Add the licensing examples and user scenarios

Adapted from:
- https://peps.python.org/pep-0639/appendix-examples/
- https://peps.python.org/pep-0639/appendix-user-scenarios/

Co-authored-by: 🇺🇦 Sviatoslav Sydorenko (Святослав Сидоренко) <[email protected]>

Author: befeleme

source/guides/licensing-examples-and-user-scenarios.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+.. _licensing-examples-and-user-scenarios:
+
+
+=====================================
+Licensing examples and user scenarios
+=====================================
+
+
+:pep:`639` has specified the way to declare a project's license and paths to
+license files and other legally required information.
+This document aims to provide clear guidance how to migrate from the legacy
+to the standardized way of declaring licenses.
+
+
+Licensing Examples
+==================
+
+.. _licensing-example-basic:
+
+Basic example
+-------------
+
+The Setuptools project itself, as of `version 75.6.0 <setuptools7560_>`__,
+does not use the ``License`` field in its own project source metadata.
+Further, it no longer explicitly specifies ``license_file``/``license_files``
+as it did previously, since Setuptools relies on its own automatic
+inclusion of license-related files matching common patterns,
+such as the :file:`LICENSE` file it uses.
+
+It includes the following license-related metadata in its
+:file:`pyproject.toml`:
+
+.. code-block:: toml
+
+    [project]
+    classifiers =
+        License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+
+The simplest migration to PEP 639 would consist of using this instead:
+
+.. code-block:: toml
+
+    [project]
+    license = "MIT"
+
+Or, if the project used :file:`setup.cfg`, in its ``[metadata]`` table:
+
+.. code-block:: ini
+
+    [metadata]
+    license = MIT
+
+The output Core Metadata for the distribution packages would then be:
+
+.. code-block:: email
+
+    License-Expression: MIT
+    License-File: LICENSE
+
+The :file:`LICENSE` file would be stored at :file:`/setuptools-{VERSION}/LICENSE`
+in the sdist and :file:`/setuptools-{VERSION}.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE`
+in the wheel, and unpacked from there into the site directory (e.g.
+:file:`site-packages/`) on installation; :file:`/` is the root of the respective archive
+and ``{VERSION}`` the version of the Setuptools release in the Core Metadata.
+
+
+.. _licensing-example-advanced:
+
+Advanced example
+----------------
+
+Suppose Setuptools were to include the licenses of the third-party projects
+that are vendored in the :file:`setuptools/_vendor/` and :file:`pkg_resources/_vendor/`
+directories; specifically:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    packaging==21.2
+    pyparsing==2.2.1
+    ordered-set==3.1.1
+    more_itertools==8.8.0
+
+The license expressions for these projects are:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    packaging: Apache-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause
+    pyparsing: MIT
+    ordered-set: MIT
+    more_itertools: MIT
+
+A comprehensive license expression covering both Setuptools
+proper and its vendored dependencies would contain these metadata,
+combining all the license expressions into one. Such an expression might be:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    MIT AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause)
+
+In addition, per the requirements of the licenses, the relevant license files
+must be included in the package. Suppose the :file:`LICENSE` file contains the text
+of the MIT license and the copyrights used by Setuptools, ``pyparsing``,
+``more_itertools`` and ``ordered-set``; and the :file:`LICENSE*` files in the
+:file:`setuptools/_vendor/packaging/` directory contain the Apache 2.0 and
+2-clause BSD license text, and the Packaging copyright statement and
+`license choice notice <packaginglicense_>`__.
+
+Specifically, we assume the license files are located at the following
+paths in the project source tree (relative to the project root and
+:file:`pyproject.toml`):
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    LICENSE
+    setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE
+    setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.APACHE
+    setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.BSD
+
+Putting it all together, our :file:`pyproject.toml` would be:
+
+.. code-block:: toml
+
+    [project]
+    license = "MIT AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause)"
+    license-files = [
+        "LICENSE*",
+        "setuptools/_vendor/LICENSE*",
+    ]
+
+Or alternatively, the license files can be specified explicitly (paths will be
+interpreted as glob patterns):
+
+.. code-block:: toml
+
+    [project]
+    license = "MIT AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause)"
+    license-files = [
+        "LICENSE",
+        "setuptools/_vendor/LICENSE",
+        "setuptools/_vendor/LICENSE.APACHE",
+        "setuptools/_vendor/LICENSE.BSD",
+    ]
+
+If our project used :file:`setup.cfg`, we could define this in :
+
+.. code-block:: ini
+
+    [metadata]
+    license = MIT AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause)
+    license_files =
+        LICENSE
