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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Ancient to Modern Unit Converter</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Julius+Sans+One&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Kantumruy+Pro:ital,wght@0,100..700;1,100..700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
  <!-- Upper left panel -->
  <div class="panel info-panel">
    <div class="inner-box">
      <h1>Ancient Unit Converter</h1>
      <p>This applet allows you to convert ancient biblical units to their modern equivalents with ease.</p>
      <p>The calculations are based on the equivalence tables developed by Peter Schmidt in <a href="https://test-silorg.sil.org/resources/archives/56085"><i>Biblical Measures and their Translation: Notes on Translating Biblical Units of Length, Area, Capacity, Weight, Money and Time</i></a> (SIL Electronic Working Papers 112, 2014). Dr Schmidt released an updated <a href="https://ot-translation-aids.net/measurements-ii-0">guide</a> (<a href="guide.pdf">mirror</a>) in 2025 with some additional suggestions, which we also follow.</p>
      <p>All the equivalences are reconstructed and therefore approximate. Bear in mind that often when translating biblical texts it makes sense to leave the original units or provide roughly equivalent modern customary units for stylistic or narratological reasons.</p>
      <p>Check out this applet's code on <a href="https://github.com/normansimonr/ancient-unit-converter">GitHub</a>. Made by Norman Simón Rodríguez.</p>
    </div>
  </div>

  <!-- Upper right panel -->
  <div class="panel applet-panel">
    <div class="inner-box">
      <div id="converter">

        <label for="input-value">Enter the ancient unit value:</label>
        <input type="number" id="input-value" placeholder="Enter a number">
        <label for="input-unit">Select the ancient unit (translations are in English and Spanish):</label>
        <select id="input-unit">
          <!-- Ancient length units -->
          <optgroup label="Length (OT)">
            <option value="cubit">אמה — cubit, codo</option>
            <option value="long cubit">אמה ארוך — long cubit, codo largo</option>
            <option value="finger">אצבע — finger, dedo</option>
            <option value="GMD cubit">גמד — cubit, codo (alternative name)</option>
            <option value="span">זרת — span, palmo</option>
            <option value="handbreadth">טפח — handbreadth, palmo menor</option>
            <option value="reed">קנה — reed, caña</option>
          </optgroup>
          <optgroup label="Length (NT)">
            <option value="Shabbath's day walk">οδοσ σαββατου — sabbath's day walk, camino de un sábado</option>
            <option value="fathom"><strong>οργυια</strong> — fathom, braza</option>
            <option value="New Testament cubit">πηχυς — cubit, codo</option>
            <option value="stade">σταδιος — stade, estadio</option>
            <option value="Roman mile">μιλιον — roman mile, milla romana</option>
          </optgroup>
          <!-- Ancient capacity units -->
          <optgroup label="Capacity (OT)">
            <option value="pre-exilic ephah">איפה — pre-exilic ephah, efa preexílica</option>
            <option value="post-exilic ephah">איפה — post-exilic ephah, efa postexílica</option>
            <option value="pre-exilic bath">בת — pre-exilic bath, bat preexílico</option>
            <option value="post-exilic bath">בת — post-exilic bath, bat postexílico</option>
            <option value="double bath"> בת בת — double bath, bat doble</option>
            <option value="pre-exilic hin">הין — pre-exilic hin, hin preexílico</option>
            <option value="post-exilic hin">הין — post-exilic hin, hin postexílico</option>
            <option value="pre-exilic dry homer">חמר — pre-exilic dry homer, homer preexílico áridos</option>
            <option value="pre-exilic liquid homer">חמר — pre-exilic liquid homer, homer preexílico líquidos</option>
            <option value="post-exilic homer">חמר — post-exilic homer, homer postexílico</option>
            <option value="pre-exilic dry kor">כר — pre-exilic dry kor, coro preexílico áridos</option>
            <option value="pre-exilic liquid kor">כר — pre-exilic liquid kor, coro preexílico líquidos</option>
            <option value="post-exilic kor">כר — post-exilic kor, coro postexílico</option>
            <option value="log">לג — log</option>
            <option value="letek">לתך — letek</option>
            <option value="pre-exilic seah">סאה — pre-exilic seah, seah preexílica</option>
            <option value="post-exilic seah">סאה — post-exilic seah, seah postexílica</option>
            <option value="omer">עומר — omer</option>
            <option value="issaron">עשרון — issaron</option>
            <option value="kav">קב — kav</option>
          </optgroup>
          <optgroup label="Capacity (NT)">
            <option value="New Testament bath">βατος — New Testament bath, bat del Nuevo Testamento</option>
            <option value="New Testament kor">κορος — New Testament kor, coro del Nuevo Testamento</option>
            <option value="choinix">χοινιξ — choinix</option>
            <option value="metritis">μετρητης — metritis</option>
            <option value="New Testament seah">σατον — New Testament seah, seah del Nuevo Testamento</option>
          </optgroup>
          <!-- Ancient weight units -->
          <optgroup label="Weight (OT)">
            <option value="beka">בקע — bekah, beka</option>
            <option value="shekel">גרה — gerah, gera</option>
            <option value="talent">ככר — talent, talento</option>
            <option value="mina">מנה — mina</option>
            <option value="pim">פים — pim</option>
            <option value="shekel">שקל — shekel, siclo</option>
          </optgroup>
          <optgroup label="Weight (NT)">
            <option value="litra">λιτρα — litra</option>
            <option value="Revelation's talent">ταλαντιαιος — Revelation's talent, talento del Apocalipsis</option>
          </optgroup>
        </select>
        <button onclick="convert()">Convert</button>
        <div id="result"></div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <!-- Bottom panel -->
  <div class="panel table-panel">
    <div class="inner-box">
      <h2>Unit Equivalences</h2>


      <table><thead>
  <tr>
    <th>Testament</th>
    <th>Unit type</th>
    <th>Period</th>
    <th>Unit name (+ identifiers)</th>
    <th>Formula</th>
    <th>English</th>
    <th>Spanish</th>
    <th>Comments</th>
  </tr></thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>אמה</td>
    <td>0.45 × metres</td>
    <td>Cubit</td>
    <td>Codo</td>
    <td>Schmidt's suggestion: Round up to 0.5m for simplified calculation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>אצבע</td>
    <td>אמה / 24</td>
    <td>Finger</td>
    <td>Dedo</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>טפח</td>
    <td>אמה / 6</td>
    <td>Handbreadth</td>
    <td>Palmo menor</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>זרת</td>
    <td>אמה / 2</td>
    <td>Span</td>
    <td>Palmo</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>אמה_ארוך</td>
    <td>7 × טפח</td>
    <td>Long cubit</td>
    <td>Codo largo</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>קנה</td>
    <td>אמה_ארוך × 6</td>
    <td>Reed</td>
    <td>Caña</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>גמד</td>
    <td>אמה</td>
    <td>Cubit (alternative name)</td>
    <td>Codo (nombre alternativo)</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>πηχυς</td>
    <td>אמה_ארוך</td>
    <td>New Testament cubit</td>
    <td>Codo del Nuevo Testamento</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>οργυια</td>
    <td>1.8 × metres</td>
    <td>Fathom</td>
    <td>Braza</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>σταδιος</td>
    <td>185 × metres</td>
    <td>Stade</td>
    <td>Estadio</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>οδοσ_σαββατου</td>
    <td>200 × πηχυς</td>
    <td>Shabbath’s day walk</td>
    <td>Camino de un día de reposo</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Length</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>μιλιον</td>
    <td>1497 × metres</td>
    <td>Roman_mile</td>
    <td>Milla romana</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Pre-exilic</td>
    <td>איפה_א</td>
    <td>litres × 10</td>
    <td>Ephah</td>
    <td>Efa</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Pre-exilic</td>
    <td>בת_א</td>
    <td>litres × 22</td>
    <td>Bath</td>
    <td>Bato</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Post-exilic</td>
    <td>איפה_ב</td>
    <td>litres × 39</td>
    <td>Ephah</td>
    <td>Efa</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>לג</td>
    <td>בת_א / 72</td>
    <td>Log</td>
    <td>Log</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>קב</td>
    <td>איפה_א / 18</td>
    <td>Kav</td>
    <td>Kav</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>עומר</td>
    <td>איפה_א / 10</td>
    <td>Omer</td>
    <td>Omer</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>עשרון</td>
