gh-36423: fix and activate E225 and E228
    
This is fixing (around 200 cases) and activating pycodestyle E225 and
E228 in the linter

```
E228 missing whitespace around modulo operator
E225 missing whitespace around operator
```

### 📝 Checklist

- [x] The title is concise, informative, and self-explanatory.
- [x] The description explains in detail what this PR is about.
    
URL: #36423
Reported by: Frédéric Chapoton
Reviewer(s): Kwankyu Lee

Author: Release Manager

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
     "python.linting.enabled": true,
     // The following pycodestyle arguments are the same as the pycodestyle-minimal
     // tox environnment, see the file SAGE_ROOT/src/tox.ini
-    "python.linting.pycodestyleArgs": ["--select= E111,E21,E222,E227,E25,E271,E303,E305,E306,E401,E502,E701,E702,E703,E71,E72,W291,W293,W391,W605"],
+    "python.linting.pycodestyleArgs": ["--select= E111,E21,E222,E225,E227,E228,E25,E271,E303,E305,E306,E401,E502,E701,E702,E703,E71,E72,W291,W293,W391,W605"],
     "cSpell.words": [
         "furo",
         "Conda",

src/sage/databases/cremona.py

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def build(name, data_tgz, largest_conductor=0, mini=False, decompress=True):
         raise RuntimeError('Please (re)move %s before building ' % db_path
                 + 'database')
     if not os.path.exists(data_tgz):
-        raise IOError("The data file is not at %s"%data_tgz)
+        raise IOError("The data file is not at %s" % data_tgz)
     t = walltime()
 
     if decompress:
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def cremona_letter_code(n):
         return "a"
     s = ""
     while n != 0:
-        s = chr(n%26+97) + s
+        s = chr(n % 26+97) + s
         n //= 26
     return s
 
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ def old_cremona_letter_code(n):
         'CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC'
     """
     n -= 1
-    k = n%26 + 65
+    k = n % 26 + 65
     label = chr(k)*int(n//26 + 1)
     return label
 
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, read_only=True, build=False):
             return
         SQLDatabase.__init__(self, db_path, read_only=read_only)
         if self.get_skeleton() != self._expected_skeleton:
-            raise RuntimeError('Database at %s does '%(self.__dblocation__)
+            raise RuntimeError('Database at %s does ' % (self.__dblocation__)
               + 'not appear to be a valid SQL Cremona database.')
 
     def __iter__(self):

src/sage/databases/db_class_polynomials.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def _dbpath(self, disc, level=1):
             NotImplementedError: Level (= 2) > 1 not yet implemented
         """
         if level != 1:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Level (= %s) > 1 not yet implemented"%level)
+            raise NotImplementedError("Level (= %s) > 1 not yet implemented" % level)
         n1 = 5000*((abs(disc)-1)//5000)
         s1 = disc_format % (n1+1) #_pad_int(n1+1, disc_length)
         s2 = disc_format % (n1+5000)

src/sage/databases/knotinfo_db.py

@@ -202,9 +202,9 @@ def excel(self):
             'knotinfo_data_complete.xls'
         """
         if self == KnotInfoFilename.knots:
-            return '%s.xls' %(self.value[1])
+            return '%s.xls' % (self.value[1])
         else:
-            return '%s.xlsx' %(self.value[1])
+            return '%s.xlsx' % (self.value[1])
 
     def csv(self):
         r"""
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ def csv(self):
             sage: ki_db.filename.knots.csv()
             'knotinfo_data_complete.csv'
         """
-        return '%s.csv' %(self.value[1])
+        return '%s.csv' % (self.value[1])
 
     def num_knots(self, version):
         r"""
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ def num_knots(self, version):
             sage: ki_db.filename.knots.num_knots('21.7')
             'num_knots_21.7.sobj'
         """
-        return 'num_knots_%s.sobj' %version
+        return 'num_knots_%s.sobj' % version
 
     def sobj_row(self):
         r"""
@@ -275,9 +275,9 @@ def sobj_data(self, column):
             'knotinfo_braid_notation'
         """
         if column.column_type() == column.types.OnlyLinks:
-            return 'linkinfo_%s' %(column.name)
+            return 'linkinfo_%s' % (column.name)
         else:
-            return 'knotinfo_%s' %(column.name)
+            return 'knotinfo_%s' % (column.name)
 
