Backport crash fixes from PR python-greenlet#499 for greenlet 3.2.6

Ports all crash fixes from the main branch (PR python-greenlet#499) to maint/3.2 for
a 3.2.6 release targeting Python 3.9 stability.

Three root causes of SIGSEGV during Py_FinalizeEx on Python < 3.11:

1. clear_deleteme_list() vector allocation crash: replaced copy with
   std::swap and switched deleteme_t to std::allocator (system malloc).

2. ThreadState memory corruption: switched from PythonAllocator
   (PyObject_Malloc) to std::malloc/std::free.

3. getcurrent() crash on invalidated type objects: added atexit handler
   that sets g_greenlet_shutting_down before _Py_IsFinalizing() is set.

Also fixes exception preservation in clear_deleteme_list(), adds
Py_IsFinalizing() compat shim for Python < 3.13, Windows USS tolerance
for flaky memory test, and additional shutdown tests.

Made-with: Cursor

Author: nbouvrette

CHANGES.rst

@@ -5,7 +5,43 @@
 3.2.6 (unreleased)
 ==================
 
-- Nothing changed yet.
+- Fix multiple crash paths during interpreter shutdown on Python < 3.11
+  (observed with uWSGI worker recycling).  Three root causes were
+  identified and fixed:
+
+  1. ``clear_deleteme_list()`` used a ``PythonAllocator``-backed vector
+     copy (``PyMem_Malloc``), which could SIGSEGV during early
+     ``Py_FinalizeEx`` when Python's allocator pools are partially torn
+     down.  Replaced with ``std::swap`` (zero-allocation,
+     constant-time) and switched the ``deleteme`` vector to
+     ``std::allocator`` (system ``malloc``).
+
+  2. ``ThreadState`` objects were allocated via ``PyObject_Malloc``,
+     placing them in ``pymalloc`` pools that can be disrupted during
+     finalization.  Switched to ``std::malloc`` / ``std::free`` so
+     ``ThreadState`` memory remains valid throughout ``Py_FinalizeEx``.
+
+  3. ``_Py_IsFinalizing()`` is only set *after* ``call_py_exitfuncs``
+     and ``_PyGC_CollectIfEnabled`` complete inside ``Py_FinalizeEx``,
+     so code in atexit handlers or ``__del__`` methods could still call
+     ``greenlet.getcurrent()`` when type objects had already been
+     invalidated, crashing in ``PyType_IsSubtype``.  An atexit handler
+     is now registered at module init (LIFO = runs first) that sets a
+     shutdown flag checked by ``getcurrent()``,
+     ``PyGreenlet_GetCurrent()``, and ``clear_deleteme_list()``.
+
+  Additionally, ``clear_deleteme_list()`` now preserves any pending
+  Python exception around its cleanup loop, fixing a latent bug where
+  an unrelated exception (e.g. one set by ``throw()``) could be
+  swallowed by ``PyErr_WriteUnraisable`` / ``PyErr_Clear`` inside the
+  loop.
+
+  This is distinct from the dealloc crash fixed in 3.2.5
+  (`PR #495
+  <https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/pull/495>`_).
+  Backported from `PR #499
+  <https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/pull/499>`_ by Nicolas
+  Bouvrette.
 
 
 3.2.5 (2026-02-20)

src/greenlet/CObjects.cpp

@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ extern "C" {
 static PyGreenlet*
 PyGreenlet_GetCurrent(void)
 {
+#if !GREENLET_PY311
+    if (g_greenlet_shutting_down || Py_IsFinalizing()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
     return GET_THREAD_STATE().state().get_current().relinquish_ownership();
 }
 

src/greenlet/PyGreenlet.cpp

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ _green_dealloc_kill_started_non_main_greenlet(BorrowedGreenlet self)
     // See: https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/411
     //      https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/351
 #if !GREENLET_PY311
-    if (_Py_IsFinalizing()) {
+    if (Py_IsFinalizing()) {
         self->murder_in_place();
         return 1;
     }

src/greenlet/PyModule.cpp

@@ -17,6 +17,29 @@ using greenlet::ThreadState;
 #    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-variable"
 #endif
 
+// On Python < 3.11, _Py_IsFinalizing() is only set AFTER
+// call_py_exitfuncs and _PyGC_CollectIfEnabled finish inside
+// Py_FinalizeEx.  Code running in atexit handlers or __del__
+// methods can still call greenlet.getcurrent(), but by that
+// time type objects may have been invalidated, causing
+// SIGSEGV in PyType_IsSubtype.  This flag is set by an atexit
+// handler registered at module init (LIFO = runs first).
+#if !GREENLET_PY311
+int g_greenlet_shutting_down = 0;
+
+static PyObject*
+_greenlet_atexit_callback(PyObject* UNUSED(self), PyObject* UNUSED(args))
+{
+    g_greenlet_shutting_down = 1;
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef _greenlet_atexit_method = {
+    "_greenlet_cleanup", _greenlet_atexit_callback,
+    METH_NOARGS, NULL
+};
+#endif
+
 PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_getcurrent_doc,
              "getcurrent() -> greenlet\n"
              "\n"
@@ -26,6 +49,11 @@ PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_getcurrent_doc,
 static PyObject*
 mod_getcurrent(PyObject* UNUSED(module))
 {
+#if !GREENLET_PY311
+    if (g_greenlet_shutting_down || Py_IsFinalizing()) {
+        Py_RETURN_NONE;
+    }
+#endif
     return GET_THREAD_STATE().state().get_current().relinquish_ownership_o();
 }
 

