
    ]
  }
]