From eb932926b01c993ac2649ae36eed417b2a53b157 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:43:06 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 01/17] refactor(components): use generic type params more
 consistently

---
 src/components/frame.ts   | 14 ++++++--------
 src/components/input.ts   | 11 +++++------
 src/components/label.ts   |  4 +---
 src/components/slider.ts  |  3 +--
 src/components/table.ts   | 25 ++++++++++++-------------
 src/components/text.ts    |  4 +---
 src/components/textbox.ts |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/frame.ts b/src/components/frame.ts
index ddd18ff..8603756 100644
--- a/src/components/frame.ts
+++ b/src/components/frame.ts
@@ -64,14 +64,12 @@ export interface FrameOptions extends ComponentOptions {
  * });
  * ```
  */
-export class Frame extends Component {
-  declare drawnObjects: {
-    top: TextObject;
-    bottom: TextObject;
-    left: BoxObject;
-    right: BoxObject;
-  };
-
+export class Frame extends Component<{
+  top: TextObject;
+  bottom: TextObject;
+  left: BoxObject;
+  right: BoxObject;
+}> {
   charMap: Signal<FrameUnicodeCharactersType>;
 
   constructor(options: FrameOptions) {
diff --git a/src/components/input.ts b/src/components/input.ts
index d2f074a..c8bfca5 100644
--- a/src/components/input.ts
+++ b/src/components/input.ts
@@ -91,12 +91,11 @@ export interface InputOptions extends Omit<ComponentOptions, "rectangle"> {
  * });
  * ```
  */
-export class Input extends Box {
-  declare drawnObjects: {
-    box: BoxObject;
-    text: TextObject;
-    cursor: TextObject;
-  };
+export class Input extends Box<{
+  box: BoxObject;
+  text: TextObject;
+  cursor: TextObject;
+}> {
   declare theme: InputTheme;
 
   text: Signal<string>;
diff --git a/src/components/label.ts b/src/components/label.ts
index 7866442..03b5866 100644
--- a/src/components/label.ts
+++ b/src/components/label.ts
@@ -86,9 +86,7 @@ export interface LabelOptions extends Omit<ComponentOptions, "rectangle"> {
  * })
  * ```
  */
-export class Label extends Component {
-  declare drawnObjects: { texts: TextObject[] };
-
+export class Label extends Component<{ texts: TextObject[] }> {
   #valueLines: Signal<string[]>;
 
   text: Signal<string>;
diff --git a/src/components/slider.ts b/src/components/slider.ts
index 70266b4..92eb790 100644
--- a/src/components/slider.ts
+++ b/src/components/slider.ts
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ export interface SliderOptions extends ComponentOptions {
  * });
  * ```
  */
-export class Slider extends Box {
-  declare drawnObjects: { box: BoxObject; thumb: BoxObject };
+export class Slider extends Box<{ box: BoxObject; thumb: BoxObject }> {
   declare theme: SliderTheme;
 
   min: Signal<number>;
diff --git a/src/components/table.ts b/src/components/table.ts
index 79d472d..ba78180 100644
--- a/src/components/table.ts
+++ b/src/components/table.ts
@@ -100,20 +100,19 @@ export interface TableOptions extends Omit<ComponentOptions, "rectangle"> {
  *
  * ```
  */
-export class Table extends Component {
+export class Table extends Component<{
+  frame: [
+    top: TextObject,
+    bottom: TextObject,
+    spacer: TextObject,
+    left: BoxObject,
+    right: BoxObject,
+  ];
+
+  header: TextObject;
+  data: TextObject[];
+}> {
   declare theme: TableTheme;
-  declare drawnObjects: {
-    frame: [
-      top: TextObject,
-      bottom: TextObject,
-      spacer: TextObject,
-      left: BoxObject,
-      right: BoxObject,
-    ];
-
-    header: TextObject;
-    data: TextObject[];
-  };
 
   data: Signal<string[][]>;
   headers: Signal<TableHeader<true>[]>;
diff --git a/src/components/text.ts b/src/components/text.ts
index f4f630e..797f698 100644
--- a/src/components/text.ts
+++ b/src/components/text.ts
@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ export interface TextOptions extends Omit<ComponentOptions, "rectangle"> {
  * })
  * ```
  */
-export class Text extends Component {
-  declare drawnObjects: { text: TextObject };
-
+export class Text extends Component<{ text: TextObject }> {
   text: Signal<string>;
   overwriteRectangle: Signal<boolean>;
   multiCodePointSupport: Signal<boolean>;
diff --git a/src/components/textbox.ts b/src/components/textbox.ts
index 9b5c1d1..8beaf32 100644
--- a/src/components/textbox.ts
+++ b/src/components/textbox.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import type { DeepPartial } from "../types.ts";
 import { cropToWidth, insertAt } from "../utils/strings.ts";
 import { clamp } from "../utils/numbers.ts";
 import { Computed, Effect, Signal, signalify } from "../signals/mod.ts";
-import type { KeyPressEvent } from "../input_reader/types.ts";
+import type { KeyPressEvent } from "../input/types.ts";
 
 export interface CursorPosition {
   x: number;

From df01504fa72278865b936186278d162e6c3164bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:43:42 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 02/17] fix: update broken import path in component.ts

---
 src/component.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/component.ts b/src/component.ts
index 085939c..74ae80b 100644
--- a/src/component.ts
+++ b/src/component.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import type { Rectangle } from "./types.ts";
 import { SortedArray } from "./utils/sorted_array.ts";
 import type { Renderable } from "./canvas/renderable.ts";
 import type { View } from "./view.ts";
-import type { InputEventRecord } from "./input_reader/mod.ts";
+import type { InputEventRecord } from "./input/mod.ts";
 import { Computed, Signal, type SignalOfObject } from "./signals/mod.ts";
 import { signalify } from "./signals/signalify.ts";
 

From 80aab287a784854b419494e7bcbafc544dfa2b3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:44:26 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 03/17] refactor(events): use readonly array for EventEmitter
 type constraint

