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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html" ;="" charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<title>Free Software</title>
<link
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100i,300,400,500,700"
rel="stylesheet"
/>
<link
href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.0-alpha1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css"
rel="stylesheet"
integrity="sha384-GLhlTQ8iRABdZLl6O3oVMWSktQOp6b7In1Zl3/Jr59b6EGGoI1aFkw7cmDA6j6gD"
crossorigin="anonymous"
/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="anniv.css" />
</head>
<body>
<nav class="navbar bg-body-tertiary">
<div class="container-fluid">
<a class="navbar-brand" href="https://anniv.co">
<img
src="./img/anniv.png"
alt="Logo"
width="30"
height="26"
class="d-inline-block align-text-top"
/>
Open Anniversary
</a>
<ul class="navbar-nav flex-row flex-wrap ms-md-auto">
<li class="nav-item col-6 col-lg-auto">
<a
class="nav-link py-2 px-0 px-lg-2"
href="https://github.com/nickvidal/anniv"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="16"
height="16"
class="navbar-nav-svg"
viewBox="0 0 512 499.36"
role="img"
>
<title>GitHub</title>
<path
fill="currentColor"
fill-rule="evenodd"
d="M256 0C114.64 0 0 114.61 0 256c0 113.09 73.34 209 175.08 242.9 12.8 2.35 17.47-5.56 17.47-12.34 0-6.08-.22-22.18-.35-43.54-71.2 15.49-86.2-34.34-86.2-34.34-11.64-29.57-28.42-37.45-28.42-37.45-23.27-15.84 1.73-15.55 1.73-15.55 25.69 1.81 39.21 26.38 39.21 26.38 22.84 39.12 59.92 27.82 74.5 21.27 2.33-16.54 8.94-27.82 16.25-34.22-56.84-6.43-116.6-28.43-116.6-126.49 0-27.95 10-50.8 26.35-68.69-2.63-6.48-11.42-32.5 2.51-67.75 0 0 21.49-6.88 70.4 26.24a242.65 242.65 0 0 1 128.18 0c48.87-33.13 70.33-26.24 70.33-26.24 14 35.25 5.18 61.27 2.55 67.75 16.41 17.9 26.31 40.75 26.31 68.69 0 98.35-59.85 120-116.88 126.32 9.19 7.9 17.38 23.53 17.38 47.41 0 34.22-.31 61.83-.31 70.23 0 6.85 4.61 14.81 17.6 12.31C438.72 464.97 512 369.08 512 256.02 512 114.62 397.37 0 256 0z"
></path>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item col-6 col-lg-auto">
<a
class="nav-link py-2 px-0 px-lg-2"
href="https://opencollective.com/anniv"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="16"
height="16"
fill="currentColor"
fill-rule="evenodd"
class="navbar-nav-svg"
viewBox="0 0 40 41"
role="img"
>
<title>Open Collective</title>
<path
fill-opacity=".4"
d="M32.8 21c0 2.4-.8 4.9-2 6.9l5.1 5.1c2.5-3.4 4.1-7.6 4.1-12 0-4.6-1.6-8.8-4-12.2L30.7 14c1.2 2 2 4.3 2 7z"
></path>
<path
d="M20 33.7a12.8 12.8 0 0 1 0-25.6c2.6 0 5 .7 7 2.1L32 5a20 20 0 1 0 .1 31.9l-5-5.2a13 13 0 0 1-7 2z"
></path>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
<header>
<div class="container text-center">
<h1>Free Software</h1>
</div>
</header>
<section>
<div class="timeline container" id="timeline">
<div class="timeline-item animate">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>SHARE User Group</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1955-10-17T12:00:00Z"
>17 October, 1955</time
>
<p>
Almost all IBM mainframe software was also distributed with source
code included. User groups were formed to facilitate the exchange
of software. The SHARE user group was formed in Santa Monica, and
members exchanged source code on magnetic tape via post. The group
released the SHARE operating system (SOS) — one of the first
instances of collaborative software development.
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="Share User Group"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="63eb9b25-cf1c-4193-b1e2-cf90d1ec3317"
src="./img/share.png"
class="align-center"
width="263"
height="242"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>CONTU</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1974-12-31T12:00:00Z"
>31 December, 1974</time
>
<p>
Software was not considered copyrightable before the 1974 US
Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU)
decided that "computer programs, to the extent that they embody an
author's original creation, are proper subject matter of
copyright". Therefore, software had no licenses attached and
was shared as public-domain software, typically with source code.
The CONTU decision plus later court decisions such as Apple v.
Franklin in 1983 for object code, gave computer programs the
copyright status of literary works and started the licensing of
software.
</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Open Letter to Hobbyists</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1976-01-31T12:00:00Z"
>31 January, 1976</time
>
<p>
In 1976 Bill Gates wrote an essay entitled "Open Letter to
Hobbyists", in which he expressed dismay at the widespread sharing
of Microsoft's product Altair BASIC by hobbyists without paying
its licensing fee.
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="Bill Gates"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="2457bb42-b73b-48ad-b7ed-cc3741deb9c5"
src="./img/bill_gates.png"
class="align-center"
width="640"
height="443"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>GNU</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1983-09-27T12:00:00Z"
>27 September, 1983</time
>
<p>
A general trend began to no longer distribute source code,
and only distribute the executable machine code that was compiled
from the source code. One person especially distressed by this new
practice was Richard Stallman, at the time a programmer at the MIT
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He was concerned that he could
no longer study or further modify programs initially written by
others. Stallman viewed this practice as ethically wrong.
</p>
<p>
In 1983, Richard Stallman, said he would create a free alternative
to the Unix operating system. Stallman dubbed his alternative GNU,
a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix."
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="Richard Stallman"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="7b5c46e0-f87f-4619-a642-bfad6c04c695"
src="./img/rms.jpg"
class="align-center"
width="400"
height="299"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Free Software Foundation</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1985-10-04T12:00:00Z"
>4 October, 1985</time
>
<p>
Richard Stallman established a non-profit organization, the Free
Software Foundation, in 1985, to more formally organize the
project. Stallman also published the GNU Manifesto in 1985 to
outline the GNU Project's purpose and explain the importance of
free software. He invented copyleft, a legal mechanism to preserve
the "free" status of a work subject to copyright, and implemented
this in the GNU General Public License. Copyleft licenses allow
authors to grant a number of rights to users (including rights to
use a work without further charges, and rights to obtain, study
and modify the program's complete corresponding source code) but
requires derivatives to remain under the same license or one
without any additional restrictions. Since derivatives include
combinations with other original programs, downstream authors are
prevented from turning the initial work into proprietary software,
and invited to contribute to the copyleft commons.
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="Free Software Foundation"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="5d307e6e-854f-4caf-a4f0-69ac95982687"
src="./img/fsf.png"
class="align-center"
width="400"
height="47"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Free Software Definition</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1986-02-01T12:00:00Z"
>1 February, 1986</time
>
<p>
The Free Software Definition was originally published in February
1986. The modern definition defines free software by whether
or not the recipient has the following four freedoms:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose
(freedom 0).
</li>
<li>
The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the
source code is a precondition for this.
</li>
<li>
The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
(freedom 2).
</li>
<li>
The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to
others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the
source code is a precondition for this.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>GNU General Public License</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1989-02-25T12:00:00Z"
>25 February, 1989</time
>
<p>
The GNU General Public License was written by Richard Stallman in
1989, for use with programs released as part of the GNU project.
The original GPL was based on a unification of similar licenses
used for early versions of GNU Emacs (1985), the GNU Debugger, and
the GNU C Compiler. These licenses contained similar provisions to
the modern GPL, but were specific to each program, rendering them
incompatible, despite being the same license. Stallman's goal was
to produce one license that could be used for any project, thus
making it possible for many projects to share code.
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="GNU General Public License"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="e08888e5-e677-4d25-a2b7-cffc46d4348d"
src="./img/gnu.png"
class="align-center"
width="246"
height="240"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Software in the Public Interest</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1997-06-16T12:00:00Z"
>16 June, 1997</time
>
<p>
Software in the Public Interest, a non-profit organization,
is formed to serve as a fiscal host for the Debian Project. It was
founded by Bruce Perens.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>GNU Mailman</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="1999-07-30T12:00:00Z"
>30 July, 1999</time
>
<p>
GNU Mailman is a computer software application from the GNU
Project for managing electronic mailing lists. Mailman is coded
primarily in Python. A very early version of Mailman was written
by John Viega while a graduate student, who then lost his copy of
the source in a hard drive crash sometime around 1998. Ken
Manheimer at CNRI, who was looking for a replacement for
Majordomo, then took over development. When Manheimer left CNRI,
Barry Warsaw took over. Mailman 3, the first major new version in
over a decade, was released in April 2015 and is currently
maintained by Abhilash Raj.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>Software Freedom Conservancy</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2006-04-07T12:00:00Z"
>7 April, 2006</time
>
<p>
The Software Freedom Conservancy was established in 2006, with the
backing of the Software Freedom Law Center. The Conservancy hosts
several open source projects, including Git, Inkscape, and
OpenWrt.
