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‎Doc/library/ctypes.rst‎

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@@ -870,6 +870,36 @@ invalid non-\ ``NULL`` pointers would crash Python)::
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ValueError: NULL pointer access
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>>>
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.. _ctypes-thread-safety:
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Thread safety without the GIL
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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In Python 3.13, the :term:`GIL` may be disabled on :term:`experimental free threaded <free threading>` builds.
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In ctypes, reads and writes to a single object concurrently is safe, but not across multiple objects:
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> number = c_int(42)
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>>> pointer_a = pointer(number)
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>>> pointer_b = pointer(number)
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In the above, it's only safe for one object to read and write to the address at once if the GIL is disabled.
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So, ``pointer_a`` can be shared and written to across multiple threads, but only if ``pointer_b``
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is not also attempting to do the same. If this is an issue, consider using a :class:`threading.Lock`
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to synchronize access to memory:
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import threading
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>>> lock = threading.Lock()
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>>> # Thread 1
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>>> with lock:
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... pointer_a.contents = 24
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>>> # Thread 2
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>>> with lock:
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... pointer_b.contents = 42
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.. _ctypes-type-conversions:
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‎Doc/library/fnmatch.rst‎

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@@ -46,9 +46,15 @@ module. See module :mod:`glob` for pathname expansion (:mod:`glob` uses
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a period are not special for this module, and are matched by the ``*`` and ``?``
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patterns.
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Also note that :func:`functools.lru_cache` with the *maxsize* of 32768 is used to
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cache the compiled regex patterns in the following functions: :func:`fnmatch`,
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:func:`fnmatchcase`, :func:`.filter`.
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Unless stated otherwise, "filename string" and "pattern string" either refer to
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:class:`str` or ``ISO-8859-1`` encoded :class:`bytes` objects. Note that the
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functions documented below do not allow to mix a :class:`!bytes` pattern with
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a :class:`!str` filename, and vice-versa.
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Finally, note that :func:`functools.lru_cache` with a *maxsize* of 32768
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is used to cache the (typed) compiled regex patterns in the following
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functions: :func:`fnmatch`, :func:`fnmatchcase`, :func:`.filter`.
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.. function:: fnmatch(name, pat)
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.. function:: filter(names, pat)
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Construct a list from those elements of the :term:`iterable` *names*
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that match pattern *pat*.
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Construct a list from those elements of the :term:`iterable` of filename
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strings *names* that match the pattern string *pat*.
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It is the same as ``[n for n in names if fnmatch(n, pat)]``,
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but implemented more efficiently.
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.. function:: translate(pat)
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Return the shell-style pattern *pat* converted to a regular expression for
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using with :func:`re.match`.
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using with :func:`re.match`. The pattern is expected to be a :class:`str`.
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Example:
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‎Doc/library/stdtypes.rst‎

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single: str (built-in class); (see also string)
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pair: object; string
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.. _text-methods-summary:
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Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary
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=============================================
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The following table summarizes the text and binary sequence types methods by
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category.
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+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| Category | :class:`str` methods | :class:`bytes` and :class:`bytearray` methods |
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+==========================+===========================================+===================================================+
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| Formatting | :meth:`str.format` | |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.format_map` | |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :ref:`f-strings` | |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :ref:`old-string-formatting` | :ref:`bytes-formatting` |
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+--------------------------+------------------+------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+
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| Searching and Replacing | :meth:`str.find` | :meth:`str.rfind` | :meth:`bytes.find` | :meth:`bytes.rfind` |
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| +------------------+------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.index`| :meth:`str.rindex` | :meth:`bytes.index`| :meth:`bytes.rindex` |
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| +------------------+------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.startswith` | :meth:`bytes.startswith` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.endswith` | :meth:`bytes.endswith` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.count` | :meth:`bytes.count` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.replace` | :meth:`bytes.replace` |
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+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
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| Splitting and Joining | :meth:`str.split` | :meth:`str.rsplit` | :meth:`bytes.split` | :meth:`bytes.rsplit` |
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| +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.splitlines` | :meth:`bytes.splitlines` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.partition` | :meth:`bytes.partition` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.rpartition` | :meth:`bytes.rpartition` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.join` | :meth:`bytes.join` |
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+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| String Classification | :meth:`str.isalpha` | :meth:`bytes.isalpha` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.isdecimal` | |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.isdigit` | :meth:`bytes.isdigit` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.isnumeric` | |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.isalnum` | :meth:`bytes.isalnum` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.isidentifier` | |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.islower` | :meth:`bytes.islower` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.isupper` | :meth:`bytes.isupper` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.istitle` | :meth:`bytes.istitle` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.isspace` | :meth:`bytes.isspace` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.isprintable` | |
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+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| Case Manipulation | :meth:`str.lower` | :meth:`bytes.lower` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.upper` | :meth:`bytes.upper` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.casefold` | |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.capitalize` | :meth:`bytes.capitalize` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.title` | :meth:`bytes.title` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.swapcase` | :meth:`bytes.swapcase` |
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+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
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| Padding and Stripping | :meth:`str.ljust` | :meth:`str.rjust` | :meth:`bytes.ljust` | :meth:`bytes.rjust` |
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| +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.center` | :meth:`bytes.center` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.expandtabs` | :meth:`bytes.expandtabs` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.strip` | :meth:`bytes.strip` |
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| +--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.lstrip` | :meth:`str.rstrip` | :meth:`bytes.lstrip` | :meth:`bytes.rstrip` |
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+--------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------+
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| Translation and Encoding | :meth:`str.translate` | :meth:`bytes.translate` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.maketrans` | :meth:`bytes.maketrans` |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | :meth:`str.encode` | |
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| +-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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| | | :meth:`bytes.decode` |
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+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
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.. _textseq:
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Text Sequence Type --- :class:`str`