---
 src/event_emitter.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/event_emitter.ts b/src/event_emitter.ts
index 088142c..689b652 100644
--- a/src/event_emitter.ts
+++ b/src/event_emitter.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export type EventListener<
  * Type for creating new arguments
  *  - Required as a workaround for simple tuples and arrays types not working properly
  */
-export type EmitterEvent<Args extends unknown[] = unknown[]> = {
+export type EmitterEvent<Args extends readonly unknown[] = unknown[]> = {
   args: Args;
 };
 

From ff19e73327bcd60ff097aa9e55b71f80b504ecde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:45:05 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 04/17] fix(tui): updating broken import in tui.ts

---
 src/tui.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/tui.ts b/src/tui.ts
index 37e77d2..64cdb43 100644
--- a/src/tui.ts
+++ b/src/tui.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import { BoxObject, Canvas } from "./canvas/mod.ts";
 import type { Component } from "./component.ts";
 import { type EmitterEvent, EventEmitter } from "./event_emitter.ts";
-import type { InputEventRecord } from "./input_reader/mod.ts";
+import type { InputEventRecord } from "./input/mod.ts";
 import { Computed, type Signal } from "./signals/mod.ts";
 import type { Style } from "./theme.ts";
 import { type Rectangle, Stdin, Stdout } from "./types.ts";

From 4bc43a869a571fd227c0ac665e79743ae584ea88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:45:48 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 05/17] feat(internal): support thisArg in SortedArray.sort
 method

---
 src/utils/sorted_array.ts | 9 +++++++--
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/utils/sorted_array.ts b/src/utils/sorted_array.ts
index 51ead72..be53934 100644
--- a/src/utils/sorted_array.ts
+++ b/src/utils/sorted_array.ts
@@ -51,8 +51,13 @@ export class SortedArray<T = unknown> extends Array<T> {
     return super.copyWithin(target, start, end).sort(this.compareFn);
   }
 
-  override sort(compareFn?: (a: T, b: T) => number): this {
-    return super.sort(compareFn ?? this.compareFn), this;
+  override sort<This = void>(
+    compareFn?: (this: This, a: T, b: T) => number,
+    thisArg?: This,
+  ): this {
+    compareFn ??= this.compareFn;
+    if (thisArg) compareFn = compareFn?.bind(thisArg);
+    return super.sort(compareFn), this;
   }
 
   override fill(value: T, start?: number, end?: number): this {

From f1728beed685fb40ff59c0c32d4f0efa1b7935b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:46:22 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 06/17] refactor(utils): use more robust global object
 resolution

---
 src/utils/runtime.ts | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/utils/runtime.ts b/src/utils/runtime.ts
index 017bc57..3920d4f 100644
--- a/src/utils/runtime.ts
+++ b/src/utils/runtime.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
-const _global: any = globalThis;
+const _global: any = (() => {
+  try {
+    // deno-lint-ignore no-node-globals
+    return (0, eval)("this") || self || window || globalThis || global;
+  } catch (_) {
+    // deno-lint-ignore no-node-globals
+    return self || window || globalThis || global;
+  }
+})();
 
 export type Runtime =
   | "node"

From 3b57fce9babdf6f0d88784e5296a44427dedc6b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:47:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 07/17] fix(canvas): add all missing override modifiers

---
 src/canvas/text.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/canvas/text.ts b/src/canvas/text.ts
index 92f72dd..66701e0 100644
--- a/src/canvas/text.ts
+++ b/src/canvas/text.ts
@@ -141,19 +141,19 @@ export class TextObject extends Renderable<"text"> {
     });
   }
 
-  draw(): void {
+  override draw(): void {
     this.#updateEffect.resume();
     this.rectangle.subscribe(this.#rectangleSubscription);
     super.draw();
   }
 
-  erase(): void {
+  override erase(): void {
     this.#updateEffect.pause();
     this.rectangle.unsubscribe(this.#rectangleSubscription);
     super.erase();
   }
 
-  updateMovement(): void {
+  override updateMovement(): void {
     const { objectsUnder, previousRectangle } = this;
     const rectangle = this.rectangle.peek();
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ export class TextObject extends Renderable<"text"> {
     }
   }
 
-  rerender(): void {
+  override rerender(): void {
     const { canvas, valueChars, omitCells, rerenderCells } = this;
 
     const { frameBuffer, rerenderQueue } = canvas;

From 4fa52e674cb084d72c3e175fbe6220f4c122da60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:48:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 08/17] fix(input): remove stray text from mouse.ts

---
 src/input/mouse.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/input/mouse.ts b/src/input/mouse.ts
index e8053fe..e76f08f 100644
--- a/src/input/mouse.ts
+++ b/src/input/mouse.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ export function decodeMouseSGR(
   const action = code.at(-1);
   if (!code.startsWith("\x1b[<") || (action !== "m" && action !== "M")) {
     return undefined;
-    SSS;
   }
 
   const release = action === "m";

From eb3189cc0240b8338fa5c47369093f0cf8c7432d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:48:34 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 09/17] fix: broken  import paths

---
 mod.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mod.ts b/mod.ts
index 5a0a893..8bed586 100644
--- a/mod.ts
+++ b/mod.ts
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ export * from "./src/signals/mod.ts";
 export * from "./src/layout/mod.ts";
 export * from "./src/canvas/mod.ts";
 export * from "./src/utils/mod.ts";
-export * from "./src/input_reader/mod.ts";
+export * from "./src/input/mod.ts";

From 1361a413bb4d5705f3df50fd5a9024686b4a4fe6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 18:48:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 10/17] chore: fmt

---
 src/layout/mod.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/layout/mod.ts b/src/layout/mod.ts
index e290dd0..4db0a66 100644
--- a/src/layout/mod.ts
+++ b/src/layout/mod.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2023 Im-Beast. MIT license.
 export * from "./errors.ts";
+export * from "./grid_layout.ts";
 export * from "./horizontal_layout.ts";
 export * from "./layout.ts";
 export * from "./vertical_layout.ts";
-export * from "./grid_layout.ts";

