initial AI intro chapter

Author: pascalwhoop

src/chaps/artificialintelligence.tex

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+\section{Artificial Intelligence}%
+\label{sec:artificial_intelligence}
+
+The field of \ac {AI} is, in comparison to Information Technology, both old and yet quiet contemporary. In the middle of
+the 20th century, Alan Touring introduced the \emph{Turing Test} which, in essence, tests the ability of a human to tell
+if answers to its questions are given by a machine or a human. With the advent of computers around the same time,
+research has started to aim for artificial intelligence. Generally though, clearly defining \ac {AI} in a single sentence is hard.
+\citet{russell2016artificial} structures historical definitions along two dimensions: The grade of how \emph{human} a system is \emph{thinks} or
+\emph{behaves} and how \emph{rational} it thinks or behaves. These four directions are all pursued by researchers. In
+this thesis, the goal of \emph{acting rationally} is most appropriate. 
+sub fields of research in the larger field of \ac {AI}. 
+
+%TODO prettify
+\begin{table}[] 
+    \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2.5}
+    \centering
+    \begin{tabular}{p{0.45\textwidth}|p{0.45\textwidth}} 
+        \textbf{Thinking Humanly}: The goal of creating machines with \emph{minds}
+&   
+        \textbf{Thinking Rationally}: Computation that can perceive, reason and act [rationally]
+\\
+            \textbf{Acting Humanly}: "Machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people"
+&
+        \textbf{Acting Rationally}:  design of intelligent agents
+    \end{tabular}
+    \caption{Various definitions of \ac {AI} \citep{russell2016artificial}  }
+    \label{tab:ai_definitions}
+\end{table}
+
+Today, some 70 years later, \ac {AI} is again extensively discussed by both researchers and public media
+\citep[p.24ff.]{russell2016artificial, arulkumaran2017brief}. The reasons for this are diverse but it can be argued that
+the combination of readily available computing power through cloud computing and advances in the mathematical
+underpinnings have allowed for fast-paced advances in recent years. Also, the currently very popular \acf {NN}
+architectures often require large amouts of data to learn which have lately been readily available for companies and
+:esearchers through the adoption of online technologies by the majority of the population
+\citep[p.27]{russell2016artificial}.