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Rewrite overview to position Polkadot Hub as a Solidity platform
with full Ethereum compatibility via REVM. De-prioritize PVM to
a brief note and remove ink! references.
- Summary: Learn about smart contract development on Polkadot Hub with native PVM support, dual-VM execution, and seamless cross-chain capabilities.
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- Summary: Learn about smart contract development on Polkadot Hub with full Ethereum compatibility, Solidity support, and seamless cross-chain capabilities.
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# Smart Contracts on Polkadot Hub
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## Introduction
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Polkadot Hub provides a production-ready smart contract platform that combines Ethereum compatibility with the performance and cross-chain capabilities of the Polkadot ecosystem. Developers can deploy smart contracts directly on Polkadot Hub while using familiar Ethereum tooling, workflows, and programming languages.
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Built with a dual-VM approach, Polkadot Hub offers two execution backends: REVM for unmodified EVM compatibility and native PVM for optimized computationally expensive workloads. This dual-VM architecture enables developers to migrate existing Ethereum contracts instantly or optimize for speed and efficiency with native execution.
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Polkadot Hub is a production-ready Solidity smart contract platform that brings full Ethereum compatibility to the Polkadot ecosystem. Deploy your existing Ethereum contracts without modifications, use familiar tools like Hardhat and Remix, and gain access to Polkadot's cross-chain capabilities.
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## Why Build on Polkadot Hub
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### Ethereum Compatibility
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### Full Ethereum Compatibility
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Deploy existing Ethereum contracts with zero modifications while maintaining full compatibility with your existing development stack:
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Polkadot Hub runs the REVM (Rust Ethereum Virtual Machine) backend, providing complete EVM compatibility. Your Solidity contracts work exactly as they do on Ethereum:
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- **Zero modifications required**: Deploy existing Ethereum contracts directly without any code changes.
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- **Complete JSON-RPC API support**: Use MetaMask, Hardhat, Remix, Foundry, and all standard Ethereum tooling.
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- **Standard libraries**: Integrate Ethers.js, Web3.js, Viem, Wagmi, and Web3.py without changes.
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- **Solidity development**: Write contracts in Solidity or migrate existing code directly.
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- **Solidity development**: Write contracts in Solidity using the same patterns and best practices you already know.
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- **Familiar workflows**: Maintain your existing deployment, testing, and monitoring processes.
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### Performance Options
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-
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Choose between two execution backends:
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### Cross-Chain Capabilities
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- **REVM**: Run unmodified Ethereum contracts with full EVM/Ethereum compatibility.
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- **PVM**: Compile to optimized RISC-V bytecode for enhanced performance and lower fees while keeping Ethereum-compatibility.
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Smart contracts on Polkadot Hub can interact with any service in the Polkadot ecosystem through [XCM](/smart-contracts/precompiles/xcm/){target=\_blank}, enabling:
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Both backends share the same RPC interface and tooling support, allowing seamless transitions. In addition, smart contracts can interact with Polkadot native services via [precompile contracts](/smart-contracts/precompiles/){target=\_blank}.
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- Token transfers across parachains
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- Remote execution on other chains
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- Cross-chain composability without bridges or intermediaries
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### Cross-VM & Cross-Chain Capabilities
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### Native Polkadot Integration
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Smart contracts written for one VM (for example, EVM) can interact directly with other smart contracts written for the RISC-V PVM, and back. This allows to use full EVM compatible contracts but extend to heavy/complex execution workloads to the PVM RISC-V backend.
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Access Polkadot-native functionality directly from your Solidity contracts via [precompiles](/smart-contracts/precompiles/){target=\_blank}, including asset management, staking operations, and cross-chain messaging.
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Furthermore, all smart contracts in Polkadot Hub can interact with any service in the Polkadot ecosystem through [XCM](/smart-contracts/precompiles/xcm/){target=\_blank}, enabling token transfers, remote execution, and cross-chain composability without bridges or intermediaries.
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!!! note
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Polkadot Hub also supports PVM (Polkadot Virtual Machine) as an alternative execution backend for advanced use cases.
