Add support for CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup. (#473)

Author: kschwab

docs/index.md

@@ -969,6 +969,44 @@ For `BaseModel` and `pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass` types, `CliApp.run` will in
     The alias generator for kebab case does not propagate to subcommands or submodels and will have to be manually set
     in these cases.
 
+### Mutually Exclusive Groups
+
+CLI mutually exclusive groups can be created by inheriting from the `CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup` class.
+
+!!! note
+    A `CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup` cannot be used in a union or contain nested models.
+
+```py
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from pydantic_settings import CliApp, CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup, SettingsError
+
+
+class Circle(CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup):
+    radius: Optional[float] = None
+    diameter: Optional[float] = None
+    perimeter: Optional[float] = None
+
+
+class Settings(BaseModel):
+    circle: Circle
+
+
+try:
+    CliApp.run(
+        Settings,
+        cli_args=['--circle.radius=1', '--circle.diameter=2'],
+        cli_exit_on_error=False,
+    )
+except SettingsError as e:
+    print(e)
+    """
+    error parsing CLI: argument --circle.diameter: not allowed with argument --circle.radius
+    """
+```
+
 ### Customizing the CLI Experience
 
 The below flags can be used to customise the CLI experience to your needs.

pydantic_settings/__init__.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
     AzureKeyVaultSettingsSource,
     CliExplicitFlag,
     CliImplicitFlag,
+    CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup,
     CliPositionalArg,
     CliSettingsSource,
     CliSubCommand,
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
     'CliPositionalArg',
     'CliExplicitFlag',
     'CliImplicitFlag',
+    'CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup',
     'InitSettingsSource',
     'JsonConfigSettingsSource',
     'PyprojectTomlConfigSettingsSource',

pydantic_settings/sources.py

@@ -149,6 +149,10 @@ def error(self, message: str) -> NoReturn:
         super().error(message)
 
 
+class CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup(BaseModel):
+    pass
+
+
 T = TypeVar('T')
 CliSubCommand = Annotated[Union[T, None], _CliSubCommand]
 CliPositionalArg = Annotated[T, _CliPositionalArg]
@@ -1483,7 +1487,7 @@ def _connect_parser_method(
         if (
             parser_method is not None
             and self.case_sensitive is False
-            and method_name == 'parsed_args_method'
+            and method_name == 'parse_args_method'
             and isinstance(self._root_parser, _CliInternalArgParser)
         ):
 
@@ -1515,6 +1519,26 @@ def none_parser_method(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
         else:
             return parser_method
 
