[CPU] Fix arithmetic related Coverity remarks (#30445)

### Details:
Fix Coverity remarks:
 - 2358662, 2356860: Overflowed constant
 - 2352647: Macro compares unsigned to 0
 - 2356729, 2354785, 2354110: Argument cannot be negative
 - 2352647: Macro compares unsigned to 0
 - 2358684: Division or modulo by zero

### Tickets:
 - 167163
 - 167164

Author: aobolensk

src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/dnnl_postops_composer.cpp

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ DnnlPostOpsComposer::DnnlPostOpsComposer(const PostOps& postOps,
       outDataType(outDataType),
       useLegacyPostOps(useLegacyPostOps),
       useLegacyZeroPoints(useLegacyZeroPoints) {
-    OPENVINO_ASSERT(idxOC >= 0 && static_cast<size_t>(idxOC) < outputDims.size());
+    OPENVINO_ASSERT(idxOC < outputDims.size());
     OC = outputDims[idxOC];
     dimsPerOC = dimsPerTensor = VectorDims(outputDims.size(), 1);
     dimsPerOC[idxOC] = OC;

src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/emitters/plugin/x64/jit_emitter.cpp

@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ void jit_emitter::emitter_preamble(const std::vector<size_t>& in_idxs,
 
     if (!entry_map_.empty()) {
         // last aux_gpr_idx is for p_table, we can use aux_gpr_idxs from idx 0 for other purpose
+        OPENVINO_ASSERT(!aux_gpr_idxs.empty(), "No aux gprs available");
         p_table = Reg64(aux_gpr_idxs[aux_gprs_count() - 1]);
         aux_gpr_idxs.erase(aux_gpr_idxs.end() - 1);
     }

src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/graph_optimizer.cpp

@@ -246,6 +246,11 @@ void GraphOptimizer::FuseConvMatmulFCDeconvAndDQScales(Graph& graph) {
     auto scaleDimsCheck = [](const NodePtr& node, const NodePtr& scales) {
         const auto nodeOutDims = node->getOutputShapeAtPort(0).getDims();
         const auto channelAxis = node->getFusingAxis();
+        OPENVINO_ASSERT(channelAxis >= 0 && channelAxis < static_cast<int>(nodeOutDims.size()),
+                        "Incorrect channel axis for Conv/Deconv/MatMul node: ",
+                        node->getName(),
+                        ", channel axis: ",
+                        nodeOutDims.size());
         auto OC = nodeOutDims[channelAxis];
 
         if (Shape::UNDEFINED_DIM == OC) {
@@ -363,6 +368,11 @@ void GraphOptimizer::FuseConvolutionMatMulDeconvAndBias(Graph& graph) {
         }
 
         const auto channelAxis = parentNode->getFusingAxis();
+        OPENVINO_ASSERT(channelAxis >= 0 && channelAxis < static_cast<int>(parentOutDims.size()),
+                        "Incorrect channel axis for Conv/Deconv/MatMul node: ",
+                        parentNode->getName(),
+                        ", output dims size: ",
+                        parentOutDims.size());
         if (!dimsEqualStrong(biasDims[channelAxis], parentOutDims[channelAxis])) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -2454,6 +2464,11 @@ void GraphOptimizer::FusePerformedAsScaleShiftAndFakeQuantize(Graph& graph) {
             }
         }
 
+        OPENVINO_ASSERT(channelPos < static_cast<int>(outputDims.size()),
+                        "Channel position is out of bounds. Channel position: ",
+                        channelPos,
+                        ", output dims size: ",
+                        outputDims.size());
         scalesBuffer = makeAlignedBuffer(outputDims[channelPos], scalesBuffer, 1);
         shiftsBuffer = makeAlignedBuffer(outputDims[channelPos], shiftsBuffer, 1);
 

src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/nodes/subgraph.cpp

@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ Subgraph::ControlFlowPasses Subgraph::getControlFlowPasses() {
 
 uint32_t Subgraph::getBroadcastingMask(const std::vector<VectorDims>& input_shapes) {
     uint32_t mask = 0;
-    OPENVINO_ASSERT(broadcastable_inputs.size() <= sizeof(mask) * CHAR_BIT,
+    OPENVINO_ASSERT(broadcastable_inputs.size() < sizeof(mask) * CHAR_BIT,
                     "Incorrect size of broadcastable inputs of Subgraph");
     for (const auto& broadcastable_input : broadcastable_inputs) {
         const auto& shape = input_shapes[broadcastable_input.first];

src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/transformations/snippets/x64/pass/lowered/insert_brgemm_copy_buffers.cpp

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ bool InsertBrgemmCopyBuffers::run(LinearIR& linear_ir, LinearIR::constExprIt beg
         OPENVINO_ASSERT(!ov::snippets::utils::is_dynamic_value(M_blk), "M blk cannot be dynamic!");
 
         const auto vnni_factor = brgemm_utils::compute_vnni_factor(src_dt);
+        OPENVINO_ASSERT(vnni_factor > 0, "vnni_factor cannot be zero!");
         const auto inner_k_blk = brgemm_utils::repacking::compute_inner_k_block(src_dt);
         OPENVINO_ASSERT(inner_k_blk > 0, "inner_k_blk cannot be zero!");
         const auto tile_scratch_size = BrgemmCPU::SCRATCH_BYTE_SIZE;