diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index f207eb727..118601d76 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ What's New in astroid 4.0.0?
 ============================
 Release date: TBA
 
+* Add support for boolean truthiness constraints (`x`, `not x`) in inference.
+
+  Closes pylint-dev/pylint#9515
+
 * Fix false positive `invalid-name` on `attrs` classes with `ClassVar` annotated variables.
 
   Closes pylint-dev/pylint#10525
diff --git a/astroid/constraint.py b/astroid/constraint.py
index 458b55bac..75a5e6aca 100644
--- a/astroid/constraint.py
+++ b/astroid/constraint.py
@@ -84,6 +84,47 @@ def satisfied_by(self, inferred: InferenceResult) -> bool:
         return self.negate ^ _matches(inferred, self.CONST_NONE)
 
 
+class BooleanConstraint(Constraint):
+    """Represents an "x" or "not x" constraint."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def match(
+        cls, node: _NameNodes, expr: nodes.NodeNG, negate: bool = False
+    ) -> Self | None:
+        """Return a new constraint for node if expr matches one of these patterns:
+
+        - direct match (expr == node): use given negate value
+        - negated match (expr == `not node`): flip negate value
+
+        Return None if no pattern matches.
+        """
+        if _matches(expr, node):
+            return cls(node=node, negate=negate)
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(expr, nodes.UnaryOp)
+            and expr.op == "not"
+            and _matches(expr.operand, node)
+        ):
+            return cls(node=node, negate=not negate)
+
+        return None
+
+    def satisfied_by(self, inferred: InferenceResult) -> bool:
+        """Return True for uninferable results, or depending on negate flag:
+
+        - negate=False: satisfied if boolean value is True
+        - negate=True: satisfied if boolean value is False
+        """
+        inferred_booleaness = inferred.bool_value()
+        if isinstance(inferred, util.UninferableBase) or isinstance(
+            inferred_booleaness, util.UninferableBase
+        ):
+            return True
+
+        return self.negate ^ inferred_booleaness
+
+
 def get_constraints(
     expr: _NameNodes, frame: nodes.LocalsDictNodeNG
 ) -> dict[nodes.If, set[Constraint]]:
@@ -114,7 +155,12 @@ def get_constraints(
     return constraints_mapping
 
 
-ALL_CONSTRAINT_CLASSES = frozenset((NoneConstraint,))
+ALL_CONSTRAINT_CLASSES = frozenset(
+    (
+        NoneConstraint,
+        BooleanConstraint,
+    )
+)
 """All supported constraint types."""
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_constraint.py b/tests/test_constraint.py
index 63f62754b..84ef498d0 100644
--- a/tests/test_constraint.py
+++ b/tests/test_constraint.py
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ def common_params(node: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
         (
             (f"{node} is None", None, 3),
             (f"{node} is not None", 3, None),
+            (f"{node}", 3, None),
+            (f"not {node}", None, 3),
         ),
     )
 
diff --git a/tests/test_inference.py b/tests/test_inference.py
index b8714224e..235563d0a 100644
--- a/tests/test_inference.py
+++ b/tests/test_inference.py
@@ -5491,7 +5491,7 @@ def add(x, y):
             else:
                 kwargs = {}
 
-            if nums:
+            if nums is not None:
                 add(*nums)
                 print(**kwargs)
         """