Infer thresholds for detect_clearsky (#1784)

* Add helper function to interpolate thresholds

* Add infer_limits functionality in detect_clearsky

* Update comments/docstrings

* Add ValueError message

* Fix typo

* Update docstring

* Add tests, update whatsnew

* Update whatsnew

* Add mocker test

* Update whatsnew

* whatsnew fix

* Fix test error

* Add check on length of data

* Added check that optimizer succeeded

* Handling output for old version of scipy

* Update pvlib/clearsky.py

Co-authored-by: Kevin Anderson <[email protected]>

* Update pvlib/tests/test_clearsky.py

Co-authored-by: Kevin Anderson <[email protected]>

* Update pvlib/clearsky.py

Co-authored-by: Kevin Anderson <[email protected]>

* Update pvlib/clearsky.py

Co-authored-by: Kevin Anderson <[email protected]>

* Add suggestions from code review

---------

Co-authored-by: Kevin Anderson <[email protected]>

Author: ajonesr

docs/sphinx/source/whatsnew/v0.10.2.rst

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ Enhancements
   :py:func:`pvlib.iotools.get_pvgis_hourly`, :py:func:`pvlib.iotools.get_cams`,
   :py:func:`pvlib.iotools.get_bsrn`, and :py:func:`pvlib.iotools.read_midc_raw_data_from_nrel`.
   (:pull:`1800`)
+* Added option to infer threshold values for 
+  :py:func:`pvlib.clearsky.detect_clearsky` (:issue:`1808`, :pull:`1784`)
 
 
 Bug fixes
@@ -39,4 +41,5 @@ Requirements
 Contributors
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 * Adam R. Jensen (:ghuser:`AdamRJensen`)
+* Abigail Jones (:ghuser:`ajonesr`)
 * Taos Transue (:ghuser:`reepoi`)

pvlib/clearsky.py

@@ -644,8 +644,38 @@ def _clear_sample_index(clear_windows, samples_per_window, align, H):
     return clear_samples
 
 
-def detect_clearsky(measured, clearsky, times=None, window_length=10,
-                    mean_diff=75, max_diff=75,
+def _clearsky_get_threshold(sample_interval):
+    """
+    Returns threshold values for kwargs in detect_clearsky. See
+    Table 1 in [1].
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Jordan, D.C. and C. Hansen, "Clear-sky detection for PV
+       degradation analysis using multiple regression", Renewable Energy,
+       v209, p. 393-400, 2023.
+    """
+
+    if (sample_interval < 1 or sample_interval > 30):
+        raise ValueError("`infer_limits=True` can only be used for inputs \
+                          with time step from 1 to 30 minutes")
+
+    data_freq = np.array([1, 5, 15, 30])
+
+    window_length = np.interp(sample_interval, data_freq, [50, 60, 90, 120])
+    mean_diff = np.interp(sample_interval, data_freq, [75, 75, 75, 75])
+    max_diff = np.interp(sample_interval, data_freq, [60, 65, 75, 90])
+    lower_line_length = np.interp(sample_interval, data_freq, [-45,-45,-45,-45])
+    upper_line_length = np.interp(sample_interval, data_freq, [80, 80, 80, 80])
+    var_diff = np.interp(sample_interval, data_freq, [0.005, 0.01, 0.032, 0.07])
+    slope_dev = np.interp(sample_interval, data_freq, [50, 60, 75, 96])
+
+    return (window_length, mean_diff, max_diff, lower_line_length,
+            upper_line_length, var_diff, slope_dev)
+
+
+def detect_clearsky(measured, clearsky, times=None, infer_limits=False,
+                    window_length=10, mean_diff=75, max_diff=75,
                     lower_line_length=-5, upper_line_length=10,
                     var_diff=0.005, slope_dev=8, max_iterations=20,
                     return_components=False):
@@ -676,6 +706,9 @@ def detect_clearsky(measured, clearsky, times=None, window_length=10,
     times : DatetimeIndex or None, default None.
         Times of measured and clearsky values. If None the index of measured
         will be used.
+    infer_limits : bool, default False
+        If True, does not use passed in kwargs (or defaults), but instead
+        interpolates these values from Table 1 in [2]_.
     window_length : int, default 10
         Length of sliding time window in minutes. Must be greater than 2
         periods.
@@ -731,6 +764,9 @@ def detect_clearsky(measured, clearsky, times=None, window_length=10,
     .. [1] Reno, M.J. and C.W. Hansen, "Identification of periods of clear
        sky irradiance in time series of GHI measurements" Renewable Energy,
        v90, p. 520-531, 2016.
+    .. [2] Jordan, D.C. and C. Hansen, "Clear-sky detection for PV
+       degradation analysis using multiple regression", Renewable Energy,
+       v209, p. 393-400, 2023. :doi:`10.1016/j.renene.2023.04.035`
 
     Notes
     -----
@@ -773,6 +809,21 @@ def detect_clearsky(measured, clearsky, times=None, window_length=10,
     sample_interval, samples_per_window = \
         tools._get_sample_intervals(times, window_length)
 
