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modules/ROOT/content-nav.adoc

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** xref:indexes/syntax.adoc[]
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* xref:constraints/index.adoc[]
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** xref:constraints/managing-constraints.adoc[]
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** xref:constraints/syntax.adoc[]
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** xref:constraints/examples.adoc[]
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* xref:planning-and-tuning/index.adoc[]
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** xref:planning-and-tuning/execution-plans.adoc[]

modules/ROOT/pages/appendix/gql-conformance/additional-cypher.adoc

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| Returns a 2D or 3D point object, given two or respectively three coordinate values in the Cartesian coordinate system or WGS 84 geographic coordinate system.
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| xref:functions/spatial.adoc#functions-point-distance[`point.distance()`]
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| Returns a `FLOAT` representing the geodesic distance between any two points in the same CRS.
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| Returns a `FLOAT` representing the distance between any two points in the same CRS.
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If the points are in the WGS 84 CRS, the function returns the geodesic distance (i.e., the shortest path along the curved surface of the Earth).
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If the points are in a Cartesian CRS, the function returns the Euclidean distance (i.e., the shortest straight-line distance in a flat, planar space).
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| xref:functions/spatial.adoc#functions-point-withinBBox[`point.withinBBox()`]
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| Returns true if the provided point is within the bounding box defined by the two provided points.
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| Cypher feature
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| Description
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| xref:constraints/examples.adoc#constraints-examples-node-uniqueness[Node property uniqueness constraints]
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| Ensures that certain nodes have a set of specified properties whose combined value is unique when all properties exist on the node
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| xref:constraints/managing-constraints.adoc#create-property-uniqueness-constraints[Property uniqueness constraints]
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| Ensures that the combined property values are unique for all nodes with a specific label or all relationships with a specific type.
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| xref:constraints/examples.adoc#constraints-examples-relationship-uniqueness[Relationship property uniqueness constraints]
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| Ensures that certain relationships have a set of specified properties whose combined value is unique when all properties exist on the relationship.
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| xref:constraints/managing-constraints.adoc#create-property-existence-constraints[Property existence constraints]
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| Ensures that a property exists either for all nodes with a specific label or for all relationships with a specific type.
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| xref:constraints/examples.adoc#constraints-examples-node-property-existence[Node property existence constraints]
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| Ensures that certain nodes have a specified property.
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| xref:constraints/managing-constraints.adoc#create-property-type-constraints[Property type constraints]
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| Ensures that a property has the required property type for all nodes with a specific label or for all relationships with a specific type.
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| xref:constraints/examples.adoc#constraints-examples-relationship-property-existence[Relationship property existence constraints]
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| Ensures that certain relationships have a specified property.
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| xref:constraints/examples.adoc#constraints-examples-node-property-type[Node property type constraints]
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| Ensures that certain nodes have a property of the required property type when the property exists on the node.
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| xref:constraints/examples.adoc#constraints-examples-relationship-property-type[Relationship property type constraints]
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| Ensures that certain relationships have a property of the required property type when the property exists on the relationship.
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| xref:constraints/examples.adoc#constraints-examples-node-key[Node key constraints]
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| Ensures that certain nodes have a set of specified properties whose combined value is unique and all properties in the set are present.
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| xref:constraints/examples.adoc#constraints-examples-relationship-key[Relationship key constraints]
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| Ensures that certain relationships have a set of defined properties whose combined value is unique. It also ensures that all properties in the set are present.
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| xref:constraints/managing-constraints.adoc#create-key-constraints[Key constraints]
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| Ensures that all properties exist and that the combined property values are unique for all nodes with a specific label or all relationships with a specific type.
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|===
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modules/ROOT/pages/clauses/load-csv.adoc

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== Recommendations
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=== Create uniqueness constraints
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=== Create property uniqueness constraints
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Always create uniqueness xref:constraints/index.adoc[constraints] prior to importing data, to avoid duplicates or colliding entities.
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Always create xref:constraints/managing-constraints.adoc#create-property-uniqueness-constraints[property uniqueness constraints] prior to importing data, to avoid duplicates or colliding entities.
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If the source file contains duplicated data and the right constraints are in place, Cypher raises an error.
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.Create xref:constraints/examples.adoc#constraints-examples-node-uniqueness[node property uniqueness constraints] on person ID
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.Create a node property uniqueness constraints on person ID
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====
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.persons.csv

modules/ROOT/pages/clauses/merge.adoc

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[NOTE]
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====
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Under concurrent updates, `MERGE` only guarantees the existence of the `MERGE` pattern, but not uniqueness.
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To guarantee uniqueness of nodes with certain properties, a xref::constraints/index.adoc[property uniqueness constraint] should be used.
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To guarantee uniqueness of nodes with certain properties, a xref:constraints/managing-constraints.adoc#create-property-uniqueness-constraints[property uniqueness constraint] should be used.
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See xref::clauses/merge.adoc#query-merge-using-unique-constraints[Using property uniqueness constraints with `MERGE`].
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====
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[[query-merge-using-unique-constraints]]
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== Using node property uniqueness constraints with `MERGE`
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Cypher prevents getting conflicting results from `MERGE` when using patterns that involve property uniqueness constraints.
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Cypher prevents getting conflicting results from `MERGE` when using patterns that involve xref:constraints/managing-constraints.adoc#create-property-uniqueness-constraints[property uniqueness constraints].
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In this case, there must be at most one node that matches that pattern.
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For example, given two property node uniqueness constraints on `:Person(id)` and `:Person(ssn)`, a query such as `MERGE (n:Person {id: 12, ssn: 437})` will fail, if there are two different nodes (one with `id` 12 and one with `ssn` 437), or if there is only one node with only one of the properties.

modules/ROOT/pages/clauses/optional-match.adoc

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However, there are two important differences between Neo4j and SQL which helps to explain `OPTIONAL MATCH` further.
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. While it is both possible and advised to enforce partial schemas using indexes and constraints, Neo4j offers a greater degree of schema flexibility than a relational database.
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Nodes and relationships in a Neo4j database do not have to have a specific property set to them because other nodes or relationships in the same graph have that property (unless there is a existence constraint created on the specific property).
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Nodes and relationships in a Neo4j database do not have to have a specific property set to them because other nodes or relationships in the same graph have that property (unless there is a xref:constraints/managing-constraints.adoc#create-property-existence-constraints[property existence constraint] created on the specific property).
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. Queries in Cypher are run as pipelines.
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If a clause returns no results, it will effectively end the query as subsequent clauses will have no data to execute upon.

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