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Polkadot is designed to enable interoperability between its connected parachains. At the core of this interoperability is the [Cross-Consensus Message Format (XCM)](https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/interoperability/intro-to-xcm/), a standard language that allows parachains to communicate and interact with each other.
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Polkadot is designed to enable interoperability between its connected parachains. At the core of this interoperability is the [Cross-Consensus Message Format (XCM)](/develop/interoperability/intro-to-xcm/){target=\_blank}, a standard language that allows parachains to communicate and interact with each other.
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The network-layer protocol responsible for delivering XCM-formatted messages between parachains is the Cross-Chain Message Passing (XCMP) protocol. XCMP maintains messaging queues on the relay chain, serving as a bridge to facilitate cross-chain interactions.
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- **Acquire coretime** - to build on top of the Polkadot network, users need to acquire coretime (either on-demand or in bulk) to access the computational resources of the relay chain. This allows for the secure validation of parachain blocks through a randomized selection of relay chain validators
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If you’re building a standalone blockchain (solochain) that won’t connect to Polkadot as a parachain, you can skip the preceding step, as there’s no need to acquire coretime or implement [Cumulus](https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/parachains/#cumulus){target=\_blank}.
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If you’re building a standalone blockchain (solochain) that won’t connect to Polkadot as a parachain, you can skip the preceding step, as there’s no need to acquire coretime or implement [Cumulus](/develop/parachains/#cumulus){target=\_blank}.
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- **Launch and monitor** - once everything is configured, you can launch the blockchain, initiating the network with your chain spec and Wasm runtime. Validators or collators will begin producing blocks, and the network will go live. Post-launch, monitoring is vital to ensuring network health—tracking block production, node performance, and overall security
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<h2 class="title">Stay Up to Date with Runtime Upgrades</h2>
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<hr>
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<p class="description">Learn how to monitor the Polkadot network for upcoming upgrades, so you can prepare your validator node for any required updates or modifications.</p>
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## Era Points
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The Polkadot ecosystem measures its reward cycles in a unit called an era. Kusama eras are approximately 6 hours long, and Polkadot eras are 24 hours long. At the end of each era, validators are paid proportionally to the amount of [era points](https://docs.polkadot.com/infrastructure/staking-mechanics/rewards-payout/#era-points){target=\_blank} they have collected. Era points are reward points earned for payable actions like:
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The Polkadot ecosystem measures its reward cycles in a unit called an era. Kusama eras are approximately 6 hours long, and Polkadot eras are 24 hours long. At the end of each era, validators are paid proportionally to the amount of [era points](/infrastructure/staking-mechanics/rewards-payout/#era-points){target=\_blank} they have collected. Era points are reward points earned for payable actions like:
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- Issuing validity statements for [parachain blocks](/polkadot-protocol/basics/blocks-transactions-fees/blocks/){target=\_blank}
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- Producing a non-uncle block in the relay chain
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- **Application-specific Layer-1 blockchains (parachains)** - Polkadot's sharded network allows for parallel transaction processing, with shards that can have unique state transition functions, enabling custom-built L1 chains optimized for specific applications
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- **Shared security and scalability** - L1 chains connected to Polkadot benefit from its [Nominated Proof of Stake (NPoS)](https://docs.polkadot.com/polkadot-protocol/architecture/polkadot-chain/pos-consensus/#nominated-proof-of-stake){target=\_blank} system, providing security out-of-the-box without the need to bootstrap their own
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- **Shared security and scalability** - L1 chains connected to Polkadot benefit from its [Nominated Proof of Stake (NPoS)](/polkadot-protocol/architecture/polkadot-chain/pos-consensus/#nominated-proof-of-stake){target=\_blank} system, providing security out-of-the-box without the need to bootstrap their own
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- **Secure interoperability** - Polkadot's native interoperability enables seamless data and value exchange between parachains. This interoperability can also be used outside of the ecosystem for bridging with external networks
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Bridge Hub provides a mode of trustless bridging through its implementation of on-chain light clients and trustless relayers. Trustless bridges are essentially two one-way bridges, where each chain has a method of verifying the state of the other in a trustless manner through consensus proofs. In this context, "trustless" refers to the lack of need to trust a human when interacting with various system components. Trustless systems are based instead on trusting mathematics, cryptography, and code. The target chain and source chain both provide ways of verifying one another's state and actions (such as a transfer) based on the consensus and finality of both chains rather than an external mechanism controlled by a third party.