src/greenlet/TThreadState.hpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef GREENLET_THREAD_STATE_HPP
 #define GREENLET_THREAD_STATE_HPP
 
+#include <cstdlib>
 #include <ctime>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
@@ -22,6 +23,13 @@ using greenlet::refs::CreatedModule;
 using greenlet::refs::PyErrPieces;
 using greenlet::refs::NewReference;
 
+// Defined in PyModule.cpp; set by an atexit handler to signal
+// that the interpreter is shutting down.  Only needed on
+// Python < 3.11 where _Py_IsFinalizing() is set too late.
+#if !GREENLET_PY311
+extern int g_greenlet_shutting_down;
+#endif
+
 namespace greenlet {
 /**
  * Thread-local state of greenlets.
@@ -104,7 +112,13 @@ class ThreadState {
     /* Strong reference to the trace function, if any. */
     OwnedObject tracefunc;
 
-    typedef std::vector<PyGreenlet*, PythonAllocator<PyGreenlet*> > deleteme_t;
+    // Use std::allocator (malloc/free) instead of PythonAllocator
+    // (PyMem_Malloc) for the deleteme list.  During Py_FinalizeEx on
+    // Python < 3.11, the PyObject_Malloc pool that holds ThreadState
+    // can be disrupted, corrupting any PythonAllocator-backed
+    // containers.  Using std::allocator makes this vector independent
+    // of Python's allocator lifecycle.
+    typedef std::vector<PyGreenlet*> deleteme_t;
     /* A vector of raw PyGreenlet pointers representing things that need
        deleted when this thread is running. The vector owns the
        references, but you need to manually INCREF/DECREF as you use
@@ -120,7 +134,6 @@ class ThreadState {
 
     static std::clock_t _clocks_used_doing_gc;
     static ImmortalString get_referrers_name;
-    static PythonAllocator<ThreadState> allocator;
 
     G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(ThreadState);
 
@@ -146,15 +159,21 @@ class ThreadState {
 
 
 public:
-    static void* operator new(size_t UNUSED(count))
+    // Allocate ThreadState with malloc/free rather than Python's object
+    // allocator.  ThreadState outlives many Python objects and must
+    // remain valid throughout Py_FinalizeEx.  On Python < 3.11,
+    // PyObject_Malloc pools can be disrupted during early finalization,
+    // corrupting any C++ objects stored in them.
+    static void* operator new(size_t count)
     {
-        return ThreadState::allocator.allocate(1);
+        void* p = std::malloc(count);
+        if (!p) throw std::bad_alloc();
+        return p;
     }
 
     static void operator delete(void* ptr)
     {
-        return ThreadState::allocator.deallocate(static_cast<ThreadState*>(ptr),
-                                                 1);
+        std::free(ptr);
     }
 
     static void init()
@@ -283,33 +302,50 @@ class ThreadState {
     inline void clear_deleteme_list(const bool murder=false)
     {
         if (!this->deleteme.empty()) {
-            // It's possible we could add items to this list while
-            // running Python code if there's a thread switch, so we
-            // need to defensively copy it before that can happen.
-            deleteme_t copy = this->deleteme;
-            this->deleteme.clear(); // in case things come back on the list
+            // Move the list contents out with swap — a constant-time
+            // pointer exchange that never allocates.  The previous code
+            // used a copy (deleteme_t copy = this->deleteme) which
+            // allocated through PythonAllocator / PyMem_Malloc; that
+            // could SIGSEGV during early Py_FinalizeEx on Python < 3.11
+            // when the allocator is partially torn down.
+            deleteme_t copy;
+            std::swap(copy, this->deleteme);
+
+            // During Py_FinalizeEx cleanup, the GC or atexit handlers
+            // may have already collected objects in this list, leaving
+            // dangling pointers.  Attempting Py_DECREF on freed memory
+            // causes a SIGSEGV.  On Python < 3.11,
+            // g_greenlet_shutting_down covers the early stages
+            // (before Py_IsFinalizing() is set).
+#if !GREENLET_PY311
+            if (g_greenlet_shutting_down || Py_IsFinalizing()) {
+                return;
+            }
+#else
+            if (Py_IsFinalizing()) {
+                return;
+            }
+#endif
+
+            // Preserve any pending exception so that cleanup-triggered
+            // errors don't accidentally swallow an unrelated exception
+            // (e.g. one set by throw() before a switch).
+            PyErrPieces incoming_err;
+
             for(deleteme_t::iterator it = copy.begin(), end = copy.end();
                 it != end;
                 ++it ) {
                 PyGreenlet* to_del = *it;
                 if (murder) {
-                    // Force each greenlet to appear dead; we can't raise an
-                    // exception into it anymore anyway.
                     to_del->pimpl->murder_in_place();
                 }
-
-                // The only reference to these greenlets should be in
-                // this list, decreffing them should let them be
-                // deleted again, triggering calls to green_dealloc()
-                // in the correct thread (if we're not murdering).
-                // This may run arbitrary Python code and switch
-                // threads or greenlets!
                 Py_DECREF(to_del);
                 if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                     PyErr_WriteUnraisable(nullptr);
                     PyErr_Clear();
                 }
             }
+            incoming_err.PyErrRestore();
         }
     }
 