+    def _connect_group_method(self, add_argument_group_method: Callable[..., Any] | None) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        add_argument_group = self._connect_parser_method(add_argument_group_method, 'add_argument_group_method')
+
+        def add_group_method(parser: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+            if not kwargs.pop('_is_cli_mutually_exclusive_group'):
+                kwargs.pop('required')
+                return add_argument_group(parser, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                main_group_kwargs = {arg: kwargs.pop(arg) for arg in ['title', 'description'] if arg in kwargs}
+                main_group_kwargs['title'] += ' (mutually exclusive)'
+                group = add_argument_group(parser, **main_group_kwargs)
+                if not hasattr(group, 'add_mutually_exclusive_group'):
+                    raise SettingsError(
+                        'cannot connect CLI settings source root parser: '
+                        'group object is missing add_mutually_exclusive_group but is needed for connecting'
+                    )
+                return group.add_mutually_exclusive_group(**kwargs)
+
+        return add_group_method
+
     def _connect_root_parser(
         self,
         root_parser: T,
@@ -1531,9 +1555,9 @@ def _parse_known_args(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Namespace:
         self._root_parser = root_parser
         if parse_args_method is None:
             parse_args_method = _parse_known_args if self.cli_ignore_unknown_args else ArgumentParser.parse_args
-        self._parse_args = self._connect_parser_method(parse_args_method, 'parsed_args_method')
+        self._parse_args = self._connect_parser_method(parse_args_method, 'parse_args_method')
         self._add_argument = self._connect_parser_method(add_argument_method, 'add_argument_method')
-        self._add_argument_group = self._connect_parser_method(add_argument_group_method, 'add_argument_group_method')
+        self._add_group = self._connect_group_method(add_argument_group_method)
         self._add_parser = self._connect_parser_method(add_parser_method, 'add_parser_method')
         self._add_subparsers = self._connect_parser_method(add_subparsers_method, 'add_subparsers_method')
         self._formatter_class = formatter_class
@@ -1665,6 +1689,7 @@ def _add_parser_args(
                 if is_parser_submodel:
                     self._add_parser_submodels(
                         parser,
+                        model,
                         sub_models,
                         added_args,
                         arg_prefix,
@@ -1680,7 +1705,7 @@ def _add_parser_args(
                 elif not is_alias_path_only:
                     if group is not None:
                         if isinstance(group, dict):
-                            group = self._add_argument_group(parser, **group)
+                            group = self._add_group(parser, **group)
                         added_args += list(arg_names)
                         self._add_argument(group, *(f'{flag_prefix[:len(name)]}{name}' for name in arg_names), **kwargs)
                     else:
@@ -1724,6 +1749,7 @@ def _get_arg_names(
     def _add_parser_submodels(
         self,
         parser: Any,
+        model: type[BaseModel],
         sub_models: list[type[BaseModel]],
         added_args: list[str],
         arg_prefix: str,
@@ -1736,10 +1762,23 @@ def _add_parser_submodels(
         alias_names: tuple[str, ...],
         model_default: Any,
     ) -> None:
+        if issubclass(model, CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup):
+            # Argparse has deprecated "calling add_argument_group() or add_mutually_exclusive_group() on a
+            # mutually exclusive group" (https://docs.python.org/3/library/argparse.html#mutual-exclusion).
+            # Since nested models result in a group add, raise an exception for nested models in a mutually
+            # exclusive group.
+            raise SettingsError('cannot have nested models in a CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup')
+
         model_group: Any = None
         model_group_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
         model_group_kwargs['title'] = f'{arg_names[0]} options'
         model_group_kwargs['description'] = field_info.description
+        model_group_kwargs['required'] = kwargs['required']
+        model_group_kwargs['_is_cli_mutually_exclusive_group'] = any(
+            issubclass(model, CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup) for model in sub_models
+        )
+        if model_group_kwargs['_is_cli_mutually_exclusive_group'] and len(sub_models) > 1:
+            raise SettingsError('cannot use union with CliMutuallyExclusiveGroup')
         if self.cli_use_class_docs_for_groups and len(sub_models) == 1:
             model_group_kwargs['description'] = None if sub_models[0].__doc__ is None else dedent(sub_models[0].__doc__)
 
@@ -1762,7 +1801,7 @@ def _add_parser_submodels(
         if not self.cli_avoid_json:
             added_args.append(arg_names[0])
             kwargs['help'] = f'set {arg_names[0]} from JSON string'
-            model_group = self._add_argument_group(parser, **model_group_kwargs)
+            model_group = self._add_group(parser, **model_group_kwargs)
             self._add_argument(model_group, *(f'{flag_prefix}{name}' for name in arg_names), **kwargs)
         for model in sub_models:
             self._add_parser_args(
@@ -1788,7 +1827,7 @@ def _add_parser_alias_paths(
         if alias_path_args:
             context = parser
             if group is not None:
-                context = self._add_argument_group(parser, **group) if isinstance(group, dict) else group
+                context = self._add_group(parser, **group) if isinstance(group, dict) else group
             is_nested_alias_path = arg_prefix.endswith('.')
             arg_prefix = arg_prefix[:-1] if is_nested_alias_path else arg_prefix
             for name, metavar in alias_path_args.items():