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Merge pull request #4202 from raspberrypi/arm-arm
Arm trademark correction
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documentation/asciidoc/computers/config_txt/overclocking.adoc

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| SDRAM phy voltage adjustment. [-16,8] equates to [0.8V,1.4V] with 0.025V steps. Not supported on Raspberry Pi 4 or later devices.
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| force_turbo
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| Forces turbo mode frequencies even when the ARM cores are not busy. Enabling this may set the warranty bit if `over_voltage_*` is also set.
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| Forces turbo mode frequencies even when the Arm cores are not busy. Enabling this may set the warranty bit if `over_voltage_*` is also set.
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| initial_turbo
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| Enables https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?f=29&t=6201&start=425#p180099[turbo mode from boot] for the given value in seconds, or until `cpufreq` sets a frequency. The maximum value is `60`. The November 2024 firmware update made the following changes:
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==== `force_turbo`
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By default (`force_turbo=0`) the on-demand CPU frequency driver will raise clocks to their maximum frequencies when the ARM cores are busy, and will lower them to the minimum frequencies when the ARM cores are idle.
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By default (`force_turbo=0`) the on-demand CPU frequency driver will raise clocks to their maximum frequencies when the Arm cores are busy, and will lower them to the minimum frequencies when the Arm cores are idle.
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`force_turbo=1` overrides this behaviour and forces maximum frequencies even when the ARM cores are not busy.
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`force_turbo=1` overrides this behaviour and forces maximum frequencies even when the Arm cores are not busy.
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=== Clocks relationship
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==== Raspberry Pi 4
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The GPU core, CPU, SDRAM and GPU each have their own PLLs and can have unrelated frequencies. The h264, v3d and ISP blocks share a PLL.
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To view the Raspberry Pi's current frequency in KHz, type: `cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_cur_freq`. Divide the result by 1000 to find the value in MHz. Note that this frequency is the kernel _requested_ frequency, and it is possible that any throttling (for example at high temperatures) may mean the CPU is actually running more slowly than reported. An instantaneous measurement of the actual ARM CPU frequency can be retrieved using the vcgencmd `vcgencmd measure_clock arm`. This is displayed in Hertz.
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To view the Raspberry Pi's current frequency in KHz, type: `cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_cur_freq`. Divide the result by 1000 to find the value in MHz. Note that this frequency is the kernel _requested_ frequency, and it is possible that any throttling (for example at high temperatures) may mean the CPU is actually running more slowly than reported. An instantaneous measurement of the actual Arm CPU frequency can be retrieved using the vcgencmd `vcgencmd measure_clock arm`. This is displayed in Hertz.
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=== Monitoring core temperature
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[.whitepaper, title="Cooling a Raspberry Pi device", subtitle="", link=https://pip.raspberrypi.com/documents/RP-003608-WP-Cooling-a-Raspberry-Pi-device.pdf]
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Hitting the temperature limit is not harmful to the SoC, but it will cause the CPU to throttle. A heat sink can help to control the core temperature, and therefore performance. This is especially useful if the Raspberry Pi is running inside a case. Airflow over the heat sink will make cooling more efficient.
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When the core temperature is between 80°C and 85°C, the ARM cores will be throttled back. If the temperature exceeds 85°C, the ARM cores and the GPU will be throttled back.
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When the core temperature is between 80°C and 85°C, the Arm cores will be throttled back. If the temperature exceeds 85°C, the Arm cores and the GPU will be throttled back.
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For the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+, the PCB technology has been changed to provide better heat dissipation and increased thermal mass. In addition, a soft temperature limit has been introduced, with the goal of maximising the time for which a device can "sprint" before reaching the hard limit at 85°C. When the soft limit is reached, the clock speed is reduced from 1.4GHz to 1.2GHz, and the operating voltage is reduced slightly. This reduces the rate of temperature increase: we trade a short period at 1.4GHz for a longer period at 1.2GHz. By default, the soft limit is 60°C. This can be changed via the `temp_soft_limit` setting in `config.txt`.
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To monitor the Raspberry Pi's PSU voltage, you will need to use a multimeter to measure between the VCC and GND pins on the GPIO. More information is available in the xref:raspberry-pi.adoc#power-supply[power] section of the documentation.
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If the voltage drops below 4.63V (±5%), the ARM cores and the GPU will be throttled back, and a message indicating the low voltage state will be added to the kernel log.
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If the voltage drops below 4.63V (±5%), the Arm cores and the GPU will be throttled back, and a message indicating the low voltage state will be added to the kernel log.
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The Raspberry Pi 5 PMIC has built in ADCs that allow the supply voltage to be measured. To view the current supply voltage, run the following command:
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documentation/asciidoc/computers/configuration/device-tree.adoc

