gh-36336: add some class roles for linking Errors in doc
    
this is adding a few `class` roles so that errors in the doc are linked
to python documentation

Here done mostly for `TypeError`

### 📝 Checklist

- [x] The title is concise, informative, and self-explanatory.
- [x] The description explains in detail what this PR is about.
    
URL: #36336
Reported by: Frédéric Chapoton
Reviewer(s): David Coudert

Author: Release Manager

src/sage/databases/conway.py

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ def __iter__(self):
     def polynomial(self, p, n):
         """
         Return the Conway polynomial of degree ``n`` over ``GF(p)``,
-        or raise a RuntimeError if this polynomial is not in the
+        or raise a :class:`RuntimeError` if this polynomial is not in the
         database.
 
         .. NOTE::

src/sage/graphs/generic_graph.py

@@ -1911,7 +1911,8 @@ def adjacency_matrix(self, sparse=None, vertices=None, *, base_ring=None, **kwds
           matrix. By default, the ordering given by
           :meth:`GenericGraph.vertices` with ``sort=True`` is used.
           If the vertices are not comparable, the keyword ``vertices`` must be
-          used to specify an ordering, or a TypeError exception will be raised.
+          used to specify an ordering, or a :class:`TypeError` exception will
+          be raised.
 
         - ``base_ring`` -- a ring (default: ``ZZ``); the base ring of the matrix
           space to use.

src/sage/interfaces/singular.py

@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ def eval(self, x, allow_semicolon=True, strip=True, **kwds):
         -  ``x`` - string (of code)
 
         -  ``allow_semicolon`` - default: False; if False then
-           raise a TypeError if the input line contains a semicolon.
+           raise a :class:`TypeError` if the input line contains a semicolon.
 
         -  ``strip`` - ignored
 

src/sage/matrix/matrix_cyclo_dense.pyx

@@ -680,8 +680,9 @@ cdef class Matrix_cyclo_dense(Matrix_dense):
 
     cdef long _hash_(self) except -1:
         """
-        Return hash of an immutable matrix. Raise a TypeError if input
-        matrix is mutable.
+        Return hash of an immutable matrix.
+
+        This raises a :class:`TypeError` if input matrix is mutable.
 
         EXAMPLES:
 

src/sage/matrix/matrix_space.py

@@ -1343,8 +1343,8 @@ def _latex_(self):
     def __len__(self):
         """
         Return number of elements of this matrix space if it fits in
-        an int; raise a TypeError if there are infinitely many
-        elements, and raise an OverflowError if there are finitely
+        an int; raise a :class:`TypeError` if there are infinitely many
+        elements, and raise an :class:`OverflowError` if there are finitely
         many but more than the size of an int.
 
         EXAMPLES::

src/sage/modular/abvar/abvar.py

@@ -611,16 +611,19 @@ def newform_label(self):
 
     def elliptic_curve(self):
         """
-        Return an elliptic curve isogenous to self. If self is not dimension 1
-        with rational base ring, raise a ValueError.
+        Return an elliptic curve isogenous to ``self``.
 
-        The elliptic curve is found by looking it up in the CremonaDatabase.
-        The CremonaDatabase contains all curves up to some large conductor.  If
-        a curve is not found in the CremonaDatabase, a RuntimeError will be
-        raised. In practice, only the most committed users will see this
-        RuntimeError.
+        If ``self`` is not dimension 1
+        with rational base ring, this raises a :class:`ValueError`.
 
-        OUTPUT: an elliptic curve isogenous to self.
+        The elliptic curve is found by looking it up in the
+        CremonaDatabase.  The CremonaDatabase contains all curves up
+        to some large conductor.  If a curve is not found in the
+        CremonaDatabase, a :class:`RuntimeError` will be raised. In
+        practice, only the most committed users will see this
+        :class:`RuntimeError`.
+
+        OUTPUT: an elliptic curve isogenous to ``self``.
 
         EXAMPLES::
 
@@ -4183,7 +4186,8 @@ def modular_symbols(self, sign=0):
         """
         Return space of modular symbols (with given sign) associated to
         this modular abelian variety, if it can be found by cutting down
-        using Hecke operators. Otherwise raise a RuntimeError exception.
+        using Hecke operators. Otherwise raise a :class:`RuntimeError`
+        exception.
 
         EXAMPLES::
 

src/sage/modular/overconvergent/genus0.py

@@ -422,9 +422,10 @@ def change_ring(self, ring):
 
     def base_extend(self, ring):
         r"""
-        Return the base extension of self to the given base ring. There must be
-        a canonical map to this ring from the current base ring, otherwise a
-        TypeError will be raised.
+        Return the base extension of ``self`` to the given base ring.
+
+        There must be a canonical map to this ring from the current
+        base ring, otherwise a :class:`TypeError` will be raised.
 
         EXAMPLES::
 

src/sage/modular/pollack_stevens/dist.pyx

@@ -853,7 +853,7 @@ cdef class Dist_vector(Dist):
             sage: QQ(d)
             4/3
 
-        We get a TypeError if there is more than 1 moment::
+        We get a :class:`TypeError` if there is more than 1 moment::
 
             sage: D = Symk(1); d = D([1,2]); d
             (1, 2)

src/sage/modules/vector_space_homspace.py

@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ def __call__(self, A, check=True, **kwds):
             sage: H.zero().is_zero()
             True
 
-        Previously the above code resulted in a TypeError because the
+        Previously the above code resulted in a :class:`TypeError` because the
         dimensions of the matrix were incorrect.
         """
         from .vector_space_morphism import is_VectorSpaceMorphism, VectorSpaceMorphism

src/sage/numerical/gauss_legendre.pyx

@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ def integrate_vector_N(f, prec, N=3):
         The nodes and weights are calculated in the real field with ``prec``
         bits of precision. If the vector space in which ``f`` takes values
         is over a field which is incompatible with this field (e.g. a finite
-        field) then a TypeError occurs.
+        field) then a :class:`TypeError` occurs.
     """
     # We use nodes_uncached, because caching takes up memory, and numerics in
     # Bruin-DisneyHogg-Gao suggest that caching provides little benefit in the