gh-40342: typing annotations and small optimisations in hasse_diagram.py
    
In the modified file:
- adding a bunch of fine typing annotations
- fix the documentation about storage, not using matrices now
- enhance some methods, that get slightly faster

### 📝 Checklist

- [x] The title is concise and informative.
- [x] The description explains in detail what this PR is about.
    
URL: #40342
Reported by: Frédéric Chapoton
Reviewer(s): Martin Rubey

Author: Release Manager