personal_site/docs/talks/ai-for-science-2024/index.html at main · saforem2/personal_site · GitHub

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.9.16">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes">

<meta name="author" content="Sam Foreman">
<meta name="dcterms.date" content="2024-11-05">

<title>Parallel Training Methods – Sam Foreman</title>
<style>
code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;}
div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);}
div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;}
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
ul.task-list{list-style: none;}
ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] {
  width: 0.8em;
  margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1em; /* quarto-specific, see https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/issues/4556 */
  vertical-align: middle;
}
/* CSS for syntax highlighting */
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; }
pre > code.sourceCode { white-space: pre; position: relative; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span { display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span:empty { height: 1.2em; }
.sourceCode { overflow: visible; }
code.sourceCode > span { color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; }
div.sourceCode { margin: 1em 0; }
pre.sourceCode { margin: 0; }
@media screen {
div.sourceCode { overflow: auto; }
}
@media print {
pre > code.sourceCode { white-space: pre-wrap; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span { text-indent: -5em; padding-left: 5em; }
}
pre.numberSource code
  { counter-reset: source-line 0; }
pre.numberSource code > span
  { position: relative; left: -4em; counter-increment: source-line; }
pre.numberSource code > span > a:first-child::before
  { content: counter(source-line);
    position: relative; left: -1em; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;
    border: none; display: inline-block;
    -webkit-touch-callout: none; -webkit-user-select: none;
    -khtml-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none;
    -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none;
    padding: 0 4px; width: 4em;
  }
pre.numberSource { margin-left: 3em;  padding-left: 4px; }
div.sourceCode
  {   }
@media screen {
pre > code.sourceCode > span > a:first-child::before { text-decoration: underline; }
}
/* CSS for citations */
div.csl-bib-body { }
div.csl-entry {
  clear: both;
  margin-bottom: 0em;
}
.hanging-indent div.csl-entry {
  margin-left:2em;
  text-indent:-2em;
}
div.csl-left-margin {
  min-width:2em;
  float:left;
}
div.csl-right-inline {
  margin-left:2em;
  padding-left:1em;
}
div.csl-indent {
  margin-left: 2em;
}</style>


<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-nav/quarto-nav.js"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-nav/headroom.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-search/autocomplete.umd.js"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-search/fuse.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-search/quarto-search.js"></script>
<meta name="quarto:offset" content="../../">
<link href="../../talks/AuroraGPT/alcf-hpc-workshop-2024/index.html" rel="next">
<link href="../../talks/aurora-gpt-fm-for-electric-grid/index.html" rel="prev">
<link href="../../assets/favicon-sf.svg" rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml">
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-html/quarto.js" type="module"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-html/tabsets/tabsets.js" type="module"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-html/axe/axe-check.js" type="module"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-html/anchor.min.js"></script>
<link href="../../site_libs/quarto-html/tippy.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="../../site_libs/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<link href="../../site_libs/bootstrap/bootstrap-icons.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../site_libs/bootstrap/bootstrap-faabe995f10d165e9eb0c609bfa2ec4a.min.css" rel="stylesheet" append-hash="true" class="quarto-color-scheme" id="quarto-bootstrap" data-mode="light">
<link href="../../site_libs/bootstrap/bootstrap-dark-42061dab9d62fa38510aca0c6a3d24d4.min.css" rel="stylesheet" append-hash="true" class="quarto-color-scheme quarto-color-alternate" id="quarto-bootstrap" data-mode="dark">
<link href="../../site_libs/quarto-contrib/fontawesome6-1.2.0/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../site_libs/quarto-contrib/fontawesome6-1.2.0/latex-fontsize.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-contrib/iconify-2.1.0/iconify-icon.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-contrib/glightbox/glightbox.min.js"></script>
<link href="../../site_libs/quarto-contrib/glightbox/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../site_libs/quarto-contrib/glightbox/lightbox.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script id="quarto-search-options" type="application/json">{
  "location": "sidebar",
  "copy-button": false,
  "collapse-after": 3,
  "panel-placement": "start",
  "type": "textbox",
  "limit": 50,
  "keyboard-shortcut": [
    "?"
  ],
  "language": {
    "search-no-results-text": "No results",
    "search-matching-documents-text": "matching documents",
    "search-copy-link-title": "Copy link to search",
    "search-hide-matches-text": "Hide additional matches",
    "search-more-match-text": "more match in this document",
    "search-more-matches-text": "more matches in this document",
    "search-clear-button-title": "Clear",
    "search-text-placeholder": "",
    "search-detached-cancel-button-title": "Cancel",
    "search-submit-button-title": "Submit",
    "search-label": "Search"
  }
}</script>
<meta name="mermaid-theme" content="neutral">
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-diagram/mermaid.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../site_libs/quarto-diagram/mermaid-init.js"></script>
<link href="../../site_libs/quarto-diagram/mermaid.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script>window.define = window.backupDefine; window.backupDefine = undefined;</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.22/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="sha384-5TcZemv2l/9On385z///+d7MSYlvIEw9FuZTIdZ14vJLqWphw7e7ZPuOiCHJcFCP" crossorigin="anonymous">
<!-- The loading of KaTeX is deferred to speed up page rendering -->
<script>window.backupDefine = window.define; window.define = undefined;</script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.22/dist/katex.min.js" integrity="sha384-cMkvdD8LoxVzGF/RPUKAcvmm49FQ0oxwDF3BGKtDXcEc+T1b2N+teh/OJfpU0jr6" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<!-- To automatically render math in text elements, include the auto-render extension: -->
<script defer="" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.22/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js" integrity="sha384-hCXGrW6PitJEwbkoStFjeJxv+fSOOQKOPbJxSfM6G5sWZjAyWhXiTIIAmQqnlLlh" crossorigin="anonymous" onload="renderMathInElement(document.body);"></script>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TC329HJ');</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->

  <script defer="" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@latest/dist/katex.min.js"></script>
  <script>document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () {
 var mathElements = document.getElementsByClassName("math");
 var macros = [];
 for (var i = 0; i < mathElements.length; i++) {
  var texText = mathElements[i].firstChild;
  if (mathElements[i].tagName == "SPAN") {
   katex.render(texText.data, mathElements[i], {
    displayMode: mathElements[i].classList.contains('display'),
    throwOnError: false,
    macros: macros,
    fleqn: false
   });
}}});
  </script>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@latest/dist/katex.min.css">

<script type="text/javascript">
const typesetMath = (el) => {
  if (window.MathJax) {
    // MathJax Typeset
    window.MathJax.typeset([el]);
  } else if (window.katex) {
    // KaTeX Render
    var mathElements = el.getElementsByClassName("math");
    var macros = [];
    for (var i = 0; i < mathElements.length; i++) {
      var texText = mathElements[i].firstChild;
      if (mathElements[i].tagName == "SPAN" && texText && texText.data) {
        window.katex.render(texText.data, mathElements[i], {
          displayMode: mathElements[i].classList.contains('display'),
          throwOnError: false,
          macros: macros,
          fleqn: false
        });
      }
    }
  }
}
window.Quarto = {
  typesetMath