@@ -371,7 +407,7 @@ class ThreadState {
         // Python 3.11+ restructured interpreter finalization so that
         // these APIs remain safe during shutdown.
 #if !GREENLET_PY311
-        if (_Py_IsFinalizing()) {
+        if (Py_IsFinalizing()) {
             this->tracefunc.CLEAR();
             if (this->current_greenlet) {
                 this->current_greenlet->murder_in_place();
@@ -505,7 +541,6 @@ class ThreadState {
 };
 
 ImmortalString ThreadState::get_referrers_name(nullptr);
-PythonAllocator<ThreadState> ThreadState::allocator;
 std::clock_t ThreadState::_clocks_used_doing_gc(0);
 
 

src/greenlet/TThreadStateDestroy.cpp

@@ -177,11 +177,7 @@ struct ThreadState_DestroyNoGIL
         // segfault if we happen to get context switched, and maybe we should
         // just always implement our own AddPendingCall, but I'd like to see if
         // this works first
-#if GREENLET_PY313
         if (Py_IsFinalizing()) {
-#else
-        if (_Py_IsFinalizing()) {
-#endif
 #ifdef GREENLET_DEBUG
             // No need to log in the general case. Yes, we'll leak,
             // but we're shutting down so it should be ok.

src/greenlet/greenlet.cpp

@@ -232,6 +232,45 @@ greenlet_internal_mod_init() noexcept
         OwnedObject clocks_per_sec = OwnedObject::consuming(PyLong_FromSsize_t(CLOCKS_PER_SEC));
         m.PyAddObject("CLOCKS_PER_SEC", clocks_per_sec);
 
+#if !GREENLET_PY311
+        // Register an atexit handler that sets g_greenlet_shutting_down.
+        // Python's atexit is LIFO: registered last = called first.  By
+        // registering here (at import time, after most other libraries),
+        // our handler runs before their cleanup code, which may try to
+        // call greenlet.getcurrent() on objects whose type has been
+        // invalidated.  _Py_IsFinalizing() alone is insufficient
+        // because it is only set AFTER call_py_exitfuncs completes.
+        {
+            PyObject* atexit_mod = PyImport_ImportModule("atexit");
+            if (atexit_mod) {
+                PyObject* register_fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(atexit_mod, "register");
+                if (register_fn) {
+                    extern PyMethodDef _greenlet_atexit_method;
+                    PyObject* callback = PyCFunction_New(&_greenlet_atexit_method, NULL);
+                    if (callback) {
+                        PyObject* args = PyTuple_Pack(1, callback);
+                        if (args) {
+                            PyObject* result = PyObject_Call(register_fn, args, NULL);
+                            Py_XDECREF(result);
+                            Py_DECREF(args);
+                        }
+                        Py_DECREF(callback);
+                    }
+                    Py_DECREF(register_fn);
+                }
+                // Non-fatal: if atexit registration fails, we still have
+                // the _Py_IsFinalizing() fallback.
+                if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                }
+                Py_DECREF(atexit_mod);
+            }
+            else {
+                PyErr_Clear();
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+
         /* also publish module-level data as attributes of the greentype. */
         // XXX: This is weird, and enables a strange pattern of
         // confusing the class greenlet with the module greenlet; with

src/greenlet/greenlet_cpython_compat.hpp

@@ -147,4 +147,12 @@ static inline void PyThreadState_LeaveTracing(PyThreadState *tstate)
 #  define Py_C_RECURSION_LIMIT C_RECURSION_LIMIT
 #endif
 
+// Py_IsFinalizing() became a public API in Python 3.13.
+// Map it to the private _Py_IsFinalizing() on older versions so all
+// call sites can use the standard name.  Remove this once greenlet
+// drops support for Python < 3.13.
+#if !GREENLET_PY313
+#  define Py_IsFinalizing() _Py_IsFinalizing()
+#endif
+
 #endif /* GREENLET_CPYTHON_COMPAT_H */