+        setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE
+        setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.APACHE
+        setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.BSD
+
+With either approach, the output Core Metadata in the distribution
+would be:
+
+.. code-block:: email
+
+    License-Expression: MIT AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause)
+    License-File: LICENSE
+    License-File: setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE
+    License-File: setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.APACHE
+    License-File: setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.BSD
+
+In the resulting sdist, with :file:`/` as the root of the archive and ``{VERSION}``
+the version of the Setuptools release specified in the Core Metadata,
+the license files would be located at the paths:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    /setuptools-{VERSION}/LICENSE
+    /setuptools-{VERSION}/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE
+    /setuptools-{VERSION}/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.APACHE
+    /setuptools-{VERSION}/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.BSD
+
+In the built wheel, with :file:`/` being the root of the archive and
+``{VERSION}`` as the previous, the license files would be stored at:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    /setuptools-{VERSION}.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
+    /setuptools-{VERSION}.dist-info/licenses/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE
+    /setuptools-{VERSION}.dist-info/licenses/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.APACHE
+    /setuptools-{VERSION}.dist-info/licenses/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.BSD
+
+Finally, in the installed project, with :file:`site-packages/` being the site dir
+and ``{VERSION}`` as the previous, the license files would be installed to:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    site-packages/setuptools-{VERSION}.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
+    site-packages/setuptools-{VERSION}.dist-info/licenses/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE
+    site-packages/setuptools-{VERSION}.dist-info/licenses/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.APACHE
+    site-packages/setuptools-{VERSION}.dist-info/licenses/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/LICENSE.BSD
+
+
+Expression examples
+'''''''''''''''''''
+
+Some additional examples of valid ``License-Expression`` values:
+
+.. code-block:: email
+
+    License-Expression: MIT
+    License-Expression: BSD-3-Clause
+    License-Expression: MIT AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause)
+    License-Expression: MIT OR GPL-2.0-or-later OR (FSFUL AND BSD-2-Clause)
+    License-Expression: GPL-3.0-only WITH Classpath-Exception-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause
+    License-Expression: LicenseRef-Public-Domain OR CC0-1.0 OR Unlicense
+    License-Expression: LicenseRef-Proprietary
+    License-Expression: LicenseRef-Custom-License
+
+
+User Scenarios
+==============
+
+The following covers the range of common use cases from a user perspective,
+providing guidance for each. Do note that the following
+should **not** be considered legal advice, and readers should consult a
+licensed legal practitioner in their jurisdiction if they are unsure about
+the specifics for their situation.
+
+
+I have a private package that won't be distributed
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+If your package isn't shared publicly, i.e. outside your company,
+organization or household, it *usually* isn't strictly necessary to include
+a formal license, so you wouldn't necessarily have to do anything extra here.
+
+However, it is still a good idea to include ``LicenseRef-Proprietary``
+as a license expression in your package configuration, and/or a
+copyright statement and any legal notices in a :file:`LICENSE.txt` file
+in the root of your project directory, which will be automatically
+included by packaging tools.
+
+
+I just want to share my own work without legal restrictions
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+While you aren't required to include a license, if you don't, no one has
+`any permission to download, use or improve your work <dontchoosealicense_>`__,
+so that's probably the *opposite* of what you actually want.
+The `MIT license <chooseamitlicense_>`__ is a great choice instead, as it's simple,
+widely used and allows anyone to do whatever they want with your work
+(other than sue you, which you probably also don't want).
+
+To apply it, just paste `the text <chooseamitlicense_>`__ into a file named
+:file:`LICENSE.txt` at the root of your repo, and add the year and your name to
+the copyright line. Then, just add ``license = "MIT"`` under
+``[project]`` in your :file:`pyproject.toml` if your packaging tool supports it,
+or in its config file/section. You're done!
+
+
+I want to distribute my project under a specific license
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+To use a particular license, simply paste its text into a :file:`LICENSE.txt`