};
</script>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../static/fonts/MIosevkaQp/MIosevkaQp.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../static/fonts/MIosevkaterm/MIosevkaTerm.css">
<meta property="og:title" content="Parallel Training Methods for AI">
<meta property="og:description" content="Presented at the Intro to AI-driven Science on Supercomputers training series at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility.">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://samforeman.me/talks/ai-for-science-2024/assets/thumbnail.png">
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Sam Foreman">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="2572">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="4112">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Parallel Training Methods for AI">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Presented at the Intro to AI-driven Science on Supercomputers training series at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility.">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://samforeman.me/talks/ai-for-science-2024/assets/thumbnail.png">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="saforem2">
<meta name="twitter:site" content="saforem2">
<meta name="twitter:image-height" content="2572">
<meta name="twitter:image-width" content="4112">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="citation_title" content="Parallel Training Methods">
<meta name="citation_author" content="Sam Foreman">
<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024-11-05">
<meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2024-11-05">
<meta name="citation_year" content="2024">
<meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024-11-05">
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://samforeman.me/talks/ai-for-science-2024/slides">
<meta name="citation_language" content="en">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=GenCast: Diffusion-based ensemble forecasting for medium-range weather;,citation_author=Ilan Price;,citation_author=Alvaro Sanchez-Gonzalez;,citation_author=Ferran Alet;,citation_author=Tom R. Andersson;,citation_author=Andrew El-Kadi;,citation_author=Dominic Masters;,citation_author=Timo Ewalds;,citation_author=Jacklynn Stott;,citation_author=Shakir Mohamed;,citation_author=Peter Battaglia;,citation_author=Remi Lam;,citation_author=Matthew Willson;,citation_publication_date=2024;,citation_cover_date=2024;,citation_year=2024;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.15796;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Aurora: Architecting argonne’s first exascale supercomputer for accelerated scientific discovery;,citation_author=Benjamin S. Allen;,citation_author=James Anchell;,citation_author=Victor Anisimov;,citation_author=Thomas Applencourt;,citation_author=Abhishek Bagusetty;,citation_author=Ramesh Balakrishnan;,citation_author=Riccardo Balin;,citation_author=Solomon Bekele;,citation_author=Colleen Bertoni;,citation_author=Cyrus Blackworth;,citation_author=Renzo Bustamante;,citation_author=Kevin Canada;,citation_author=John Carrier;,citation_author=Christopher Chan-nui;,citation_author=Lance C. Cheney;,citation_author=Taylor Childers;,citation_author=Paul Coffman;,citation_author=Susan Coghlan;,citation_author=Michael D’Mello;,citation_author=Murali Emani;,citation_author=Kyle G. Felker;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Olivier Franza;,citation_author=Longfei Gao;,citation_author=Marta García;,citation_author=María Garzarán;,citation_author=Balazs Gerofi;,citation_author=Yasaman Ghadar;,citation_author=Neha Gupta;,citation_author=Kevin Harms;,citation_author=Väinö Hatanpää;,citation_author=Brian Holland;,citation_author=Carissa Holohan;,citation_author=Brian Homerding;,citation_author=Khalid Hossain;,citation_author=Louise Huot;,citation_author=Huda Ibeid;,citation_author=Joseph A. Insley;,citation_author=Sai Jayanthi;,citation_author=Hong Jiang;,citation_author=Wei Jiang;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=Jeongnim Kim;,citation_author=Christopher Knight;,citation_author=Kalyan Kumaran;,citation_author=JaeHyuk Kwack;,citation_author=Ti Leggett;,citation_author=Ben Lenard;,citation_author=Chris Lewis;,citation_author=Nevin Liber;,citation_author=Johann Lombardi;,citation_author=Raymond M. Loy;,citation_author=Ye Luo;,citation_author=Bethany Lusch;,citation_author=Nilakantan Mahadevan;,citation_author=Victor A. Mateevitsi;,citation_author=Gordon McPheeters;,citation_author=Ryan Milner;,citation_author=Vitali A. Morozov;,citation_author=Servesh Muralidharan;,citation_author=Tom Musta;,citation_author=Mrigendra Nagar;,citation_author=Vikram Narayana;,citation_author=Marieme Ngom;,citation_author=Anthony-Trung Nguyen;,citation_author=Nathan Nichols;,citation_author=Aditya Nishtala;,citation_author=James C. Osborn;,citation_author=Michael E. Papka;,citation_author=Scott Parker;,citation_author=Saumil S. Patel;,citation_author=Adrian C. Pope;,citation_author=Sucheta Raghunanda;,citation_author=Esteban Rangel;,citation_author=Paul M. Rich;,citation_author=Silvio Rizzi;,citation_author=Kris Rowe;,citation_author=Varuni Sastry;,citation_author=Adam Scovel;,citation_author=Filippo Simini;,citation_author=Haritha Siddabathuni Som;,citation_author=Patrick Steinbrecher;,citation_author=Rick Stevens;,citation_author=Xinmin Tian;,citation_author=Peter Upton;,citation_author=Thomas Uram;,citation_author=Archit K. Vasan;,citation_author=Álvaro Vázquez-Mayagoitia;,citation_author=Kaushik Velusamy;,citation_author=Brice Videau;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Brian Whitney;,citation_author=Timothy J. Williams;,citation_author=Michael Woodacre;,citation_author=Sam Zeltner;,citation_author=Gengbin Zheng;,citation_author=Huihuo Zheng;,citation_publication_date=2025;,citation_cover_date=2025;,citation_year=2025;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08207;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Automated tuning for HMC mass ratios;,citation_author=J. Torsiello;,citation_author=G. T. Fleming;,citation_author=S. Foreman;,citation_author=X.-Y. Jin;,citation_author=J. C. Osborn;,citation_publication_date=2025-02;,citation_cover_date=2025-02;,citation_year=2025;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2551828;,citation_doi=10.22323/1.466.0052;,citation_journal_title=PoS;,citation_publisher=Argonne, ALCF; Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Temple U.; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States);">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=AERIS: Argonne earth systems model for reliable and skillful predictions;,citation_author=Väinö Hatanpää;,citation_author=Eugene Ku;,citation_author=Jason Stock;,citation_author=Murali Emani;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Chunyong Jung;,citation_author=Sandeep Madireddy;,citation_author=Tung Nguyen;,citation_author=Varuni Sastry;,citation_author=Ray A. O. Sinurat;,citation_author=Sam Wheeler;,citation_author=Huihuo Zheng;,citation_author=Troy Arcomano;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Rao Kotamarthi;,citation_publication_date=2025;,citation_cover_date=2025;,citation_year=2025;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13523;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=An empirical model of large-batch training;,citation_author=Sam McCandlish;,citation_author=Jared Kaplan;,citation_author=Dario Amodei;,citation_author=OpenAI Dota Team;,citation_publication_date=2018;,citation_cover_date=2018;,citation_year=2018;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.06162;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=HiPerRAG: High-performance retrieval augmented generation for scientific insights;,citation_author=Ozan Gokdemir;,citation_author=Carlo Siebenschuh;,citation_author=Alexander Brace;,citation_author=Azton Wells;,citation_author=Brian Hsu;,citation_author=Kyle Hippe;,citation_author=Priyanka V. Setty;,citation_author=Aswathy Ajith;,citation_author=J. Gregory Pauloski;,citation_author=Varuni Sastry;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Huihuo Zheng;,citation_author=Heng Ma;,citation_author=Bharat Kale;,citation_author=Nicholas Chia;,citation_author=Thomas Gibbs;,citation_author=Michael E. Papka;,citation_author=Thomas Brettin;,citation_author=Francis J. Alexander;,citation_author=Anima Anandkumar;,citation_author=Ian Foster;,citation_author=Rick Stevens;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Arvind Ramanathan;,citation_publication_date=2025;,citation_cover_date=2025;,citation_year=2025;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.04846;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=MOFA: Discovering materials for carbon capture with a GenAI- and simulation-based workflow;,citation_author=Xiaoli Yan;,citation_author=Nathaniel Hudson;,citation_author=Hyun Park;,citation_author=Daniel Grzenda;,citation_author=J. Gregory Pauloski;,citation_author=Marcus Schwarting;,citation_author=Haochen Pan;,citation_author=Hassan Harb;,citation_author=Samuel Foreman;,citation_author=Chris Knight;,citation_author=Tom Gibbs;,citation_author=Kyle Chard;,citation_author=Santanu Chaudhuri;,citation_author=Emad Tajkhorshid;,citation_author=Ian Foster;,citation_author=Mohamad Moosavi;,citation_author=Logan Ward;,citation_author=E. A. Huerta;,citation_publication_date=2025;,citation_cover_date=2025;,citation_year=2025;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.10651;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Intro to HPC bootcamp: Engaging new communities through energy justice projects;,citation_author=Mary Ann Leung;,citation_author=Katharine Cahill;,citation_author=Rebecca Hartman-Baker;,citation_author=Paige Kinsley;,citation_author=Lois Curfman McInnes;,citation_author=Suzanne Parete-Koon;,citation_author=Sreeranjani Ramprakash;,citation_author=Subil Abraham;,citation_author=Lacy Beach Barrier;,citation_author=Gladys Chen;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2024-02;,citation_cover_date=2024-02;,citation_year=2024;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2447313;,citation_issue=1;,citation_doi=10.22369/issn.2153-4136/15/1/10;,citation_issn=ISSN 2153-4136;,citation_volume=15;,citation_journal_title=Journal of Computational Science Education;,citation_publisher=Shodor Education Foundation, Inc.;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=MProt-DPO: Breaking the ExaFLOPS barrier for multimodal protein design workflows with direct preference optimization;,citation_abstract=We present a scalable, end-to-end workflow for protein design. By augmenting protein sequences with natural language descriptions of their biochemical properties, we train generative models that can be preferentially aligned with protein fitness landscapes. Through complex experimental- and simulation-based observations, we integrate these measures as preferred parameters for generating new protein variants and demonstrate our workflow on five diverse supercomputers. We achieve &amp;amp;amp;gt;1 ExaFLOPS sustained performance in mixed precision on each supercomputer and a maximum sustained performance of 4.11 ExaFLOPS and peak performance of 5.57 ExaFLOPS. We establish the scientific performance of our model on two tasks: (1) across a predetermined benchmark dataset of deep mutational scanning experiments to optimize the fitness-determining mutations in the yeast protein HIS7, and (2) in optimizing the design of the enzyme malate dehydrogenase to achieve lower activation barriers (and therefore increased catalytic rates) using simulation data. Our implementation thus sets high watermarks for multimodal protein design workflows.;,citation_author=Gautham Dharuman;,citation_author=Kyle Hippe;,citation_author=Alexander Brace;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Väinö Hatanpää;,citation_author=Varuni K. Sastry;,citation_author=Huihuo Zheng;,citation_author=Logan Ward;,citation_author=Servesh Muralidharan;,citation_author=Archit Vasan;,citation_author=Bharat Kale;,citation_author=Carla M. Mann;,citation_author=Heng Ma;,citation_author=Yun-Hsuan Cheng;,citation_author=Yuliana Zamora;,citation_author=Shengchao Liu;,citation_author=Chaowei Xiao;,citation_author=Murali Emani;,citation_author=Tom Gibbs;,citation_author=Mahidhar Tatineni;,citation_author=Deepak Canchi;,citation_author=Jerome Mitchell;,citation_author=Koichi Yamada;,citation_author=Maria Garzaran;,citation_author=Michael E. Papka;,citation_author=Ian Foster;,citation_author=Rick Stevens;,citation_author=Anima Anandkumar;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Arvind Ramanathan;,citation_publication_date=2024;,citation_cover_date=2024;,citation_year=2024;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://doi.org/10.1109/SC41406.2024.00013;,citation_doi=10.1109/SC41406.2024.00013;,citation_isbn=9798350352917;,citation_conference_title=Proceedings of the international conference for high performance computing, networking, storage, and analysis;,citation_conference=IEEE Press;,citation_series_title=SC ’24;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Quality measures for dynamic graph generative models;,citation_author=Ryien Hosseini;,citation_author=Filippo Simini;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Rebecca Willett;,citation_author=Henry Hoffmann;,citation_publication_date=2025;,citation_cover_date=2025;,citation_year=2025;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://openreview.net/forum?id=8bjspmAMBk;,citation_conference_title=The thirteenth international conference on learning representations;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Superconductivity of in and sn samples;,citation_author=George Deamont;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_publication_date=2014;,citation_cover_date=2014;,citation_year=2014;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=RG-inspired machine learning for lattice field theory;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Joel Giedt;,citation_author=Yannick Meurice;,citation_author=Judah Unmuth-Yockey;,citation_publication_date=2018-03;,citation_cover_date=2018-03;,citation_year=2018;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.02079;,citation_doi=10.1051/epjconf/201817511025;,citation_volume=175;,citation_conference_title=European physical journal web of conferences;,citation_series_title=European physical journal web of conferences;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Large energy density in three-plate nanocapacitors due to coulomb blockade;,citation_author=A Hubler;,citation_author=S Foreman;,citation_author=J Liu;,citation_author=L Wortsmann;,citation_publication_date=2018;,citation_cover_date=2018;,citation_year=2018;,citation_issue=10;,citation_volume=123;,citation_journal_title=Journal of Applied Physics;,citation_publisher=AIP Publishing;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Examples of renormalization group transformations for image sets;,citation_author=Samuel Foreman;,citation_author=Joel Giedt;,citation_author=Yannick Meurice;,citation_author=Judah Unmuth-Yockey;,citation_publication_date=2018;,citation_cover_date=2018;,citation_year=2018;,citation_issue=5;,citation_volume=98;,citation_journal_title=Physical Review E;,citation_publisher=American Physical Society;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Machine learning inspired analysis of the Ising model transition;,citation_author=Samuel Foreman;,citation_author=Joel Giedt;,citation_author=Yannick Meurice;,citation_author=Judah Unmuth-Yockey;,citation_publication_date=2018;,citation_cover_date=2018;,citation_year=2018;,citation_doi=10.22323/1.334.0245;,citation_volume=LATTICE2018;,citation_journal_title=PoS;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Machine learning inspired analysis of the ising model transition;,citation_author=Samuel Foreman;,citation_author=Joel Giedt;,citation_author=Yannick Meurice;,citation_author=Judah Unmuth-Yockey;,citation_publication_date=2018;,citation_cover_date=2018;,citation_year=2018;,citation_conference_title=Lattice 2018;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Learning better physics: A machine learning approach to lattice gauge theory;,citation_author=Samuel Alfred Foreman;,citation_publication_date=2019;,citation_cover_date=2019;,citation_year=2019;,citation_dissertation_institution=University of Iowa;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Machine learning and neural networks for field theory;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=James C Osborn;,citation_publication_date=2020;,citation_cover_date=2020;,citation_year=2020;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=HMC with normalizing flows;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Taku Izubuchi;,citation_author=Luchang Jin;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=James C Osborn;,citation_author=Akio Tomiya;,citation_publication_date=2021;,citation_cover_date=2021;,citation_year=2021;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01586;,citation_journal_title=arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.01586;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=LeapfrogLayers: A trainable framework for effective topological sampling;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=James