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Merge branch 'master' into python-selenium
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‎python-bytearray/README.md‎

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# Python's Bytearray: A Mutable Sequence of Bytes
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This folder contains code associated with the Real Python tutorial [Python's Bytearray: A Mutable Sequence of Bytes](https://realpython.com/python-bytearray/).

‎python-bytearray/creation.py‎

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WIDTH = 71
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print(" Empty ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(f"{bytearray() = }")
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print(f"{bytearray(0) = }")
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print(f"{bytearray([]) = }")
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print(f"{bytearray(b"") = }\n")
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print(" Zero-filled ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(f"{bytearray(5) = }\n")
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print(" From an iterable of integers ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(f"{bytearray([65, 66, 67]) = }")
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print(f"{bytearray(range(3)) = }\n")
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print(" From a bytes-like object ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(f"{bytearray(b"Espa\xc3\xb1ol") = }\n")
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print(" From a string ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(f"{bytearray("Español", "utf-8") = }")
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print(f"{bytearray("Español", "ascii", errors="ignore") = }")
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print(f"{bytearray("Español", "ascii", errors="replace") = }\n")
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print(" From hexadecimal digits".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(f"{bytearray.fromhex("30 8C C9 FF") = }")

‎python-bytearray/introspection.py‎

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def main():
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print(
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"Mutator methods in bytearray:",
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sorted(public_members(bytearray) - public_members(bytes)),
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)
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print(
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"Special methods in bytearray:",
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sorted(magic_members(bytearray) - magic_members(bytes)),
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)
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show_string_members()
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def public_members(cls):
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return {name for name in dir(cls) if not name.startswith("_")}
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def magic_members(cls):
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return {name for name in dir(cls) if name.startswith("__")}
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def show_string_members():
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print("String members in bytearray:")
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for i, name in enumerate(
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sorted(
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name
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for name in set(dir(bytearray)) & set(dir(str))
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if not name.startswith("_")
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),
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start=1,
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):
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print(f"({i:>2}) .{name}()")
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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main()

‎python-bytearray/mutation.py‎

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WIDTH = 71
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print(">>> pixels = bytearray([48, 140, 201, 252, 186, 3, 37, 186, 52])")
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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pixels = bytearray([48, 140, 201, 252, 186, 3, 37, 186, 52])
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Item assignment ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(
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"""\
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>>> for i in range(len(pixels)):
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... pixels[i] = 255 - pixels[i]
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..."""
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)
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for i in range(len(pixels)):
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pixels[i] = 255 - pixels[i]
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Slice assignment ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(">>> pixels[3:6] = (0, 0, 0)")
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pixels[3:6] = (0, 0, 0)
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Slice deletion ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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del pixels[3:6]
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print(">>> del pixels[3:6]")
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Item deletion ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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del pixels[3]
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print(">>> del pixels[3]")
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Item popping ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(">>> fourth_byte = pixels.pop(3)")
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print(">>> last_byte = pixels.pop()")
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fourth_byte = pixels.pop(3)
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last_byte = pixels.pop()
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Value removal ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(">>> pixels.remove(115)")
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pixels.remove(115)
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Clearing all items ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(">>> pixels.clear()")
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pixels.clear()
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Appending an item ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(">>> pixels.append(65)")
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print(">>> pixels.append(67)")
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pixels.append(65)
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pixels.append(67)
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Inserting an item ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(">>> pixels.insert(1, 66)")
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pixels.insert(1, 66)
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Extending the bytearray ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(">>> pixels.extend((1, 2, 3))")
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pixels.extend((1, 2, 3))
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Reversal ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(">>> pixels.reverse()")
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pixels.reverse()
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))
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print("\n" + " Making a copy ".center(WIDTH, "="))
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print(">>> pixels_copy = pixels.copy()")
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pixels_copy = pixels.copy()
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print(">>> list(pixels)")
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print(list(pixels))

‎python-dict-attribute/README.md‎

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# Using Python's `.__dict__` to Work With Attributes
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This folder provides the code examples for the Real Python tutorial [Using Python's `.__dict__` to Work With Attributes](https://realpython.com/python-dict-attribute/).

‎python-dict-attribute/class_inheritance.py‎

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class Parent:
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def __init__(self):
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self.parent_attr = "parent"
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class Child(Parent):
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def __init__(self):
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super().__init__()
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self.child_attr = "child"
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parent = Parent()
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print(parent.__dict__)
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child = Child()
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print(child.__dict__)

‎python-dict-attribute/config_v1.py‎

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class Config:
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def __init__(self, **kwargs):
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self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
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update = __init__
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def __str__(self):
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return str(self.__dict__)
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config = Config(theme="light", font_size=12, language="English")
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print(config)
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user = {"theme": "dark", "font_size": 14, "language": "Spanish"}
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config.update(**user)
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print(config)

‎python-dict-attribute/config_v2.py‎

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class Config:
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def __init__(self, name):
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self.name = name
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def set_option(self, key, value):
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self.__dict__[key] = value
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def get_option(self, key):
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return self.__dict__.get(key, None)
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def remove_option(self, key):
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if key in self.__dict__:
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del self.__dict__[key]
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# self.__dict__.pop(key)
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print(f"'{key}' removed!")
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else:
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print(f"'{key}' does not exist.")
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def clear(self):
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self.__dict__.clear()
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print("All options removed!")
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conf = Config("GUI App")
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conf.set_option("theme", "dark")
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conf.set_option("size", "200x400")
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print(conf.__dict__)
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conf.remove_option("size")
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print(conf.__dict__)
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conf.remove_option("autosave")
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print(conf.__dict__)
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conf.clear()
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print(conf.__dict__)

‎python-dict-attribute/config_v3.py‎

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class Config:
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def __init__(self, name):
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self.name = name
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def set_option(self, key, value):
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setattr(self, key, value)
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def get_option(self, key):
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return getattr(self, key, None)
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def remove_option(self, key):
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if hasattr(self, key):
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delattr(self, key)
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print(f"'{key}' removed!")
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else:
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print(f"'{key}' does not exist.")
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def clear(self):
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for key in list(self.__dict__.keys()):
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delattr(self, key)
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print("All options removed!")
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conf = Config("GUI App")
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conf.set_option("theme", "dark")
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conf.set_option("size", "200x400")
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print(conf.__dict__)
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conf.remove_option("size")
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print(conf.__dict__)
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conf.remove_option("autosave") # Raises KeyError
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print(conf.__dict__)
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conf.clear()
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print(conf.__dict__)

‎python-dict-attribute/demo.py‎

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class DemoClass:
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class_attr = "This is a class attribute"
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def __init__(self):
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self.instance_attr = "This is an instance attribute"
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def method(self):
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return "This is a method"
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print(DemoClass.__dict__)
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demo_object = DemoClass()
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print(demo_object.__dict__)

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