    <td>עומר</td>
    <td>Issaron</td>
    <td>Isaron</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Pre-exilic</td>
    <td>הין_א</td>
    <td>בת_א / 6</td>
    <td>Hin</td>
    <td>Hin</td>
    <td>Schmidt's suggestion: Round to 4L (maths value is ~3.66L)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Post-exilic</td>
    <td>בת_ב</td>
    <td>איפה_ב</td>
    <td>Bath</td>
    <td>Bato</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Post-exilic</td>
    <td>הין_ב</td>
    <td>בת_ב / 6</td>
    <td>Hin</td>
    <td>Hin</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Pre-exilic</td>
    <td>סאה_א</td>
    <td>איפה_א / 3</td>
    <td>Seah</td>
    <td>Seah</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Post-exilic</td>
    <td>סאה_ב</td>
    <td>איפה_ב / 3</td>
    <td>Seah</td>
    <td>Seah</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>בת_בת</td>
    <td>litres × 39</td>
    <td>Double bath</td>
    <td>Doble bato</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity (dry)</td>
    <td>Pre-exilic</td>
    <td>חמר_א_א</td>
    <td>10 × איפה_א</td>
    <td>Homer</td>
    <td>Homer</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity (liquid)</td>
    <td>Pre-exilic</td>
    <td>חמר_א_ב</td>
    <td>10 × בת_א</td>
    <td>Homer</td>
    <td>Homer</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Post-exilic</td>
    <td>חמר_ב</td>
    <td>10 × איפה_ב</td>
    <td>Homer</td>
    <td>Homer</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity (dry)</td>
    <td>Pre-exilic</td>
    <td>כר_א_א</td>
    <td>חמר_א_א</td>
    <td>Kor</td>
    <td>Coro</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity (liquid)</td>
    <td>Pre-exilic</td>
    <td>כר_א_ב</td>
    <td>חמר_א_ב</td>
    <td>Kor</td>
    <td>Coro</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td>Post-exilic</td>
    <td>כר_ב</td>
    <td>חמר_ב</td>
    <td>Kor</td>
    <td>Coro</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>לתך</td>
    <td>חמר_א_א / 2</td>
    <td>Letek</td>
    <td>Letek</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>σατον</td>
    <td>סאה_ב</td>
    <td>New Testament seah</td>
    <td>Seah del Nuevo Testamento</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>βατος</td>
    <td>בת_ב</td>
    <td>New Testament bath</td>
    <td>Bato del Nuevo Testamento</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>κορος</td>
    <td>כר_ב</td>
    <td>New Testament kor</td>
    <td>Coro del Nuevo Testamento</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>χοινιξ</td>
    <td>litres × 1</td>
    <td>Choinix</td>
    <td>Choinix</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Capacity</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>μετρητης</td>
    <td>βατος</td>
    <td>Metritis</td>
    <td>Metritis</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BOTH</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Kilograms in one litre (grain)</td>
    <td>litres × (2/3)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BOTH</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Kilograms in one litre (flour)</td>
    <td>litres × 0.5</td>
    <td></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Schmidt's suggestion: Flour is lighter than grain (0.5 kg/L)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>שקל</td>
    <td>grams × 12</td>
    <td>Shekel</td>
    <td>Siclo</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>גרה</td>
    <td>שקל / 20</td>
    <td>Gerah</td>
    <td>Gera</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>בקע</td>
    <td>שקל / 2</td>
    <td>Beka</td>
    <td>Beka</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>מנה</td>
    <td>שקל × 50</td>
    <td>Mina</td>
    <td>Mina</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>ככר</td>
    <td>שקל × 3000</td>
    <td>Talent</td>
    <td>Talento</td>
    <td>Schmidt's suggestion: Round to 35kg (maths value is 36kg)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>OLD</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>פים</td>
    <td>שקל × 0.66</td>
    <td>Pim</td>
    <td>Pim</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>λιτρα</td>
    <td>grams × 327</td>
    <td>Litra</td>
    <td>Litra</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEW</td>
    <td>Weight</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>ταλαντιαιος</td>
    <td>grams × 40000</td>
    <td>Revelation talent</td>
    <td>Talento del Apocalipsis</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
</tbody></table>

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