From fc00e7869c74a18ce1f58acebe884b491ae4582b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 18:24:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 11/17] refactor(signal): improve errors in signal submodules

- [x] add a dedicated ./signals/errors submodule
- [x] move error subclasses out of signal.ts and computed.ts
- [x] improve some other minor things
---
 src/signals/computed.ts | 10 +---------
 src/signals/effect.ts   | 22 +++++++++++++---------
 src/signals/errors.ts   | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 src/signals/mod.ts      |  1 +
 src/signals/signal.ts   | 14 +++++---------
 src/signals/types.ts    | 11 +++++++++++
 6 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/signals/errors.ts

diff --git a/src/signals/computed.ts b/src/signals/computed.ts
index 88c7112..1becc3e 100644
--- a/src/signals/computed.ts
+++ b/src/signals/computed.ts
@@ -3,15 +3,7 @@ import { Signal } from "./signal.ts";
 import type { Dependant, Dependency } from "./types.ts";
 
 import { activeSignals, trackDependencies } from "./dependency_tracking.ts";
-
-/** Thrown whenever someone tries to directly modify `Computed.value` */
-export class ComputedReadOnlyError extends Error {
-  constructor() {
-    super(
-      "Computed is read-only, you can't (and shouldn't!) directly modify its value",
-    );
-  }
-}
+import { ComputedReadOnlyError } from "./errors.ts";
 
 /** Function that's used to calculate `Computed`'s value */
 export interface Computable<T> {
diff --git a/src/signals/effect.ts b/src/signals/effect.ts
index 718a691..b531335 100644
--- a/src/signals/effect.ts
+++ b/src/signals/effect.ts
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ export class Effect implements Dependant, Disposable {
 
   update(cause: Dependency | Dependant): void {
     if (this.paused) {
-      throw "Something called update() on effect while being paused";
+      throw new Error("Something called update() on effect while being paused");
     }
 
     this.$effectable(cause);
@@ -88,10 +88,12 @@ export class Effect implements Dependant, Disposable {
    * - Doesn't clear dependencies, can be resumed!
    */
   pause(): void {
-    this.paused = true;
-
-    for (const dependency of this.dependencies) {
-      dependency.dependants?.delete(this);
+    if (this.disposed) {
+      throw new ReferenceError("Effect already disposed");
+    }
+    if (!this.paused) {
+      this.paused = true;
+      for (const dep of this.dependencies) dep.dependants?.delete(this);
     }
   }
 
@@ -99,10 +101,12 @@ export class Effect implements Dependant, Disposable {
    * - Adds itself to all dependencies dependants
    */
   resume(): void {
-    this.paused = false;
-
-    for (const dependency of this.dependencies) {
-      dependency.depend(this);
+    if (this.disposed) {
+      throw new ReferenceError("Effect already disposed");
+    }
+    if (this.paused) {
+      this.paused = false;
+      for (const dep of this.dependencies) dep.depend(this);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/signals/errors.ts b/src/signals/errors.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d815707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/signals/errors.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/** Thrown whenever someone tries to directly modify `Computed.value` */
+export class ComputedReadOnlyError extends Error {
+  constructor() {
+    super(
+      "Computed values are read-only and cannot be directly modified. If you need to change the value, change the signals it depends on instead."
+    );
+    this.name = "ComputedReadOnlyError";
+  }
+}
+
+/** Thrown whenever `deepObserve` is set and `typeof value !== "object"` */
+export class SignalDeepObserveTypeofError extends Error {
+  constructor() {
+    super("You can only deeply observe value with typeof 'object'");
+    this.name = "SignalDeepObserveTypeofError";
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/signals/mod.ts b/src/signals/mod.ts
index cb6547a..0246adc 100644
--- a/src/signals/mod.ts
+++ b/src/signals/mod.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 export * from "./computed.ts";
 export * from "./dependency_tracking.ts";
 export * from "./effect.ts";
+export * from "./errors.ts";
 export * from "./flusher.ts";
 export * from "./lazy_computed.ts";
 export * from "./lazy_effect.ts";
diff --git a/src/signals/signal.ts b/src/signals/signal.ts
index 87c0f9c..a77f62f 100644
--- a/src/signals/signal.ts
+++ b/src/signals/signal.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright 2023 Im-Beast. MIT license.
+// deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 import { activeSignals } from "./dependency_tracking.ts";
 import {
   makeMapMethodsReactive,
@@ -7,16 +8,12 @@ import {
   ORIGINAL_REF,
   type Reactive,
 } from "./reactivity.ts";
+import { SignalDeepObserveTypeofError } from "./errors.ts";
 import type { Dependant, Dependency, Subscription } from "./types.ts";
 
 // TODO: Make dispose revert reactive value modifications
 
-/** Thrown whenever `deepObserve` is set and `typeof value !== "object"` */
-export class SignalDeepObserveTypeofError extends Error {
-  constructor() {
-    super("You can only deeply observe value with typeof 'object'");
-  }
-}
+type Collection<K = any, V = any> = Map<K, V> | Set<K>;
 
 export interface SignalOptions<T> {
   /**
@@ -36,8 +33,7 @@ export interface SignalOptions<T> {
    *  - When set to `false` it uses `Object.defineProperty` to watch properties
    *    that existed at the time of creating signal.
    */
-  watchObjectIndex?: T extends Map<unknown, unknown> | Set<unknown> ? never
-    : boolean;
+  watchObjectIndex?: boolean & (T extends Collection ? never : unknown);
   /**
    * @requires T to be `instanceof Map`
    *
@@ -46,7 +42,7 @@ export interface SignalOptions<T> {
    *  - When set to `true` it checks whether value changed.
    *  - When set to `false` it checks whether map size changed (default).
    */
-  watchMapUpdates?: T extends Map<unknown, unknown> ? boolean : never;
+  watchMapUpdates?: boolean & (T extends Map<any, any> ? unknown : never);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/signals/types.ts b/src/signals/types.ts
index 504aa53..36e5d62 100644
--- a/src/signals/types.ts
+++ b/src/signals/types.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ export interface Subscription<T> {
 export interface Dependency {
   /** Attach dependant to this Dependency */
   depend(dependant: Dependant): void;
+
   /** All dependants that rely on this Dependency */
   dependants?: Set<Dependant>;
 }
@@ -31,3 +32,13 @@ export interface LazyDependant extends Dependant {
   flusher?: Flusher;
   lastFired: number;
 }
+
+export type Dependish = Dependency | (Dependency & Dependant);
+
+export interface Disposable {
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void;
+}
+
+export interface AsyncDisposable {
+  [Symbol.asyncDispose](): void | Promise<void>;
+}