+    # if infer_limits, find threshold values using the sample interval
+    if infer_limits:
+        window_length, mean_diff, max_diff, lower_line_length, \
+            upper_line_length, var_diff, slope_dev = \
+                _clearsky_get_threshold(sample_interval)
+
+        # recalculate samples_per_window using returned window_length
+        _, samples_per_window = \
+            tools._get_sample_intervals(times, window_length)
+
+    # check that we have enough data to produce a nonempty hankel matrix
+    if len(times) < samples_per_window:
+        raise ValueError(f"times has only {len(times)} entries, but it must \
+                           have at least {samples_per_window} entries")
+
     # generate matrix of integers for creating windows with indexing
     H = hankel(np.arange(samples_per_window),
                np.arange(samples_per_window-1, len(times)))
@@ -826,7 +877,22 @@ def detect_clearsky(measured, clearsky, times=None, window_length=10,
         def rmse(alpha):
             return np.sqrt(np.mean((clear_meas - alpha*clear_clear)**2))
 
-        alpha = minimize_scalar(rmse).x
+        optimize_result = minimize_scalar(rmse)
+        if not optimize_result.success:
+            try:
+                message = "Optimizer exited unsuccessfully: " \
+                           + optimize_result.message
+            except AttributeError:
+                message = "Optimizer exited unsuccessfully: \
+                           No message explaining the failure was returned. \
+                           If you would like to see this message, please \
+                           update your scipy version (try version 1.8.0 \
+                           or beyond)."
+            raise RuntimeError(message)
+
+        else:
+            alpha = optimize_result.x
+
         if round(alpha*10000) == round(previous_alpha*10000):
             break
     else:

pvlib/data/detect_clearsky_threshold_data.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# latitude:35.04
+# longitude:-106.62
+# elevation:1619
+# window_length:10
+Time (UTC),GHI,Clear or not
+4/1/2012 17:30,862.0935267144818,1
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+4/1/2012 17:42,500.0,0
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pvlib/tests/test_clearsky.py

@@ -533,6 +533,49 @@ def detect_clearsky_data():
     return expected, cs
 
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def detect_clearsky_threshold_data():
+    # this is (roughly) just a 2 hour period of the same data in
+    # detect_clearsky_data (which only spans 30 minutes)
+    data_file = DATA_DIR / 'detect_clearsky_threshold_data.csv'
+    expected = pd.read_csv(
+        data_file, index_col=0, parse_dates=True, comment='#')
+    expected = expected.tz_localize('UTC').tz_convert('Etc/GMT+7')
+    metadata = {}
+    with data_file.open() as f:
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith('#'):
+                key, value = line.strip('# \n').split(':')
+                metadata[key] = float(value)
+            else:
+                break
+    metadata['window_length'] = int(metadata['window_length'])
+    loc = Location(metadata['latitude'], metadata['longitude'],
+                   altitude=metadata['elevation'])
+    # specify turbidity to guard against future lookup changes
+    cs = loc.get_clearsky(expected.index, linke_turbidity=2.658197)
+    return expected, cs
+
+
+def test_clearsky_get_threshold():
+    out = clearsky._clearsky_get_threshold(4.5)
+    expected = (58.75, 75, 64.375, -45, 80.0, 0.009375, 58.75)
+    assert np.allclose(out, expected)
+
+
+def test_clearsky_get_threshold_raises_error():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='can only be used for inputs'):
+        clearsky._clearsky_get_threshold(0.5)
+
+
+def test_detect_clearsky_calls_threshold(mocker, detect_clearsky_threshold_data):
+    threshold_spy = mocker.spy(clearsky, '_clearsky_get_threshold')
+    expected, cs = detect_clearsky_threshold_data
+    threshold_actual = clearsky.detect_clearsky(expected['GHI'], cs['ghi'],
+                       infer_limits=True)
+    assert threshold_spy.call_count == 1
+
+
 def test_detect_clearsky(detect_clearsky_data):
     expected, cs = detect_clearsky_data
     clear_samples = clearsky.detect_clearsky(
@@ -629,6 +672,18 @@ def test_detect_clearsky_missing_index(detect_clearsky_data):
         clearsky.detect_clearsky(expected['GHI'].values, cs['ghi'].values)
 
 
+def test_detect_clearsky_not_enough_data(detect_clearsky_data):
+    expected, cs = detect_clearsky_data
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='have at least'):
+       clearsky.detect_clearsky(expected['GHI'], cs['ghi'], window_length=60)
+
+
+def test_detect_clearsky_optimizer_failed(detect_clearsky_data):
+    expected, cs = detect_clearsky_data
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Optimizer exited unsuccessfully'):
+        clearsky.detect_clearsky(expected['GHI'], cs['ghi'], window_length=15)
+
+
 @pytest.fixture
 def detect_clearsky_helper_data():
     samples_per_window = 3