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‎python-quiz-application/README.md‎

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This repository holds the code for the Real Python [Build a Quiz Application With Python](https://realpython.com/python-quiz-application/) tutorial.
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The tutorial uses the [walrus operator](https://realpython.com/python-walrus-operator/), which was introduced in [Python 3.8](https://realpython.com/python38-new-features/). The [`source_code_final_37`](source_code_final/) directory shows a quiz application version that doesn't use the walrus operator and runs on [Python 3.7](https://realpython.com/python37-new-features/).
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## Dependencies
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If you're running on Python 3.10 or earlier, then you need to install [`tomli`](https://pypi.org/project/tomli/) which is used to read TOML data files. You should first create a virtual environment:

‎python-quiz-application/source_code_final_37/questions.toml‎

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[python]
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label = "Python"
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "When was the first known use of the word 'quiz'"
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answers = ["1781"]
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alternatives = ["1771", "1871", "1881"]
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "Which built-in function can get information from the user"
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answers = ["input"]
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alternatives = ["get", "print", "write"]
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "What's the purpose of the built-in zip() function"
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answers = ["To iterate over two or more sequences at the same time"]
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alternatives = [
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"To combine several strings into one",
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"To compress several files into one archive",
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"To get information from the user",
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]
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "What does dict.get(key) return if key isn't found in dict"
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answers = ["None"]
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alternatives = ["key", "True", "False"]
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "How do you iterate over both the indices and elements in an iterable"
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answers = ["enumerate(iterable)"]
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alternatives = [
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"enumerate(iterable, start=1)",
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"range(iterable)",
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"range(iterable, start=1)",
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]
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "What's the official name of the := operator"
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answers = ["Assignment expression"]
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alternatives = [
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"Named expression",
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"Walrus operator",
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"Colon equals operator",
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]
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "What's one effect of calling random.seed(42)"
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answers = ["The random numbers are reproducible."]
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alternatives = [
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"The random numbers are more random.",
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"The computer clock is reset.",
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"The first random number is always 42.",
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]
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "Which version of Python is the first with TOML support built in"
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answers = ["3.11"]
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alternatives = ["3.9", "3.10", "3.12"]
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "How can you run a Python script named quiz.py"
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answers = ["python quiz.py", "python -m quiz"]
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alternatives = ["python quiz", "python -m quiz.py"]
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hint = "One option uses the filename, and the other uses the module name."
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "What's the name of the list-like data structure in TOML"
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answers = ["Array"]
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alternatives = ["List", "Sequence", "Set"]
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "What's a PEP"
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answers = ["A Python Enhancement Proposal"]
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alternatives = [
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"A Pretty Exciting Policy",
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"A Preciously Evolved Python",
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"A Potentially Epic Prize",
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]
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hint = "PEPs are used to evolve Python."
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explanation = """
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Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) are design documents that provide
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information to the Python community. PEPs are used to propose new features
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for the Python language, to collect community input on an issue, and to
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document design decisions made about the language.
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"""
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "How can you add a docstring to a function"
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answers = [
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"By writing a string literal as the first statement in the function",
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"By assigning a string to the function's .__doc__ attribute",
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]
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alternatives = [
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"By using the built-in @docstring decorator",
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"By returning a string from the function",
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]
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hint = "They are parsed from your code and stored on the function object."
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explanation = """
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Docstrings document functions and other Python objects. A docstring is a
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string literal that occurs as the first statement in a module, function,
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class, or method definition. Such a docstring becomes the .__doc__ special
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attribute of that object. See PEP 257 for more information.
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There's no built-in @docstring decorator. Many functions naturally return
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strings. Such a feature can therefore not be used for docstrings.
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"""
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[[python.questions]]
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question = "When was the first public version of Python released"
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answers = ["February 1991"]
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alternatives = ["January 1994", "October 2000", "December 2008"]
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hint = "The first public version was labeled version 0.9.0."
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explanation = """
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Guido van Rossum started work on Python in December 1989. He posted
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Python v0.9.0 to the alt.sources newsgroup in February 1991. Python
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reached version 1.0.0 in January 1994. The next major versions,
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Python 2.0 and Python 3.0, were released in October 2000 and December
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2008, respectively.
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"""
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[capitals]
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label = "Capitals"
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[[capitals.questions]]
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question = "What's the capital of Norway"
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answers = ["Oslo"]
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hint = "Lars Onsager, Jens Stoltenberg, Trygve Lie, and Børge Ousland."
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alternatives = ["Stockholm", "Copenhagen", "Helsinki", "Reykjavik"]
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explanation = """
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Oslo was founded as a city in the 11th century and established as a
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trading place. It became the capital of Norway in 1299. The city was
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destroyed by a fire in 1624 and rebuilt as Christiania, named in honor
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of the reigning king. The city was renamed back to Oslo in 1925.
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"""
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[[capitals.questions]]
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question = "What's the state capital of Texas, USA"
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answers = ["Austin"]
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alternatives = ["Harrisburg", "Houston", "Galveston", "Columbia"]
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hint = "SciPy is held there each year."
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explanation = """
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Austin is named in honor of Stephen F. Austin. It was purpose-built to
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be the capital of Texas and was incorporated in December 1839. Houston,
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Harrisburg, Columbia, and Galveston are all earlier capitals of Texas.
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"""