From bb505fa41787d46f354617757c7a51ee421c94de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 18:25:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 12/17] feat(utils): add internal performance module for
 mocking

---
 src/utils/performance.ts | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/utils/performance.ts

diff --git a/src/utils/performance.ts b/src/utils/performance.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac29fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/performance.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { $global } from "./primordials.ts";
+
+export interface Performance {
+  now(): number;
+}
+
+const globalTiming: Performance = $global.performance || $global.Date;
+
+export const performance: Performance = {
+  now: globalTiming.now.bind(globalTiming),
+};

From f41fda111fa3750bbd10779bfa5eb15799cda383 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 18:26:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 13/17] feat(internal): add internal types and primordials
 modules

---
 src/utils/primordials.ts | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/utils/types.ts       |  1 +
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/utils/primordials.ts
 create mode 100644 src/utils/types.ts

diff --git a/src/utils/primordials.ts b/src/utils/primordials.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..465c0f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/primordials.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+export const $global: typeof globalThis = (() => {
+  try {
+    return (0, eval)("this");
+  } catch { /* nah */ }
+  if (typeof self !== "undefined") return self;
+  if (typeof window !== "undefined") return window;
+  if (typeof globalThis !== "undefined") return globalThis;
+  // deno-lint-ignore no-node-globals
+  if (typeof global !== "undefined") return global;
+  throw new Error("Unable to locate global object");
+})();
+
+const $O = $global.Object,
+  $defs = $O.defineProperties,
+  $gpds = $O.getOwnPropertyDescriptors;
+  // $create = $O.create,
+  // $def = $O.defineProperty,
+  // $gpd = $O.getOwnPropertyDescriptor,
+
+export const SafeObject = $defs($O.bind($O), $gpds($O));
+
+export const ObjectAssign = SafeObject.assign;
+export const ObjectDefineProperty = SafeObject.defineProperty;
+export const ObjectDefineProperties = SafeObject.defineProperties;
+export const ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor = SafeObject.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;
+export const ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptors = SafeObject.getOwnPropertyDescriptors;
+export const ObjectCreate = SafeObject.create;
diff --git a/src/utils/types.ts b/src/utils/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b36935
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export type Reshape<T> = Pick<T, keyof T>;

From 57df2f437f13a970f2dbe951fa314ed26d36d9b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 18:29:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 14/17] chore: fmt

---
 src/utils/primordials.ts | 12 +++++++-----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/utils/primordials.ts b/src/utils/primordials.ts
index 465c0f9..d14151b 100644
--- a/src/utils/primordials.ts
+++ b/src/utils/primordials.ts
@@ -13,15 +13,17 @@ export const $global: typeof globalThis = (() => {
 const $O = $global.Object,
   $defs = $O.defineProperties,
   $gpds = $O.getOwnPropertyDescriptors;
-  // $create = $O.create,
-  // $def = $O.defineProperty,
-  // $gpd = $O.getOwnPropertyDescriptor,
+// $create = $O.create,
+// $def = $O.defineProperty,
+// $gpd = $O.getOwnPropertyDescriptor,
 
 export const SafeObject = $defs($O.bind($O), $gpds($O));
 
 export const ObjectAssign = SafeObject.assign;
 export const ObjectDefineProperty = SafeObject.defineProperty;
 export const ObjectDefineProperties = SafeObject.defineProperties;
-export const ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor = SafeObject.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;
-export const ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptors = SafeObject.getOwnPropertyDescriptors;
+export const ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor =
+  SafeObject.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;
+export const ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptors =
+  SafeObject.getOwnPropertyDescriptors;
 export const ObjectCreate = SafeObject.create;

From 501e914d9b22f5efd2f523a25742d14830c0d42e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 18:33:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 15/17] refactor(signals): clean various little things up

---
 src/signals/computed.ts            | 11 ++++-------
 src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts |  2 +-
 src/signals/effect.ts              |  4 +---
 src/signals/errors.ts              |  2 +-
 src/signals/flusher.ts             |  4 +---
 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/signals/computed.ts b/src/signals/computed.ts
index 1becc3e..03a8369 100644
--- a/src/signals/computed.ts
+++ b/src/signals/computed.ts
@@ -67,18 +67,15 @@ export class Computed<T> extends Signal<T> implements Dependant, Dependency {
     if (
       this.$value !== (this.$value = this.computable(cause)) ||
       this.forceUpdateValue
-    ) {
-      this.propagate(cause);
-    }
+    ) this.propagate(cause);
   }
 
   override dispose(): void {
     super.dispose();
 