+file at the root of your repo, if you don't have it in a file starting with
+:file:`LICENSE` or :file:`COPYING` already, and add
+``license = "LICENSE-ID"`` under ``[project]`` in your
+:file:`pyproject.toml` if your packaging tool supports it, or else in its
+config file. You can find the ``LICENSE-ID``
+and copyable license text on sites like
+`ChooseALicense <choosealicenselist_>`__ or `SPDX <spdxlist_>`__.
+
+Many popular code hosts, project templates and packaging tools can add the
+license file for you, and may support the expression as well in the future.
+
+
+I maintain an existing package that's already licensed
+------------------------------------------------------
+
+If you already have license files and metadata in your project, you
+should only need to make a couple of tweaks to take advantage of the new
+functionality.
+
+In your project config file, enter your license expression under
+``license`` (``[project]`` table in :file:`pyproject.toml`),
+or the equivalent for your packaging tool,
+and make sure to remove any legacy ``license`` table subkeys or
+``License ::`` classifiers. Your existing ``license`` value may already
+be valid as one (e.g. ``MIT``, ``Apache-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause``, etc);
+otherwise, check the `SPDX license list <spdxlist_>`__ for the identifier
+that matches the license used in your project.
+
+Make sure to list your license files under ``license-files``
+under ``[project]`` in :file:`pyproject.toml`
+or else in your tool's configuration file.
+
+See the :ref:`licensing-example-basic` for a simple but complete real-world demo
+of how this works in practice.
+See also the best-effort guidance on how to translate license classifiers
+into license expression provided by the :pep:`639` authors:
+`Mapping License Classifiers to SPDX Identifiers <mappingclassifierstospdx_>`__.
+Packaging tools may support automatically converting legacy licensing
+metadata; check your tool's documentation for more information.
+
+
+My package includes other code under different licenses
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+If your project includes code from others covered by different licenses,
+such as vendored dependencies or files copied from other open source
+software, you can construct a license expression
+to describe the licenses involved and the relationship
+between them.
+
+In short, ``License-1 AND License-2`` mean that *both* licenses apply
+to your project, or parts of it (for example, you included a file
+under another license), and ``License-1 OR License-2`` means that
+*either* of the licenses can be used, at the user's option (for example,
+you want to allow users a choice of multiple licenses). You can use
+parenthesis (``()``) for grouping to form expressions that cover even the most
+complex situations.
+
+In your project config file, enter your license expression under
+``license`` (``[project]`` table of :file:`pyproject.toml`),
+or the equivalent for your packaging tool,
+and make sure to remove any legacy ``license`` table subkeys
+or ``License ::`` classifiers.
+
+Also, make sure you add the full license text of all the licenses as files
+somewhere in your project repository. List the
+relative path or glob patterns to each of them under ``license-files``
+under ``[project]`` in :file:`pyproject.toml`
+(if your tool supports it), or else in your tool's configuration file.
+
+As an example, if your project was licensed MIT but incorporated
+a vendored dependency (say, ``packaging``) that was licensed under
+either Apache 2.0 or the 2-clause BSD, your license expression would
+be ``MIT AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause)``. You might have a
+:file:`LICENSE.txt` in your repo root, and a :file:`LICENSE-APACHE.txt` and
+:file:`LICENSE-BSD.txt` in the :file:`_vendor/` subdirectory, so to include
+all of them, you'd specify ``["LICENSE.txt", "_vendor/packaging/LICENSE*"]``
+as glob patterns, or
+``["LICENSE.txt", "_vendor/LICENSE-APACHE.txt", "_vendor/LICENSE-BSD.txt"]``
+as literal file paths.
+
+See a fully worked out :ref:`licensing-example-advanced` for an end-to-end
+application of this to a real-world complex project, with many technical
+details, and consult a `tutorial <spdxtutorial_>`__ for more help and examples
+using SPDX identifiers and expressions.
+
+
+.. _chooseamitlicense: https://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit/
+.. _choosealicenselist: https://choosealicense.com/licenses/
+.. _dontchoosealicense: https://choosealicense.com/no-permission/
+.. _mappingclassifierstospdx: https://peps.python.org/pep-0639/appendix-mapping-classifiers/
+.. _packaginglicense: https://github.com/pypa/packaging/blob/21.2/LICENSE
+.. _setuptools7560: https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/blob/v75.6.0/pyproject.toml
+.. _spdxlist: https://spdx.org/licenses/
+.. _spdxtutorial: https://github.com/david-a-wheeler/spdx-tutorial

source/guides/section-build-and-publish.rst

@@ -16,3 +16,4 @@ Building and Publishing
    making-a-pypi-friendly-readme
    publishing-package-distribution-releases-using-github-actions-ci-cd-workflows
    modernize-setup-py-project
+   licensing-examples-and-user-scenarios