diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION
index 150a46d8b..3c4ac2cfb 100644
--- a/DESCRIPTION
+++ b/DESCRIPTION
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ License: MIT + file LICENSE
 URL: https://testthat.r-lib.org, https://github.com/r-lib/testthat
 BugReports: https://github.com/r-lib/testthat/issues
 Depends:
-    R (>= 3.6.0)
+    R (>= 4.1.0)
 Imports:
     brio (>= 1.1.3),
     callr (>= 3.7.3),
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index 60085f5fc..e19def1e4 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # testthat (development version)
 
+* testthat now requires R 4.1.
 * `expect_s4_class()` now supports unquoting (@stibu81, #2064).
 * `it()` now finds the correct evaluation environment in more cases (@averissimo, #2085).
 * Fixed an issue preventing compilation from succeeding due to deprecation / removal of `std::uncaught_exception()` (@kevinushey, #2047).
diff --git a/R/snapshot-cleanup.R b/R/snapshot-cleanup.R
index 3aedc2b76..2c2077c5a 100644
--- a/R/snapshot-cleanup.R
+++ b/R/snapshot-cleanup.R
@@ -64,5 +64,5 @@ snapshot_expected <- function(
 }
 
 dir_contains <- function(paths, expected_files) {
-  map_lgl(paths, ~ any(file.exists(file.path(.x, expected_files))))
+  map_lgl(paths, \(path) any(file.exists(file.path(path, expected_files))))
 }
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/R4.0/snapshot-file/version.txt b/tests/testthat/_snaps/R4.0/snapshot-file/version.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 54df7d767..000000000
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/R4.0/snapshot-file/version.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-R4.0
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/R4.0/snapshot.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/R4.0/snapshot.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ff946aae..000000000
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/R4.0/snapshot.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# variants save different values
-
-    Code
-      r_version()
-    Output
-      [1] "R4.0"
-
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-expect-condition.R b/tests/testthat/test-expect-condition.R
index 33e3d1711..858528819 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-expect-condition.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-expect-condition.R
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ test_that("can capture Throwable conditions from rJava", {
 
 test_that("capture correct trace_env (#1994)", {
   # This should fail, not error
-  expect_failure(expect_error(stop("oops")) %>% expect_warning())
+  expect_failure(expect_error(stop("oops")) |> expect_warning())
   expect_failure(expect_warning(expect_error(stop("oops"))))
 })
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-expect-equality.R b/tests/testthat/test-expect-equality.R
index 506cb8bc2..1650f1ef4 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-expect-equality.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-expect-equality.R
@@ -42,11 +42,8 @@ test_that("can control numeric tolerance", {
   expect_failure(expect_equal(x1, x2))
   expect_success(expect_equal(x1, x2, tolerance = 1e-5))
   expect_success(expect_equivalent(x1, x2, tolerance = 1e-5))
+  
   # with partial matching
-  # we work around https://github.com/r-lib/testthat/issues/1188
-  if (getRversion() < "3.6.0" && is.null(getOption("warnPartialMatchArgs"))) {
-    options(warnPartialMatchArgs = FALSE)
-  }
   withr::local_options(warnPartialMatchArgs = FALSE)
   expect_success(expect_equal(x1, x2, tol = 1e-5))
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-expect-no-condition.R b/tests/testthat/test-expect-no-condition.R
index cd66a5e12..22a59fbbc 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-expect-no-condition.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-expect-no-condition.R
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ test_that("expect_no_* don't emit success when they fail", {
 
 test_that("capture correct trace_env (#1994)", {
   # This should fail, not error
-  expect_failure(expect_message({message("a"); warn("b")}) %>% expect_no_warning())
-  expect_failure(expect_no_message({message("a"); warn("b")}) %>% expect_warning())
+  expect_failure(expect_message({message("a"); warn("b")}) |> expect_no_warning())
+  expect_failure(expect_no_message({message("a"); warn("b")}) |> expect_warning())
 })
 
 test_that("unmatched conditions bubble up", {
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-snapshot-file.R b/tests/testthat/test-snapshot-file.R
index eca4a1cb6..663192eb0 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-snapshot-file.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-snapshot-file.R
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 test_that("expect_snapshot_file works", {
-  skip_if_not(getRversion() >= "3.6.0")
   expect_snapshot_file(
     write_tmp_lines(letters),
     "foo.r",
@@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ test_that("expect_snapshot_file works", {
 
 
 test_that("expect_snapshot_file works in a different directory", {
-  skip_if_not(getRversion() >= "3.6.0")
   path <- withr::local_tempdir()
   withr::local_dir(path)
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-snapshot-reporter.R b/tests/testthat/test-snapshot-reporter.R
index ecbfaca33..1ff943af6 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-snapshot-reporter.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-snapshot-reporter.R
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ test_that("basic workflow", {
   snapper <- local_snapshotter(path)
   snapper$start_file("snapshot-2")
   # output if not active (because test not set here)
-  expect_snapshot_output("x") %>%
-    expect_message("Can't save") %>%
+  expect_snapshot_output("x") |>
+    expect_message("Can't save") |>
     expect_output("[1] \"x\"", fixed = TRUE)
 
   # warns on first creation
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-snapshot.R b/tests/testthat/test-snapshot.R
index 5e514a112..cf19e464c 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-snapshot.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-snapshot.R
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ test_that("can scrub output/messages/warnings/errors", {
   expect_snapshot(secret(), transform = redact, error = TRUE)
 
   # Or with an inline fun
-  expect_snapshot(print("secret"), transform = ~ gsub("secret", "****", .x))
+  expect_snapshot(print("secret"), transform = \(x) gsub("secret", "****", x))
 })
 
 test_that("always checks error status", {
diff --git a/vignettes/custom-expectation.Rmd b/vignettes/custom-expectation.Rmd
index be2c3234a..8bc1a4d7a 100644
--- a/vignettes/custom-expectation.Rmd
+++ b/vignettes/custom-expectation.Rmd
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ Next you call `expect()`. This has two arguments:
 Expectation functions are called primarily for their side-effects (triggering a failure), so should invisibly return their input, `act$val`. This allows expectations to be chained:
 
 ```{r}
-mtcars %>%
-  expect_type("list") %>%
-  expect_s3_class("data.frame") %>% 
+mtcars |>
+  expect_type("list") |>
+  expect_s3_class("data.frame") |> 
   expect_length(11)
 ```
 
diff --git a/vignettes/third-edition.Rmd b/vignettes/third-edition.Rmd
index aae2ab9bc..da6b733ea 100644
--- a/vignettes/third-edition.Rmd
+++ b/vignettes/third-edition.Rmd
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ expect_warning(f(), "First")
 You can either add additional expectations to catch these warnings, or silence them all with `suppressWarnings()`:
 
 ```{r}
-f() %>% 
-  expect_warning("First") %>% 
-  expect_warning("Second") %>% 
+f() |> 
+  expect_warning("First") |> 
+  expect_warning("Second") |> 
   expect_warning("Third")
 
-f() %>% 
-  expect_warning("First") %>% 
+f() |> 
+  expect_warning("First") |> 
   suppressWarnings()
 ```