-    const { dependencies } = this;
-    for (const dependency of dependencies) {
-      dependency.dependants!.delete(this);
-      dependencies.delete(dependency);
+    for (const dependency of this.dependencies) {
+      dependency.dependants?.delete(this);
+      this.dependencies.delete(dependency);
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts b/src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts
index eb7ead9..fcf4387 100644
--- a/src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts
+++ b/src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright 2023 Im-Beast. MIT license.
-import type { Dependant, Dependency } from "./types.ts";
+import type { Dependency, Dependish } from "./types.ts";
 
 export let activeSignals: Set<Dependency> | undefined;
 let incoming = 0;
diff --git a/src/signals/effect.ts b/src/signals/effect.ts
index b531335..a0806eb 100644
--- a/src/signals/effect.ts
+++ b/src/signals/effect.ts
@@ -75,9 +75,7 @@ export class Effect implements Dependant, Disposable {
     if (this.disposed) {
       throw new ReferenceError("Effect already disposed");
     } else {
-      for (const { dependants } of this.dependencies) {
-        dependants?.delete(this);
-      }
+      for (const dep of this.dependencies) dep.dependants?.delete(this);
       this.dependencies.clear();
       this.disposed = true;
     }
diff --git a/src/signals/errors.ts b/src/signals/errors.ts
index d815707..f013d54 100644
--- a/src/signals/errors.ts
+++ b/src/signals/errors.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 export class ComputedReadOnlyError extends Error {
   constructor() {
     super(
-      "Computed values are read-only and cannot be directly modified. If you need to change the value, change the signals it depends on instead."
+      "Computed values are read-only and cannot be directly modified. If you need to change the value, change the signals it depends on instead.",
     );
     this.name = "ComputedReadOnlyError";
   }
diff --git a/src/signals/flusher.ts b/src/signals/flusher.ts
index 11105d5..ab0556c 100644
--- a/src/signals/flusher.ts
+++ b/src/signals/flusher.ts
@@ -36,9 +36,7 @@ export class Flusher implements Dependency {
 
   flush(): void {
     const { dependants } = this;
-    for (const dependant of dependants) {
-      dependant.update(this);
-    }
+    for (const dependant of dependants) dependant.update(this);
     dependants.clear();
   }
 }

From 2770675ec5903a7c55d6a7a1132f1dfc85d2d0a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2026 20:22:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 16/17] Document flusher usage

---
 src/signals/flusher.ts       |  6 ++++-
 src/signals/lazy_computed.ts |  4 +--
 src/signals/lazy_effect.ts   | 16 ++++++-----
 src/signals/reactivity.ts    | 46 +++++++-------------------------
 src/signals/types.ts         |  6 +++--
 src/stdio/stderr.ts          | 51 +++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/stdio/stdin.ts           | 11 ++++----
 src/stdio/stdout.ts          | 50 +++++++++++++++++++----------------
 8 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 103 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/signals/flusher.ts b/src/signals/flusher.ts
index ab0556c..1fa5583 100644
--- a/src/signals/flusher.ts
+++ b/src/signals/flusher.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 import type { Dependant, Dependency, LazyDependant } from "./types.ts";
 
