[BUG] D1_ERROR: Wrong number of parameter bindings for SQL query.

[alex-all3dp]

Describe the bug

I have a worker deployed with the following open-next config:

import {defineCloudflareConfig} from '@opennextjs/cloudflare'
import r2IncrementalCache from '@opennextjs/cloudflare/overrides/incremental-cache/r2-incremental-cache'
import {withRegionalCache} from '@opennextjs/cloudflare/overrides/incremental-cache/regional-cache'
import memoryQueue from '@opennextjs/cloudflare/overrides/queue/memory-queue'
import d1NextTagCache from '@opennextjs/cloudflare/overrides/tag-cache/d1-next-tag-cache'

const openNextConfig = {
  ...defineCloudflareConfig({
    incrementalCache: withRegionalCache(r2IncrementalCache, {
      mode: 'long-lived',
      shouldLazilyUpdateOnCacheHit: true,
    }),
    queue: memoryQueue,
    tagCache: d1NextTagCache,
  }),
  cloudflare: {
    skewProtection: {
      enabled: true,
      maxNumberOfVersions: 10, // Maximum number of previous versions to use.
      maxVersionAgeDays: 20, // Age of the oldest version to use (from the last deployment date)
    },
  },
}

export default openNextConfig

... and the following wrangler config:

{
  "$schema": "../../node_modules/wrangler/config-schema.json",
  "main": "cf-worker-with-sentry.ts",
  "name": "${worker_name}",
  "compatibility_date": "2024-12-30",
  "compatibility_flags": ["nodejs_compat", "global_fetch_strictly_public"],
  "assets": {
    "directory": ".open-next/assets",
    "binding": "ASSETS",
    "run_worker_first": true,
  },
  "services": [
    {
      "binding": "WORKER_SELF_REFERENCE",
      "service": "${worker_name}",
    },
  ],
  "r2_buckets": [
    {
      "binding": "NEXT_INC_CACHE_R2_BUCKET",
      "bucket_name": "${r2_bucket_name}",
    },
  ],
  "d1_databases": [
    {
      "binding": "NEXT_TAG_CACHE_D1",
      "database_id": "${d1_database_id}",
      "database_name": "${d1_database_name}",
    },
  ],
  "observability": {
    "logs": {
      "enabled": true,
    },
  },
  "vars": {
    "NODE_ENV": "production",
    "CF_WORKER_NAME": "${worker_name}",
    "CF_PREVIEW_DOMAIN": "${worker_preview_domain}",
    "CF_WORKERS_SCRIPTS_API_TOKEN": "${worker_scripts_api_token}",
    "CF_ACCOUNT_ID": "${cf_account_id}",
  },
  "routes": [
    {
      "pattern": "${worker_domain}",
      "custom_domain": true,
    },
  ],
}

The app appears to be working normally but in the logs I can see the following error logs

{
  "source": {
    "level": "error",
    "message": "Error: D1_ERROR: Wrong number of parameter bindings for SQL query.",
    "$cloudflare": {
      "$metadata": {
        "id": "01K0PF84ZKVSYVCJPAPP5Y4YCJ",
        "type": "cf-worker",
        "error": "Error: D1_ERROR: Wrong number of parameter bindings for SQL query.",
        "messagePattern": "Error: D1_ERROR: Wrong number of parameter bindings for SQL query."
      }
    }
  },
  "dataset": "cloudflare-workers",
  "timestamp": "2025-07-21T12:27:29.876Z",
  "$workers": {
    "truncated": false,
    "event": {
      "request": {
        "url": "https://<domain></path>?_rsc=1a9qi",
        "method": "GET",
        "path": "</path>",
        "search": {
          "_rsc": "1a9qi"
        }
      }
    },
    "outcome": "ok",
    "scriptName": "<workerName>",
    "eventType": "fetch",
    "executionModel": "stateless",
    "scriptVersion": {
      "id": "e5ec4ea0-8ea5-490d-9538-36ad1018381c"
    },
    "requestId": "962ab157596e3625"
  },
  "$metadata": {
    "id": "01K0PF84ZKVSYVCJPAPP5Y4YCJ",
    "requestId": "962ab157596e3625",
    "trigger": "GET </path>",
    "service": "<workerName>",
    "level": "error",
    "error": "Error: D1_ERROR: Wrong number of parameter bindings for SQL query.",
    "message": "Error: D1_ERROR: Wrong number of parameter bindings for SQL query.",
    "account": "62d5862473ac28e692dfb93777cf3e0d",
    "type": "cf-worker",
    "fingerprint": "c4e13b6a731863b00df933dab4942972",
    "origin": "fetch",
    "messageTemplate": "Error: D1_ERROR: Wrong number of parameter bindings for SQL query."
  },
  "links": []
}

When looking into the revalidations table in D1 it appears empty, which is also unexpected?

Not sure if this is in any way related to #711

Steps to reproduce

1. Deploy app with D1 tag cache (and skew protection?)
2. Trigger requests
3. Check D1 content and worker logs

Expected behavior

• Revalidation data being present in D1
• No failing DSQL queries in the logs

@opennextjs/cloudflare version

1.5.2

Wrangler version

4.25.0

next info output

Operating System:
  Platform: darwin
  Arch: arm64
  Version: Darwin Kernel Version 23.6.0: Wed Jul 31 20:53:05 PDT 2024; root:xnu-10063.141.1.700.5~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8112
  Available memory (MB): 16384
  Available CPU cores: 8
Binaries:
  Node: 22.17.1
  npm: 10.9.2
  Yarn: N/A
  pnpm: N/A
Relevant Packages:
  next: 15.3.4 // There is a newer version (15.4.2) available, upgrade recommended! 
  eslint-config-next: 15.3.4
  react: 19.1.0
  react-dom: 19.1.0
  typescript: 5.8.2
Next.js Config:
  output: N/A

Additional context

No response

[alex-all3dp]

I browsed the code of the d1-next-tag-cache.ts and am wondering if maybe the issue is the missing .bind() call for the getLastRevalidated query? See

opennextjs-cloudflare/packages/cloudflare/src/api/overrides/tag-cache/d1-next-tag-cache.ts

Lines 20 to 24 in 54e65c5

	const result = await db
	.prepare(
	`SELECT MAX(revalidatedAt) AS time FROM revalidations WHERE tag IN (${tags.map(() => "?").join(", ")})`
	)
	.run();

[vicb]

I browsed the code of the d1-next-tag-cache.ts and am wondering if maybe the issue is the missing .bind() call for the getLastRevalidated query? See

opennextjs-cloudflare/packages/cloudflare/src/api/overrides/tag-cache/d1-next-tag-cache.ts

Lines 20 to 24 in 54e65c5

const result = await db
.prepare(
SELECT MAX(revalidatedAt) AS time FROM revalidations WHERE tag IN (${tags.map(() => "?").join(", ")})
)
.run();

Good catch!

Do you want to submit a PR?

[alex-all3dp]

@vicb Sure thing: #804