     def description_url(self, column):
         r"""
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ def description_url(self, column):
             sage: ki_db.filename.knots.description_url(ki_db.columns().braid_notation)
             'https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/descriptions/braid_notation.html'
         """
-        return '%sdescriptions/%s.html' %(self.url(), column.name)
+        return '%sdescriptions/%s.html' % (self.url(), column.name)
 
     def diagram_url(self, fname, single=False):
         r"""
@@ -306,9 +306,9 @@ def diagram_url(self, fname, single=False):
             'https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/diagrams/3_1'
         """
         if single:
-            return '%sdiagrams/%s' %(self.url(), fname)
+            return '%sdiagrams/%s' % (self.url(), fname)
         else:
-            return '%sdiagram_display.php?%s' %(self.url(), fname)
+            return '%sdiagram_display.php?%s' % (self.url(), fname)
 
     knots = ['https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/', 'knotinfo_data_complete']
     links = ['https://linkinfo.sitehost.iu.edu/',  'linkinfo_data_complete']
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ def demo_version(self):
                 self._demo = False
             else:
                 self._demo = True
-                self._num_knots = len([v for v in row_demo_sample.values() if v[1]==1])
+                self._num_knots = len([v for v in row_demo_sample.values() if v[1] == 1])
         return self._demo
 
     def knot_list(self):
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ def _create_col_dict_sobj(self, sobj_path=None):
             col_type = KnotInfoColumnTypes.OnlyLinks
             column_dict[col] = [name, col_type]
 
-        save(column_dict, '%s/%s' %(sobj_path, self.filename.knots.sobj_column()))
+        save(column_dict, '%s/%s' % (sobj_path, self.filename.knots.sobj_column()))
 
     def _create_data_sobj(self, sobj_path=None):
         r"""
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ def _create_data_sobj(self, sobj_path=None):
         # ----------------------------------------------------------------
         # Columns that exist for knots and links
         # ----------------------------------------------------------------
-        column_dict = load('%s/%s' %(sobj_path, self.filename.knots.sobj_column()))
+        column_dict = load('%s/%s' % (sobj_path, self.filename.knots.sobj_column()))
         cols = KnotInfoColumns('ColsTemp', column_dict)
         for col in cols:
             val_list = []
@@ -608,9 +608,9 @@ def _create_data_sobj(self, sobj_path=None):
                     val_list.append(link_list[i][col.name])
 
             if val_list:
-                save(val_list, '%s/%s' %(sobj_path, self.filename.knots.sobj_data(col)))
+                save(val_list, '%s/%s' % (sobj_path, self.filename.knots.sobj_data(col)))
 
-        save(row_dict,    '%s/%s' %(sobj_path, self.filename.knots.sobj_row()))
+        save(row_dict,    '%s/%s' % (sobj_path, self.filename.knots.sobj_row()))
 
     @cached_method
     def columns(self):
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ def read_column_dict(self):
             return column_demo_sample
         sobj_path = self._sobj_path
         filename = self.filename.knots.sobj_column()
-        return load('%s/%s' %(sobj_path, filename))
+        return load('%s/%s' % (sobj_path, filename))
 
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # read the dictionary for the row names that is the knot and link names from sobj-file
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ def read_row_dict(self):
             return row_demo_sample
         sobj_path = self._sobj_path
         filename = self.filename.knots.sobj_row()
-        return load('%s/%s' %(sobj_path, filename))
+        return load('%s/%s' % (sobj_path, filename))
 
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # return a dictionary to obtain the original name to a row_dict key
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ def read(self, column):
             sage: ki_db = KnotInfoDataBase()
         """
         if not isinstance(column, KnotInfoColumns):
-            raise TypeError('column must be an instance of enum %s' %(KnotInfoColumns))
+            raise TypeError('column must be an instance of enum %s' % (KnotInfoColumns))
 
         if self.demo_version():
             return data_demo_sample[column]
@@ -763,8 +763,8 @@ def read(self, column):
         else:
             filename = self.filename.knots.sobj_data(column)
 
-        verbose('loading data library %s ...' %(filename))
-        res = load('%s/%s' %(sobj_path, filename))
+        verbose('loading data library %s ...' % (filename))
+        res = load('%s/%s' % (sobj_path, filename))
         verbose('... finished!')
 
         return res