[experimental feature] Support HOAS pattern with type variables for quote pattern matching (#18271)

This PR extends higher-order patterns inside quote patterns to allow
type parameters. When this PR is merged, we'll be able to write quote
patterns like the following example with an experimental flag
`experimental.quotedPatternsWithPolymorphicFunctions`.

```scala
def decomposePoly(x: Expr[Any])(using Quotes): Expr[Int] =
  x match
    case '{ [A] => (x: List[A]) => $y[A](x) : Int } =>
      '{ $y[Int](List(1, 2, 3)) }
    case _ => Expr(0)
```

You can see that the higher-order pattern `$y[A](x)` carries an type
parameter `A`. It states that this pattern matches a code fragment with
occurrences of `A`, and `y` is assigned a polymorphic function type `[A]
=> List[A] => x`.

This PR mainly changes two parts: type checker and quote pattern
matcher. Those changes are based on the formalized type system defined
in [Nicolas Stucki's thesis](https://github.com/nicolasstucki#thesis),
and one can expect the soundness of the implementation.

## Type Dependency
If a higher-order pattern carries a value parameter with a type that has
type parameters defined in the quoted pattern, those type parameters
should also be captured in the higher-order pattern. For example, the
following pattern will not be typed.

```
case '{ [A] => (x: List[A]) => $y(x) : Int } =>
```

In this case, `x` has the type `List[A]`, which includes a type variable
`A` that is defined in the pattern. However, the higher-order pattern
`$y(x)` does not have any type parameters. This should be ill-typed. One
can always avoid this kind of type errors by adding type parameters,
like `$y[A](x)`

## Implementation Restriction
Current implementation only allows type parameters that do not have
bounds, because sound typing rules for such pattern is not clear yet.

```scala
case '{ [A] => (x: List[A]) => $y(x) : Int } => // Allowed
case '{ [A <: Int] => (x: List[A]) => $y(x) : Int } => // Disallowed

Author: jchyb

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/ast/Desugar.scala

@@ -2218,7 +2218,7 @@ object desugar {
       case Quote(body, _) =>
         new UntypedTreeTraverser {
           def traverse(tree: untpd.Tree)(using Context): Unit = tree match {
-            case SplicePattern(body, _) => collect(body)
+            case SplicePattern(body, _, _) => collect(body)
             case _ => traverseChildren(tree)
           }
         }.traverse(body)

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/ast/TreeInfo.scala

@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ trait TypedTreeInfo extends TreeInfo[Type] { self: Trees.Instance[Type] =>
       }
       private object quotePatVars extends TreeAccumulator[List[Symbol]] {
         def apply(syms: List[Symbol], tree: Tree)(using Context) = tree match {
-          case SplicePattern(pat, _) => outer.apply(syms, pat)
+          case SplicePattern(pat, _, _) => outer.apply(syms, pat)
           case _ => foldOver(syms, tree)
         }
       }

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/ast/Trees.scala

@@ -763,9 +763,10 @@ object Trees {
    *  `SplicePattern` can only be contained within a `QuotePattern`.
    *
    *  @param body  The tree that was spliced
+   *  @param typeargs The type arguments of the splice (the HOAS arguments)
    *  @param args  The arguments of the splice (the HOAS arguments)
    */
-  case class SplicePattern[+T <: Untyped] private[ast] (body: Tree[T], args: List[Tree[T]])(implicit @constructorOnly src: SourceFile)
+  case class SplicePattern[+T <: Untyped] private[ast] (body: Tree[T], typeargs: List[Tree[T]], args: List[Tree[T]])(implicit @constructorOnly src: SourceFile)
     extends TermTree[T] {
     type ThisTree[+T <: Untyped] = SplicePattern[T]
   }
@@ -1372,9 +1373,9 @@ object Trees {
         case tree: QuotePattern if (bindings eq tree.bindings) && (body eq tree.body) && (quotes eq tree.quotes) => tree
         case _ => finalize(tree, untpd.QuotePattern(bindings, body, quotes)(sourceFile(tree)))
       }
-      def SplicePattern(tree: Tree)(body: Tree, args: List[Tree])(using Context): SplicePattern = tree match {
-        case tree: SplicePattern if (body eq tree.body) && (args eq tree.args) => tree
-        case _ => finalize(tree, untpd.SplicePattern(body, args)(sourceFile(tree)))
+      def SplicePattern(tree: Tree)(body: Tree, typeargs: List[Tree], args: List[Tree])(using Context): SplicePattern = tree match {
+        case tree: SplicePattern if (body eq tree.body) && (typeargs eq tree.typeargs) & (args eq tree.args) => tree
+        case _ => finalize(tree, untpd.SplicePattern(body, typeargs, args)(sourceFile(tree)))
       }
       def SingletonTypeTree(tree: Tree)(ref: Tree)(using Context): SingletonTypeTree = tree match {
         case tree: SingletonTypeTree if (ref eq tree.ref) => tree
@@ -1622,8 +1623,8 @@ object Trees {
               cpy.Splice(tree)(transform(expr)(using spliceContext))
             case tree @ QuotePattern(bindings, body, quotes) =>
               cpy.QuotePattern(tree)(transform(bindings), transform(body)(using quoteContext), transform(quotes))
-            case tree @ SplicePattern(body, args) =>
-              cpy.SplicePattern(tree)(transform(body)(using spliceContext), transform(args))
+            case tree @ SplicePattern(body, targs, args) =>
+              cpy.SplicePattern(tree)(transform(body)(using spliceContext), transform(targs), transform(args))
             case tree @ Hole(isTerm, idx, args, content) =>
               cpy.Hole(tree)(isTerm, idx, transform(args), transform(content))
             case _ =>
@@ -1771,8 +1772,8 @@ object Trees {
               this(x, expr)(using spliceContext)
             case QuotePattern(bindings, body, quotes) =>
               this(this(this(x, bindings), body)(using quoteContext), quotes)
-            case SplicePattern(body, args) =>
-              this(this(x, body)(using spliceContext), args)
+            case SplicePattern(body, typeargs, args) =>
+              this(this(this(x, body)(using spliceContext), typeargs), args)
             case Hole(_, _, args, content) =>
               this(this(x, args), content)
             case _ =>

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/ast/tpd.scala

@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ object tpd extends Trees.Instance[Type] with TypedTreeInfo {
   def Splice(expr: Tree)(using Context): Splice =
     ta.assignType(untpd.Splice(expr), expr)
 
-  def SplicePattern(pat: Tree, args: List[Tree], tpe: Type)(using Context): SplicePattern =
-    untpd.SplicePattern(pat, args).withType(tpe)
+  def SplicePattern(pat: Tree, targs: List[Tree], args: List[Tree], tpe: Type)(using Context): SplicePattern =
+    untpd.SplicePattern(pat, targs, args).withType(tpe)
 
   def Hole(isTerm: Boolean, idx: Int, args: List[Tree], content: Tree, tpe: Type)(using Context): Hole =
     untpd.Hole(isTerm, idx, args, content).withType(tpe)

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/ast/untpd.scala

@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ object untpd extends Trees.Instance[Untyped] with UntypedTreeInfo {
   def Quote(body: Tree, tags: List[Tree])(implicit src: SourceFile): Quote = new Quote(body, tags)
   def Splice(expr: Tree)(implicit src: SourceFile): Splice = new Splice(expr)
   def QuotePattern(bindings: List[Tree], body: Tree, quotes: Tree)(implicit src: SourceFile): QuotePattern = new QuotePattern(bindings, body, quotes)
-  def SplicePattern(body: Tree, args: List[Tree])(implicit src: SourceFile): SplicePattern = new SplicePattern(body, args)
+  def SplicePattern(body: Tree, typeargs: List[Tree], args: List[Tree])(implicit src: SourceFile): SplicePattern = new SplicePattern(body, typeargs, args)
   def TypeTree()(implicit src: SourceFile): TypeTree = new TypeTree()
   def InferredTypeTree()(implicit src: SourceFile): TypeTree = new InferredTypeTree()
   def SingletonTypeTree(ref: Tree)(implicit src: SourceFile): SingletonTypeTree = new SingletonTypeTree(ref)

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/config/Feature.scala

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ object Feature:
   val namedTuples = experimental("namedTuples")
   val modularity = experimental("modularity")
   val betterMatchTypeExtractors = experimental("betterMatchTypeExtractors")
+  val quotedPatternsWithPolymorphicFunctions = experimental("quotedPatternsWithPolymorphicFunctions")
 
   def experimentalAutoEnableFeatures(using Context): List[TermName] =
     defn.languageExperimentalFeatures
@@ -130,6 +131,9 @@ object Feature:
 
   def betterMatchTypeExtractorsEnabled(using Context) = enabled(betterMatchTypeExtractors)
 
+  def quotedPatternsWithPolymorphicFunctionsEnabled(using Context) =
+    enabled(quotedPatternsWithPolymorphicFunctions)
+
   /** Is pureFunctions enabled for this compilation unit? */
   def pureFunsEnabled(using Context) =
     enabledBySetting(pureFunctions)

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/core/Definitions.scala

@@ -903,6 +903,7 @@ class Definitions {
   @tu lazy val QuotedRuntimePatterns: Symbol = requiredModule("scala.quoted.runtime.Patterns")
     @tu lazy val QuotedRuntimePatterns_patternHole: Symbol = QuotedRuntimePatterns.requiredMethod("patternHole")
     @tu lazy val QuotedRuntimePatterns_higherOrderHole: Symbol = QuotedRuntimePatterns.requiredMethod("higherOrderHole")
+    @tu lazy val QuotedRuntimePatterns_higherOrderHoleWithTypes: Symbol = QuotedRuntimePatterns.requiredMethod("higherOrderHoleWithTypes")
     @tu lazy val QuotedRuntimePatterns_patternTypeAnnot: ClassSymbol = QuotedRuntimePatterns.requiredClass("patternType")
     @tu lazy val QuotedRuntimePatterns_fromAboveAnnot: ClassSymbol = QuotedRuntimePatterns.requiredClass("fromAbove")
 

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/core/tasty/TreePickler.scala

@@ -776,8 +776,7 @@ class TreePickler(pickler: TastyPickler, attributes: Attributes) {
             pickleType(tree.tpe)
             bindings.foreach(pickleTree)
           }
-        case SplicePattern(pat, args) =>
-          val targs = Nil // SplicePattern `targs` will be added with #18271
+        case SplicePattern(pat, targs, args) =>
           writeByte(SPLICEPATTERN)
           withLength {
             pickleTree(pat)

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/core/tasty/TreeUnpickler.scala

@@ -1668,8 +1668,7 @@ class TreeUnpickler(reader: TastyReader,
               val pat = readTree()
               val patType = readType()
               val (targs, args) = until(end)(readTree()).span(_.isType)
-              assert(targs.isEmpty, "unexpected type arguments in SPLICEPATTERN") // `targs` will be needed for #18271. Until this fearure is added they should be empty.
-              SplicePattern(pat, args, patType)
+              SplicePattern(pat, targs, args, patType)
             case HOLE =>
               readHole(end, isTerm = true)
             case _ =>

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/parsing/Parsers.scala

@@ -1966,7 +1966,7 @@ object Parsers {
           syntaxError(em"$msg\n\nHint: $hint", Span(start, in.lastOffset))
           Ident(nme.ERROR.toTypeName)
         else if inPattern then
-          SplicePattern(expr, Nil)
+          SplicePattern(expr, Nil, Nil)
         else
           Splice(expr)
       }