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[[part3.3]]
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==== Board-specific labels and parameters
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Raspberry Pi boards have two I2C interfaces. These are nominally split: one for the ARM, and one for VideoCore (the GPU). On almost all models, `i2c1` belongs to the ARM and `i2c0` to VC, where it is used to control the camera and read the HAT EEPROM. However, there are two early revisions of the Model B that have those roles reversed.
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Raspberry Pi boards have two I2C interfaces. These are nominally split: one for the Arm CPU, and one for the VideoCore GPU. On almost all models, `i2c1` belongs to the CPU and `i2c0` to the GPU, where it is used to control the camera and read the HAT EEPROM. However, there are two early revisions of the Model B that have those roles reversed.
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To make it possible to use one set of overlays and parameters with all Raspberry Pis, the firmware creates some board-specific DT parameters. These are:
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documentation/asciidoc/computers/legacy_config_txt/memory.adoc

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=== `disable_l2cache`
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Setting this to `1` disables the CPU's access to the GPU's L2 cache and requires a corresponding L2 disabled kernel. Default value on BCM2835 is `0`. On BCM2836, BCM2837, BCM2711, and BCM2712, the ARMs have their own L2 cache and therefore the default is `1`. The standard Raspberry Pi `kernel.img` and `kernel7.img` builds reflect this difference in cache setting.
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Setting this to `1` disables the CPU's access to the GPU's L2 cache and requires a corresponding L2 disabled kernel. Default value on BCM2835 is `0`. On BCM2836, BCM2837, BCM2711, and BCM2712, the Arm CPUs have their own L2 cache and therefore the default is `1`. The standard Raspberry Pi `kernel.img` and `kernel7.img` builds reflect this difference in cache setting.
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documentation/asciidoc/computers/os/graphics-utilities.adoc

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| clock | Description
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| `arm`
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| ARM core(s)
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| Arm core(s)
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| `core`
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| GPU core

documentation/asciidoc/computers/processors/bcm2711.adoc

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== BCM2711
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This is the Broadcom chip used in the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, Compute Module 4, and Pi 400. The architecture of the BCM2711 is a considerable upgrade on that used by the SoCs in earlier Raspberry Pi models. It continues the quad-core CPU design of the BCM2837, but uses the more powerful ARM A72 core. It has a greatly improved GPU feature set with much faster input/output, due to the incorporation of a PCIe link that connects the USB 2 and USB 3 ports, and a natively attached Ethernet controller. It is also capable of addressing more memory than the SoCs used before.
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This is the Broadcom chip used in the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, Compute Module 4, and Pi 400. The architecture of the BCM2711 is a considerable upgrade on that used by the SoCs in earlier Raspberry Pi models. It continues the quad-core CPU design of the BCM2837, but uses the more powerful Arm A72 core. It has a greatly improved GPU feature set with much faster input/output, due to the incorporation of a PCIe link that connects the USB 2 and USB 3 ports, and a natively attached Ethernet controller. It is also capable of addressing more memory than the SoCs used before.
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The ARM cores are capable of running at up to 1.5 GHz, making the Raspberry Pi 4 about 50% faster than the Raspberry Pi 3B+. The new VideoCore VI 3D unit now runs at up to 500 MHz. The ARM cores are 64-bit, and while the VideoCore is 32-bit, there is a new Memory Management Unit, which means it can access more memory than previous versions.
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The Arm cores are capable of running at up to 1.5 GHz, making the Raspberry Pi 4 about 50% faster than the Raspberry Pi 3B+. The new VideoCore VI 3D unit now runs at up to 500 MHz. The Arm cores are 64-bit, and while the VideoCore is 32-bit, there is a new Memory Management Unit, which means it can access more memory than previous versions.
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The BCM2711 chip continues to use the heat spreading technology started with the BCM2837B0, which provides better thermal management.
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*Processor:* Quad-core https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A72[Cortex-A72] (ARM v8) 64-bit SoC @ 1.5 GHz.
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*Processor:* Quad-core https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A72[Cortex-A72] (Armv8-A) 64-bit SoC @ 1.5 GHz.
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*Memory:* Accesses up to 8GB LPDDR4-2400 SDRAM (depending on model)
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documentation/asciidoc/computers/processors/bcm2712.adoc

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Headline features include:
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* Quad-core Arm Cortex-A76 @ 2.4GHz
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** ARMv8-A ISA
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** Armv8-A ISA
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** 64KByte I and D caches
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** 512KB L2 per core, 2MB shared L3
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* New Raspberry Pi-developed ISP
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== BCM2837
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This is the Broadcom chip used in the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, later models of the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B, and the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3. The underlying architecture of the BCM2837 is identical to the BCM2836. The only significant difference is the replacement of the ARMv7 quad core cluster with a quad-core ARM Cortex A53 (ARMv8) cluster.
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This is the Broadcom chip used in the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, later models of the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B, and the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3. The underlying architecture of the BCM2837 is identical to the BCM2836. The only significant difference is the replacement of the Armv7 quad core cluster with a quad-core Arm Cortex A53 (Armv8) cluster.
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The ARM cores run at 1.2GHz, making the device about 50% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2. The VideoCore IV runs at 400MHz.
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The Arm cores run at 1.2GHz, making the device about 50% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2. The VideoCore IV runs at 400MHz.
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Please refer to the following BCM2836 document for details on the ARM peripherals specification, which also applies to the BCM2837.
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Please refer to the following BCM2836 document for details on the Arm peripherals specification, which also applies to the BCM2837.
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* https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/bcm2836/bcm2836-peripherals.pdf[BCM2836 ARM-local peripherals]
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* https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/bcm2836/bcm2836-peripherals.pdf[BCM2836 Arm-local peripherals]
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* https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0500/latest/[Cortex-A53 MPCore Processor Technical Reference Manual]

