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‎.ai/categories/basics.md‎

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@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ First, you'll update the runtime's `Cargo.toml` file to include the Utility pall
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1. Open the `runtime/Cargo.toml` file and locate the `[dependencies]` section. Add pallet-utility as one of the features for the `polkadot-sdk` dependency with the following line:
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```toml hl_lines="4" title="runtime/Cargo.toml"
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[dependencies]
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...
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polkadot-sdk = { workspace = true, features = [
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"pallet-utility",
@@ -159,11 +159,9 @@ First, you'll update the runtime's `Cargo.toml` file to include the Utility pall
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3. In the `[features]` section, add the custom pallet to the `std` feature list:
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```toml hl_lines="5" title="Cargo.toml"
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[features]
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default = ["std"]
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std = [
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...
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"custom-pallet/std",
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...
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]
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```
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Make sure the `custom-pallet` is a member of the workspace:
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```toml hl_lines="4" title="Cargo.toml"
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[workspace]
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default-members = ["pallets/template", "runtime"]
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members = [
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"node", "pallets/custom-pallet",
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"pallets/template",
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"runtime",
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]
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```
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???- code "./Cargo.toml"
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```rust title="./Cargo.toml"
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[workspace.package]
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license = "MIT-0"
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authors = ["Parity Technologies <[email protected]>"]
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homepage = "https://paritytech.github.io/polkadot-sdk/"
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repository = "https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk-parachain-template.git"
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edition = "2021"
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[workspace]
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default-members = ["pallets/template", "runtime"]
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members = [
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"node", "pallets/custom-pallet",
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"pallets/template",
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"runtime",
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]
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resolver = "2"
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[workspace.dependencies]
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parachain-template-runtime = { path = "./runtime", default-features = false }
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pallet-parachain-template = { path = "./pallets/template", default-features = false }
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clap = { version = "4.5.13" }
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color-print = { version = "0.3.4" }
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docify = { version = "0.2.9" }
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futures = { version = "0.3.31" }
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jsonrpsee = { version = "0.24.3" }
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log = { version = "0.4.22", default-features = false }
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polkadot-sdk = { version = "2503.0.1", default-features = false }
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prometheus-endpoint = { version = "0.17.2", default-features = false, package = "substrate-prometheus-endpoint" }
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serde = { version = "1.0.214", default-features = false }
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codec = { version = "3.7.4", default-features = false, package = "parity-scale-codec" }
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cumulus-pallet-parachain-system = { version = "0.20.0", default-features = false }
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hex-literal = { version = "0.4.1", default-features = false }
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scale-info = { version = "2.11.6", default-features = false }
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serde_json = { version = "1.0.132", default-features = false }
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smallvec = { version = "1.11.0", default-features = false }
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substrate-wasm-builder = { version = "26.0.1", default-features = false }
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frame = { version = "0.9.1", default-features = false, package = "polkadot-sdk-frame" }
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[profile.release]
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opt-level = 3
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panic = "unwind"
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[profile.production]
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codegen-units = 1
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inherits = "release"
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lto = true
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```
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@@ -1634,13 +1682,53 @@ To build the smart contract, follow the steps below:
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6. Add the getter and setter functions:
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```solidity
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
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pragma solidity ^0.8.28;
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contract Storage {
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// State variable to store our number
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uint256 private number;
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// Event to notify when the number changes
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event NumberChanged(uint256 newNumber);
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// Function to store a new number
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function store(uint256 newNumber) public {
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number = newNumber;
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emit NumberChanged(newNumber);
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}
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// Function to retrieve the stored number
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function retrieve() public view returns (uint256) {
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return number;
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}
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}
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```
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??? code "Complete Storage.sol contract"
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```solidity title="Storage.sol"
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
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pragma solidity ^0.8.28;
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contract Storage {
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// State variable to store our number
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uint256 private number;
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// Event to notify when the number changes
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event NumberChanged(uint256 newNumber);
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// Function to store a new number
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function store(uint256 newNumber) public {
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number = newNumber;
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emit NumberChanged(newNumber);
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}
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// Function to retrieve the stored number
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function retrieve() public view returns (uint256) {
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return number;
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}
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}
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```
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## Understanding the Code
@@ -4928,7 +5016,16 @@ The [`Account` data type](https://paritytech.github.io/polkadot-sdk/master/frame
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The code snippet below shows how accounts are defined:
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```rs
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/// The full account information for a particular account ID.
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#[pallet::storage]
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#[pallet::getter(fn account)]
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pub type Account<T: Config> = StorageMap<
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_,
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Blake2_128Concat,
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T::AccountId,
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AccountInfo<T::Nonce, T::AccountData>,
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ValueQuery,
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>;
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```
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The preceding code block defines a storage map named `Account`. The `StorageMap` is a type of on-chain storage that maps keys to values. In the `Account` map, the key is an account ID, and the value is the account's information. Here, `T` represents the generic parameter for the runtime configuration, which is defined by the pallet's configuration trait (`Config`).