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## Other Smart Contract Environments
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-
Beyond Polkadot Hub's native PVM support, the ecosystem offers two main alternatives for smart contract development:
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- **EVM-compatible parachains**: Provide access to Ethereum's extensive developer ecosystem, smart contract portability, and established tooling like Hardhat, Remix, Foundry, and OpenZeppelin. The main options include Moonbeam (the first full Ethereum-compatible parachain serving as an interoperability hub), Astar (featuring dual VM support for both EVM and WebAssembly contracts), and Acala (DeFi-focused with enhanced Acala EVM+ offering advanced DeFi primitives).
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Beyond Polkadot Hub, the ecosystem offers EVM-compatible parachains that provide access to Ethereum's extensive developer ecosystem with established tooling like Hardhat, Remix, Foundry, and OpenZeppelin:
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- **Rust (ink!)**: ink! is a Rust-based framework that can compile to PVM. It uses [`#[ink(...)]`](https://use.ink/docs/v6/macros-attributes/){target=\_blank} attribute macros to create Polkadot SDK-compatible PVM bytecode, offering strong memory safety from Rust, an advanced type system, high-performance PVM execution, and platform independence with sandboxed security.
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- **Moonbeam**: The first full Ethereum-compatible parachain, serving as an interoperability hub.
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- **Astar**: Features dual VM support for both EVM and WebAssembly contracts.
- Summary: Learn about smart contract development on Polkadot Hub with native PVM support, dual-VM execution, and seamless cross-chain capabilities.
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- Summary: Learn about smart contract development on Polkadot Hub with full Ethereum compatibility, Solidity support, and seamless cross-chain capabilities.
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# Smart Contracts on Polkadot Hub
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## Introduction
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Polkadot Hub provides a production-ready smart contract platform that combines Ethereum compatibility with the performance and cross-chain capabilities of the Polkadot ecosystem. Developers can deploy smart contracts directly on Polkadot Hub while using familiar Ethereum tooling, workflows, and programming languages.
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-
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-
Built with a dual-VM approach, Polkadot Hub offers two execution backends: REVM for unmodified EVM compatibility and native PVM for optimized computationally expensive workloads. This dual-VM architecture enables developers to migrate existing Ethereum contracts instantly or optimize for speed and efficiency with native execution.
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+
Polkadot Hub is a production-ready Solidity smart contract platform that brings full Ethereum compatibility to the Polkadot ecosystem. Deploy your existing Ethereum contracts without modifications, use familiar tools like Hardhat and Remix, and gain access to Polkadot's cross-chain capabilities.
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## Why Build on Polkadot Hub
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### Ethereum Compatibility
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### Full Ethereum Compatibility
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Deploy existing Ethereum contracts with zero modifications while maintaining full compatibility with your existing development stack:
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Polkadot Hub runs the REVM (Rust Ethereum Virtual Machine) backend, providing complete EVM compatibility. Your Solidity contracts work exactly as they do on Ethereum:
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- **Zero modifications required**: Deploy existing Ethereum contracts directly without any code changes.
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- **Complete JSON-RPC API support**: Use MetaMask, Hardhat, Remix, Foundry, and all standard Ethereum tooling.
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- **Standard libraries**: Integrate Ethers.js, Web3.js, Viem, Wagmi, and Web3.py without changes.
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- **Solidity development**: Write contracts in Solidity or migrate existing code directly.
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- **Solidity development**: Write contracts in Solidity using the same patterns and best practices you already know.
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- **Familiar workflows**: Maintain your existing deployment, testing, and monitoring processes.
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### Performance Options
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Choose between two execution backends:
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### Cross-Chain Capabilities
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-
- **REVM**: Run unmodified Ethereum contracts with full EVM/Ethereum compatibility.
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-
- **PVM**: Compile to optimized RISC-V bytecode for enhanced performance and lower fees while keeping Ethereum-compatibility.
