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‎python-input-integer/README.md‎

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# How to Read Python Input as Integers
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Here you can find code examples for the tutorial [How to Read Python Input as Integers](https://realpython.com/python-input-integer/).
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The file [`number_input.py`](number_input.py) contains the `get_integer()` function discussed in the tutorial plus some other utility functions for numeric input.

‎python-input-integer/number_input.py‎

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"""Utility functions for prompting users for numeric input.
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This file accompanies the Real Python tutorial How To Read User Input As
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Integers. It contains examples of functions that filter user input for valid
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integers and floats.
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"""
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def get_integer(prompt: str, error_message: str = None) -> int:
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"""Prompts the user for an integer value.
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If the input is invalid, prints error_message (if specified) and then
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repeats the prompt.
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"""
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while True:
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try:
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return int(input(prompt))
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except ValueError:
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if error_message:
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print(error_message)
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def get_float(prompt: str, error_message: str = None) -> float:
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"""Prompts the user for a float value.
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If the input is invalid, prints error_message (if specified) and then
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repeats the prompt.
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"""
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while True:
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try:
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return float(input(prompt))
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except ValueError:
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if error_message:
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print(error_message)
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def get_integer_with_default(
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prompt: str, default_value: int, error_message: str = None
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) -> int:
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"""Prompts the user for an integer, and falls back to a default value.
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If the input is an empty string, then the function returns default_value.
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Otherwise, if the input is not a valid integer, prints error_message (if
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specified) and then repeats the prompt.
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"""
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while True:
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input_string = input(prompt)
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if not input_string:
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return default_value
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try:
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return int(input_string)
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except ValueError:
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if error_message:
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print(error_message)
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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# Test functions when running as a script.
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print(get_integer("Test get_integer(): "))
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print(
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get_integer(
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"Test get_integer() with an error message: ",
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error_message="Invalid integer!",
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)
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)
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print(
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get_float(
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"Test get_float() with an error message: ",
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error_message="Invalid float!",
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)
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)
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print(
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get_integer_with_default(
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"Test get_integer_with_default(): ",
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default_value=99,
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error_message="That's not a valid integer!",
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)
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)

‎python-shebang/README.md‎

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# Executing Python Scripts With a Shebang
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This folder holds the code for the Real Python tutorial entitled [Executing Python Scripts With a Shebang](https://realpython.com/python-shebang/).
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## Sample Scripts
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### Python
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Command:
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```shell
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$ ./hello.py
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Hello, World!
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```
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### Perl
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Command:
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```shell
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$ ./hello.pl
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Hello, World!
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```
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### JavaScript
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Command:
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```shell
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$ ./hello.js
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Hello, World!
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```
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### Java
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Command:
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```shell
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$ ./hello.j
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Hello, World!
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```
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## Custom Interpreter
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Install your custom interpreter of a popular [esoteric programming language](https://esolangs.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language) into a Python virtual environment:
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```shell
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$ cd interpreter/
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$ python3 -m venv venv/
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$ source venv/bin/activate
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(venv) $ python -m pip install .
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```
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Execute sample scripts through the esoteric language interpreter while using the virtual environment:
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```shell
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(venv) $ cd scripts/
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```
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### Towers of Hanoi
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```shell
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(venv) $ ./hanoi.b
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Towers of Hanoi in Brainf*ck
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Written by Clifford Wolf <http://www.clifford.at/bfcpu/>
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xXXXXXx
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xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx xXx
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xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx xXXXXXXXXXXXXXx
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xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx
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----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
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xXXXXXXXXXx
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xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx
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-----------------------------------
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```
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### Sierpiński Triangle
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```shell
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(venv) $ ./sierpinski.b
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*
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* *
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* *
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* * * *
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* *
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* * * *
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* * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* *
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* * * *
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* * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
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* *
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* * * *
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* * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
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* * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
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```
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### Factorial
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```shell
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(venv) $ ./factorial.b
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1
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1
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2
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6
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24
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120
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720
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5040
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40320
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362880
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3628800
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39916800
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479001600
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6227020800
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87178291200
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1307674368000
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20922789888000
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355687428096000
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6402373705728000
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121645100408832000
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2432902008176640000
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51090942171709440000
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1124000727777607680000
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25852016738884976640000
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620448401733239439360000
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15511210043330985984000000
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403291461126605635584000000
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10888869450418352160768000000
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^C
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```
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### Fibonacci Sequence
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```shell
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(venv) $ ./fib.b
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0
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1
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1
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2
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3
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5
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8
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13
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21
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34
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55
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89
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144
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233
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377
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610
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987
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1597
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2584
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4181
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6765
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10946
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17711
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28657
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46368
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75025
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121393
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196418
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^C
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```
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### ROT-13
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This is an interactive script that will expect you to provide input from your keyboard:
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```shell
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(venv) $ ./rot13.b
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This text will be encrypted.
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Guvf grkg jvyy or rapelcgrq.
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```
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### Hello World
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```shell
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(venv) $ ./hello.b
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Hello World!
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```

‎python-shebang/hello.j‎

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#!/usr/bin/env -S java --source 11
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public class Hello {
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public static void main(String[] args) {
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System.out.println("Hello, World!");
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}
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}

‎python-shebang/hello.js‎

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#!/usr/bin/env node
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console.log("Hello, World!")

‎python-shebang/hello.pl‎

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#!/usr/bin/env perl
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print("Hello, World!\n");

‎python-shebang/hello.py‎

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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print("Hello, World!")

‎python-shebang/interpreter/pyproject.toml‎

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[build-system]
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requires = ["setuptools>=64.0.0", "wheel"]
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build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
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[project]
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name = "brainf"
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version = "1.0.0"
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[project.scripts]
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brainf = "brainf:main"

‎python-shebang/interpreter/scripts/factorial.b‎

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#!/usr/bin/env brainf
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>>>>++>+[
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[
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>[>>]<[>+>]<<[>->>+<<<-]>+[
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[+>>[<<+>>-]>]+[-<<+<]>-[
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-[<+>>+<-]++++++[>++++++++<-]+>.[-]<<[
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>>>[[<<+>+>-]>>>]<<<<[[>+<-]<-<<]>-
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]>>>[
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<<-[<<+>>-]<+++++++++<[
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>[->+>]>>>[<<[<+>-]>>>+>>[-<]<[>]>+<]<<<<<<-
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]>[-]>+>>[<<<+>>>-]>>>
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]<<<+[-[+>>]<<<]>[<<<]>
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]>>>[<[>>>]<<<[[>>>+<<<-]<<<]>>>>>>>-[<]>>>[<<]<<[>+>]<]<<
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]++>>
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]<<++++++++.+
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]
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This program computes the factorials (https://oeis.org/A000142). Because this
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sequence is infinitely long, this program doesn't terminate on its own; you will
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have to kill it. This program is much faster than my earlier factorial program.
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[factorial2.b -- compute factorials
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(c) 2019 Daniel B. Cristofani
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http://brainfuck.org/]

‎python-shebang/interpreter/scripts/fib.b‎

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#!/usr/bin/env brainf
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>++++++++++>+>+[
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[+++++[>++++++++<-]>.<++++++[>--------<-]+<<<]>.>>[
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[-]<[>+<-]>>[<<+>+>-]<[>+<-[>+<-[>+<-[>+<-[>+<-[>+<-
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[>+<-[>+<-[>+<-[>[-]>+>+<<<-[>+<-]]]]]]]]]]]+>>>
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]<<<
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]
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This program doesn't terminate; you will have to kill it.
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Daniel B Cristofani (cristofdathevanetdotcom)
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http://www.hevanet.com/cristofd/brainfuck/

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