-Granular materials play a central role in many engineered systems, but modeling their behavior under high loading, deformation, and fragmentation remains an open problem. Popular open-source DEM codes such as YADE [@yade2021], BlazeDEM [@govender2016blaze], Chrono DEM-Engine [@zhang_2024_deme], and LAMMPS [@THOMPSON2022108171] are widely used but typically treat particles as rigid, limiting their accuracy in scenarios involving internal deformation and breakage. A recent review by Dosta et al. [@dosta2024comparing] compares several DEM libraries. Meanwhile, peridynamics-based codes such as Peridigm [@littlewood2024peridigm] and NLMech [@Jha2021] are aimed at simulating deformation and fracture within a single structure, with limited support for multi-structure simulations.
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