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[BEEFY (Bridge Efficiency Enabling Finality Yielder)](https://docs.polkadot.com/polkadot-protocol/architecture/polkadot-chain/pos-consensus/#bridging-beefy){target=\_blank} is instrumental in this solution. It provides a more efficient way to verify the consensus on the relay chain. It allows the participants in a network to verify finality proofs, meaning a remote chain like Ethereum can verify the state of Polkadot at a given block height.
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[BEEFY (Bridge Efficiency Enabling Finality Yielder)](/polkadot-protocol/architecture/polkadot-chain/pos-consensus/#bridging-beefy){target=\_blank} is instrumental in this solution. It provides a more efficient way to verify the consensus on the relay chain. It allows the participants in a network to verify finality proofs, meaning a remote chain like Ethereum can verify the state of Polkadot at a given block height.
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For example, the Ethereum and Polkadot bridging solution that [Snowbridge](https://docs.snowbridge.network/){target=\_blank} implements involves two light clients: one which verifies the state of Polkadot and the other which verifies the state of Ethereum. The light client for Polkadot is implemented in the runtime as a pallet, whereas the light client for Ethereum is implemented as a smart contract on the beacon chain.
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- Go over the Bridge Hub README in the Polkadot SDK [Bridge-hub Parachains](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/{{dependencies.repositories.polkadot_sdk.version}}/cumulus/parachains/runtimes/bridge-hubs/README.md){target=\_blank} repository
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- Take a deeper dive into bridging architecture in the Polkadot SDK [High-Level Bridge](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/{{dependencies.repositories.polkadot_sdk.version}}/bridges/docs/high-level-overview.md){target=\_blank} documentation
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- Read more about BEEFY and Bridging in the Polkadot Wiki: [Bridging: BEEFY](https://docs.polkadot.com/polkadot-protocol/architecture/polkadot-chain/pos-consensus/#bridging-beefy){target=\_blank}
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- Read more about BEEFY and Bridging in the Polkadot Wiki: [Bridging: BEEFY](/polkadot-protocol/architecture/polkadot-chain/pos-consensus/#bridging-beefy){target=\_blank}
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Some of the weight allowed for a block is consumed as part of the block's initialization and finalization. The weight might also be used to execute mandatory inherent extrinsic calls. To help ensure blocks don’t consume too much execution time and prevent malicious users from overloading the system with unnecessary calls, weights are combined with transaction fees.
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[Transaction fees](https://docs.polkadot.com/polkadot-protocol/basics/blocks-transactions-fees/transactions/#transaction-fees){target=\_blank} provide an economic incentive to limit execution time, computation, and the number of calls required to perform operations. Transaction fees are also used to make the blockchain economically sustainable because they are typically applied to transactions initiated by users and deducted before a transaction request is executed.
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[Transaction fees](/polkadot-protocol/basics/blocks-transactions-fees/transactions/#transaction-fees){target=\_blank} provide an economic incentive to limit execution time, computation, and the number of calls required to perform operations. Transaction fees are also used to make the blockchain economically sustainable because they are typically applied to transactions initiated by users and deducted before a transaction request is executed.
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## How Fees are Calculated
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## Understand Metadata
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Polkadot SDK-based blockchain networks are designed to expose their runtime information, allowing developers to learn granular details regarding pallets, RPC calls, and runtime APIs. The metadata also exposes their related documentation. The chain's metadata is [SCALE-encoded](hhttps://docs.polkadot.com/polkadot-protocol/basics/data-encoding/){target=\_blank}, allowing for the development of browser-based, mobile, or desktop applications to support the chain's runtime upgrades seamlessly. It is also possible to develop applications compatible with multiple Polkadot SDK-based chains simultaneously.
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Polkadot SDK-based blockchain networks are designed to expose their runtime information, allowing developers to learn granular details regarding pallets, RPC calls, and runtime APIs. The metadata also exposes their related documentation. The chain's metadata is [SCALE-encoded](/polkadot-protocol/basics/data-encoding/){target=\_blank}, allowing for the development of browser-based, mobile, or desktop applications to support the chain's runtime upgrades seamlessly. It is also possible to develop applications compatible with multiple Polkadot SDK-based chains simultaneously.