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="Software Freedom Conservancy"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="a5ff1b4f-8dcf-4427-b529-33eb1f733d2b"
src="./img/sfc.png"
class="align-center"
width="280"
height="240"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline-item">
<div class="timeline-content">
<h2>GPLv3</h2>
<time class="date" datetime="2007-06-29T12:00:00Z"
>29 June, 2007</time
>
<p>
In response to legal issues with patents and the DMCA, the Free
Software Foundation released version 3 of its GNU Public License
in 2007 that explicitly addressed the DMCA's digital rights
management (DRM) provisions and patent rights. GPLv3 was
written by Richard Stallman, with legal counsel from Eben Moglen
and Richard Fontana from the Software Freedom Law Center.
</p>
<div class="timeline-image">
<img
alt="GPLv3"
data-entity-type="file"
data-entity-uuid="9e40d0ee-4ba5-43e5-a06a-3fdf3c089d69"
src="./img/gplv3.png"
class="align-center"
width="136"
height="68"
loading="lazy"
/>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<nav class="navbar bg-body-tertiary">
<div class="container-fluid">
<a class="navbar-brand" href="https://anniv.co">
<img
src="./img/anniv.png"
alt="Logo"
width="30"
height="26"
class="d-inline-block align-text-top"
/>
Open Anniversary
</a>
<ul class="navbar-nav flex-row flex-wrap ms-md-auto">
<li class="nav-item col-6 col-lg-auto">
<a
class="nav-link py-2 px-0 px-lg-2"
href="https://github.com/nickvidal/anniv"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="16"
height="16"
class="navbar-nav-svg"
viewBox="0 0 512 499.36"
role="img"
>
<title>GitHub</title>
<path
fill="currentColor"
fill-rule="evenodd"
d="M256 0C114.64 0 0 114.61 0 256c0 113.09 73.34 209 175.08 242.9 12.8 2.35 17.47-5.56 17.47-12.34 0-6.08-.22-22.18-.35-43.54-71.2 15.49-86.2-34.34-86.2-34.34-11.64-29.57-28.42-37.45-28.42-37.45-23.27-15.84 1.73-15.55 1.73-15.55 25.69 1.81 39.21 26.38 39.21 26.38 22.84 39.12 59.92 27.82 74.5 21.27 2.33-16.54 8.94-27.82 16.25-34.22-56.84-6.43-116.6-28.43-116.6-126.49 0-27.95 10-50.8 26.35-68.69-2.63-6.48-11.42-32.5 2.51-67.75 0 0 21.49-6.88 70.4 26.24a242.65 242.65 0 0 1 128.18 0c48.87-33.13 70.33-26.24 70.33-26.24 14 35.25 5.18 61.27 2.55 67.75 16.41 17.9 26.31 40.75 26.31 68.69 0 98.35-59.85 120-116.88 126.32 9.19 7.9 17.38 23.53 17.38 47.41 0 34.22-.31 61.83-.31 70.23 0 6.85 4.61 14.81 17.6 12.31C438.72 464.97 512 369.08 512 256.02 512 114.62 397.37 0 256 0z"
></path>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item col-6 col-lg-auto">
<a
class="nav-link py-2 px-0 px-lg-2"
href="https://opencollective.com/anniv"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="16"
height="16"
fill="currentColor"
fill-rule="evenodd"
class="navbar-nav-svg"
viewBox="0 0 40 41"
role="img"
>
<title>Open Collective</title>
<path
fill-opacity=".4"
d="M32.8 21c0 2.4-.8 4.9-2 6.9l5.1 5.1c2.5-3.4 4.1-7.6 4.1-12 0-4.6-1.6-8.8-4-12.2L30.7 14c1.2 2 2 4.3 2 7z"
></path>
<path
d="M20 33.7a12.8 12.8 0 0 1 0-25.6c2.6 0 5 .7 7 2.1L32 5a20 20 0 1 0 .1 31.9l-5-5.2a13 13 0 0 1-7 2z"
></path>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
<script src="animate.js"></script>
</body>
</html>