‎python-quiz-application/source_code_final_37/quiz.py‎

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# quiz.py
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import pathlib
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import random
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from string import ascii_lowercase
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try:
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import tomllib
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except ModuleNotFoundError:
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import tomli as tomllib
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NUM_QUESTIONS_PER_QUIZ = 5
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QUESTIONS_PATH = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "questions.toml"
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def run_quiz():
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questions = prepare_questions(
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QUESTIONS_PATH, num_questions=NUM_QUESTIONS_PER_QUIZ
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)
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num_correct = 0
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for num, question in enumerate(questions, start=1):
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print(f"\nQuestion {num}:")
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num_correct += ask_question(question)
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print(f"\nYou got {num_correct} correct out of {num} questions")
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def prepare_questions(path, num_questions):
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topic_info = tomllib.loads(path.read_text())
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topics = {
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topic["label"]: topic["questions"] for topic in topic_info.values()
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}
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topic_label = get_answers(
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question="Which topic do you want to be quizzed about",
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alternatives=sorted(topics),
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)[0]
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questions = topics[topic_label]
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num_questions = min(num_questions, len(questions))
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return random.sample(questions, k=num_questions)
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def ask_question(question):
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correct_answers = question["answers"]
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alternatives = question["answers"] + question["alternatives"]
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ordered_alternatives = random.sample(alternatives, k=len(alternatives))
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answers = get_answers(
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question=question["question"],
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alternatives=ordered_alternatives,
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num_choices=len(correct_answers),
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hint=question.get("hint"),
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)
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if set(answers) == set(correct_answers):
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print("⭐ Correct! ⭐")
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correct = True
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else:
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is_or_are = " is" if len(correct_answers) == 1 else "s are"
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print("\n- ".join([f"No, the answer{is_or_are}:"] + correct_answers))
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correct = False
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if "explanation" in question:
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print(f"\nEXPLANATION:\n{question['explanation']}")
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return 1 if correct else 0
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def get_answers(question, alternatives, num_choices=1, hint=None):
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print(f"{question}?")
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labeled_alternatives = dict(zip(ascii_lowercase, alternatives))
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if hint:
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labeled_alternatives["?"] = "Hint"
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for label, alternative in labeled_alternatives.items():
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print(f" {label}) {alternative}")
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while True:
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plural_s = "" if num_choices == 1 else f"s (choose {num_choices})"
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answer = input(f"\nChoice{plural_s}? ")
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answers = set(answer.replace(",", " ").split())
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# Handle hints
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if hint and "?" in answers:
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print(f"\nHINT: {hint}")
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continue
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# Handle invalid answers
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if len(answers) != num_choices:
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plural_s = "" if num_choices == 1 else "s, separated by comma"
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print(f"Please answer {num_choices} alternative{plural_s}")
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continue
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invalid = [
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answer for answer in answers if answer not in labeled_alternatives
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]
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if invalid:
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print(
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f"{invalid[0]} is not a valid choice. "
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f"Please use {', '.join(labeled_alternatives)}"
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)
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continue
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return [labeled_alternatives[answer] for answer in answers]
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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run_quiz()

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