C Osborn;,citation_publication_date=2021;,citation_cover_date=2021;,citation_year=2021;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01582;,citation_journal_title=arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.01582;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Energy storage in quantum resonators;,citation_author=Jiaqi Liu;,citation_author=Alfred W Hubler;,citation_author=Samuel Alfred Foreman;,citation_author=Katharina Ott;,citation_publication_date=2017;,citation_cover_date=2017;,citation_year=2017;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Applications of machine learning to lattice quantum field theory;,citation_author=Denis Boyda;,citation_author=Salvatore Calı̀;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Lena Funcke;,citation_author=Daniel C Hackett;,citation_author=Yin Lin;,citation_author=Gert Aarts;,citation_author=Andrei Alexandru;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=Biagio Lucini;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2022;,citation_cover_date=2022;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.05838;,citation_journal_title=arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.05838;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Lattice QCD and particle physics;,citation_author=Andreas S Kronfeld;,citation_author=Tanmoy Bhattacharya;,citation_author=Thomas Blum;,citation_author=Norman H Christ;,citation_author=Carleton DeTar;,citation_author=William Detmold;,citation_author=Robert Edwards;,citation_author=Anna Hasenfratz;,citation_author=Huey-Wen Lin;,citation_author=Swagato Mukherjee;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2022;,citation_cover_date=2022;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.07641;,citation_journal_title=arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.07641;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=GenSLMs: Genome-scale language models reveal SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics;,citation_author=Maxim Zvyagin;,citation_author=Alexander Brace;,citation_author=Kyle Hippe;,citation_author=Yuntian Deng;,citation_author=Bin Zhang;,citation_author=Cindy Orozco Bohorquez;,citation_author=Austin Clyde;,citation_author=Bharat Kale;,citation_author=Danilo Perez-Rivera;,citation_author=Heng Ma;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_issue=6;,citation_volume=37;,citation_journal_title=The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications;,citation_publisher=SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A comprehensive performance study of large language models on novel AI accelerators;,citation_author=Murali Emani;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Varuni Sastry;,citation_author=Zhen Xie;,citation_author=Siddhisanket Raskar;,citation_author=William Arnold;,citation_author=Rajeev Thakur;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Michael E Papka;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04607;,citation_journal_title=arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.04607;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=DeepSpeed4Science initiative: Enabling large-scale scientific discovery through sophisticated AI system technologies;,citation_author=Shuaiwen Leon Song;,citation_author=Bonnie Kruft;,citation_author=Minjia Zhang;,citation_author=Conglong Li;,citation_author=Shiyang Chen;,citation_author=Chengming Zhang;,citation_author=Masahiro Tanaka;,citation_author=Xiaoxia Wu;,citation_author=Jeff Rasley;,citation_author=Ammar Ahmad Awan;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04610;,citation_journal_title=arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.04610;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Protein generation via genome-scale language models with bio-physical scoring;,citation_author=Gautham Dharuman;,citation_author=Logan Ward;,citation_author=Heng Ma;,citation_author=Priyanka V Setty;,citation_author=Ozan Gokdemir;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Murali Emani;,citation_author=Kyle Hippe;,citation_author=Alexander Brace;,citation_author=Kristopher Keipert;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_conference_title=Proceedings of the SC’23 workshops of the international conference on high performance computing, network, storage, and analysis;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Energy Justice Analysis of Climate Data with ClimRR;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_publication_date=2023-08-07;,citation_cover_date=2023-08-07;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://saforem2.github.io/climate-analysis;,citation_language=en;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=🚂 Loooooooong Sequence Lengths;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_publication_date=2024-02-12;,citation_cover_date=2024-02-12;,citation_year=2024;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://samforeman.me/posts/AuroraGPT/long-sequences/;,citation_language=en;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=MLMC: Machine learning monte carlo for lattice gauge theory;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=James C. Osborn;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08936;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Snowmass 2021 computational frontier CompF03 topical group report: Machine learning;,citation_author=Phiala Shanahan;,citation_author=Kazuhiro Terao;,citation_author=Daniel Whiteson;,citation_publication_date=2022;,citation_cover_date=2022;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07559;,citation_journal_title=arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.07559;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Thorough characterization and analysis of large transformer model training at-scale;,citation_abstract=Large transformer models have recently achieved great success across various domains. With a growing number of model parameters , a large transformer model training today typically involves model sharding, data parallelism, and model parallelism. Thus, the throughput of large-scale model training depends heavily on the network bandwidth since a combination of model sharding and multiple parallelism strategies incurs various costs. However, prior characterizations of transformer models on high-bandwidth DGX machines that use TFLOPS as a metric may not reflect the performance of a system with lower bandwidth. Furthermore, data and model parallelism reveal significantly distinct training profiles on different system bandwidths at scale and, thus, need a thorough study. In this paper, we provide a bottom-up breakdown of training throughput into compute and communication time, and quantitatively analyze their respective influences on overall end-to-end training scaling. Our evaluation involves an in-depth exploration of data parallelism, scaling up to 512 GPUs with limited bandwidth, and examines three model sharding strategies among six model sizes. We also evaluate three combinations of model parallelism on both high and low bandwidth supercomputing systems. Overall, our work provides a broader perspective on large-scale transformer model training, and our analysis and evaluation yield practical insights for predicting training scaling, shaping the future development of supercomputing system design.;,citation_author=Scott Cheng;,citation_author=Jun-Liang Lin;,citation_author=Murali Emani;,citation_author=Siddhisanket Raskar;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Zhen Xie;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Mahmut Taylan Kandemir;,citation_publication_date=2024-02;,citation_cover_date=2024-02;,citation_year=2024;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3639034;,citation_issue=1;,citation_doi=10.1145/3639034;,citation_volume=8;,citation_journal_title=Proc. ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst.;,citation_publisher=Association for Computing Machinery;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Communities through energy justice projects;,citation_author=Mary Ann Leung;,citation_author=Katharine Cahill;,citation_author=Rebecca Hartman-Baker;,citation_author=Paige Kinsley;,citation_author=Lois Curfman McInnes;,citation_author=Suzanne Parete-Koon;,citation_author=Subil Abraham;,citation_author=Lacy Beach Barrier;,citation_author=Gladys Chen;,citation_author=Lizanne DeStefano;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2024;,citation_cover_date=2024;,citation_year=2024;,citation_issue=1;,citation_volume=15;,citation_journal_title=Journal of Computational Science;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Applications of a foundation model approach for weather and climate;,citation_author=Troy Arcomano;,citation_author=Alexander Wikner;,citation_author=Romit Maulik;,citation_author=Veerabhadra Rao Kotamarthi;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_volume=2023;,citation_conference_title=AGU fall meeting abstracts;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Toward a holistic performance evaluation of large language models across diverse ai accelerators;,citation_author=Murali Emani;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Varuni Sastry;,citation_author=Zhen Xie;,citation_author=Siddhisanket Raskar;,citation_author=William Arnold;,citation_author=Rajeev Thakur;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Michael E Papka;,citation_author=Sanjif Shanmugavelu;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2024;,citation_cover_date=2024;,citation_year=2024;,citation_conference_title=2024 IEEE international parallel and distributed processing symposium workshops (IPDPSW);,citation_conference=IEEE;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Intro to HPC bootcamp: Engaging new communities through energy justice projects;,citation_author=Suzanne Parete-Koon;,citation_author=Michael Sandoval;,citation_author=Kellen Leland;,citation_author=Subil Abraham;,citation_author=Mary Ann Leung;,citation_author=Rebecca Hartman-Baker;,citation_author=Paige Kinsley;,citation_author=Lois McInnes;,citation_author=Sreeranjani Ramprakash;,citation_author=Lacy Beach Barrier;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2024;,citation_cover_date=2024;,citation_year=2024;,citation_issue=1;,citation_volume=15;,citation_journal_title=Journal of Computational Science Education;,citation_publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States);">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=MProt-DPO: Breaking the ExaFLOPS barrier for multimodal protein design workflows with direct preference optimization;,citation_author=Gautham Dharuman;,citation_author=Kyle Hippe;,citation_author=Alexander Brace;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Väinä Hatanpää;,citation_author=Varuni K Sastry;,citation_author=Huihuo Zheng;,citation_author=Logan Ward;,citation_author=Servesh Muralidharan;,citation_author=Archit Vasan;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2024;,citation_cover_date=2024;,citation_year=2024;,citation_conference_title=2024 SC24: International conference for high performance computing, networking, storage and analysis SC;,citation_conference=IEEE Computer Society;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=DeepSpeed4Science initiative: Enabling large-scale scientific discovery through sophisticated AI system technologies;,citation_author=Shuaiwen Leon Song;,citation_author=Bonnie Kruft;,citation_author=Minjia Zhang;,citation_author=Conglong Li;,citation_author=Shiyang Chen;,citation_author=Chengming Zhang;,citation_author=Masahiro Tanaka;,citation_author=Xiaoxia Wu;,citation_author=Jeff Rasley;,citation_author=Ammar Ahmad Awan;,citation_author=Connor Holmes;,citation_author=Martin Cai;,citation_author=Adam Ghanem;,citation_author=Zhongzhu Zhou;,citation_author=Yuxiong He;,citation_author=Pete Luferenko;,citation_author=Divya Kumar;,citation_author=Jonathan Weyn;,citation_author=Ruixiong Zhang;,citation_author=Sylwester Klocek;,citation_author=Volodymyr Vragov;,citation_author=Mohammed AlQuraishi;,citation_author=Gustaf Ahdritz;,citation_author=Christina Floristean;,citation_author=Cristina Negri;,citation_author=Rao Kotamarthi;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Arvind Ramanathan;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Kyle Hippe;,citation_author=Troy Arcomano;,citation_author=Romit Maulik;,citation_author=Maxim Zvyagin;,citation_author=Alexander Brace;,citation_author=Bin Zhang;,citation_author=Cindy Orozco Bohorquez;,citation_author=Austin Clyde;,citation_author=Bharat Kale;,citation_author=Danilo Perez-Rivera;,citation_author=Heng Ma;,citation_author=Carla M. Mann;,citation_author=Michael Irvin;,citation_author=J. Gregory Pauloski;,citation_author=Logan Ward;,citation_author=Valerie Hayot;,citation_author=Murali Emani;,citation_author=Zhen Xie;,citation_author=Diangen Lin;,citation_author=Maulik Shukla;,citation_author=Ian Foster;,citation_author=James J. Davis;,citation_author=Michael E. Papka;,citation_author=Thomas Brettin;,citation_author=Prasanna Balaprakash;,citation_author=Gina Tourassi;,citation_author=John Gounley;,citation_author=Heidi Hanson;,citation_author=Thomas E Potok;,citation_author=Massimiliano Lupo Pasini;,citation_author=Kate Evans;,citation_author=Dan Lu;,citation_author=Dalton Lunga;,citation_author=Junqi Yin;,citation_author=Sajal Dash;,citation_author=Feiyi Wang;,citation_author=Mallikarjun Shankar;,citation_author=Isaac Lyngaas;,citation_author=Xiao Wang;,citation_author=Guojing Cong;,citation_author=Pei Zhang;,citation_author=Ming Fan;,citation_author=Siyan Liu;,citation_author=Adolfy Hoisie;,citation_author=Shinjae Yoo;,citation_author=Yihui Ren;,citation_author=William Tang;,citation_author=Kyle Felker;,citation_author=Alexey Svyatkovskiy;,citation_author=Hang Liu;,citation_author=Ashwin Aji;,citation_author=Angela Dalton;,citation_author=Michael Schulte;,citation_author=Karl Schulz;,citation_author=Yuntian Deng;,citation_author=Weili Nie;,citation_author=Josh Romero;,citation_author=Christian Dallago;,citation_author=Arash Vahdat;,citation_author=Chaowei Xiao;,citation_author=Thomas Gibbs;,citation_author=Anima Anandkumar;,citation_author=Rick Stevens;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04610;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Emergent abilities of large language models;,citation_author=Jason Wei;,citation_author=Yi Tay;,citation_author=Rishi Bommasani;,citation_author=Colin Raffel;,citation_author=Barret Zoph;,citation_author=Sebastian Borgeaud;,citation_author=Dani Yogatama;,citation_author=Maarten Bosma;,citation_author=Denny Zhou;,citation_author=Donald Metzler;,citation_author=Ed H. Chi;,citation_author=Tatsunori Hashimoto;,citation_author=Oriol Vinyals;,citation_author=Percy Liang;,citation_author=Jeff Dean;,citation_author=William Fedus;,citation_publication_date=2022;,citation_cover_date=2022;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.07682;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The climate risk &amp;amp;amp; resilience portal (ClimRR) metadata and data dictionary;,citation_author=C. Burdi;,citation_author=Wall. T Branham;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://dub.sh/ClimRR-Metadata;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Progress on $(g-2)_\mu$ from lattice QCD;,citation_author=Hartmut Wittig;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.04165;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Hybrid Monte Carlo;,citation_author=S. Duane;,citation_author=A. D. Kennedy;,citation_author=B. J. Pendleton;,citation_author=D. Roweth;,citation_publication_date=1987;,citation_cover_date=1987;,citation_year=1987;,citation_doi=10.1016/0370-2693(87)91197-X;,citation_volume=195;,citation_journal_title=Phys. Lett. B;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Snowmass 2021 Computational Frontier CompF03 Topical Group Report: Machine Learning;,citation_author=Phiala Shanahan;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2022-09;,citation_cover_date=2022-09;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07559;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Applications of Machine Learning to Lattice Quantum Field Theory;,citation_author=Denis Boyda;,citation_author=others;,citation_publication_date=2022-02;,citation_cover_date=2022-02;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.05838;,citation_conference_title=Snowmass 2021;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=HMC with Normalizing Flows;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Taku Izubuchi;,citation_author=Luchang Jin;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=James C. Osborn;,citation_author=Akio Tomiya;,citation_publication_date=2022;,citation_cover_date=2022;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01586;,citation_doi=10.22323/1.396.0073;,citation_volume=LATTICE2021;,citation_journal_title=PoS;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=LeapfrogLayers: A Trainable Framework for Effective Topological Sampling;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=James C. Osborn;,citation_publication_date=2022;,citation_cover_date=2022;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01582;,citation_doi=10.22323/1.396.0508;,citation_volume=LATTICE2021;,citation_journal_title=PoS;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Deep