 /**
- * Flusher tracks
+ * Flusher tracks dependants and updates them when `flush()` gets called.
+ *
+ * It can be used to delay updates of `LazyComputed` dependants until some
+ * condition is met, for example until next animation frame or until some
+ * expensive calculations get done.
  *
  * @example
  * ```ts
diff --git a/src/signals/lazy_computed.ts b/src/signals/lazy_computed.ts
index 8b35bad..a8831be 100644
--- a/src/signals/lazy_computed.ts
+++ b/src/signals/lazy_computed.ts
@@ -79,9 +79,7 @@ export class LazyComputed<T> extends Computed<T> implements LazyDependant {
       return;
     }
 
-    if (flusher) {
-      flusher.depend(this);
-    }
+    flusher?.depend(this);
 
     if (interval) {
       const timeDifference = performance.now() - this.lastFired;
diff --git a/src/signals/lazy_effect.ts b/src/signals/lazy_effect.ts
index 6ce13ad..93bdd33 100644
--- a/src/signals/lazy_effect.ts
+++ b/src/signals/lazy_effect.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
 // Copyright 2023 Im-Beast. MIT license.
+import { performance } from "../utils/performance.ts";
 import { Effect, type Effectable } from "./effect.ts";
 import { Flusher } from "./flusher.ts";
-
 import type { Dependant, Dependency, LazyDependant } from "./types.ts";
 
 // TODO: Tests
 
-interface LazyEffectOptions {
+export interface LazyEffectOptions {
   interval: number;
   flusher: Flusher;
 }
 
 /**
- * LazyEffect is an container for callback function, which runs every time any of its dependencies get updated.
- * When initialized that functions gets ran and all dependencies for it are tracked.
+ * LazyEffect is an container for callback function, which runs every time any
+ * of its dependencies get updated. When initialized that functions gets ran
+ * and all dependencies for it are tracked.
  * - If time between updates is smaller than given interval it gets delayed
- * - If given `Flusher` instead, it will update after `Flusher.flush()` gets called
+ * - If given `Flusher` instead, it will update after `Flusher.flush()` gets
+ *   called
  * - Both interval and `Flusher` might be set at the same time.
  *
  * @example
@@ -62,14 +64,14 @@ export class LazyEffect extends Effect implements LazyDependant {
       this.#updateCallback = () => this.update(this);
     }
 
-    [].slice();
     this.lastFired = performance.now();
   }
 
   override update(cause: Dependency | Dependant): void {
     const { flusher, interval } = this;
 
-    if (flusher) flusher.depend(this);
+    flusher?.depend(this);
+
     if (interval) {
       const timeDifference = performance.now() - this.lastFired;
       if (timeDifference < interval) {
diff --git a/src/signals/reactivity.ts b/src/signals/reactivity.ts
index 6cfd555..9e19fc5 100644
--- a/src/signals/reactivity.ts
+++ b/src/signals/reactivity.ts
@@ -70,23 +70,15 @@ export function makeMapMethodsReactive<T extends Map<unknown, unknown>, S>(
   if (watchMapUpdates) {
     _$set = function $set(key: MapKeyType, value: MapValueType) {
       const previousValue = map.get(key);
-
       set(key, value);
-
-      if (value !== previousValue) {
-        signal.propagate();
-      }
+      if (value !== previousValue) signal.propagate();
       return map;
     };
   } else {
     _$set = function $step(key: MapKeyType, value: MapValueType) {
       const { size } = map;
-
       set(key, value);
-
-      if (map.size > size) {
-        signal.propagate();
-      }
+      if (map.size > size) signal.propagate();
       return map;
     };
   }
@@ -98,9 +90,7 @@ export function makeMapMethodsReactive<T extends Map<unknown, unknown>, S>(
   const del = map.delete.bind(map);
   function $delete(key: MapKeyType) {
     const removed = del(key);
-    if (removed) {
-      signal.propagate();
-    }
+    if (removed) signal.propagate();
     return removed;
   }
 
@@ -108,9 +98,7 @@ export function makeMapMethodsReactive<T extends Map<unknown, unknown>, S>(
   function $clear() {
     const { size } = map;
     clear();
-    if (size > 0) {
-      signal.propagate();
-    }
+    if (size > 0) signal.propagate();
   }
 
   return map;
@@ -137,33 +125,23 @@ export function makeSetMethodsReactive<T extends Set<unknown>, S>(
   const add = set.add.bind(set);
   function $add(value: Parameters<T["add"]>[0]) {
     const { size } = set;
-
     add(value);
-
-    if (set.size > size) {
-      signal.propagate();
-    }
+    if (set.size > size) signal.propagate();
     return set;
   }
 
   const del = set.delete.bind(set);
   function $delete(value: Parameters<T["delete"]>[0]) {
     const removed = del(value);
-    if (removed) {
-      signal.propagate();
-    }
+    if (removed) signal.propagate();
     return removed;
   }
 
   const clear = set.clear.bind(set);
   function $clear() {
     const { size } = set;
-
     clear();
-
-    if (size > 0) {
-      signal.propagate();
-    }
+    if (size > 0) signal.propagate();
   }
 
   return set;
@@ -201,21 +179,15 @@ export function makeArrayMethodsReactive<T extends Array<unknown>, S>(
   const pop = array.pop.bind(array);
   function $pop() {
     const { length } = array;
-
     const output = pop();
-
-    if (length > 0) {
-      signal.propagate();
-    }
+    if (length > 0) signal.propagate();
     return output;
   }
 
   const splice = array.splice.bind(array);
   function $splice(start: number, deleteCount: number, ...items: unknown[]) {
     const output = splice(start, deleteCount, ...items);
-    if (output.length > 0) {
-      signal.propagate();
-    }
+    if (output.length > 0) signal.propagate();
     return output;
   }
 
diff --git a/src/signals/types.ts b/src/signals/types.ts
index 36e5d62..df537b7 100644
--- a/src/signals/types.ts
+++ b/src/signals/types.ts
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ export interface Dependency {
 export interface Dependant {
   /** Set of all dependencies Dependant relies on */
   dependencies: Set<Dependency>;
-  /** Destroy dependant, clear its dependencies */
-  dispose(): void;
+
   /** Method which updates Dependants state/value */
   update(cause: Dependency | Dependant): void;
+
+  /** Destroy dependant, clear its dependencies */
+  dispose(): void;
 }
 
 /** Element which relies on dependencies to function and updates either after specified interval or when flusher gets flushed */
diff --git a/src/stdio/stderr.ts b/src/stdio/stderr.ts
index 0fcc838..56021c9 100644
--- a/src/stdio/stderr.ts
+++ b/src/stdio/stderr.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { isDeno, isNodeLike } from "../utils/runtime.ts";
-
+import { ObjectAssign, ObjectDefineProperty } from "../utils/primordials.ts";
 // @ts-types="npm:@types/node@22/process"
 import p from "node:process";
 
@@ -72,8 +72,6 @@ export interface Stderr {
   isTerminal(): boolean;
 }
 
-const { assign, defineProperty } = Object;
-
 export class Stderr {
   constructor(impl?: Stderr) {
     if (!impl) {
@@ -93,7 +91,7 @@ export class Stderr {
       }
     }
 
-    assign(this, impl);
+    ObjectAssign(this, impl);
     this.writeSync = this.writeSync.bind(impl);
     this.write ??= (p) => Promise.resolve(this.writeSync(p));
     this.write = this.write.bind(impl);
@@ -102,25 +100,30 @@ export class Stderr {
     this.isTerminal ??= () => false;
     this.isTerminal = this.isTerminal.bind(impl);
 
-    defineProperty(this, "writable", {
-      get() {
-        if (impl && "writable" in impl) {
-          return impl.writable;
-        } else {
-          return new WritableStream<Uint8Array>({
-            write: async (chunk) => {
-              for (
-                let n = 0;
-                n < chunk.byteLength;
-                n += await this.write(chunk.subarray(n))
-              );
-            },
-          });
-        }
-      },
-      set() {},
-      configurable: true,
-      enumerable: true,
-    });
+    ObjectDefineProperty(
+      this,
+      "writable",
+      {
+        __proto__: impl,
+        get() {
+          if (impl && "writable" in impl) {
+            return impl.writable;
+          } else {
+            return new WritableStream<Uint8Array>({
+              write: async (chunk) => {
+                for (
+                  let n = 0;
+                  n < chunk.byteLength;
+                  n += await this.write(chunk.subarray(n))
+                );
+              },
+            });
+          }
+        },
+        set() {},
+        configurable: true,
+        enumerable: true,
+      } as PropertyDescriptor & ThisType<Stderr>,
+    );
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/stdio/stdin.ts b/src/stdio/stdin.ts
index 6ad33f5..2f17579 100644
--- a/src/stdio/stdin.ts
+++ b/src/stdio/stdin.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { isDeno, isNodeLike } from "../utils/runtime.ts";
+import type { Reshape } from "../utils/types.ts";
+import { ObjectAssign, ObjectDefineProperty } from "../utils/primordials.ts";
 import process from "node:process";
 
 /** @category I/O */
@@ -10,6 +12,7 @@ export interface SetRawOptions {
    * The `cbreak` option can be used to indicate that characters that
    * correspond to a signal should still be generated.
    *
+   * @remarks
    * When disabling raw mode, this option is ignored. This functionality
    * currently only works on Linux and Mac OS.
    */
@@ -115,10 +118,6 @@ type StdinImpl = Reshape<
   Partial<Stdin> & Pick<Stdin, "readSync" | "isTerminal" | "close">
 >;
 
-type Reshape<T> = Pick<T, keyof T>;
-
-const { assign, defineProperty } = Object;
-
 export class Stdin {
   constructor(impl?: StdinImpl) {
     if (!impl) {
@@ -137,14 +136,14 @@ export class Stdin {
         throw new Error("No Stdin implementation available");
       }
     }
-    assign(this, impl);
+    ObjectAssign(this, impl);
     this.readSync = this.readSync.bind(impl);
     this.read = (
       this.read ??= (p) => Promise.resolve(this.readSync(p))
     ).bind(impl);
     this.close = (this.close ??= () => {}).bind(impl);
     this.isTerminal = (this.isTerminal ??= () => false).bind(impl);
-    defineProperty(this, "readable", {
+    ObjectDefineProperty(this, "readable", {
       get() {
         if (impl && "readable" in impl) {
           return impl.readable;
diff --git a/src/stdio/stdout.ts b/src/stdio/stdout.ts
index 29e1dff..6125dd8 100644
--- a/src/stdio/stdout.ts
+++ b/src/stdio/stdout.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { isDeno, isNodeLike } from "../utils/runtime.ts";
+import { ObjectAssign, ObjectDefineProperty } from "../utils/primordials.ts";
 
 // @ts-types="npm:@types/node@22/process"
 import p from "node:process";
@@ -72,8 +73,6 @@ export interface Stdout {
   isTerminal(): boolean;
 }
 
-const { assign, defineProperty } = Object;
-
 export class Stdout {
   constructor(impl?: Stdout) {
     if (!impl) {
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ export class Stdout {
       }
     }
 
-    assign(this, impl);
+    ObjectAssign(this, impl);
     this.writeSync = this.writeSync.bind(impl);
     this.write ??= (p) => Promise.resolve(this.writeSync(p));
     this.write = this.write.bind(impl);
@@ -102,25 +101,30 @@ export class Stdout {
     this.isTerminal ??= () => false;
     this.isTerminal = this.isTerminal.bind(impl);
 
-    defineProperty(this, "writable", {
-      get() {
-        if (impl && "writable" in impl) {
-          return impl.writable;
-        } else {
-          return new WritableStream<Uint8Array>({
-            write: async (chunk) => {
-              for (
-                let n = 0;
-                n < chunk.byteLength;
-                n += await this.write(chunk.subarray(n))
-              );
-            },
-          });
-        }
-      },
-      set() {},
-      configurable: true,
-      enumerable: true,
-    });
+    ObjectDefineProperty(
+      this,
+      "writable",
+      {
+        __proto__: impl,
+        get() {
+          if (impl && "writable" in impl) {
+            return impl.writable;
+          } else {
+            return new WritableStream<Uint8Array>({
+              write: async (chunk) => {
+                for (
+                  let n = 0;
+                  n < chunk.byteLength;
+                  n += await this.write(chunk.subarray(n))
+                );
+              },
+            });
+          }
+        },
+        set() {},
+        configurable: true,
+        enumerable: true,
+      } as PropertyDescriptor & ThisType<Stdout>,
+    );
   }
 }

From 176b64f573a76ca5cdaf3a597ae2c26e68180f24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Berlette <nick@berlette.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Mar 2026 11:31:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 17/17] refactor(signals): clean up formatting, use primordials
 more consistently

---
 src/signals/computed.ts            |  4 +++
 src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts | 24 +++++++------
 src/signals/effect.ts              |  4 +++
 src/signals/lazy_computed.ts       | 35 ++++++++++--------
 src/signals/signal.ts              | 58 +++++++++++++++++++-----------
 5 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/signals/computed.ts b/src/signals/computed.ts
index 03a8369..d0eb597 100644
--- a/src/signals/computed.ts
+++ b/src/signals/computed.ts
@@ -79,3 +79,7 @@ export class Computed<T> extends Signal<T> implements Dependant, Dependency {
     }
   }
 }
+
+export function computed<T>(computable: Computable<T>): Computed<T> {
+  return new Computed(computable);
+}
diff --git a/src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts b/src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts
index fcf4387..3cc08b8 100644
--- a/src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts
+++ b/src/signals/dependency_tracking.ts
@@ -7,42 +7,44 @@ let incoming = 0;
 /**
  * Asynchronously tracks used signals for provided function
  */
-export async function trackDependencies(
-  dependencies: Set<Dependency>,
+export async function track<T extends Dependish>(
+  dependencies: Set<T>,
   thisArg: unknown,
   // this is supposed to mean every function
   // deno-lint-ignore ban-types
   func: Function,
 ): Promise<void> {
-  while (incoming !== 0) {
-    await Promise.resolve();
-  }
+  while (incoming) await Promise.resolve();
 
   ++incoming;
   activeSignals = dependencies;
+
   try {
     func.call(thisArg);
   } catch (error) {
     incoming = 0;
     throw error;
+  } finally {
+    activeSignals = undefined;
+    --incoming;
   }
-  activeSignals = undefined;
-  --incoming;
 }
 
 /**
  * Replaces all dependencies with root dependencies to prevent multiple updates caused by the same change.
  */
-export function optimizeDependencies(
-  into: Set<Dependency | (Dependency & Dependant)>,
-  from = into,
+export function optimize<T extends Dependish>(
+  into: Set<T>,
+  from: Iterable<T> = into,
 ): void {
   for (const dependency of from) {
     if ("dependencies" in dependency) {
       into.delete(dependency);
-      optimizeDependencies(into, dependency.dependencies);
+      optimize(into, dependency.dependencies);
     } else {
       into.add(dependency);
     }
   }
 }
+
+export { optimize as optimizeDependencies, track as trackDependencies };
diff --git a/src/signals/effect.ts b/src/signals/effect.ts
index a0806eb..fdddebc 100644
--- a/src/signals/effect.ts
+++ b/src/signals/effect.ts
@@ -112,3 +112,7 @@ export class Effect implements Dependant, Disposable {
     this.dispose();
   }
 }
+
+export function effect(effectable: Effectable): Effect {
+  return new Effect(effectable);
+}
diff --git a/src/signals/lazy_computed.ts b/src/signals/lazy_computed.ts
index a8831be..2123e56 100644
--- a/src/signals/lazy_computed.ts
+++ b/src/signals/lazy_computed.ts
@@ -1,42 +1,47 @@
 // Copyright 2023 Im-Beast. MIT license.
+import { performance } from "../utils/performance.ts";
 import { type Computable, Computed } from "./computed.ts";
-import type { Dependency } from "./types.ts";
 import { Flusher } from "./flusher.ts";
-
-import type { LazyDependant } from "./types.ts";
+import type { Dependency, LazyDependant } from "./types.ts";
 
 // TODO: Tests
 
-interface LazyComputedOptions {
+export interface LazyComputedOptions {
   interval: number;
   flusher: Flusher;
 }
 
 /**
  * LazyComputed is a type of signal that depends on other signals and updates
- * when any of them changes
- * - If time between updates is smaller than given interval it gets delayed
- * - If given `Flusher` instead, it will update after `Flusher.flush()` gets
- *   called
+ * when any of them changes. Be aware of its caveats, however, as it can delay
+ * updates to avoid too many of them in a short time.
+ *
+ * - If time between updates is smaller than given interval, it is delayed.
+ * - If given a `Flusher`, it will update after `Flusher.flush()` is called.
  * - Both interval and `Flusher` might be set at the same time.
  *
  * @example
  * ```ts
  * const multiplicand = new Signal(1);
  * const multiplier = new Signal(2);
- * const product = new LazyComputed(() => multiplicand.value * multiplier.value, 16);
+ * const product = new LazyComputed(
+ *   () => multiplicand.value * multiplier.value,
+ *   16,
+ * );
  *
  * console.log(product.value); // 2
- * await Promise.resolve(); // Dependency tracking is asynchronous read more in `dependency_tracking.ts`
+ *
+ * // Dependency tracking is asynchronous (see `dependency_tracking.ts`)
+ * await Promise.resolve(); // wait for next tick
  *
  * multiplicand.value = 2;
- * console.log(product.value); // 2
+ * console.log(product.value); // => 2
+ *
  * multiplier.value = 7;
- * console.log(product.value); // 2
+ * console.log(product.value); // => 2
  *
- * setTimeout(() => {
- *  console.log(product.value); // 14
- * }, 16)
+ * // wait until the timeout of LazyComputed gets executed
+ * setTimeout(() => console.log(product.value), 16); // => 14
  * ```
  */
 export class LazyComputed<T> extends Computed<T> implements LazyDependant {
diff --git a/src/signals/signal.ts b/src/signals/signal.ts
index a77f62f..d9fd50d 100644
--- a/src/signals/signal.ts
+++ b/src/signals/signal.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ export interface SignalOptions<T> {
   watchMapUpdates?: boolean & (T extends Map<any, any> ? unknown : never);
 }
 
+let __is_signal = (it: unknown): boolean => (void it, false);
+
 /**
  * Signal wraps value in a container.
  *
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ export interface SignalOptions<T> {
  * ```
  */
 export class Signal<T> implements Dependency {
-  protected $value: T;
+  #value: T;
 
