diff --git a/.github/workflows/backport.yml b/.github/workflows/backport.yml
index c1d3fa06a..e1828cf17 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/backport.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/backport.yml
@@ -6,8 +6,13 @@ on:
         description: "The pull request # to backport"
         required: true
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   backport:
+    permissions:
+      contents: write  # for Git to git push
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - run: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/issue-management-stale-action.yml b/.github/workflows/issue-management-stale-action.yml
index 3b093ed1a..cc968577a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/issue-management-stale-action.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/issue-management-stale-action.yml
@@ -5,8 +5,14 @@ on:
     # hourly at minute 23
     - cron: "23 * * * *"
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   stale:
+    permissions:
+      issues: write  # for actions/stale to close stale issues
+      pull-requests: write  # for actions/stale to close stale PRs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/stale@5bef64f19d7facfb25b37b414482c7164d639639 # v9.1.0
diff --git a/.github/workflows/prepare-patch-release.yml b/.github/workflows/prepare-patch-release.yml
index 56a64cedd..6bbbba221 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/prepare-patch-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/prepare-patch-release.yml
@@ -2,8 +2,13 @@ name: Prepare patch release
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   prepare-patch-release:
+    permissions:
+      contents: write  # for Git to git push
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/prepare-release-branch.yml b/.github/workflows/prepare-release-branch.yml
index bec9fbe3c..782cfc716 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/prepare-release-branch.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/prepare-release-branch.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ name: Prepare release branch
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   prereqs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -21,6 +24,8 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
   create-pull-request-against-release-branch:
+    permissions:
+      contents: write  # for Git to git push
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs:
       - prereqs
@@ -70,6 +75,8 @@ jobs:
                        --base $RELEASE_BRANCH_NAME
 
   create-pull-request-against-main:
+    permissions:
+      contents: write  # for Git to git push
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs:
       - prereqs
diff --git a/.github/workflows/reusable-markdown-lint.yml b/.github/workflows/reusable-markdown-lint.yml
index 5cd7cae5c..cbb1623d0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/reusable-markdown-lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/reusable-markdown-lint.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ name: Reusable - Markdown lint check
 on:
   workflow_call:
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   markdown-lint-check:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.github/workflows/reusable-misspell-check.yml b/.github/workflows/reusable-misspell-check.yml
index 0affe4e74..b1e266cdf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/reusable-misspell-check.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/reusable-misspell-check.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ name: Reusable - Misspell check
 on:
   workflow_call:
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   misspell-check:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.github/workflows/reusable-shell-script-check.yml b/.github/workflows/reusable-shell-script-check.yml
index b2987324c..4e5f51e0f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/reusable-shell-script-check.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/reusable-shell-script-check.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ name: Reusable - Shell script check
 on:
   workflow_call:
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   shell-script-check:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest