Merge branch 'master' into subprocess

Author: iansedano

.gitignore

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ __pycache__/
 
 # C extensions
 *.so
+*.o
 
 # Distribution / packaging
 .Python

README.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Build Status:
 
 ## Got a Question?
 
-The best way to get support for Real Python courses, articles, and code in this repository is to join one of our [weekly Office Hours calls](https://realpython.com/office-hours/) or to ask your question in the [RP Community Slack](https://realpython.com/community/).
+The best way to get support for Real Python courses, articles, and code in this repository is to join one of our [weekly Office Hours calls](https://realpython.com/office-hours/) or to ask your question in the [RP Community Chat](https://realpython.com/community/).
 
 Due to time constraints, we cannot provide 1:1 support via GitHub. See you on Slack or on the next Office Hours call 🙂
 

add-to-path/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# How to Add Python to Path
+
+Supporting materials for the Real Python tutorial [How to Add Python to PATH](https://realpython.com/add-python-to-path/).
+
+Here you'll find a file for Windows and one for Linux and macOS. They have snippets and instructions distilled from the tutorials.
+
+Additionally, you'll find some ways to set environment variables and modify `PATH` with PowerShell on Windows that aren't included in the tutorial.

add-to-path/linux-and-macos.sh

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+# ------------------------------------
+# Add Path to PATH
+# ------------------------------------
+
+# Make sure you use the right profile for your system
+$ export PATH="<PATH_TO_PYTHON>:$PATH"
+
+# ------------------------------------
+# Add Path-Adding Operation to Profile
+# ------------------------------------
+
+# Make sure you use the right profile for your system
+$ echo export PATH="<PATH_TO_PYTHON>:$PATH" >> ~/.profile
+# Reread profile to see effect in same session
+$ source ~/.profile
+
+# ------------------------------------
+# Filtering Bad Paths from PATH
+# ------------------------------------
+
+# View current PATH
+$ echo $PATH
+# Output:
+# /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/home/realpython/badpython:/usr/bin:
+# /sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games
+
+# View on separate lines by replacing colons with newlines
+$ echo $PATH | tr ":" "\n"
+# Output:
+# /usr/local/sbin
+# /usr/local/bin
+# /usr/sbin
+# /home/realpython/badpython
+# /usr/bin
+# /sbin
+# /bin
+# /usr/games
+# /usr/local/games
+
+# Filter out certain lines with grep -v
+$ echo $PATH | tr ":" "\n" | grep -v 'badpython'
+# Output:
+# /usr/local/sbin
+# /usr/local/bin
+# /usr/sbin
+# /usr/bin
+# /sbin
+# /bin
+# /usr/games
+# /usr/local/games
+
+# Replace newlines with colons
+$ echo $PATH | tr ":" "\n" | grep -v 'badpython' | tr "\n" ":"
+# Output:
+# /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:
+# /usr/local/games
+
+# Assign to PATH
+$ export PATH=`echo $PATH | tr ":" "\n" | grep -v 'badpython' | tr "\n" ":"`

add-to-path/windows.ps1

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+# --------------------------------------------------
+# How to Add to `PATH` via GUI
+# --------------------------------------------------
+
+<#
+
+Once you've located your Python executable, open the Start menu and search
+for the _Edit the system environment variables_ entry, which opens up a
+_System Properties_ window. In the _Advanced_ tab, click on the button
+_Environment Variables_. There you'll see _User_ and _System_ variables,
+which you'll be able to edit.
+
+In the section entitled _User Variables_, double-click on the entry that
+says _Path_. Another window will pop up showing a list of paths. Click the
+_New_ button and paste the path to your Python executable there. Once that's
+inserted, select your newly added path and click the _Move Up_ button until
+it's at the top.
+
+That's it! You may need to reboot your computer for the changes to take
+effect, but you should now be able to call `python` from the command line.
+
+#>
+
+# --------------------------------------------------
+# Working With Environment Variables With PowerShell
+# --------------------------------------------------
+
+# Set temporary environment variable (only active for current shell session)
+PS> $ENV:TEST = "VALUE"
+
+# Set permanent environment variable (need to restart shell to take effect)
+PS> [Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("TEST", "VALUE", "User")
+
+PS> cd ENV:
+PS> ls
+
+<# OUTPUT
+
+Name                           Value
+----                           -----
+ALLUSERSPROFILE                C:\ProgramData
+ANSICON                        166x32766 (166x66)
+ANSICON_DEF                    7
+APPDATA                        C:\Users\RealPython\AppData\Roaming
+AZ_ENABLED                     False
+...
+TEST                           VALUE
+...
+
+#>
+
+# View PATH
+PS> (cat ENV:PATH) -Split ";"
+
+<# OUTPUT
+
+C:\Program Files\PowerShell\7
+C:\Windows\system32
+C:\Windows
+C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\
+C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\
+
+#>
+
+# Append path to PATH
+PS> $ENV:PATH = "$ENV:PATH;C:\new\path"
+
+# Prepend path to PATH
+PS> $ENV:PATH = "C:\new\path;$ENV:PATH"