documentation/asciidoc/computers/processors/bcm2837b0.adoc

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== BCM2837B0
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This is the Broadcom chip used in the Raspberry Pi 3 Models A+, B+, and the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+. The underlying architecture of the BCM2837B0 is identical to the BCM2837 chip used in other versions of the Raspberry Pi. The ARM core hardware is the same, only the frequency is rated higher.
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This is the Broadcom chip used in the Raspberry Pi 3 Models A+, B+, and the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+. The underlying architecture of the BCM2837B0 is identical to the BCM2837 chip used in other versions of the Raspberry Pi. The Arm core hardware is the same, only the frequency is rated higher.
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The ARM cores are capable of running at up to 1.4GHz, making the 3B+/3A+ about 17% faster than the original Raspberry Pi 3. The VideoCore IV runs at 400MHz. The ARM core is 64-bit, while the VideoCore IV is 32-bit.
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The Arm cores are capable of running at up to 1.4GHz, making the 3B+/3A+ about 17% faster than the original Raspberry Pi 3. The VideoCore IV runs at 400MHz. The Arm core is 64-bit, while the VideoCore IV is 32-bit.
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The BCM2837B0 chip is packaged slightly differently to the BCM2837, and most notably includes a heat spreader for better thermals. This allows higher clock frequencies, and more accurate monitoring and control of the chip's temperature.
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== RP3A0
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The Raspberry Pi RP3A0 is our first System-in-Package (SiP) consisting of a Broadcom BCM2710A1 — which is the silicon die packaged inside the Broadcom xref:processors.adoc#bcm2837[BCM2837] chip which is used on the xref:raspberry-pi.adoc#raspberry-pi-3-model-b-2[Raspberry Pi 3] — along with 512MB of DRAM.
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The Raspberry Pi RP3A0 is our first System-in-Package (SiP) consisting of a Broadcom BCM2710A1 — which is the silicon die packaged inside the Broadcom xref:processors.adoc#bcm2837[BCM2837] chip which is used on the xref:raspberry-pi.adoc#raspberry-pi-3-model-b-2[Raspberry Pi 3] — along with 512MB of DRAM.
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It is used by the xref:raspberry-pi.adoc#raspberry-pi-zero-2-w[Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W].
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image:images/RP3A0-crosssection.png[width="70%"]
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The RP3A0 is a Quad-core 64-bit Arm Cortex A53 CPU clocked at 1 GHz, although with a heat sink or other cooling solution in place, the chip can be potentially overclocked to 1.2 GHz.
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Please refer to the following BCM2836 document for details on the Arm peripherals specification, which also applies to the BCM2837 and RP3A0.
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* https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/bcm2836/bcm2836-peripherals.pdf[BCM2836 ARM-local peripherals]
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* https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/bcm2836/bcm2836-peripherals.pdf[BCM2836 Arm-local peripherals]
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The original xref:raspberry-pi.adoc#raspberry-pi-zero[Raspberry Pi Zero] uses Package-on-Package (PoP) DRAM, where the DRAM is soldered directly on top of the xref:processors.adoc#bcm2835[BCM2835] chip.
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The original xref:raspberry-pi.adoc#raspberry-pi-zero[Raspberry Pi Zero] uses Package-on-Package (PoP) DRAM, where the DRAM is soldered directly on top of the xref:processors.adoc#bcm2835[BCM2835] chip.
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documentation/asciidoc/computers/raspberry-pi/boot-gpio.adoc

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SD0 is the Broadcom SD card/MMC interface. When the boot ROM within the SoC runs, it always connects SD0 to the built-in microSD card slot. On Compute Modules with an eMMC device, SD0 is connected to that; on the Compute Module Lite SD0 is available on the edge connector and connects to the microSD card slot in the CMIO carrier board. SD1 is the Arasan SD card/MMC interface which is also capable of SDIO. All Raspberry Pi models with built-in wireless LAN use SD1 to connect to the wireless chip via SDIO.
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The default pull resistance on the GPIO lines is 50KΩ, as documented on page 102 of the https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/bcm2835/bcm2835-peripherals.pdf[BCM2835 ARM peripherals datasheet]. A pull resistance of 5KΩ is recommended to pull a GPIO line up: this will allow the GPIO to function but not consume too much power.
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The default pull resistance on the GPIO lines is 50KΩ, as documented on page 102 of the https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/bcm2835/bcm2835-peripherals.pdf[BCM2835 Arm peripherals datasheet]. A pull resistance of 5KΩ is recommended to pull a GPIO line up: this will allow the GPIO to function but not consume too much power.

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