Fix crash when passing too many type arguments to generic base class accepting single ParamSpec (#17770)

Fixes #17765

The offender for this crash appears to be this snippet:


https://github.com/python/mypy/blob/72c413d2352da5ce1433ef241faca8f40fa1fe27/mypy/semanal.py#L5905-L5910

This branch triggers when applying type args to a type that is generic
with respect to a single `ParamSpec`. It allows double brackets to be
omitted when providing a parameter specification by wrapping all of the
provided type arguments into a single parameter specification argument
(i.e. equating `Foo[int, int]` to `Foo[[int, int]]`). This wrapping
occurs *unless*:
* there is only a single type argument, and it resolves to `Any` (e.g.
`Foo[Any]`)
* **there is only a single type argument**, and it's a bracketed
parameter specification or a `ParamSpec` (e.g. `Foo[[int, int]]`)

The problem occurs when multiple type arguments provided and at least
one of them is a bracketed parameter specification, as in `Foo[[int,
int], str]`.

Per the rules above, since there is more than 1 type argument, mypy
attempts to wrap the arguments into a single parameter specification.
This results in the attempted creation of a `Parameters` instance that
contains another `Parameters` instance, which triggers this assert
inside `Parameters.__init__`:


https://github.com/python/mypy/blob/72c413d2352da5ce1433ef241faca8f40fa1fe27/mypy/types.py#L1634

I think a reasonable solution is to forgo wrapping the type arguments
into a single `Parameters` if **any** of the provided type arguments are
a `Parameters`/`ParamSpecType`. That is, don't transform `Foo[A1, A2,
...]` to `Foo[[A1, A2, ...]]` if any of `A1, A2, ...` are a parameter
specification.

This change brings the crash case inline with mypy's current behavior
for a similar case:
```python
# Current behavior
P = ParamSpec("P")
class C(Generic[P]): ...
c: C[int, [int, str], str]  # E: Nested parameter specifications are not allowed
```

Before this change:
```python
P = ParamSpec("P")
class C(Generic[P]): ...
class D(C[int, [int, str], str]): ... # !!! CRASH !!!
```
After this change:
```python
P = ParamSpec("P")
class C(Generic[P]): ...
class D(C[int, [int, str], str]): ... # E: Nested parameter specifications are not allowed
````

Author: brianschubert

mypy/semanal.py

@@ -5926,9 +5926,8 @@ def analyze_type_application_args(self, expr: IndexExpr) -> list[Type] | None:
 
         if has_param_spec and num_args == 1 and types:
             first_arg = get_proper_type(types[0])
-            if not (
-                len(types) == 1 and isinstance(first_arg, (Parameters, ParamSpecType, AnyType))
-            ):
+            single_any = len(types) == 1 and isinstance(first_arg, AnyType)
+            if not (single_any or any(isinstance(t, (Parameters, ParamSpecType)) for t in types)):
                 types = [Parameters(types, [ARG_POS] * len(types), [None] * len(types))]
 
         return types

test-data/unit/check-parameter-specification.test

@@ -1836,6 +1836,15 @@ c: C[int, [int, str], str]  # E: Nested parameter specifications are not allowed
 reveal_type(c)  # N: Revealed type is "__main__.C[Any]"
 [builtins fixtures/paramspec.pyi]
 
+[case testParamSpecInheritNoCrashOnNested]
+from typing import Generic
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+class C(Generic[P]): ...
+class D(C[int, [int, str], str]): ... # E: Nested parameter specifications are not allowed
+[builtins fixtures/paramspec.pyi]
+
 [case testParamSpecConcatenateSelfType]
 from typing import Callable
 from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, Concatenate