CI: Upgrade to ubuntu-24.04, install Python free threading from conda… #23361

Job	Run time
python-dev	0s
Pyodide build	23m 8s
Linux-32-bit	18m 13s
Linux-Musl	15m 47s
macos-13 actions-310.yaml	26m 23s
macos-13 actions-311.yaml	20m 42s
macos-13 actions-312.yaml	32m 22s
macos-13 actions-313.yaml	36m 5s
macos-14 actions-310.yaml	30m 36s
macos-14 actions-311.yaml	20m 8s
macos-14 actions-312.yaml	17m 2s
macos-14 actions-313.yaml	17m 26s
windows-latest actions-311.yaml	36m 56s
windows-latest actions-312.yaml	36m 58s
windows-latest actions-313.yaml	39m 21s
windows-latest actions-310.yaml	32m 54s
Minimum Versions	23m 23s
Future infer strings (without pyarrow)	38m 46s
Locale: zh_CN	23m 25s
Locale: it_IT	29m 47s
Downstream Compat	5m 46s
Numpy Dev	17m 1s
Pyarrow Nightly	20m 12s
Future infer strings	45m 28s
Freethreading	22m 4s
Pypy	1m 51s
ubuntu-24.04 actions-310.yaml	47m 14s
ubuntu-24.04 actions-311.yaml	41m 34s
ubuntu-24.04 actions-312.yaml	44m 9s
ubuntu-24.04 actions-313.yaml	47m 27s
ubuntu-24.04-arm actions-311.yaml	35m 33s
ubuntu-24.04-arm actions-312.yaml	35m 8s
ubuntu-24.04-arm actions-313.yaml	36m 7s
ubuntu-24.04-arm actions-310.yaml	35m 19s
	15h 54m 15s

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