Merge branch 'main' into patch-1

Author: kamurani

source/conf.py

@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@
     # Ignore while StackOverflow is blocking GitHub CI. Ref:
     # https://github.com/pypa/packaging.python.org/pull/1474
     "https://stackoverflow.com/*",
+    "https://pyscaffold.org/*",
 ]
 linkcheck_retries = 5
 # Ignore anchors for links to GitHub project pages -- GitHub adds anchors from

source/discussions/src-layout-vs-flat-layout.rst

@@ -79,3 +79,27 @@ layout and the flat layout:
   ``tox.ini``) and packaging/tooling configuration files (eg: ``setup.py``,
   ``noxfile.py``) on the import path. This would make certain imports work
   in editable installations but not regular installations.
+
+.. _running-cli-from-source-src-layout:
+
+Running a command-line interface from source with src-layout
+============================================================
+
+Due to the firstly mentioned specialty of the src layout, a command-line
+interface can not be run directly from the :term:`source tree <Project Source Tree>`,
+but requires installation of the package in
+:doc:`Development Mode <setuptools:userguide/development_mode>`
+for testing purposes. Since this can be unpractical in some situations,
+a workaround could be to prepend the package folder to  Python's
+:py:data:`sys.path` when called via its :file:`__main__.py` file:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import os
+    import sys
+
+    if not __package__:
+        # Make CLI runnable from source tree with
+        #    python src/package
+        package_source_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        sys.path.insert(0, package_source_path)

source/guides/analyzing-pypi-package-downloads.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+.. _analyzing-pypi-package-downloads:
+
 ================================
 Analyzing PyPI package downloads
 ================================