Learning Hamiltonian Monte Carlo;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=James C. Osborn;,citation_publication_date=2021-05;,citation_cover_date=2021-05;,citation_year=2021;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.03418;,citation_conference_title=9th International Conference on Learning Representations;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Deep learning hamiltonian monte carlo;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=Osborn James C.;,citation_publication_date=2021;,citation_cover_date=2021;,citation_year=2021;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.03418;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=LeapfrogLayers: A trainable framework for effective topological sampling;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Xiao-Yong Jin;,citation_author=James C Osborn;,citation_publication_date=2021;,citation_cover_date=2021;,citation_year=2021;,citation_journal_title=arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.01582;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Energy Justice Analysis of Climate Data with ClimRR;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_publication_date=2023-08-07;,citation_cover_date=2023-08-07;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://saforem2.github.io/climate-analysis;,citation_language=en;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_publication_date=2023-08-19;,citation_cover_date=2023-08-19;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://saforem2.github.io/l2hmc-qcd;,citation_language=en;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=LeapfrogLayers: A Trainable Framework for Effective Topological Sampling;,citation_author=S. Foreman;,citation_author=X. Jin;,citation_author=J. Osborn;,citation_publication_date=2022-07;,citation_cover_date=2022-07;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01582;,citation_doi=10.22323/1.396.0508;,citation_conference_title=The 38th international symposium on lattice field theory;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Mastering language models;,citation_author=Samuel Montgomery;,citation_publication_date=2023-10;,citation_cover_date=2023-10;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://towardsdatascience.com/mastering-language-models-32e1d891511a
           ;,citation_journal_title=Medium;,citation_publisher=Towards Data Science;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Harnessing the power of LLMs in practice: A survey on ChatGPT and beyond;,citation_author=Jingfeng Yang;,citation_author=Hongye Jin;,citation_author=Ruixiang Tang;,citation_author=Xiaotian Han;,citation_author=Qizhang Feng;,citation_author=Haoming Jiang;,citation_author=Bing Yin;,citation_author=Xia Hu;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.13712;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Training tips for the transformer model;,citation_author=Martin Popel;,citation_author=Ondřej Bojar;,citation_publication_date=2018-04;,citation_cover_date=2018-04;,citation_year=2018;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fpralin-2018-0002;,citation_issue=1;,citation_doi=10.2478/pralin-2018-0002;,citation_volume=110;,citation_journal_title=The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics;,citation_publisher=Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Attention is all you need;,citation_author=Ashish Vaswani;,citation_author=Noam Shazeer;,citation_author=Niki Parmar;,citation_author=Jakob Uszkoreit;,citation_author=Llion Jones;,citation_author=Aidan N. Gomez;,citation_author=Lukasz Kaiser;,citation_author=Illia Polosukhin;,citation_publication_date=2017;,citation_cover_date=2017;,citation_year=2017;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models;,citation_author=Shunyu Yao;,citation_author=Dian Yu;,citation_author=Jeffrey Zhao;,citation_author=Izhak Shafran;,citation_author=Thomas L. Griffiths;,citation_author=Yuan Cao;,citation_author=Karthik Narasimhan;,citation_publication_date=2023;,citation_cover_date=2023;,citation_year=2023;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.10601;">
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=GenSLMs: Genome-scale language models reveal SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics;,citation_abstract=We seek to transform how new and emergent variants of pandemiccausing viruses, specifically SARS-CoV-2, are identified and classified. By adapting large language models (LLMs) for genomic data, we build genome-scale language models (GenSLMs) which can learn the evolutionary landscape of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. By pretraining on over 110 million prokaryotic gene sequences and finetuning a SARS-CoV-2-specific model on 1.5 million genomes, we show that GenSLMs can accurately and rapidly identify variants of concern. Thus, to our knowledge, GenSLMs represents one of the first whole genome scale foundation models which can generalize to other prediction tasks. We demonstrate scaling of GenSLMs on GPU-based supercomputers and AI-hardware accelerators utilizing 1.63 Zettaflops in training runs with a sustained performance of 121 PFLOPS in mixed precision and peak of 850 PFLOPS. We present initial scientific insights from examining GenSLMs in tracking evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, paving the path to realizing this on large biological data.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.;,citation_author=Maxim Zvyagin;,citation_author=Alexander Brace;,citation_author=Kyle Hippe;,citation_author=Yuntian Deng;,citation_author=Bin Zhang;,citation_author=Cindy Orozco Bohorquez;,citation_author=Austin Clyde;,citation_author=Bharat Kale;,citation_author=Danilo Perez-Rivera;,citation_author=Heng Ma;,citation_author=Carla M. Mann;,citation_author=Michael Irvin;,citation_author=J. Gregory Pauloski;,citation_author=Logan Ward;,citation_author=Valerie Hayot-Sasson;,citation_author=Murali Emani;,citation_author=Sam Foreman;,citation_author=Zhen Xie;,citation_author=Diangen Lin;,citation_author=Maulik Shukla;,citation_author=Weili Nie;,citation_author=Josh Romero;,citation_author=Christian Dallago;,citation_author=Arash Vahdat;,citation_author=Chaowei Xiao;,citation_author=Thomas Gibbs;,citation_author=Ian Foster;,citation_author=James J. Davis;,citation_author=Michael E. Papka;,citation_author=Thomas Brettin;,citation_author=Rick Stevens;,citation_author=Anima Anandkumar;,citation_author=Venkatram Vishwanath;,citation_author=Arvind Ramanathan;,citation_publication_date=2022;,citation_cover_date=2022;,citation_year=2022;,citation_fulltext_html_url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/11/23/2022.10.10.511571;,citation_doi=10.1101/2022.10.10.511571;,citation_journal_title=bioRxiv;,citation_publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;">
</head>

<body class="nav-sidebar floating quarto-dark"><script id="quarto-html-before-body" type="application/javascript">
    const toggleBodyColorMode = (bsSheetEl) => {
      const mode = bsSheetEl.getAttribute("data-mode");
      const bodyEl = window.document.querySelector("body");
      if (mode === "dark") {
        bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-dark");
        bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-light");
      } else {
        bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-light");
        bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-dark");
      }
    }
    const toggleBodyColorPrimary = () => {
      const bsSheetEl = window.document.querySelector("link#quarto-bootstrap:not([rel=disabled-stylesheet])");
      if (bsSheetEl) {
        toggleBodyColorMode(bsSheetEl);
      }
    }
    const setColorSchemeToggle = (alternate) => {
      const toggles = window.document.querySelectorAll('.quarto-color-scheme-toggle');
      for (let i=0; i < toggles.length; i++) {
        const toggle = toggles[i];
        if (toggle) {
          if (alternate) {
            toggle.classList.add("alternate");
          } else {
            toggle.classList.remove("alternate");
          }
        }
      }
    };
    const toggleColorMode = (alternate) => {
      // Switch the stylesheets
      const primaryStylesheets = window.document.querySelectorAll('link.quarto-color-scheme:not(.quarto-color-alternate)');
      const alternateStylesheets = window.document.querySelectorAll('link.quarto-color-scheme.quarto-color-alternate');
      manageTransitions('#quarto-margin-sidebar .nav-link', false);
      if (alternate) {
        // note: dark is layered on light, we don't disable primary!
        enableStylesheet(alternateStylesheets);
        for (const sheetNode of alternateStylesheets) {
          if (sheetNode.id === "quarto-bootstrap") {
            toggleBodyColorMode(sheetNode);
          }
        }
      } else {
        disableStylesheet(alternateStylesheets);
        enableStylesheet(primaryStylesheets)
        toggleBodyColorPrimary();
      }
      manageTransitions('#quarto-margin-sidebar .nav-link', true);
      // Switch the toggles
      setColorSchemeToggle(alternate)
      // Hack to workaround the fact that safari doesn't
      // properly recolor the scrollbar when toggling (#1455)
      if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Safari') > 0 && navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Chrome') == -1) {
        manageTransitions("body", false);
        window.scrollTo(0, 1);
        setTimeout(() => {
          window.scrollTo(0, 0);
          manageTransitions("body", true);
        }, 40);
      }
    }
    const disableStylesheet = (stylesheets) => {
      for (let i=0; i < stylesheets.length; i++) {
        const stylesheet = stylesheets[i];
        stylesheet.rel = 'disabled-stylesheet';
      }
    }
    const enableStylesheet = (stylesheets) => {
      for (let i=0; i < stylesheets.length; i++) {
        const stylesheet = stylesheets[i];
        if(stylesheet.rel !== 'stylesheet') { // for Chrome, which will still FOUC without this check
          stylesheet.rel = 'stylesheet';
        }
      }
    }
    const manageTransitions = (selector, allowTransitions) => {
      const els = window.document.querySelectorAll(selector);
      for (let i=0; i < els.length; i++) {
        const el = els[i];
        if (allowTransitions) {
          el.classList.remove('notransition');
        } else {
          el.classList.add('notransition');
        }
      }
    }
    const isFileUrl = () => {
      return window.location.protocol === 'file:';
    }
    const hasAlternateSentinel = () => {
      let styleSentinel = getColorSchemeSentinel();
      if (styleSentinel !== null) {
        return styleSentinel === "alternate";
      } else {
        return false;
      }
    }
    const setStyleSentinel = (alternate) => {
      const value = alternate ? "alternate" : "default";
      if (!isFileUrl()) {
        window.localStorage.setItem("quarto-color-scheme", value);
      } else {
        localAlternateSentinel = value;
      }
    }
    const getColorSchemeSentinel = () => {
      if (!isFileUrl()) {
        const storageValue = window.localStorage.getItem("quarto-color-scheme");
        return storageValue != null ? storageValue : localAlternateSentinel;
      } else {
        return localAlternateSentinel;
      }
    }
    const toggleGiscusIfUsed = (isAlternate, darkModeDefault) => {
      const baseTheme = document.querySelector('#giscus-base-theme')?.value ?? 'light';
      const alternateTheme = document.querySelector('#giscus-alt-theme')?.value ?? 'dark';
      let newTheme = '';
      if(authorPrefersDark) {
        newTheme = isAlternate ? baseTheme : alternateTheme;
      } else {
        newTheme = isAlternate ? alternateTheme : baseTheme;
      }
      const changeGiscusTheme = () => {
        // From: https://github.com/giscus/giscus/issues/336
        const sendMessage = (message) => {
          const iframe = document.querySelector('iframe.giscus-frame');
          if (!iframe) return;
          iframe.contentWindow.postMessage({ giscus: message }, 'https://giscus.app');
        }
        sendMessage({
          setConfig: {
            theme: newTheme
          }
        });
      }
      const isGiscussLoaded = window.document.querySelector('iframe.giscus-frame') !== null;
      if (isGiscussLoaded) {
        changeGiscusTheme();
      }
    };
    const authorPrefersDark = true;
    const queryPrefersDark = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)');
    const darkModeDefault = queryPrefersDark.matches;
    let localAlternateSentinel = darkModeDefault ? 'alternate' : 'default';
    // Dark / light mode switch
    window.quartoToggleColorScheme = () => {
      // Read the current dark / light value
      let toAlternate = !hasAlternateSentinel();
      toggleColorMode(toAlternate);
      setStyleSentinel(toAlternate);
      toggleGiscusIfUsed(toAlternate, darkModeDefault);
      window.dispatchEvent(new Event('resize'));
    };
    queryPrefersDark.addEventListener("change", e => {
      if(window.localStorage.getItem("quarto-color-scheme") !== null)
        return;
      const alternate = e.matches
      toggleColorMode(alternate);
      localAlternateSentinel = e.matches ? 'alternate' : 'default'; // this is used alongside local storage!
      toggleGiscusIfUsed(alternate, darkModeDefault);
    });
    // Switch to dark mode if need be
    if (hasAlternateSentinel()) {
      toggleColorMode(true);
    } else {
      toggleColorMode(false);
    }
  </script>

<div id="quarto-search-results"></div>
  <header id="quarto-header" class="headroom fixed-top">
  <nav class="quarto-secondary-nav">
    <div class="container-fluid d-flex">
      <button type="button" class="quarto-btn-toggle btn" data-bs-toggle="collapse" role="button" data-bs-target=".quarto-sidebar-collapse-item" aria-controls="quarto-sidebar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle sidebar navigation" onclick="if (window.quartoToggleHeadroom) { window.quartoToggleHeadroom(); }">
        <i class="bi bi-layout-text-sidebar-reverse"></i>
      </button>
        <nav class="quarto-page-breadcrumbs" aria-label="breadcrumb"><ol class="breadcrumb"><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="../../talks/index.html">🦜 Talks</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="../../talks/ai-for-science-2024/index.html">2024</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="../../talks/ai-for-science-2024/index.html">Parallel Training Methods</a></li></ol></nav>
        <a class="flex-grow-1" role="navigation" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target=".quarto-sidebar-collapse-item" aria-controls="quarto-sidebar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle sidebar navigation" onclick="if (window.quartoToggleHeadroom) { window.quartoToggleHeadroom(); }">
        </a>
      <button type="button" class="btn quarto-search-button" aria-label="Search" onclick="window.quartoOpenSearch();">
        <i class="bi bi-search"></i>
      </button>
    </div>
  </nav>
</header>
<!-- content -->
<div id="quarto-content" class="quarto-container page-columns page-rows-contents page-layout-article">
<!-- sidebar -->
  <nav id="quarto-sidebar" class="sidebar collapse collapse-horizontal quarto-sidebar-collapse-item sidebar-navigation floating overflow-auto">
    <div class="pt-lg-2 mt-2 text-left sidebar-header">
      <a href="../../index.html" class="sidebar-logo-link">
      <img src="../../assets/signature-navbar-orig.svg" alt="Sam Foreman" class="sidebar-logo light-content py-0 d-lg-inline d-none">
      <img src="../../assets/signature-navbar-orig.svg" alt="Sam Foreman" class="sidebar-logo dark-content py-0 d-lg-inline d-none">
      </a>
      <div class="sidebar-tools-main">
    <a href="https://github.com/saforem2/personal_site" title="" class="quarto-navigation-tool px-1" aria-label="GitHub"><i class="bi bi-github"></i></a>
  <a href="" class="quarto-color-scheme-toggle quarto-navigation-tool  px-1" onclick="window.quartoToggleColorScheme(); return false;" title="Toggle dark mode"><i class="bi"></i></a>
</div>
      </div>
        <div class="mt-2 flex-shrink-0 align-items-center">
        <div class="sidebar-search">
        <div id="quarto-search" class="" title="Search"></div>
        </div>
        </div>
    <div class="sidebar-menu-container">
    <ul class="list-unstyled mt-1">
        <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a href="../../posts/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">✏️ Posts</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-1" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-1" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth1 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-2" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false">
 <span class="menu-text">2026</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-2" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-2" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth2 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2026/01/07/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🎉 Happy New Year!</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-3" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false">
 <span class="menu-text">2025</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-3" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-3" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth2 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2025/11/12/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🧊 Cooling Down Checkpoints: Best Practices for Model Evaluation</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2025/10/06/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🎨 Mixing Between Distributions While Training</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2025/09/12/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🍹 BlendCorpus + TorchTitan @ ALCF</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2025/09/17/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">📊 <code>pbs-tui</code>: TUI for PBS Job Scheduler Monitoring</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2025/06/14/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🏗️ Building PyTorch 2.8 from Source on Aurora</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2025/06/01/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">📰 Nice Headings</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2025/06/02/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🧜‍♀️ Mermaid</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2025/05/03/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🚧 Frameworks Issue with <code>numpy &gt; 2</code></span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/2025/04/28/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🔥 Building PyTorch 2.6 from Source on Aurora</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/resume/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🧑🏻‍💻 Sam Foreman’s Résumé</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-4" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false">
 <span class="menu-text">2024</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-4" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-4" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth2 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/svgbob/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🫥 svgbob</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/spike-skipper/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🏔️ Spike Skipper</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/checkpoints/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">💾 Converting Checkpoints</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/dope-slides/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">💅 How to Make Dope Slides</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/ezpz-v1/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">📝 ezpz-v1</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/ezpz-at-alcf/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🍋 <code>ezpz</code> @ ALCF</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/aurora-gpt/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🏎️ Megatron-DeepSpeed on Intel XPU</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/flash-attn-sunspot/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">📸 <code>flash-attn</code> on Sunspot</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/determinstic-flash-attn/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🎰 Deterministic <code>flash-attn</code></span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/aurora-gpt/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🏎️ Megatron-DeepSpeed on Intel XPU</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/flash-attn-sunspot/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">📸 <code>flash-attn</code> on Sunspot</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/determinstic-flash-attn/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🎰 Deterministic <code>flash-attn</code></span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/mpi4py-reproducer/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🐛 <code>mpi4py</code> bug on Sunspot</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/ai-for-physics/diffusion/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🎲 MCMC + Diffusion Sampling</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/startup-times/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🐢 Starting Up Distributed Training on Aurora</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/jupyter/test/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🏁 <code>l2hmc</code> Example: 2D <span class="math inline">U(1)</span></span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/AuroraGPT/long-sequences/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🚂 Loooooooong Sequence Lengths</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-5" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false">
 <span class="menu-text">2023</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-5" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-5" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth2 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/jupyter/l2hmc/4dSU3/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🔳 <code>l2hmc-qcd</code> Example: 4D SU(3)</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../posts/ai-for-physics/l2hmc-qcd/2dU1/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🎢 <code>l2hmc-qcd</code> Example: 2D U(1)</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
      </ul>
  </li>
        <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a href="../../talks/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">🦜 Talks</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-6" role="navigation" aria-expanded="true" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-6" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth1 show">
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-7" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false">
 <span class="menu-text">2025</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-7" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-7" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth2 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/2025/12/16/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Training AuroraGPT @ ALCF</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/2025/10/24/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Training Foundation Models on Supercomputers @ UIUC</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/2025/10/15/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Training Foundation Models on Supercomputers @ GA Tech</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/2025/10/08/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">AERIS @ ALCF Hands-on Workshop 2025</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/2025/09/24/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">ALCF Hands-on Workshop 2025</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a href="../../talks/openskai25/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">OpenSKAI25</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-8" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-8" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth3 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/openskai25/ai4science/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Scientific AI at Scale: AuroraGPT</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/openskai25/training/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Scientific AI at Scale: Distributed Training</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/AuroraGPT-SIAM25/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">AuroraGPT</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a href="../../talks/incite-hackathon-2025/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Incite Hackathon 2025</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-9" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-9" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth3 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/incite-hackathon-2025/AuroraGPT/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">LLMs on Aurora: Overview</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/incite-hackathon-2025/ezpz/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">LLMs on Aurora: Hands-On</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/aurora-gpt-fm-for-electric-grid/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">AuroraGPT: Foundation Models for Science</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link text-start" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-10" role="navigation" aria-expanded="true">
 <span class="menu-text">2024</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-10" role="navigation" aria-expanded="true" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-10" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth2 show">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/ai-for-science-2024/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link active">
 <span class="menu-text">Parallel Training Methods</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/AuroraGPT/alcf-hpc-workshop-2024/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">AuroraGPT: ANL’s General Purpose Scientific LLM</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/alcf-hpc-workshop-2024/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Deep Learning and Foundation Models at Scale</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/hpc-user-forum/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">AuroraGPT</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/llms-at-scale/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Training LLMs at Scale</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="../../talks/llms-on-polaris/index.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Training LLMs on Polaris</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/parallel-training-slides" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Parallel Training Techniques</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/llm-workshop-talk" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">LLMs from Scratch</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-11" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false">
 <span class="menu-text">2023</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-11" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-11" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth2 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/LLM-tutorial" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Creating Small(-ish) LLMs</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/oneapi-talk" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Exascale Science on Aurora</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/llm-lunch-talk" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">LLM Lunch Talk</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/scaling4science" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Scaling LLMs for Science</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/lattice23" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">MLMC: Machine Learning Monte Carlo</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/lqcd-pasc23/" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Generative Modeling and Efficient Sampling</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/deep-fridays" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Efficient Sampling for LGT</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-12" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false">
 <span class="menu-text">2022</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-12" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-12" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth2 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/ai4sci-large-scale-training" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Large Scale Training</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/hparam-management-sdl2022/" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Hyperparameter Management</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/ATPESC-StatisticalLearning" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Statistical Learning</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/anl-job-talk/" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Scientific Data Science: An Emerging Symbiosis</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/physicsSeminar" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Machine Learning in HEP</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
      </ul>
  </li>
          <li class="sidebar-item sidebar-item-section">
      <div class="sidebar-item-container">
            <a class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-13" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false">
 <span class="menu-text">2021</span></a>
          <a class="sidebar-item-toggle text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#quarto-sidebar-section-13" role="navigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle section">
            <i class="bi bi-chevron-right ms-2"></i>
          </a>
      </div>
      <ul id="quarto-sidebar-section-13" class="collapse list-unstyled sidebar-section depth2 ">
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/l2hmc-dwq25/" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Accelerated Sampling Methods for LGT</span></a>
  </div>
</li>
          <li class="sidebar-item">
  <div class="sidebar-item-container">
  <a href="https://saforem2.github.io/l2hmc_talk_ect2021" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
 <span class="menu-text">Training Topological Samplers for LGT</span></a>
  </div>
</li>