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## Expose Runtime Information as Metadata
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The node subsystem responsible for consensus tasks.
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For detailed information about the consensus strategies of the [Polkadot](#polkadot) network, see the [Polkadot Consensus](https://docs.polkadot.com/polkadot-protocol/architecture/polkadot-chain/pos-consensus/){target=\_blank} blog series.
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For detailed information about the consensus strategies of the [Polkadot](#polkadot) network, see the [Polkadot Consensus](/polkadot-protocol/architecture/polkadot-chain/pos-consensus/){target=\_blank} blog series.
Asset Conversion is an Automated Market Maker (AMM) utilizing [Uniswap V2](https://github.com/Uniswap/v2-core){target=\_blank} logic and implemented as a pallet on Polkadot's Asset Hub. For more details about this feature, please visit the [Asset Conversion on Asset Hub](https://docs.polkadot.com/tutorials/polkadot-sdk/system-chains/asset-hub/asset-conversion/){target=\_blank} wiki page.
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Asset Conversion is an Automated Market Maker (AMM) utilizing [Uniswap V2](https://github.com/Uniswap/v2-core){target=\_blank} logic and implemented as a pallet on Polkadot's Asset Hub. For more details about this feature, please visit the [Asset Conversion on Asset Hub](/tutorials/polkadot-sdk/system-chains/asset-hub/asset-conversion/){target=\_blank} wiki page.
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This guide will provide detailed information about the key functionalities offered by the [Asset Conversion](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/tree/{{dependencies.repositories.polkadot_sdk.version}}/substrate/frame/asset-conversion){target=\_blank} pallet on Asset Hub, including:
As outlined in the [Asset Hub Overview](/polkadot-protocol/architecture/system-chains/asset-hub){target=\_blank}, Asset Hub supports two categories of assets: local and foreign. Local assets are created on the Asset Hub system parachain and are identified by integer IDs. On the other hand, foreign assets, which originate outside of Asset Hub, are recognized by [Multilocations](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn/xcm/fundamentals/multilocation-summary){target=\_blank}.
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When registering a foreign asset on Asset Hub, it's essential to notice that the process involves communication between two parachains. The Asset Hub parachain will be the destination of the foreign asset, while the source parachain will be the origin of the asset. The communication between the two parachains is facilitated by the [Cross-Chain Message Passing (XCMP)](https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/interoperability/intro-to-xcm/){target=\_blank} protocol.
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When registering a foreign asset on Asset Hub, it's essential to notice that the process involves communication between two parachains. The Asset Hub parachain will be the destination of the foreign asset, while the source parachain will be the origin of the asset. The communication between the two parachains is facilitated by the [Cross-Chain Message Passing (XCMP)](/develop/interoperability/intro-to-xcm/){target=\_blank} protocol.
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This guide will take you through the process of registering a foreign asset on the Asset Hub parachain.
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In this way, you have successfully registered a local asset on the Asset Hub parachain.
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For an in-depth explanation about Asset Hub and its features, see the [Asset Hub](https://docs.polkadot.com/tutorials/polkadot-sdk/system-chains/asset-hub/asset-conversion/){target=\_blank} entry in the Polkadot Wiki.
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For an in-depth explanation about Asset Hub and its features, see the [Asset Hub](/tutorials/polkadot-sdk/system-chains/asset-hub/asset-conversion/){target=\_blank} entry in the Polkadot Wiki.
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## Test Setup Environment
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## Interact with a Fork
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You can interact with the forked chain using various [libraries](https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/toolkit/#libraries){target=\_blank} such as [Polkadot.js](https://polkadot.js.org/docs/){target=\_blank} and its user interface, [Polkadot.js Apps](https://polkadot.js.org/apps/#/explorer){target=\_blank}.
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You can interact with the forked chain using various [libraries](/develop/toolkit/#libraries){target=\_blank} such as [Polkadot.js](https://polkadot.js.org/docs/){target=\_blank} and its user interface, [Polkadot.js Apps](https://polkadot.js.org/apps/#/explorer){target=\_blank}.
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