   // Dependant: something that depends on THIS
   dependants?: Set<Dependant>;
@@ -84,7 +86,15 @@ export class Signal<T> implements Dependency {
         );
       }
     }
-    this.$value = value;
+    this.#value = value;
+  }
+
+  protected get $value(): T {
+    return this.#value;
+  }
+
+  protected set $value(value: T) {
+    this.#value = value;
   }
 
   /** Bind function to signal, it'll be called each time signal's value changes and is equal to {conditionValues} */
@@ -159,13 +169,13 @@ export class Signal<T> implements Dependency {
       }
     }
 
-    if (!dependants?.size) return;
-
-    for (const dependant of dependants) {
-      if ("forceUpdateValue" in dependant) {
-        dependant.forceUpdateValue = true;
+    if (dependants?.size) {
+      for (const dependant of dependants) {
+        if ("forceUpdateValue" in dependant) {
+          dependant.forceUpdateValue = true;
+        }
+        dependant.update(cause ?? this);
       }
-      dependant.update(cause ?? this);
     }
   }
 
@@ -192,16 +202,15 @@ export class Signal<T> implements Dependency {
 
     subscriptions?.clear();
 
-    if (!dependants) return;
-    for (const dependant of dependants) {
-      dependants.delete(dependant);
-      dependant.dependencies.delete(this);
+    if (dependants?.size) {
+      for (const dependant of dependants) {
+        dependants.delete(dependant);
+        dependant.dependencies.delete(this);
 
-      // If dependant has no more dependencies then
-      // it means that it should be replaced with constant value,
-      // because nothing can update its value anymore
-      if (!dependant.dependencies) {
-        dependant.dispose();
+        // If dependant has no more dependencies then
+        // it means that it should be replaced with constant value,
+        // because nothing can update its value anymore
+        if (!dependant.dependencies) dependant.dispose();
       }
     }
   }
@@ -244,9 +253,12 @@ export class Signal<T> implements Dependency {
   [Symbol.toPrimitive](hint: "number"): number;
   [Symbol.toPrimitive](hint: "string" | "default"): string;
   [Symbol.toPrimitive](hint: "string" | "number" | "default"): string | number;
-  [Symbol.toPrimitive](hint: "string" | "number" | "default"): string | number {
-    if (hint === "number") return Number(this.$value);
-    return String(this.$value);
+  [Symbol.toPrimitive](hint: string): string | number {
+    return (hint === "number" ? Number : String)(this.$value);
+  }
+
+  static {
+    __is_signal = (it) => #value in Object(it);
   }
 }
 
@@ -274,3 +286,9 @@ export class Signal<T> implements Dependency {
  * ```
  */
 export type SignalOfObject<T> = Signal<T> & { [key in keyof T]?: never };
+
+export type SignalLike<T> = T | Signal<T>;
+
+export function isSignal<T>(it: SignalLike<T>): it is Signal<T> {
+  return typeof it === "object" && it !== null && __is_signal(it);
+}