gh-37034: raise ValueError instead of IndexError in .any_root()
    
The `.any_root()` method sometimes raises an `IndexError` instead of the
usual `ValueError` when no root exists.

Example (Sage 10.2):
```sage
sage: R.<x> = Zmod(55)[]
sage: (x^2 + 1).any_root()
------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call
last)
Cell In[2], line 1
----> 1 (x**Integer(2)+Integer(1)).any_root()

File /usr/lib/python3.11/site-
packages/sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_element.pyx:2315, in
sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element.Polynomial.any_root
(build/cythonized/sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_element.c:34795)()
   2313                         return (self//h).any_root(ring, -degree,
True)
   2314     else:
-> 2315         return self.roots(ring=ring, multiplicities=False)[0]
   2316
   2317 def __truediv__(left, right):

IndexError: list index out of range
```

With this patch, we check for the `IndexError` before it happens and
raise a `ValueError` instead.
    
URL: #37034
Reported by: Lorenz Panny
Reviewer(s): Travis Scrimshaw

Author: Release Manager

src/sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_element.pyx

@@ -2159,6 +2159,14 @@ cdef class Polynomial(CommutativePolynomial):
             sage: r = f.any_root()
             sage: r^2 + r
             a^2 + a
+
+        Check for :issue:`37034`::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = Zmod(55)[]
+            sage: (x^2 + 1).any_root()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: no roots (non-field) x^2 + 1
         """
         if self.base_ring().is_finite() and self.base_ring().is_field():
             if self.degree() < 0:
@@ -2312,7 +2320,10 @@ cdef class Polynomial(CommutativePolynomial):
                         else:
                             return (self//h).any_root(ring, -degree, True)
         else:
-            return self.roots(ring=ring, multiplicities=False)[0]
+            rs = self.roots(ring=ring, multiplicities=False)
+            if rs:
+                return rs[0]
+            raise ValueError("no roots (non-field) %s" % self)
 
     def __truediv__(left, right):
         r"""