‎Doc/library/unittest.rst‎

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| :meth:`assertNotIsInstance(a, b) | ``not isinstance(a, b)`` | 3.2 |
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| <TestCase.assertNotIsInstance>` | | |
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+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------+
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| :meth:`assertIsSubclass(a, b) | ``issubclass(a, b)`` | 3.14 |
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| <TestCase.assertIsSubclass>` | | |
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+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------+
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| :meth:`assertNotIsSubclass(a, b) | ``not issubclass(a, b)`` | 3.14 |
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| <TestCase.assertNotIsSubclass>` | | |
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+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------+
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All the assert methods accept a *msg* argument that, if specified, is used
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as the error message on failure (see also :data:`longMessage`).
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: assertIsSubclass(cls, superclass, msg=None)
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assertNotIsSubclass(cls, superclass, msg=None)
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Test that *cls* is (or is not) a subclass of *superclass* (which can be a
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class or a tuple of classes, as supported by :func:`issubclass`).
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To check for the exact type, use :func:`assertIs(cls, superclass) <assertIs>`.
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.. versionadded:: next
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It is also possible to check the production of exceptions, warnings, and
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log messages using the following methods:
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| <TestCase.assertCountEqual>` | elements in the same number, | |
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| | regardless of their order. | |
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+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
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| :meth:`assertStartsWith(a, b) | ``a.startswith(b)`` | 3.14 |
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| <TestCase.assertStartsWith>` | | |
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+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
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| :meth:`assertNotStartsWith(a, b) | ``not a.startswith(b)`` | 3.14 |
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| <TestCase.assertNotStartsWith>` | | |
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+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
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| :meth:`assertEndsWith(a, b) | ``a.endswith(b)`` | 3.14 |
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| <TestCase.assertEndsWith>` | | |
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+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
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| :meth:`assertNotEndsWith(a, b) | ``not a.endswith(b)`` | 3.14 |
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| <TestCase.assertNotEndsWith>` | | |
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+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
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| :meth:`assertHasAttr(a, b) | ``hastattr(a, b)`` | 3.14 |
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| <TestCase.assertHasAttr>` | | |
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+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
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| :meth:`assertNotHasAttr(a, b) | ``not hastattr(a, b)`` | 3.14 |
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| <TestCase.assertNotHasAttr>` | | |
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+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
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.. method:: assertAlmostEqual(first, second, places=7, msg=None, delta=None)
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: assertStartsWith(s, prefix, msg=None)
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.. method:: assertNotStartsWith(s, prefix, msg=None)
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Test that the Unicode or byte string *s* starts (or does not start)
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with a *prefix*.
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*prefix* can also be a tuple of strings to try.
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.. versionadded:: next
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.. method:: assertEndsWith(s, suffix, msg=None)
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.. method:: assertNotEndsWith(s, suffix, msg=None)
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Test that the Unicode or byte string *s* ends (or does not end)
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with a *suffix*.
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*suffix* can also be a tuple of strings to try.
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.. versionadded:: next
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.. method:: assertHasAttr(obj, name, msg=None)
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.. method:: assertNotHasAttr(obj, name, msg=None)
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Test that the object *obj* has (or has not) an attribute *name*.
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.. versionadded:: next
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.. _type-specific-methods:
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The :meth:`assertEqual` method dispatches the equality check for objects of

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