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Smart contracts on Polkadot Hub can interact with any service in the Polkadot ecosystem through [XCM](/smart-contracts/precompiles/xcm/){target=\_blank}, enabling:
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-
Both backends share the same RPC interface and tooling support, allowing seamless transitions. In addition, smart contracts can interact with Polkadot native services via [precompile contracts](/smart-contracts/precompiles/){target=\_blank}.
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- Token transfers across parachains
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- Remote execution on other chains
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- Cross-chain composability without bridges or intermediaries
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### Cross-VM & Cross-Chain Capabilities
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### Native Polkadot Integration
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Smart contracts written for one VM (for example, EVM) can interact directly with other smart contracts written for the RISC-V PVM, and back. This allows to use full EVM compatible contracts but extend to heavy/complex execution workloads to the PVM RISC-V backend.
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Access Polkadot-native functionality directly from your Solidity contracts via [precompiles](/smart-contracts/precompiles/){target=\_blank}, including asset management, staking operations, and cross-chain messaging.
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Furthermore, all smart contracts in Polkadot Hub can interact with any service in the Polkadot ecosystem through [XCM](/smart-contracts/precompiles/xcm/){target=\_blank}, enabling token transfers, remote execution, and cross-chain composability without bridges or intermediaries.
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!!! note
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Polkadot Hub also supports PVM (Polkadot Virtual Machine) as an alternative execution backend for advanced use cases.
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## Other Smart Contract Environments
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-
Beyond Polkadot Hub's native PVM support, the ecosystem offers two main alternatives for smart contract development:
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-
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- **EVM-compatible parachains**: Provide access to Ethereum's extensive developer ecosystem, smart contract portability, and established tooling like Hardhat, Remix, Foundry, and OpenZeppelin. The main options include Moonbeam (the first full Ethereum-compatible parachain serving as an interoperability hub), Astar (featuring dual VM support for both EVM and WebAssembly contracts), and Acala (DeFi-focused with enhanced Acala EVM+ offering advanced DeFi primitives).
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Beyond Polkadot Hub, the ecosystem offers EVM-compatible parachains that provide access to Ethereum's extensive developer ecosystem with established tooling like Hardhat, Remix, Foundry, and OpenZeppelin:
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-
- **Rust (ink!)**: ink! is a Rust-based framework that can compile to PVM. It uses [`#[ink(...)]`](https://use.ink/docs/v6/macros-attributes/){target=\_blank} attribute macros to create Polkadot SDK-compatible PVM bytecode, offering strong memory safety from Rust, an advanced type system, high-performance PVM execution, and platform independence with sandboxed security.
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- **Moonbeam**: The first full Ethereum-compatible parachain, serving as an interoperability hub.
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+
- **Astar**: Features dual VM support for both EVM and WebAssembly contracts.
- Summary: Learn about smart contract development on Polkadot Hub with native PVM support, dual-VM execution, and seamless cross-chain capabilities.
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- Summary: Learn about smart contract development on Polkadot Hub with full Ethereum compatibility, Solidity support, and seamless cross-chain capabilities.
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# Smart Contracts on Polkadot Hub
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## Introduction
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Polkadot Hub provides a production-ready smart contract platform that combines Ethereum compatibility with the performance and cross-chain capabilities of the Polkadot ecosystem. Developers can deploy smart contracts directly on Polkadot Hub while using familiar Ethereum tooling, workflows, and programming languages.
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-
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-
Built with a dual-VM approach, Polkadot Hub offers two execution backends: REVM for unmodified EVM compatibility and native PVM for optimized computationally expensive workloads. This dual-VM architecture enables developers to migrate existing Ethereum contracts instantly or optimize for speed and efficiency with native execution.
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+
Polkadot Hub is a production-ready Solidity smart contract platform that brings full Ethereum compatibility to the Polkadot ecosystem. Deploy your existing Ethereum contracts without modifications, use familiar tools like Hardhat and Remix, and gain access to Polkadot's cross-chain capabilities.
