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<p>This document contains the definitive statement of archetype semantics, in the form of an object model for archetypes. The model presented here can be used as a basis for building software that processes archetypes, independent of their persistent representation; equally, it can be used to develop the output side of parsers that process archetypes in a linguistic format, such as the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/latest/ADL1.4.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR Archetype Definition Language (ADL)</a>, XML-instance and so on. As a specification, it can be treated as an API for archetypes.</p>
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<p>This document contains the definitive statement of archetype semantics, in the form of an object model for archetypes. The model presented here can be used as a basis for building software that processes archetypes, independent of their persistent representation; equally, it can be used to develop the output side of parsers that process archetypes in a linguistic format, such as the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/Release-2.3.0/ADL1.4.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR Archetype Definition Language (ADL)</a>, XML-instance and so on. As a specification, it can be treated as an API for archetypes.</p>
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<p>It is recommended that the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/latest/ADL1.4.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR ADL document</a> be read in conjunction with this document, since it contains a detailed explanation of the semantics of archetypes, and many of the examples are more obvious in ADL, regardless of whether ADL is actually used with the object model presented here or not.</p>
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<p>It is recommended that the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/Release-2.3.0/ADL1.4.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR ADL document</a> be read in conjunction with this document, since it contains a detailed explanation of the semantics of archetypes, and many of the examples are more obvious in ADL, regardless of whether ADL is actually used with the object model presented here or not.</p>
for users requiring the most recent form of ADL and archetype technology in general, the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/latest/AOM2.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Archetype Definition Language 2 (ADL2) specifications should be used</a>. In particular, the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/latest/Overview.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Archetype Technology Overview</a> should be referred to for the most current state of Archetype Technology.
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for users requiring the most recent form of ADL and archetype technology in general, the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/Release-2.3.0/AOM2.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Archetype Definition Language 2 (ADL2) specifications should be used</a>. In particular, the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/Release-2.3.0/Overview.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Archetype Technology Overview</a> should be referred to for the most current state of Archetype Technology.
<h4id="_what_is_an_archetype"><aclass="anchor" href="#_what_is_an_archetype"></a>1.7.1. What is an Archetype?</h4>
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<p>Archetypes are constraint-based models of domain entities, or what some might call "structured business rules". Each archetype describes configurations of data instances whose classes are described in a reference model; the instance configurations are considered to be valid exemplars of a particular domain concept. Thus, in medicine, an archetype might be designed to constrain configurations of instances of a simple node/arc information model, that express a "microbiology test result" or a "physical examination". Archetypes can be composed, specialised, and templated for local use. The archetype concept has been described in detail by <ahref="#Beale2000">Beale (2000)</a>, <ahref="#Beale2002">Beale (2002)</a>. Most of the detailed formal semantics are described in the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/latest/ADL1.4.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR Archetype Definition Language</a>. The openEHR archetype framework is described in the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/latest/Overview.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR Archetypes Technical Overview</a>.</p>
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<p>Archetypes are constraint-based models of domain entities, or what some might call "structured business rules". Each archetype describes configurations of data instances whose classes are described in a reference model; the instance configurations are considered to be valid exemplars of a particular domain concept. Thus, in medicine, an archetype might be designed to constrain configurations of instances of a simple node/arc information model, that express a "microbiology test result" or a "physical examination". Archetypes can be composed, specialised, and templated for local use. The archetype concept has been described in detail by <spanclass="citation"><ahref="#Beale2000">Beale (2000)</a></span>, <spanclass="citation"><ahref="#Beale2002">Beale (2002)</a></span>. Most of the detailed formal semantics are described in the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/Release-2.3.0/ADL1.4.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR Archetype Definition Language</a>. The openEHR archetype framework is described in the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/Release-2.3.0/Overview.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR Archetypes Technical Overview</a>.</p>
<h4id="_the_archetype_ontology"><aclass="anchor" href="#_the_archetype_ontology"></a>2.3.2. The Archetype Ontology</h4>
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<p>There are no linguistic entities at all in the <code>definition</code> part of an archetype, with the possible exception of constraints on text items which might have been defined in terms of regular expression patterns or fixed strings. All linguistic entities are defined in the <code>ontology</code> part of the archetype, in such a way as to allow them to be translated into other languages in convenient blocks. As described in the openEHR ADL document, there are four major parts in an archetype <code>ontology</code> section: term definitions, constraint definitions, term bindings and constraint bindings. The former two define the meanings of various terms and textual constraints which occur in the archetype; they are indexed with unique identifiers which are used within the archetype definition body. The latter two ontology sections describe the mappings of terms used internally to external terminologies. Due to the well-known problems with terminologies (described in some detail in the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/latest/ADL1.4.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR ADL 1.4 specification</a>, and also by e.g. <ahref="#Rector1999">Rector (2000)</a> and others), mappings may be partial, incomplete, approximate, and occasionally, exact.</p>
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<p>There are no linguistic entities at all in the <code>definition</code> part of an archetype, with the possible exception of constraints on text items which might have been defined in terms of regular expression patterns or fixed strings. All linguistic entities are defined in the <code>ontology</code> part of the archetype, in such a way as to allow them to be translated into other languages in convenient blocks. As described in the openEHR ADL document, there are four major parts in an archetype <code>ontology</code> section: term definitions, constraint definitions, term bindings and constraint bindings. The former two define the meanings of various terms and textual constraints which occur in the archetype; they are indexed with unique identifiers which are used within the archetype definition body. The latter two ontology sections describe the mappings of terms used internally to external terminologies. Due to the well-known problems with terminologies (described in some detail in the <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/Release-2.3.0/ADL1.4.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openEHR ADL 1.4 specification</a>, and also by e.g. <spanclass="citation"><ahref="#Rector1999">Rector (2000)</a></span> and others), mappings may be partial, incomplete, approximate, and occasionally, exact.</p>
<p>See <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/latest/ADL1.4.html#_placeholder_constraints">Placeholder constraints</a> in the ADL specification for a fuller explanation.</p>
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<p>See <ahref="https://specifications.openehr.org/releases/AM/Release-2.3.0/ADL1.4.html#_placeholder_constraints">Placeholder constraints</a> in the ADL specification for a fuller explanation.</p>
<p>Assertions are expressed in archetypes in typed first-order predicate logic (FOL). They are used in two places: to express archetype slot constraints, and to express rules in complex object constraints. In both of these places, their role is to constrain something <em>inside</em> the archetype. Constraints on external resources such as terminologies are expressed in the constraint binding part of the archetype <code>ontology</code>, described in <ahref="#terminology_package">[terminology_package]</a>. The <code>assertion</code> package is illustrated below.</p>
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<p>Assertions are expressed in archetypes in typed first-order predicate logic (FOL). They are used in two places: to express archetype slot constraints, and to express rules in complex object constraints. In both of these places, their role is to constrain something <em>inside</em> the archetype. Constraints on external resources such as terminologies are expressed in the constraint binding part of the archetype <code>ontology</code>, described in <ahref="#_terminology_package">Section 7</a>. The <code>assertion</code> package is illustrated below.</p>
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