diff --git a/Include/Python.h b/Include/Python.h
index f34d581f0b4c91..bede7607484eb1 100644
--- a/Include/Python.h
+++ b/Include/Python.h
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
 #include "pybuffer.h"
 #include "pystats.h"
 #include "pyatomic.h"
-#include "lock.h"
+#include "pylock.h"
 #include "critical_section.h"
 #include "object.h"
 #include "refcount.h"
diff --git a/Include/cpython/lock.h b/Include/cpython/pylock.h
similarity index 100%
rename from Include/cpython/lock.h
rename to Include/cpython/pylock.h
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_lock.h b/Include/internal/pycore_lock.h
index 9b071573ad3c74..4327a4f5923a77 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_lock.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_lock.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #  error "this header requires Py_BUILD_CORE define"
 #endif
 
-//_Py_UNLOCKED is defined as 0 and _Py_LOCKED as 1 in Include/cpython/lock.h
+//_Py_UNLOCKED is defined as 0 and _Py_LOCKED as 1 in Include/cpython/pylock.h
 #define _Py_HAS_PARKED  2
 #define _Py_ONCE_INITIALIZED 4
 
diff --git a/Include/lock.h b/Include/pylock.h
similarity index 87%
rename from Include/lock.h
rename to Include/pylock.h
index 782b9dbc70d056..1939ef269d3090 100644
--- a/Include/lock.h
+++ b/Include/pylock.h
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
 #  define Py_CPYTHON_LOCK_H
-#  include "cpython/lock.h"
+#  include "cpython/pylock.h"
 #  undef Py_CPYTHON_LOCK_H
 #endif
 
diff --git a/Makefile.pre.in b/Makefile.pre.in
index 01e10d1ab209ae..558fc2a7a25b70 100644
--- a/Makefile.pre.in
+++ b/Makefile.pre.in
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ PYTHON_HEADERS= \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/intrcheck.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/iterobject.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/listobject.h \
-		$(srcdir)/Include/lock.h \
+		$(srcdir)/Include/pylock.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/longobject.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/marshal.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/memoryobject.h \
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ PYTHON_HEADERS= \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/cpython/import.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/cpython/initconfig.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/cpython/listobject.h \
-		$(srcdir)/Include/cpython/lock.h \
+		$(srcdir)/Include/cpython/pylock.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/cpython/longintrepr.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/cpython/longobject.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/cpython/memoryobject.h \
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C_API/2025-07-23-22-30-23.gh-issue-136759.ffB4wO.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C_API/2025-07-23-22-30-23.gh-issue-136759.ffB4wO.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..79819b4735ff17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C_API/2025-07-23-22-30-23.gh-issue-136759.ffB4wO.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Rename ``lock.h`` to ``pylock.h`` to avoid potential include conflicts.
diff --git a/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj b/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj
index b911c9385634d7..517103acea8d8e 100644
--- a/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj
+++ b/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\import.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\initconfig.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\listobject.h" />
-    <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\lock.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\pylock.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\longintrepr.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\longobject.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\memoryobject.h" />
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\intrcheck.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\iterobject.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\listobject.h" />
-    <ClInclude Include="..\Include\lock.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="..\Include\pylock.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\longobject.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\marshal.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\memoryobject.h" />
diff --git a/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj.filters b/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj.filters
index 0e6d42cc959ba5..e9eedfd1312fae 100644
--- a/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj.filters
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\listobject.h">
       <Filter>Include</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
-    <ClInclude Include="..\Include\lock.h">
+    <ClInclude Include="..\Include\pylock.h">
       <Filter>Include</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\longobject.h">
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\listobject.h">
       <Filter>Include\cpython</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
-    <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\lock.h">
+    <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\pylock.h">
       <Filter>Include</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
     <ClInclude Include="..\Include\cpython\longintrepr.h">