diff --git a/Lib/functools.py b/Lib/functools.py
index 714070c6ac9460..b5d73ed8fd194e 100644
--- a/Lib/functools.py
+++ b/Lib/functools.py
@@ -869,15 +869,7 @@ def _find_impl(cls, registry):
             match = t
     return registry.get(match)
 
-def singledispatch(func):
-    """Single-dispatch generic function decorator.
-
-    Transforms a function into a generic function, which can have different
-    behaviours depending upon the type of its first argument. The decorated
-    function acts as the default implementation, and additional
-    implementations can be registered using the register() attribute of the
-    generic function.
-    """
+def _singledispatchimpl(func, *, is_method):
     # There are many programs that use functools without singledispatch, so we
     # trade-off making singledispatch marginally slower for the benefit of
     # making start-up of such applications slightly faster.
@@ -916,6 +908,32 @@ def _is_valid_dispatch_type(cls):
         return (isinstance(cls, UnionType) and
                 all(isinstance(arg, type) for arg in cls.__args__))
 
+    def _skip_self_type(argname, cls, hints_iter):
+        # GH-130827: Methods are sometimes annotated with
+        # typing.Self. We should skip that when it's a valid type.
+        from typing import Self
+        if cls is not Self:
+            return argname, cls
+        if not is_method:
+            # typing.Self is not valid in a normal function
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Invalid annotation for {argname!r}. "
+                "typing.Self can only be used with singledispatchmethod()"
+            )
+        try:
+            argname, cls = next(hints_iter)
+            return argname, cls
+        except StopIteration:
+            # The method is one of some invalid edge cases:
+            # 1. method(self: Self) -> ...
+            # 2. method(self, weird: Self) -> ...
+            # 3. method(self: Self, unannotated) -> ...
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Invalid annotation for {argname!r}. "
+                "typing.Self must be the first annotation and must "
+                "have a second parameter with an annotation"
+            ) from None
+
     def register(cls, func=None):
         """generic_func.register(cls, func) -> func
 
@@ -944,7 +962,10 @@ def register(cls, func=None):
             # only import typing if annotation parsing is necessary
             from typing import get_type_hints
             from annotationlib import Format, ForwardRef
-            argname, cls = next(iter(get_type_hints(func, format=Format.FORWARDREF).items()))
+            hints_iter = iter(get_type_hints(func, format=Format.FORWARDREF).items())
+            argname, cls = next(hints_iter)
+            argname, cls = _skip_self_type(argname, cls, hints_iter)
+
             if not _is_valid_dispatch_type(cls):
                 if isinstance(cls, UnionType):
                     raise TypeError(
@@ -987,6 +1008,16 @@ def wrapper(*args, **kw):
     update_wrapper(wrapper, func)
     return wrapper
 
+def singledispatch(func):
+    """Single-dispatch generic function decorator.
+
+    Transforms a function into a generic function, which can have different
+    behaviours depending upon the type of its first argument. The decorated
+    function acts as the default implementation, and additional
+    implementations can be registered using the register() attribute of the
+    generic function.
+    """
+    return _singledispatchimpl(func, is_method=False)
 
 # Descriptor version
 class singledispatchmethod:
@@ -1000,7 +1031,7 @@ def __init__(self, func):
         if not callable(func) and not hasattr(func, "__get__"):
             raise TypeError(f"{func!r} is not callable or a descriptor")
 
-        self.dispatcher = singledispatch(func)
+        self.dispatcher = _singledispatchimpl(func, is_method=True)
         self.func = func
 
     def register(self, cls, method=None):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_functools.py b/Lib/test/test_functools.py
index 4794a7465f0b66..bd3414083293f8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_functools.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_functools.py
@@ -3454,6 +3454,62 @@ def _(item, arg: bytes) -> str:
         self.assertEqual(str(Signature.from_callable(A.static_func)),
                          '(item, arg: int) -> str')
 
+    def test_typing_self(self):
+        # gh-130827: typing.Self with singledispatchmethod() didn't work
+        class Foo:
+            @functools.singledispatchmethod
+            def bar(self: typing.Self, arg: int | str) -> int | str: ...
+
+            @bar.register
+            def _(self: typing.Self, arg: int) -> int:
+                return arg
+
+
+        foo = Foo()
+        self.assertEqual(foo.bar(42), 42)
+
+        # But, it shouldn't work on singledispatch()
+        @functools.singledispatch
+        def test(self: typing.Self, arg: int | str) -> int | str:
+            pass
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            @test.register
+            def silly(self: typing.Self, arg: int | str) -> int | str:
+                pass
+
+        # typing.Self cannot be the only annotation
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class Foo:
+                @functools.singledispatchmethod
+                def bar(self: typing.Self, arg: int | str):
+                    pass
+
+                @bar.register
+                def _(self: typing.Self, arg):
+                    return arg
+
+        # typing.Self can only be used in the first parameter
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class Foo:
+                @functools.singledispatchmethod
+                def bar(self, arg: int | str):
+                    pass
+
+                @bar.register
+                def _(self, arg: typing.Self):
+                    return arg
+
+        # 'self' cannot be the only parameter
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class Foo:
+                @functools.singledispatchmethod
+                def bar(self: typing.Self, arg: int | str):
+                    pass
+
+                @bar.register
+                def _(self: typing.Self):
+                    pass
+
 
 class CachedCostItem:
     _cost = 1
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-03-04-06-57-56.gh-issue-130827.XZacmc.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-03-04-06-57-56.gh-issue-130827.XZacmc.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3d51ffba47b284
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-03-04-06-57-56.gh-issue-130827.XZacmc.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fix :exc:`TypeError` when using :func:`functools.singledispatchmethod` with
+a :class:`typing.Self` annotation.