source/guides/creating-command-line-tools.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+.. _creating-command-line-tools:
+
+=========================================
+Creating and packaging command-line tools
+=========================================
+
+This guide will walk you through creating and packaging a standalone command-line application
+that can be installed with :ref:`pipx`, a tool creating and managing :term:`Python Virtual Environments <Virtual Environment>`
+and exposing the executable scripts of packages (and available manual pages) for use on the command-line.
+
+Creating the package
+====================
+
+First of all, create a source tree for the :term:`project <Project>`. For the sake of an example, we'll
+build a simple tool outputting a greeting (a string) for a person based on arguments given on the command-line.
+
+.. todo:: Advise on the optimal structure of a Python package in another guide or discussion and link to it here.
+
+This project will adhere to :ref:`src-layout <src-layout-vs-flat-layout>` and in the end be alike this file tree,
+with the top-level folder and package name ``greetings``:
+
+::
+
+    .
+    ├── pyproject.toml
+    └── src
+        └── greetings
+            ├── cli.py
+            ├── greet.py
+            ├── __init__.py
+            └── __main__.py
+
+The actual code responsible for the tool's functionality will be stored in the file :file:`greet.py`,
+named after the main module:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import typer
+    from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+
+    def greet(
+        name: Annotated[str, typer.Argument(help="The (last, if --gender is given) name of the person to greet")] = "",
+        gender: Annotated[str, typer.Option(help="The gender of the person to greet")] = "",
+        knight: Annotated[bool, typer.Option(help="Whether the person is a knight")] = False,
+        count: Annotated[int, typer.Option(help="Number of times to greet the person")] = 1
+    ):
+        greeting = "Greetings, dear "
+        masculine = gender == "masculine"
+        feminine = gender == "feminine"
+        if gender or knight:
+            salutation = ""
+            if knight:
+                salutation = "Sir "
+            elif masculine:
+                salutation = "Mr. "
+            elif feminine:
+                salutation = "Ms. "
+            greeting += salutation
+            if name:
+                greeting += f"{name}!"
+            else:
+                pronoun = "her" if feminine else "his" if masculine or knight else "its"
+                greeting += f"what's-{pronoun}-name"
+        else:
+            if name:
+                greeting += f"{name}!"
+            elif not gender:
+                greeting += "friend!"
+        for i in range(0, count):
+            print(greeting)
+
+The above function receives several keyword arguments that determine how the greeting to output is constructed.
+Now, construct the command-line interface to provision it with the same, which is done
+in :file:`cli.py`:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import typer
+
+    from .hello import greet
+
+
+    app = typer.Typer()
+    app.command()(greet)
+
+
+    if __name__ == "__main__":
+        app()
+
+The command-line interface is built with typer_, an easy-to-use CLI parser based on Python type hints. It provides
+auto-completion and nicely styled command-line help out of the box. Another option would be :py:mod:`argparse`,
+a command-line parser which is included in Python's standard library. It is sufficient for most needs, but requires
+a lot of code, usually in ``cli.py``, to function properly. Alternatively, docopt_ makes it possible to create CLI
+interfaces based solely on docstrings; advanced users are encouraged to make use of click_ (on which ``typer`` is based).
+
+Now, add an empty :file:`__init__.py` file, to define the project as a regular :term:`import package <Import Package>`.
+
+The file :file:`__main__.py` marks the main entry point for the application when running it via :mod:`runpy`
+(i.e. ``python -m greetings``, which works immediately with flat layout, but requires installation of the package with src layout),
+so initizalize the command-line interface here:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+	if __name__ == "__main__":
+	    from greetings.cli import app
+	    app()
+
+.. note::
+
+    In order to enable calling the command-line interface directly from the :term:`source tree <Project Source Tree>`,
+    i.e. as ``python src/greetings``, a certain hack could be placed in this file; read more at
+    :ref:`running-cli-from-source-src-layout`.
+
+
+``pyproject.toml``
+------------------
+
+The project's :term:`metadata <Pyproject Metadata>` is placed in :term:`pyproject.toml`. The :term:`pyproject metadata keys <Pyproject Metadata Key>` and the ``[build-system]`` table may be filled in as described in :ref:`writing-pyproject-toml`, adding a dependency
+on ``typer`` (this tutorial uses version *0.12.3*).
+
+For the project to be recognised as a command-line tool, additionally a ``console_scripts`` :ref:`entry point <entry-points>` (see :ref:`console_scripts`) needs to be added as a :term:`subkey <Pyproject Metadata Subkey>`:
+
+.. code-block:: toml
+
+	[project.scripts]
+	greet = "greetings.cli:app"
+
+Now, the project's source tree is ready to be transformed into a :term:`distribution package <Distribution Package>`,
+which makes it installable.
+
+
+Installing the package with ``pipx``
+====================================
+
+After installing ``pipx`` as described in :ref:`installing-stand-alone-command-line-tools`, install your project:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    $ cd path/to/greetings/
+    $ pipx install .
+
+This will expose the executable script we defined as an entry point and make the command ``greet`` available.
+Let's test it:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+	$ greet --knight Lancelot
+	Greetings, dear Sir Lancelot!
+	$ greet --gender feminine Parks
+	Greetings, dear Ms. Parks!
+	$ greet --gender masculine
+	Greetings, dear Mr. what's-his-name!
+
+Since this example uses ``typer``, you could now also get an overview of the program's usage by calling it with
+the ``--help`` option, or configure completions via the ``--install-completion`` option.
+
+To just run the program without installing it permanently, use ``pipx run``, which will create a temporary
+(but cached) virtual environment for it:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+	$ pipx run --spec . greet --knight
+
+This syntax is a bit unpractical, however; as the name of the entry point we defined above does not match the package name,
+we need to state explicitly which executable script to run (even though there is only on in existence).
+
+There is, however, a more practical solution to this problem, in the form of an entry point specific to ``pipx run``.
+The same can be defined as follows in :file:`pyproject.toml`:
+
+.. code-block:: toml
+
+    [project.entry-points."pipx.run"]
+    greetings = "greetings.cli:app"
+
+
+Thanks to this entry point (which *must* match the package name), ``pipx`` will pick up the executable script as the
+default one and run it, which makes this command possible:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    $ pipx run . --knight
+
+Conclusion
+==========
+
+You know by now how to package a command-line application written in Python. A further step could be to distribute you package,
+meaning uploading it to a :term:`package index <Package Index>`, most commonly :term:`PyPI <Python Package Index (PyPI)>`. To do that, follow the instructions at :ref:`Packaging your project`. And once you're done, don't forget to :ref:`do some research <analyzing-pypi-package-downloads>` on how your package is received!
+
+.. _click: https://click.palletsprojects.com/
+.. _docopt: https://docopt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+.. _typer: https://typer.tiangolo.com/