advent-of-code/README.md

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+# Advent of Code: Solving Your Puzzles With Python
+
+This repository holds the code for the Real Python [Advent of Code: Solving Your Puzzles With Python](https://realpython.com/python-advent-of-code/) tutorial.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+[Pytest](https://realpython.com/pytest-python-testing/) is used for testing. You should first create a virtual environment:
+
+```console
+$ python -m venv venv
+$ source venv/bin/activate
+```
+
+You can then install `pytest` with `pip`:
+
+```console
+(venv) $ python -m pip install pytest
+```
+
+The [aoc_grid.py](aoc_grid.py) example uses [Colorama](https://pypi.org/project/colorama/) and [NumPy](https://realpython.com/numpy-tutorial/). To run that example, you should also install those packages into your environment:
+
+```console
+(venv) $ python -m pip install colorama numpy
+```
+
+The puzzle solutions only use Python's standard library. Note that the solution to [Day 5, 2021](solutions/2021/05_hydrothermal_venture/) uses [structural pattern matching](https://realpython.com/python310-new-features/#structural-pattern-matching) which is only available in [Python 3.10](https://realpython.com/python310-new-features/) and later.
+
+## Author
+
+- **Geir Arne Hjelle**, E-mail: [[email protected]]([email protected])
+
+## License
+
+Distributed under the MIT license. See [`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) for more information.

advent-of-code/aoc_grid.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import numpy as np
+from colorama import Cursor
+
+grid = np.array(
+    [
+        [1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
+        [1, 0, 0, 0, 1],
+        [1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
+        [1, 0, 0, 2, 1],
+        [1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
+    ]
+)
+
+num_rows, num_cols = grid.shape
+for row in range(num_rows):
+    for col in range(num_cols):
+        symbol = " *o"[grid[row, col]]
+        print(f"{Cursor.POS(col + 1, row + 2)}{symbol}")

advent-of-code/aoc_state_machine.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass
+class StateMachine:
+    memory: dict[str, int]
+    program: list[str]
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Run the program"""
+        current_line = 0
+        while current_line < len(self.program):
+            instruction = self.program[current_line]
+
+            # Set a register to a value
+            if instruction.startswith("set "):
+                register, value = instruction[4], int(instruction[6:])
+                self.memory[register] = value
+
+            # Increase the value in a register by 1
+            elif instruction.startswith("inc "):
+                register = instruction[4]
+                self.memory[register] += 1
+
+            # Move the line pointer
+            current_line += 1

advent-of-code/solutions/2019/01_the_tyranny_of_the_rocket_equation/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Day 1, 2019: The Tyranny of the Rocket Equation
+
+Resources:
+
+- **Puzzle:** [adventofcode.com](https://adventofcode.com/2019/day/1)
+- **Solution:** [realpython.com](https://realpython.com/python-advent-of-code/#practicing-advent-of-code-day-1-2019)

advent-of-code/solutions/2019/01_the_tyranny_of_the_rocket_equation/aoc201901.py

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+"""AoC 1, 2019: The Tyranny of the Rocket Equation"""
+
+# Standard library imports
+import pathlib
+import sys
+
+
+def parse(puzzle_input):
+    """Parse input"""
+    return [int(line) for line in puzzle_input.split("\n")]
+
+
+def part1(module_masses):
+    """Solve part 1"""
+    return sum(mass // 3 - 2 for mass in module_masses)
+
+
+def part2(module_masses):
+    """Solve part 2"""
+    return sum(all_fuel(mass) for mass in module_masses)
+
+
+def all_fuel(mass):
+    """Calculate fuel while taking mass of the fuel into account.
+
+    ## Example:
+
+    >>> all_fuel(1969)
+    966
+    """
+    fuel = mass // 3 - 2
+    if fuel <= 0:
+        return 0
+    else:
+        return fuel + all_fuel(mass=fuel)
+
+
+def solve(puzzle_input):
+    """Solve the puzzle for the given input"""
+    data = parse(puzzle_input)
+    solution1 = part1(data)
+    solution2 = part2(data)
+
+    return solution1, solution2
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    for path in sys.argv[1:]:
+        print(f"\n{path}:")
+        solutions = solve(puzzle_input=pathlib.Path(path).read_text().strip())
+        print("\n".join(str(solution) for solution in solutions))