gh-40157: Add back ubuntu-noble-standard to ci-linux
    
Fixes #40120 — I believe.

As explained there, the root cause is that `ci-linux.yml` no longer
build from scratch on `ubuntu-noble-standard` to generate the base
docker image for the incremental builds to base on.

In any case this appears to be harmless enough.

From some
[testing](https://github.com/user202729/sage/actions/workflows/ci-
linux.yml) this works _some_ of the time (the debug statements are
harmless)… which is not great, but the **current** `standard` runs
aren't completely reliable either.

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### ⌛ Dependencies

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URL: #40157
Reported by: user202729
Reviewer(s): Travis Scrimshaw

Author: Release Manager

.github/workflows/docker.yml

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ on:
           [
            "ubuntu-focal",
            "ubuntu-jammy",
+           "ubuntu-noble",
            "debian-bullseye",
            "debian-bookworm",
            "fedora-40",