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## Why Build on Polkadot Hub
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### Ethereum Compatibility
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### Full Ethereum Compatibility
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Deploy existing Ethereum contracts with zero modifications while maintaining full compatibility with your existing development stack:
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Polkadot Hub runs the REVM (Rust Ethereum Virtual Machine) backend, providing complete EVM compatibility. Your Solidity contracts work exactly as they do on Ethereum:
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- **Zero modifications required**: Deploy existing Ethereum contracts directly without any code changes.
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- **Complete JSON-RPC API support**: Use MetaMask, Hardhat, Remix, Foundry, and all standard Ethereum tooling.
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- **Standard libraries**: Integrate Ethers.js, Web3.js, Viem, Wagmi, and Web3.py without changes.
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- **Solidity development**: Write contracts in Solidity or migrate existing code directly.
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- **Solidity development**: Write contracts in Solidity using the same patterns and best practices you already know.
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- **Familiar workflows**: Maintain your existing deployment, testing, and monitoring processes.
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### Performance Options
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Choose between two execution backends:
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### Cross-Chain Capabilities
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- **REVM**: Run unmodified Ethereum contracts with full EVM/Ethereum compatibility.
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- **PVM**: Compile to optimized RISC-V bytecode for enhanced performance and lower fees while keeping Ethereum-compatibility.
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Smart contracts on Polkadot Hub can interact with any service in the Polkadot ecosystem through [XCM](/smart-contracts/precompiles/xcm/){target=\_blank}, enabling:
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Both backends share the same RPC interface and tooling support, allowing seamless transitions. In addition, smart contracts can interact with Polkadot native services via [precompile contracts](/smart-contracts/precompiles/){target=\_blank}.
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- Token transfers across parachains
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+
- Remote execution on other chains
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+
- Cross-chain composability without bridges or intermediaries
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-
### Cross-VM & Cross-Chain Capabilities
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### Native Polkadot Integration
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-
Smart contracts written for one VM (for example, EVM) can interact directly with other smart contracts written for the RISC-V PVM, and back. This allows to use full EVM compatible contracts but extend to heavy/complex execution workloads to the PVM RISC-V backend.
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Access Polkadot-native functionality directly from your Solidity contracts via [precompiles](/smart-contracts/precompiles/){target=\_blank}, including asset management, staking operations, and cross-chain messaging.
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Furthermore, all smart contracts in Polkadot Hub can interact with any service in the Polkadot ecosystem through [XCM](/smart-contracts/precompiles/xcm/){target=\_blank}, enabling token transfers, remote execution, and cross-chain composability without bridges or intermediaries.
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!!! note
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Polkadot Hub also supports PVM (Polkadot Virtual Machine) as an alternative execution backend for advanced use cases.
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## Other Smart Contract Environments
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-
Beyond Polkadot Hub's native PVM support, the ecosystem offers two main alternatives for smart contract development:
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-
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- **EVM-compatible parachains**: Provide access to Ethereum's extensive developer ecosystem, smart contract portability, and established tooling like Hardhat, Remix, Foundry, and OpenZeppelin. The main options include Moonbeam (the first full Ethereum-compatible parachain serving as an interoperability hub), Astar (featuring dual VM support for both EVM and WebAssembly contracts), and Acala (DeFi-focused with enhanced Acala EVM+ offering advanced DeFi primitives).
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Beyond Polkadot Hub, the ecosystem offers EVM-compatible parachains that provide access to Ethereum's extensive developer ecosystem with established tooling like Hardhat, Remix, Foundry, and OpenZeppelin:
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- **Rust (ink!)**: ink! is a Rust-based framework that can compile to PVM. It uses [`#[ink(...)]`](https://use.ink/docs/v6/macros-attributes/){target=\_blank} attribute macros to create Polkadot SDK-compatible PVM bytecode, offering strong memory safety from Rust, an advanced type system, high-performance PVM execution, and platform independence with sandboxed security.
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- **Moonbeam**: The first full Ethereum-compatible parachain, serving as an interoperability hub.
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- **Astar**: Features dual VM support for both EVM and WebAssembly contracts.
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