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+# PyTensor Copilot Instructions
+
+## Overview
+
+**PyTensor**: Python library for defining, optimizing, and evaluating mathematical expressions with multi-dimensional arrays. Focus on hackable graph analysis and manipulation. Supports C, JAX, and Numba compilation backends. ~27MB, 492 Python files, Python support as per numpy NEP 29, uses NumPy, SciPy, pytest.
+
+## PyTensor Design Principles
+
+Graph manipulation in Python, graph evaluation out of Python.
+Emulate NumPy user-facing API as much as possible. 
+
+### API Differences from NumPy
+
+1. **Lazy evaluation**: Expressions are symbolic until `pytensor.function()` compiles or `.eval()` evaluates
+2. **Pure semantics**: `new_x = x[idx].set(y)` instead of `x[idx] = y`
+3. **Immutable/hashable**: PyTensor variables are hashable. `a == b` tests identity (`a is b`), not elementwise equality.
+4. **Static shapes**: Broadcasting requires static shape of 1. Valid: `pt.add(pt.vector("x", shape=(1,)), pt.vector("y"))`. Invalid: `pt.add(pt.vector("x", shape=(None,)), pt.vector("y"))` with x.shape=1.
+5. **Static rank and type**. PyTensor functions accepts variables with a specific dtype and number of dimensions. Length of each dimension can be static or dynamic.
+
+## Code Style
+
+**Uses pre-commit with ruff**
+
+**Comments**: Should be used sparingly, only for complex logic
+
+**Testing**: Should be succinct
+ - Prefer `tests.unittest_tools.assert_equal_computations` over numerical evaluation
+ - Test multiple inputs on one compiled function vs multiple compilations
+ - Minimize test conditions. Be smart, not fearful
+ - Integrate with similar existing tests
+
+## Repository Structure
+
+### Root
+- `.github/` (workflows),
+- `doc/` (docs)
+- `pyproject.toml` (config),
+- `setup.py` (Cython build),
+- `conftest.py` (pytest config),
+- `environment.yml` (conda env)
+
+### Source (`pytensor/`)
+- `configdefaults.py`: Config system (floatX, mode)
+- `gradient.py`: Auto-differentiation
+- `compile/`: Function compilation
+- `graph/`: IR and optimization (`graph/rewriting/`)
+- `link/`: Backends (`c/`, `jax/`, `numba/`, `pytorch/`)
+- `tensor/`: Tensor ops (largest module, subdirs: `random/`, `rewriting/`, `conv/`)
+- `scalar/`: Scalar ops
+- `scan/`: Loop operations (`scan_perform.pyx` Cython)
+- `sparse/`: Sparse tensors
+- `xtensor/` Tensor Ops with dimensions (lowers to Tensor ops)
+
+### Tests (`tests/`)
+Mirrors source structure. `unittest_tools.py` has testing utilities.
+
+## Critical: Environment & Commands
+
+**ALWAYS use micromamba environment**: PyTensor is pre-installed as editable in `.github/workflows/copilot-setup-steps.yml`. 
+
+All commands MUST use: `micromamba run -n pytensor-test <command>`
+
+Example: `micromamba run -n pytensor-test python -c 'import pytensor; print(pytensor.__version__)'`
+
+## Testing & Building
+
+### Running Tests (ALWAYS use micromamba)
+
+```bash
+micromamba run -n pytensor-test python -m pytest tests/              # All tests
+micromamba run -n pytensor-test python -m pytest tests/test_updates.py -v  # Single file
+micromamba run -n pytensor-test python -m pytest tests/ --runslow    # Include slow tests
+```
+
+Tests are run with `config.floatX == "float32"` and `config.mode = "FAST_COMPILE"`. If needed:
+- Cast numerical values `test_value.astype(symbolic_var.type.dtype)` 
+- Use custom function mode `get_default_mode().excluding("fusion")` or skip tests in `FAST_COMPILE`
+
+Alternative backends (JAX, NUMBA, ...) are optional. Use `pytest.importorskip` to fail gracefully.
+
+### Pre-commit
+
+```bash
+micromamba run -n pytensor-test pre-commit
+```
+
+### MyPy
+
+```bash
+micromamba run -n pytensor-test python ./scripts/run_mypy.py --verbose
+```
+**PyTensor incompatible with strict mypy**. Type-hints are for users/developers not to appease mypy. Liberal `type: ignore[rule]` and file exclusions are acceptable.
+
+### Documentation
+
+```bash
+micromamba run -n pytensor-test python -m sphinx -b html ./doc ./html  # Build docs (2-3 min)
+```
+**Never commit `html` directory**.
+
+
+## CI/CD Pipeline
+
+### Workflows (`.github/workflows/`)
+1. **test.yml**: Main suite - Several Python versions, fast-compile (0/1), float32 (0/1), 7 test parts + backend jobs (numba, jax, torch)
+2. **mypy.yml**: Type checking
+3. **copilot-setup-steps.yml**: Environment setup
+
+
+## Trust These Instructions
+These instructions are comprehensive and tested. Only search for additional information if:
+1. Instructions are incomplete for your specific task
+2. Instructions are found to be incorrect
+3. You need deeper understanding of an implementation detail
+ 
+ For most coding tasks, these instructions provide everything needed to build, test, and validate changes efficiently.