@@ -4952,7 +5049,24 @@ For a detailed explanation of storage maps, see the [`StorageMap`](https://parit
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The `AccountInfo` structure is another key element within the [System pallet](https://paritytech.github.io/polkadot-sdk/master/src/frame_system/lib.rs.html){target=\_blank}, providing more granular details about each account's state. This structure tracks vital data, such as the number of transactions and the account’s relationships with other modules.
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```rs
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/// Information of an account.
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#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Default, RuntimeDebug, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, MaxEncodedLen)]
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pub struct AccountInfo<Nonce, AccountData> {
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/// The number of transactions this account has sent.
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pub nonce: Nonce,
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/// The number of other modules that currently depend on this account's existence. The account
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/// cannot be reaped until this is zero.
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pub consumers: RefCount,
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/// The number of other modules that allow this account to exist. The account may not be reaped
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/// until this and `sufficients` are both zero.
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pub providers: RefCount,
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/// The number of modules that allow this account to exist for their own purposes only. The
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/// account may not be reaped until this and `providers` are both zero.
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pub sufficients: RefCount,
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/// The additional data that belongs to this account. Used to store the balance(s) in a lot of
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/// chains.
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pub data: AccountData,
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}
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```
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The `AccountInfo` structure includes the following components:
@@ -5663,7 +5777,8 @@ The [`XcmRouter`](https://paritytech.github.io/polkadot-sdk/master/pallet_xcm/pa
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For instance, the Kusama network employs the [`ChildParachainRouter`](https://paritytech.github.io/polkadot-sdk/master/polkadot_runtime_common/xcm_sender/struct.ChildParachainRouter.html){target=\_blank}, which restricts routing to [Downward Message Passing (DMP)](https://wiki.polkadot.com/learn/learn-xcm-transport/#dmp-downward-message-passing){target=\_blank} from the relay chain to parachains, ensuring secure and controlled communication.
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```rust
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pub type PriceForChildParachainDelivery =
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ExponentialPrice<FeeAssetId, BaseDeliveryFee, TransactionByteFee, Dmp>;
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```
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For more details about XCM transport protocols, see the [XCM Channels](/develop/interoperability/xcm-channels/){target=\_blank} page.
@@ -6485,19 +6600,69 @@ The `xcm-emulator` provides macros for defining a mocked testing environment. Ch
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- **[`decl_test_parachains`](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/polkadot-stable2506-2/cumulus/xcm/xcm-emulator/src/lib.rs#L596){target=\_blank}**: Defines runtime and configuration for parachains. Example:
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```rust
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decl_test_parachains! {
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pub struct AssetHubWestend {
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genesis = genesis::genesis(),
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on_init = {
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asset_hub_westend_runtime::AuraExt::on_initialize(1);
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},
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runtime = asset_hub_westend_runtime,
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core = {
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XcmpMessageHandler: asset_hub_westend_runtime::XcmpQueue,
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LocationToAccountId: asset_hub_westend_runtime::xcm_config::LocationToAccountId,
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ParachainInfo: asset_hub_westend_runtime::ParachainInfo,
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MessageOrigin: cumulus_primitives_core::AggregateMessageOrigin,
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DigestProvider: (),
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},
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pallets = {
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PolkadotXcm: asset_hub_westend_runtime::PolkadotXcm,
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Balances: asset_hub_westend_runtime::Balances,
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Assets: asset_hub_westend_runtime::Assets,
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ForeignAssets: asset_hub_westend_runtime::ForeignAssets,
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PoolAssets: asset_hub_westend_runtime::PoolAssets,
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AssetConversion: asset_hub_westend_runtime::AssetConversion,
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SnowbridgeSystemFrontend: asset_hub_westend_runtime::SnowbridgeSystemFrontend,
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Revive: asset_hub_westend_runtime::Revive,
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}
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},
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}
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```
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- **[`decl_test_bridges`](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/polkadot-stable2506-2/cumulus/xcm/xcm-emulator/src/lib.rs#L1221){target=\_blank}**: Creates bridges between chains, specifying the source, target, and message handler. Example:
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```rust
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decl_test_bridges! {
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pub struct RococoWestendMockBridge {
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source = BridgeHubRococoPara,
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target = BridgeHubWestendPara,
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handler = RococoWestendMessageHandler
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},
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pub struct WestendRococoMockBridge {
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source = BridgeHubWestendPara,
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target = BridgeHubRococoPara,
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handler = WestendRococoMessageHandler
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}
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}
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```
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- **[`decl_test_networks`](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/polkadot-stable2506-2/cumulus/xcm/xcm-emulator/src/lib.rs#L958){target=\_blank}**: Defines a testing network with relay chains, parachains, and bridges, implementing message transport and processing logic. Example:
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```rust
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decl_test_networks! {
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pub struct WestendMockNet {
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relay_chain = Westend,
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parachains = vec![
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AssetHubWestend,
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BridgeHubWestend,
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CollectivesWestend,
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CoretimeWestend,
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PeopleWestend,
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PenpalA,
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PenpalB,
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],
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bridge = ()
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},
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}
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```
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By leveraging these macros, developers can customize their testing networks by defining relay chains and parachains tailored to their needs. For guidance on implementing a mock runtime for a Polkadot SDK-based chain, refer to the [Pallet Testing](/develop/parachains/testing/pallet-testing/){target=\_blank} article.

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